Fix subtly-wrong volatility checking in BeginCopyFrom().

contain_volatile_functions() is best applied to the output of
expression_planner(), not its input, so that insertion of function
default arguments and constant-folding have been done.  (See comments
at CheckMutability, for instance.)  It's perhaps unlikely that anyone
will notice a difference in practice, but still we should do it properly.

In passing, change variable type from Node* to Expr* to reduce the net
number of casts needed.

Noted while perusing uses of contain_volatile_functions().
Make contain_volatile_functions/contain_mutable_functions look into SubLinks.

This change prevents us from doing inappropriate subquery flattening in
cases such as dangerous functions hidden inside a sub-SELECT in the
targetlist of another sub-SELECT.  That could result in unexpected behavior
due to multiple evaluations of a volatile function, as in a recent
complaint from Etienne Dube.  It's been questionable from the very
beginning whether these functions should look into subqueries (as noted in
their comments), and this case seems to provide proof that they should.

Because the new code only descends into SubLinks, not SubPlans or
InitPlans, the change only affects the planner's behavior during
prepjointree processing and not later on --- for example, you can still get
it to use a volatile function in an indexqual if you wrap the function in
(SELECT ...).  That's a historical behavior, for sure, but it's reasonable
given that the executor's evaluation rules for subplans don't depend on
whether there are volatile functions inside them.  In any case, we need to
constrain the behavioral change as narrowly as we can to make this
reasonable to back-patch.
Fix race condition in GIN posting tree page deletion.

If a page is deleted, and reused for something else, just as a search is
following a rightlink to it from its left sibling, the search would continue
scanning whatever the new contents of the page are. That could lead to
incorrect query results, or even something more curious if the page is
reused for a different kind of a page.

To fix, modify the search algorithm to lock the next page before releasing
the previous one, and refrain from deleting pages from the leftmost branch
of the tree.

Add a new Concurrency section to the README, explaining why this works.
There is a lot more one could say about concurrency in GIN, but that's for
another patch.

Backpatch to all supported versions.
Don't abort pg_basebackup when receiving empty WAL block

This is a similar fix as c6ec8793aa59d1842082e14b4b4aae7d4bd883fd
9.2. This should never happen in 9.3 and newer since the special case
cannot happen there, but this patch synchronizes up the code so there
is no confusion on why they're different. An empty block is as harmless
in 9.3 as it was in 9.2, and can safely be ignored.
Re-allow duplicate aliases within aliased JOINs.

Although the SQL spec forbids duplicate table aliases, historically
we've allowed queries like
    SELECT ... FROM tab1 x CROSS JOIN (tab2 x CROSS JOIN tab3 y) z
on the grounds that the aliased join (z) hides the aliases within it,
therefore there is no conflict between the two RTEs named "x".  The
LATERAL patch broke this, on the misguided basis that "x" could be
ambiguous if tab3 were a LATERAL subquery.  To avoid breaking existing
queries, it's better to allow this situation and complain only if
tab3 actually does contain an ambiguous reference.  We need only remove
the check that was throwing an error, because the column lookup code
is already prepared to handle ambiguous references.  Per bug #8444.
Fix ruleutils pretty-printing to not generate trailing whitespace.

The pretty-printing logic in ruleutils.c operates by inserting a newline
and some indentation whitespace into strings that are already valid SQL.
This naturally results in leaving some trailing whitespace before the
newline in many cases; which can be annoying when processing the output
with other tools, as complained of by Joe Abbate.  We can fix that in
a pretty localized fashion by deleting any trailing whitespace before
we append a pretty-printing newline.  In addition, we have to modify the
code inserted by commit 2f582f76b1945929ff07116cd4639747ce9bb8a1 so that
we also delete trailing whitespace when transposing items from temporary
buffers into the main result string, when a temporary item starts with a
newline.

This results in rather voluminous changes to the regression test results,
but it's easily verified that they are only removal of trailing whitespace.

