Fix sloppiness in the timeline switch over streaming replication patch.

Here's another attempt at fixing the logic that decides how far the WAL can
be streamed, which was still broken if the timeline changed while streaming.
You would get an assertion failure. The way the logic is now written is more
readable, too.

Thom Brown reported the assertion failure.
Fix documentation typo.

"GetForeignTableColumnOptions" should be "GetForeignColumnOptions".
Noted by Metin Döşlü.
Prevent failure when RowExpr or XmlExpr is parse-analyzed twice.

transformExpr() is required to cope with already-transformed expression
trees, for various ugly-but-not-quite-worth-cleaning-up reasons.  However,
some of its newer subroutines hadn't gotten the memo.  This accounts for
bug #7763 from Norbert Buchmuller: transformRowExpr() was overwriting the
previously determined type of a RowExpr during CREATE TABLE LIKE INCLUDING
INDEXES.  Additional investigation showed that transformXmlExpr had the
same kind of problem, but all the other cases seem to be safe.

Andres Freund and Tom Lane
Adjust many backend functions to return OID rather than void.

Extracted from a larger patch by Dimitri Fontaine.  It is hoped that
this will provide infrastructure for enriching the new event trigger
functionality, but it seems possibly useful for other purposes as
well.
Add function prototype from previous commit.
Fix more weird compiler messages caused
by unmatched function prototypes.

Andres Freund
Keep rd_newRelfilenodeSubid across overflow.
Teach RelationCacheInvalidate() to keep rd_newRelfilenodeSubid across rel cache
message overflows, so that behaviour is now fully deterministic.

Noah Misch
Update comments on rd_newRelfilenodeSubid.
Ensure comments accurately reflect state of code
given new understanding, and recent changes.
Include example code from Noah Misch to
illustrate how rd_newRelfilenodeSubid can be
reset deterministically. No code changes.
Fix some minor issues in view pretty-printing.

Code review for commit 2f582f76b1945929ff07116cd4639747ce9bb8a1: don't use
a static variable for what ought to be a deparse_context field, fix
non-multibyte-safe test for spaces, avoid useless and potentially O(N^2)
(though admittedly with a very small constant) calculations of wrap
positions when we aren't going to wrap.
Add pg_upgrade --jobs parameter

Add pg_upgrade --jobs, which allows parallel dump/restore of databases,
which improves performance.
doc: Replace "NOTE" with proper markup
Remove unused NextLogPage macro

Commit 061e7efb1b did away with its last caller, but neglected to remove
the actual definition.

Author: Andres Freund
Assign InvalidXLogRecPtr instead of MemSet(0)

For consistency.

Author: Andres Freund
Remove obsolete XLogRecPtr macros

This gets rid of XLByteLT, XLByteLE, XLByteEQ and XLByteAdvance.
These were useful for brevity when XLogRecPtrs were split in
xlogid/xrecoff; but now that they are simple uint64's, they are just
clutter.  The only downside to making this change would be ease of
backporting patches, but that has been negated by other substantive
changes to the involved code anyway.  The clarity of simpler expressions
makes the change worthwhile.

Most of the changes are mechanical, but in a couple of places, the patch
author chose to invert the operator sense, making the code flow more
logical (and more in line with preceding comments).

Author: Andres Freund
Eyeballed by Dimitri Fontaine and Alvaro Herrera
Adjust more backend functions to return OID rather than void.

This is again intended to support extensions to the event trigger
functionality.  This may go a bit further than we need for that
purpose, but there's some value in being consistent, and the OID
may be useful for other purposes also.

Dimitri Fontaine
doc: Correct description of LDAP authentication

Parts of the description had claimed incorrect pg_hba.conf option names
for LDAP authentication.

Albe Laurenz
Keep timeline history files restored from archive in pg_xlog.

The cascading standby patch in 9.2 changed the way WAL files are treated
when restored from the archive. Before, they were restored under a temporary
filename, and not kept in pg_xlog, but after the patch, they were copied
under pg_xlog. This is necessary for a cascading standby to find them, but
it also means that if the archive goes offline and a standby is restarted,
it can recover back to where it was using the files in pg_xlog. It also
means that if you take an offline backup from a standby server, it includes
all the required WAL files in pg_xlog.

However, the same change was not made to timeline history files, so if the
WAL segment containing the checkpoint record contains a timeline switch, you
will still get an error if you try to restart recovery without the archive,
or recover from an offline backup taken from the standby.

With this patch, timeline history files restored from archive are copied
into pg_xlog like WAL files are, so that pg_xlog contains all the files
required to recover. This is a corner-case pre-existing issue in 9.2, but
even more important in master where it's possible for a standby to follow a
timeline switch through streaming replication. To make that possible, the
timeline history files must be present in pg_xlog.
Fix compiler warning about uninitialized variable
doc: Correct description of ldapurl

The ldapurl option doesn't actually support specifying a user name and
password.

Albe Laurenz
Fix ruleutils to cope with conflicts from adding/dropping/renaming columns.

In commit 11e131854f8231a21613f834c40fe9d046926387, we improved the
rule/view dumping code so that it would produce valid query representations
even if some of the tables involved in a query had been renamed since the
query was parsed.  This patch extends that idea to fix problems that occur
when individual columns are renamed, or added or dropped.  As before, the
core of the fix is to assign unique new aliases when a name conflict has
been created.  This is complicated by the JOIN USING feature, which
requires the same column alias to be used in both input relations, but we
can handle that with a sufficiently complex approach to assigning aliases.

A fortiori, this patch takes care of situations where the query didn't have
unique column names to begin with, such as in a recent complaint from Bryan
Nuse.  (Because of expansion of "SELECT *", re-parsing a dumped query can
require column name uniqueness even though the original text did not.)