src: use v8::String::NewFrom*() functions

* Change calls to String::New() and String::NewSymbol() to their
  respective one-byte, two-byte or UTF-8 counterparts.

* Add a FIXED_ONE_BYTE_STRING macro that takes a string literal and
  turns it into a v8::Local<v8::String>.

* Add helper functions that make v8::String::NewFromOneByte() easier to
  work with. Said function expects a `const uint8_t*` but almost every
  call site deals with `const char*` or `const unsigned char*`.
  The helpers help us avoid doing reinterpret_casts all over the place.