Restore behaviour after count<ALL_PIECES> fix

Because pos.count<ALL_PIECES>(Us) was always zero,
rewrite the formula as if this would still be
the case.

bench: 8510004
Re-add "Further increase safe checks bonus"

After 40K games at 60 secs, result is still
not clear, but not a regression against SF 4

After
ELO: 50.11 +-2.1 (95%) LOS: 100.0%
Total: 40000 W: 10547 L: 4817 D: 24636

Before
ELO: 49.51 +-2.1 (95%) LOS: 100.0%
Total: 40000 W: 10483 L: 4821 D: 24696

So re-apply the patch to avoid to
special-case this one.

bench: 7403882
Tweak again chain pawn bonus

This is the first chain bonus version
from Ralph that also passed both

Short TC:
LLR: 2.96 (-2.94,2.94) [-1.50,4.50]
Total: 23460 W: 4727 L: 4556 D: 14177

And long TC:
LLR: 2.95 (-2.94,2.94) [0.00,6.00]
Total: 31858 W: 5497 L: 5240 D: 21121

And performed better against current
committed version, always at 60secs:

LLR: -2.94 (-2.94,2.94) [-3.00,3.00]
Total: 26301 W: 4477 L: 4580 D: 17244

This test was done by Leonid.

bench: 8455956
Simplify futility margins formula

New formula mathces the old formula until d = 45

Test code:

int main() {

  for(int d=1; d<=45; d++)
  {
     int a = int(log(double(d * d) / 2) / log(2.0) + 1.001);
     int b = int(2.9 * log(double(d)));

     if (a != b) std::cout << d << std::endl;
  }

  return 0;
}

bench: 8455956
Simplify futility move count formula

Simpler formula but introduces some slight changes if d >= 10

Original code grows like  0.225 * d^1.8
New code grows like       0.222 * d^1.8

Full list of values:

d old new diff
--------------
0 2 2 0
1 2 2 0
2 3 3 0
3 4 4 0
4 5 5 0
5 6 6 0
6 7 7 0
7 9 9 0
8 11 11 0
9 13 13 0
10 15 16 1
11 18 19 1
12 21 21 0
13 24 24 0
14 27 28 1
15 31 31 0
16 35 35 0
17 39 38 -1
18 42 42 0
19 47 46 -1
20 51 51 0
21 55 55 0
22 60 60 0
23 65 65 0
24 70 70 0
25 75 75 0
26 81 80 -1
27 87 86 -1
28 92 91 -1
29 98 97 -1
30 104 103 -1
31 111 109 -2

Test code:

int main() {

  for(int d=0; d<32; d++)
  {
     int a = int(3 + 0.3 * pow(double(d), 1.8)) * 3/4 + (2 < d && d < 5);
     int b = int(2.4 + 0.222 * pow(d + 0.0, 1.8));

     std::cout << d << " " << a << " " << b << " " << b-a << std::endl;
  }

  return 0;
}

bench: 8350690
Merge remote-tracking branch 'upstream/master'
Merge branch 'master' into lmr_conditions
LMR: reduce one ply if PV node and static eval + margin <= alpha