libcore: wrappers for size/align_of to act on values without needing explicit ::<type> annotations
auto merge of #5970 : huonw/rust/core-sys-size_of-val, r=pcwalton

This allows one to write
```rust
let x = function_with_complicated_return_type();
let size = size_of_val(&x);
```
instead of 
```rust
let x = function_with_complicated_return_type();
let size = size_of::<ComplicatedReturnType<Foo, Bar>>();
```
libcore: add a ScanIterator, a generalisation of MapIterator to have internal state.
auto merge of #5973 : huonw/rust/core-iterator-scan-consumers, r=thestinger

@thestinger r?

~~The 2 `_unlimited` functions are marked `unsafe` since they may not terminate.~~

The `state` fields of the `Unfoldr` and `Scan` iterators are public, since being able to access the final state after the iteration has finished seems reasonable/possibly useful.

~~Lastly, I converted the tests to use `.to_vec`, which halves the amount of code for them, but it means that a `.transform(|x| *x)` call is required on each iterator.~~ 

(removed the 2 commits with `to_vec` and `foldl`.)
librustc: implement and use `fixed_stack_segment` attribute for intrinsics.
librustc: use LLVM intrinsics for several floating point operations.

Achieves at least 5x speed up for some functions!

Also, reorganise the delegation code so that the delegated function wrappers
have the #[inline(always)] annotation, and reduce the repetition of
delegate!(..).
testsuite: update tests to not use math intrinsics directly
auto merge of #5975 : huonw/rust/rustc-intrinsics-fixed-stack, r=pcwalton

This implements the fixed_stack_segment for items with the rust-intrinsic abi, and then uses it to make f32 and f64 use intrinsics where appropriate, but without overflowing stacks and killing canaries (cf. #5686 and #5697). Hopefully.

@pcwalton, the fixed_stack_segment implementation involved mirroring its implementation in `base.rs` in `trans_closure`, but without adding the `set_no_inline` (reasoning: that would defeat the purpose of intrinsics), which is possibly incorrect.

I'm a little hazy about how the underlying structure works, so I've annotated the 4 that have caused problems so far, but there's no guarantee that the other intrinsics are entirely well-behaved.

Anyway, it has good results (the following are just summing the result of each function for 1 up to 100 million):

```
$ ./intrinsics-perf.sh f32
func   new   old   speedup
sin    0.80  2.75  3.44
cos    0.80  2.76  3.45
sqrt   0.56  2.73  4.88
ln     1.01  2.94  2.91
log10  0.97  2.90  2.99
log2   1.01  2.95  2.92
exp    0.90  2.85  3.17
exp2   0.92  2.87  3.12
pow    6.95  8.57  1.23

   geometric mean: 2.97

$ ./intrinsics-perf.sh f64
func   new   old   speedup
sin    12.08  14.06  1.16
cos    12.04  13.67  1.14
sqrt   0.49  2.73  5.57
ln     4.11  5.59  1.36
log10  5.09  6.54  1.28
log2   2.78  5.10  1.83
exp    2.00  3.97  1.99
exp2   1.71  3.71  2.17
pow    5.90  7.51  1.27

   geometric mean: 1.72
```

So about 3x faster on average for f32, and 1.7x for f64. This isn't exactly apples to apples though, since this patch also adds #[inline(always)] to all the function definitions too, which possibly gives a speedup.

(fwiw, GitHub is showing 93c0888 after d9c54f8 (since I cherry-picked the latter from #5697), but git's order is the other way.)
Cleaned up case related functions a bit
Made unsafely safe functions unsafe again, for safety
Added Ascii type
Added case functions to Ascii