Lots of random improvements to the certificate_authority gem

* Use https:// for rubygems.org gem source
* Add activesupport gem for useful helper functions
* Cap not_before and not_after to the hour
* Use UTC for not_before and not_after
* Add support for setting the criticality of extensions
* Add support for producing a CSR based from an extension
* Add support for importing data from X.509 certificate
* Instead of having to list each extension manually, use ObjectSpace magic to dynamically find them
* Add support for parsing extension information from existing certificates
* Add new serialNumber option to the distinguished name
* Convert openssl_identifier method to use a constant
* Correct documentation for AuthorityKeyIdentifier
* Add support for caIssuers in AuthorityInfoAccess extension
* Remove clientAuth from default extendedKeyUsage extension usage
* Add support for deprecated nsComment and nsCertType extensions
* Initialize the serial_number to be a random number (2^128)
* Add support for parsing extension information from existing CSRs
* Require a private key before trying to produce a valid CSR
* Add/update some tests

TODO: Tests for all my changes