Back-patch to 9.3, because the aforementioned commit resulted in many
more cases of trailing whitespace than had occurred in earlier branches.
Fix failure with whole-row reference to a subquery.

Simple oversight in commit 1cb108efb0e60d87e4adec38e7636b6e8efbeb57 ---
recursively examining a subquery output column is only sane if the
original Var refers to a single output column.  Found by Kevin Grittner.
Fix doc links in README file to work with new website layout

Per report from Colin 't Hart
Clarify CREATE FUNCTION documentation about handling of typmods.

The previous text was a bit misleading, as well as unnecessarily vague
about what information would be discarded.  Per gripe from Craig Skinner.
doc: Restore proper alphabetical order.

Colin 't Hart
Compute correct em_nullable_relids in get_eclass_for_sort_expr().

Bug #8591 from Claudio Freire demonstrates that get_eclass_for_sort_expr
must be able to compute valid em_nullable_relids for any new equivalence
class members it creates.  I'd worried about this in the commit message
for db9f0e1d9a4a0842c814a464cdc9758c3f20b96c, but claimed that it wasn't a
problem because multi-member ECs should already exist when it runs.  That
is transparently wrong, though, because this function is also called by
initialize_mergeclause_eclasses, which runs during deconstruct_jointree.
The example given in the bug report (which the new regression test item
is based upon) fails because the COALESCE() expression is first seen by
initialize_mergeclause_eclasses rather than process_equivalence.

Fixing this requires passing the appropriate nullable_relids set to
get_eclass_for_sort_expr, and it requires new code to compute that set
for top-level expressions such as ORDER BY, GROUP BY, etc.  We store
the top-level nullable_relids in a new field in PlannerInfo to avoid
computing it many times.  In the back branches, I've added the new
field at the end of the struct to minimize ABI breakage for planner
plugins.  There doesn't seem to be a good alternative to changing
get_eclass_for_sort_expr's API signature, though.  There probably aren't
any third-party extensions calling that function directly; moreover,
if there are, they probably need to think about what to pass for
nullable_relids anyway.

Back-patch to 9.2, like the previous patch in this area.
Fix incorrect loop counts in tidbitmap.c.

A couple of places that should have been iterating over WORDS_PER_CHUNK
words were iterating over WORDS_PER_PAGE words instead.  This thinko
accidentally failed to fail, because (at least on common architectures
with default BLCKSZ) WORDS_PER_CHUNK is a bit less than WORDS_PER_PAGE,
and the extra words being looked at were always zero so nothing happened.
Still, it's a bug waiting to happen if anybody ever fools with the
parameters affecting TIDBitmap sizes, and it's a small waste of cycles
too.  So back-patch to all active branches.

Etsuro Fujita
Count locked pages that don't need vacuuming as scanned.

Previously, if VACUUM skipped vacuuming a page because it's pinned, it
didn't count that page as scanned. However, that meant that relfrozenxid
was not bumped up either, which prevented anti-wraparound vacuum from
doing its job.

Report by Миша Тюрин, analysis and patch by Sergey Burladyn and Jeff Janes.
Backpatch to 9.2, where the skip-locked-pages behavior was introduced.
pg_upgrade: Report full disk better

Previously, pg_upgrade would abort copy_file() on a short write without
setting errno, which the caller would report as an error with the
message "Success".  We assume ENOSPC in that case, as we do elsewhere in
the code.  Also set errno in some other error cases in copy_file() to
avoid bogus "Success" error messages.

This was broken in 6b711cf37c228749b6a8cef50e16e3c587d18dd4, so 9.2 and
before are OK.
docs:  update page format to specify page checksum field

Backpatch to 9.3

Per report from Steffen Hildebrandt
Fix pg_isready to handle -d option properly.

