improve error strings

this definitely has the potential to be a bikeshed topic, so some
justification is in order. most of the changes made fit into one of
the following categories:
1. alignment with text in posix, xsh 2.3
2. eliminating overly-specific text for shared error codes
3. making the message match more closely with the macro name
4. removing extraneous words

in particular, the EAGAIN/EWOULDBLOCK text is updated to match the
description of EAGAIN (which covers both uses) rather than saying the
operation would block, and ENOTSUP/EOPNOTSUPP is updated not to
mention sockets.

the distinction between ENFILE/EMFILE has also been clarified; ENFILE
is aligned with the posix text, and EMFILE, which lacks concise posix
text matching any historic message, is updated to emphasize that the
exhausted resource is not open files/open file descriptions, but
rather the integer 'address space' of file descriptors.

some messages may be further tweaked based on feedback.
fix typo in newly-added error message for EOWNERDEAD
add fgetgrent function

based on patch by Isaac Dunham, moved to its own file to avoid
increasing bss on static linked programs not using this nonstandard
function but using the standard getgrent function, and vice versa.
consistently use the internal name __environ for environ

patch by Jens Gustedt.
previously, the intended policy was to use __environ in code that must
conform to the ISO C namespace requirements, and environ elsewhere.
this policy was not followed in practice anyway, making things
confusing. on top of that, Jens reported that certain combinations of
link-time optimization options were breaking with the inconsistent
references; this seems to be a compiler or linker bug, but having it
go away is a nice side effect of the changes made here.
remove unused #undef environ now that libc.h no longer #defines it
add mkostemp, mkstemps, and mkostemps functions and reorganize temp internals

based on patch contributed by Anthony G. Basile (blueness)

some issues remain with the filename generation algorithm and other
small bugs, but this patch has been sitting around long enough that I
feel it's best to get it committed and then work out any remaining
issues.
remove leftover unused variable in mktemp after refactoring
fix error cases in mkostemps core

1. wrong return value and missing errno for negative suffix len
2. failure to catch suffix len > strlen
3. remove unwanted clearing of input string in invalid case
use memcmp instead of str[n]cmp for temp function XXXXXX checking
add arpa/ftp.h
scsci/sg.h: fix usage of undefined macro HZ

this macro is 100 on all archs, at least in userspace, according
to kernel headers.