[BUGFIX] Prevent PHP errors with missing ColumnMap object

If the TCA configuration for an object is missing
no ColumnMap object is created by data mapper which leads
to PHP fatal errors in Typo3DbBackend.
Instead an Exception should be thrown.

This is a fixed version of the reverted commit reviewed in
https://review.typo3.org/16536

Releases: 6.0, 6.1
Fixes: #7267
Change-Id: Ie945d2e198c7ef8847a14a9c154c8bf7b8c372cf
Reviewed-on: https://review.typo3.org/18392
Reviewed-by: Helmut Hummel
Tested-by: Helmut Hummel
Reviewed-by: Anja Leichsenring
Tested-by: Anja Leichsenring