Previously, -d option for pg_isready was broken. When the name of the
database was specified by -d option, pg_isready failed with an error.
When the conninfo specified by -d option contained the setting of the
host name but not Numeric IP address (i.e., hostaddr), pg_isready
displayed wrong connection message. -d option could not handle a valid
URI prefix at all. This commit fixes these bugs of pg_isready.

Backpatch to 9.3, where pg_isready was introduced.

Per report from Josh Berkus and Robert Haas.
Original patch by Fabrízio de Royes Mello, heavily modified by me.
Fix Hot-Standby initialization of clog and subtrans.

These bugs can cause data loss on standbys started with hot_standby=on at
the moment they start to accept read only queries, by marking committed
transactions as uncommited. The likelihood of such corruptions is small
unless the primary has a high transaction rate.

5a031a5556ff83b8a9646892715d7fef415b83c3 fixed bugs in HS's startup logic
by maintaining less state until at least STANDBY_SNAPSHOT_PENDING state
was reached, missing the fact that both clog and subtrans are written to
before that. This only failed to fail in common cases because the usage
of ExtendCLOG in procarray.c was superflous since clog extensions are
actually WAL logged.

f44eedc3f0f347a856eea8590730769125964597/I then tried to fix the missing
extensions of pg_subtrans due to the former commit's changes - which are
not WAL logged - by performing the extensions when switching to a state
> STANDBY_INITIALIZED and not performing xid assignments before that -
again missing the fact that ExtendCLOG is unneccessary - but screwed up
twice: Once because latestObservedXid wasn't updated anymore in that
state due to the earlier commit and once by having an off-by-one error in
the loop performing extensions. This means that whenever a
CLOG_XACTS_PER_PAGE (32768 with default settings) boundary was crossed
between the start of the checkpoint recovery started from and the first
xl_running_xact record old transactions commit bits in pg_clog could be
overwritten if they started and committed in that window.

Fix this mess by not performing ExtendCLOG() in HS at all anymore since
it's unneeded and evidently dangerous and by performing subtrans
extensions even before reaching STANDBY_SNAPSHOT_PENDING.

Analysis and patch by Andres Freund. Reported by Christophe Pettus.
Backpatch down to 9.0, like the previous commit that caused this.
Fix quoting in help messages in uuid-ossp extension scripts.

The command we're telling people to type needs to include double-quoting
around the unfortunately-chosen extension name.  Twiddle the textual
quoting so that it looks somewhat sane.  Per gripe from roadrunner6.
Flatten join alias Vars before pulling up targetlist items from a subquery.

pullup_replace_vars()'s decisions about whether a pulled-up replacement
expression needs to be wrapped in a PlaceHolderVar depend on the assumption
that what looks like a Var behaves like a Var.  However, if the Var is a
join alias reference, later flattening of join aliases might replace the
Var with something that's not a Var at all, and should have been wrapped.

To fix, do a forcible pass of flatten_join_alias_vars() on the subquery
targetlist before we start to copy items out of it.  We'll re-run that
processing on the pulled-up expressions later, but that's harmless.

Per report from Ken Tanzer; the added regression test case is based on his
example.  This bug has been there since the PlaceHolderVar mechanism was
invented, but has escaped detection because the circumstances that trigger
it are fairly narrow.  You need a flattenable query underneath an outer
join, which contains another flattenable query inside a join of its own,
with a dangerous expression (a constant or something else non-strict)
in that one's targetlist.

Having seen this, I'm wondering if it wouldn't be prudent to do all
alias-variable flattening earlier, perhaps even in the rewriter.
But that would probably not be a back-patchable change.
Avoid potential buffer overflow crash

A pointer to a C string was treated as a pointer to a "name" datum and
passed to SPI_execute_plan().  This pointer would then end up being
passed through datumCopy(), which would try to copy the entire 64 bytes
of name data, thus running past the end of the C string.  Fix by
converting the string to a proper name structure.

Found by LLVM AddressSanitizer.