Make degree(0) == -oo in the polys

Previously, degree(0) was -1. This makes sense for the dense representation,
because then one can use degree in place of len(f) - 1, but outside of that,
it makes little sense. In particular, the very important formula regarding
degree, deg(f*g) == deg(f) + deg(g), does not hold unless deg(0) == -oo.
Therefore, any code that does arithmetic on a degree and then makes a
comparison against it (like "if degree(f) - 1 > 0"), such as some code in the
Risch algorithm) was previously for 0 but generally correct now.

Fixing this just means being more careful about when you mean degree(f) and
when you mean len(f) - 1 in the dense representation algorithms.  Another
argument for this is that the change in the sparse code required no additional
changes anywhere; apparently the degree does not correspond to any natural
quantity in the sparse representation.
Fix typo
Fix some additional issues caused by degree(0) == -oo
Merge pull request #2436 from asmeurer/degree0

Make degree(0) == -oo in the polys
Issue 2865: Remove XFAIL from test for fixed issue.

This issue was closed in June with pull request #2088.  The corresponding test
no longer fails and therefore should not have an XFAIL.
Merge pull request #2582 from Tempel/2865_close

Issue 2865: Remove XFAIL from test for fixed issue.
Merge branch 'master' into 2625-complex-comparison