pkg2: add filter_prereleases
pkg2/resolve: move version pruning upstream

*) separated Query.dependencies_subset from Query.prune_versions
*) added an optional "fixed" field to Query.filter_prereleases
*) grouped dependencies manipulations into Query.prune_dependencies
*) moved dependencies manipulations from the Interface constructor
   to Pkg2.resolve and inside Pkg2.Resolve.sanity_check
*) minor cosmetic changes

This change is a prodromic to changing the solver's objective function
and have Pkg2.Resolve.resolve be independent of pruning.
pkg2: only use whole version numbers in require

*) Disregard all prerelease/build information in
   require files, e.g. 1.0.0-pre+0.a is parsed as 1.0.0
*) Only use whole version numbers in VersionInterval,
   therefore, if a requirement such as

   FooBar 1.3 2.0

   will be satisfied by FooBar version 1.3-pre2 and
   won't be satisfied by version 2.0-pre1.
pkg2/resolve: introduce VersionWeigths

This changes resolve's objective function such that
version pruning doesn't affect it. Therefore, equivalence
classes are no longer needed in resolve (they're still used
in sanity_check).

With this change, the objective function is defined such that:

1) requirements and dependencies are enforced
2) in case of multiple solutions, required packages versions
   are maximized:
   2a) the overall sum of required packages major versions is
       maximized
   2b) in case of a tie, minor versions are considered; if there
       are still ties, patch versions are considered
3) in case of multiple solutions under the above rules, non-required
   package versions are maximized, still counting major versions
   first, then minor, then patch, as for the required versions.
4) if there is still a tie between different solutions, dependants
   are maximized before dependencies
5) if there is still a tie, random noise is used to pick one

The change introduced by this commit is the major/minor/patch
count. Also, package installation is now considered "cheap", while before
the cost of installing a package was equivalent to that of downgrading
a package.
Fixes ssh tunnel command setup. Also fixes #3671
sorting: make `order` and `alg` keyword arguments.

The idea here is that the ordering and algorithm for sorting are
two orthogonal parameters that have sensible defaults: neither,
both or either can be independently specified. The resulting API
is slightly more verbose but also somewhat more self-documenting.

Another sign that this might be on the right track is that this
change reduces the LOC of base/sort.jl by 41 lines and reduces the
method count of sort, for example, from 12 to 6.
sorting: move matrix sorts up with other generic sorting functions.
sorting: eliminate a few nans2{left,right} definitions via defaults.
sorting: keyword arguments for `by` and `lt` as well.
sorting: make ReverseOrder parametric -- can reverse any ordering.
Merge pull request #3677 from kmsquire/readme_updates

Updated info in README.md
fix serious codegen bug in struct construction
fix deprecation of start_timer
Merge branch 'master' of github.com:JuliaLang/julia
fix #1768
sorting: add `rev` boolean keyword to reverse any sort ordering.

Also added lt, by, order, rev keywords to the searchsorted* funcs.
fix warning in timer callback hook
Merge branch 'master' of github.com:JuliaLang/julia
stringify at runtime instead of using try in assert macro
Consolidate connect methods & add tests
Fix bugs uncovered by last commit

Also consistently use malloc instead of jl_alloca in fs.jl