Hard-coding default badge categories

Resolves #74
Apply/give form validation

Resolves #71
Fixed three display issues.
Add support for apply/give permalinks (for failure emails), add banner links.
fixes #72 adds starter kit badges to /badges page
Merge pull request #77 from christensenep/small-fixes

Fixed three display issues.
Merge pull request #76 from andrewhayward/aestimia

Bug fixes
Merge pull request #78 from christensenep/improve-linking

Banner links, permalinks to apply/give modals
Merge pull request #80 from mozilla/72-add-starter-kit-badges

fixes #72 adds starter kit badges to /badges page
Merge branch 'master' of https://github.com/mozilla/openbadges-cem