Remove @ types from Sha1 implementation, create Digest trait, and implement most of the SHA-2 functions

This pull request contains an unoptimized implementation of most of the SHA-2 functions (everything but the variable output size versions). I also created a common trait (Digest) for all of the interesting methods for working with digests and updated the existing SHA-1 code to use it. Finally, while working with the SHA-1 code, I got rid of the use of @ types and type objects.

I've tested all functions against the Wikipedia test vectors. Additionally, I tested the SHA-512, 384, and 256 variants against the Java implementations of those digests.

I did my best to try to follow Rust conventions, but, there are so many different conventions in the code base right now that I'm not sure if I'm following the correct one or not. Anyway, I'm happy to rework if I didn't get the coding convention right (or if there are bugs!).