runtime: optimize some hash lookups.

When comparing strings, check these (in order):
- length mismatch => not equal
- string pointer equal => equal
- if length is short:
  - memeq on body
- if length is long:
  - compare first&last few bytes, if different => not equal
  - save entry as a possible match
  - after checking every entry, if there is only one possible
    match, use memeq on that entry.  Otherwise, fallback to hash.

benchmark                 old ns/op    new ns/op    delta
BenchmarkSameLengthMap           43            4  -89.77%

Fixes issue 5194.
Update issue 3885.

R=golang-dev, bradfitz, khr, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://codereview.appspot.com/12128044