provisioners/shell: fix validation for args [GH-1949]

The logic change in 57d477514067a37665386968ef0a37abf86e3380 introduced
a bug where neither strings nor arrays provided as `args` for shell
provisioners would pass validation.

This fixes that problem along with a few extras:

- split out arg validation into a private method
- update comment describing valid args
- add a few unit tests around config validation