fix multiple bugs in syslog interfaces

1. as reported by William Haddon, the value returned by snprintf was
wrongly used as a length passed to sendto, despite it possibly
exceeding the buffer length. this could lead to invalid reads and
leaking additional data to syslog.

2. openlog was storing a pointer to the ident string passed by the
caller, rather than copying it. this bug is shared with (and even
documented in) other implementations like glibc, but such behavior
does not seem to meet the requirements of the standard.

3. extremely long ident provided to openlog, or corrupt ident due to
the above issue, could possibly have resulted in buffer overflows.
despite having the potential for smashing the stack, i believe the
impact is low since ident points to a short string literal in typical
application usage (and per the above bug, other usages will break
horribly on other implementations).

4. when used with LOG_NDELAY, openlog was not connecting the
newly-opened socket; sendto was being used instead. this defeated the
main purpose of LOG_NDELAY: preparing for chroot.

5. the default facility was not being used at all, so all messages
without an explicit facility passed to syslog were getting logged at
the kernel facility.

6. setlogmask was not thread-safe; no synchronization was performed
updating the mask. the fix uses atomics rather than locking to avoid
introducing a lock in the fast path for messages whose priority is not
in the mask.

7. in some code paths, the syslog lock was being unlocked twice; this
could result in releasing a lock that was actually held by a different
thread.

some additional enhancements to syslog such as a default identifier
based on argv[0] or similar may still be desired; at this time, only
the above-listed bugs have been fixed.
add deprecated SIGIOT alias for SIGABRT

reportedly some programs (e.g. showkeys in the kbd package) use it.
remove cruft from pre-posix_spawn version of the system function
rewrite popen to use posix_spawn instead of fragile vfork hacks
in pipe2, use pipe() rather than __syscall(SYS_pipe, ...) for fallback

SYS_pipe is not usable directly in general, since mips has a very
broken calling convention for the pipe syscall. instead, just call the
function, so that the mips-specific ugliness is isolated in
mips/pipe.s and not copied elsewhere.
provide emulation of fcntl F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC on old kernels

I'm not entirely happy with the amount of ugliness here, but since
F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC is used elsewhere in code that's expected to work on
old kernels (popen), it seems necessary. reportedly even some modern
kernels went back and broke F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC (making it behave like
plain F_DUPFD), so it might be necessary to add some additional fixup
code later to deal with that issue too.
remove __SYSCALL_SSLEN arch macro in favor of using public _NSIG

the issue at hand is that many syscalls require as an argument the
kernel-ABI size of sigset_t, intended to allow the kernel to switch to
a larger sigset_t in the future. previously, each arch was defining
this size in syscall_arch.h, which was redundant with the definition
of _NSIG in bits/signal.h. as it's used in some not-quite-portable
application code as well, _NSIG is much more likely to be recognized
and understood immediately by someone reading the code, and it's also
shorter and less cluttered.

note that _NSIG is actually 65/129, not 64/128, but the division takes
care of throwing away the off-by-one part.
implement pthread_getattr_np

this function is mainly (purely?) for obtaining stack address
information, but we also provide the detach state since it's easy to
do anyway.
provide prototype for pthread_getattr_np
fix typo in setpriority syscall wrapper
add new linux tcp socket option flags to netinet/tcp.h
add ADJ_SETOFFSET timex mode bit (new in linux v2.6.39)
adding ethernet protocol ids to if_ether.h following linux
add new socket options to sys/socket.h following linux
add the new SO_REUSEPORT socket option to mips and powerpc

SO_REUSEPORT implementation was merged in the linux kernel commit
c617f398edd4db2b8567a28e899a88f8f574798d 2013-01-23
add syscall numbers for the new kcmp and finit_module syscalls
and remove syscall todos from microblaze
__time_to_tm: initialize tm_zone and tm_gmtoff
make tm_zone etc visible under _GNU_SOURCE
add arpa/nameser_compat.h

the contents of this header are already in arpa/nameser.h
re-add useconds_t

this type was removed back in 5243e5f1606a9c6fcf01414e ,
because it was removed from the XSI specs.
however some apps use it.
since it's in the POSIX reserved namespace, we can expose it
unconditionally.