Eliminate runtime function pointer mods in autotools checks

PaX/GrSecurity patched kernels implement a dialect of C that relies on a
GCC plugin for enforcement. A basic idea in this dialect is that
function pointers in structures should not change during runtime.
This causes code that modifies function pointers at runtime to fail to
compile in many instances. The autotools checks rely on whether or
not small test cases compile against a given kernel. Some
autotools checks assume some default case if other cases fail. When one
of these autotools checks tests a PaX/GrSecurity patched kernel by
modifying a function pointer at runtime, the default case will be used.

Early detection of such situations is possible by relying on compiler
warnings, which are compiler errors when --enable-debug is used.
Unfortunately, very few people build ZFS with --enable-debug. The more
common situation is that these issues manifest themselves as runtime
failures in the form of NULL pointer exceptions.

Previous patches that addressed such issues with PaX/GrSecurity
compatibility largely relied on rewriting autotools checks to avoid
runtime function pointer modification or the addition of PaX/GrSecurity
specific checks. This patch takes the previous work to its logical
conclusion by eliminating the use of runtime function pointer
modification. This permits the removal of PaX-specific autotools checks
in favor of ones that work across all supported kernels.

This should resolve issues that were reported to occur with
PaX/GrSecurity-patched Linux 3.7.5 kernels on Gentoo Linux.

https://bugs.gentoo.org/show_bug.cgi?id=457176

We should be able to prevent future regressions in PaX/GrSecurity
compatibility by ensuring that all changes to ZFSOnLinux avoid runtime
function pointer modification. At the same time, this does not solve the
issue of silent failures triggering default cases in the autotools
check, which is what permitted these regressions to become runtime
failures in the first place. This will need to be addressed in a future
patch.

Reported-by: Marcin Mirosław <bug@mejor.pl>
Signed-off-by: Richard Yao <ryao@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Signed-off-by: Brian Behlendorf <behlendorf1@llnl.gov>
Closes #1300
Constify structures containing function pointers

The PaX team modified the kernel's modpost to report writeable function
pointers as section mismatches because they are potential exploit
targets. We could ignore the warnings, but their presence can obscure
actual issues. Proper const correctness can also catch programming
mistakes.

Building the kernel modules against a PaX/GrSecurity patched Linux 3.4.2
kernel reports 133 section mismatches prior to this patch. This patch
eliminates 130 of them. The quantity of writeable function pointers
eliminated by constifying each structure is as follows:

vdev_opts_t             52
zil_replay_func_t       24
zio_compress_info_t     24
zio_checksum_info_t     9
space_map_ops_t         7
arc_byteswap_func_t     5

The remaining 3 writeable function pointers cannot be addressed by this
patch. 2 of them are in zpl_fs_type. The kernel's sget function requires
that this be non-const. The final writeable function pointer is created
by SPL_SHRINKER_DECLARE. The kernel's set_shrinker() and
remove_shrinker() functions also require that this be non-const.

Signed-off-by: Richard Yao <ryao@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Signed-off-by: Brian Behlendorf <behlendorf1@llnl.gov>
Closes #1300
Merge zvol.c changes from PSARC 2010/306 Read-only ZFS pools

The changes to zvol.c were never merged from the last onnv_147
bulk update.  This was because zvol.c was largely rewritten
for Linux making it fairly easy to miss these sorts of changes.

This causes a regression when importing a zpool with zvols
read-only.  This does not impact pool which only contain
filesystem datasets.

References:
  illumos/illumos-gate@f9af39b

Signed-off-by: Richard Yao <ryao@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Signed-off-by: Brian Behlendorf <behlendorf1@llnl.gov>
Closes #1332
Closes #1333
Add snapdev=[hidden|visible] dataset property

The new snapdev dataset property may be set to control the
visibility of zvol snapshot devices.  By default this value
is set to 'hidden' which will prevent zvol snapshots from
appearing under /dev/zvol/ and /dev/<dataset>/.  When set to
'visible' all zvol snapshots for the dataset will be visible.

This functionality was largely added because when automatic
snapshoting is enabled large numbers of read-only zvol snapshots
will be created.  When creating these devices the kernel will
attempt to read their partition tables, and blkid will attempt
to identify any filesystems on those partitions.  This leads
to a variety of issues:

1) The zvol partition tables will be read in the context of
   the `modprobe zfs` for automatically imported pools.  This
   is undesirable and should be done asynchronously, but for
   now reducing the number of visible devices helps.

2) Udev expects to be able to complete its work for a new
   block devices fairly quickly.  When many zvol devices are
   added at the same time this is no longer be true.  It can
   lead to udev timeouts and missing /dev/zvol links.

3) Simply having lots of devices in /dev/ can be aukward from
   a management standpoint.  Hidding the devices your unlikely
   to ever use helps with this.  Any snapshot device which is
   needed can be made visible by changing the snapdev property.

NOTE: This patch changes the default behavior for zvols which
      was effectively 'snapdev=visible'.

Signed-off-by: Brian Behlendorf <behlendorf1@llnl.gov>
Closes #1235
Closes #945
Issue #956
Issue #756