Fix #10755 - ICE: `--linker=`

Trap the io_error condition so that a more informative error message is
displayed when the linker program cannot be started, such as when the
name of the linker binary is accidentally mistyped.

closes #10755
Accept trailing commas in struct patterns

We decided in the 12/10/13 weekly meeting that trailing commas should be
accepted pretty much anywhere. They are currently not allowed in struct
patterns, and this commit adds support for that.

Closes #10392
Fix two regressions introduced by #11072.

There, concrete evidence that I shouldn't try doing such things at 1:30am.
Get comm_adapters building again

I accidentally removed this module from compilation awhile back, this adds it
back in.

Closes #11076
std::vec: implement a stable merge sort, deferring to insertion sort for
very small runs.

This uses a lot of unsafe code for speed, otherwise we would be having
to sort by sorting lists of indices and then do a pile of swaps to put
everything in the correct place.

Fixes #9819.
extra: remove sort in favour of the std method.

Fixes #9676.
rustc: Optimize reading metadata by 4x

We were previously reading metadata via `ar p`, but as learned from rustdoc
awhile back, spawning a process to do something is pretty slow. Turns out LLVM
has an Archive class to read archives, but it cannot write archives.

This commits adds bindings to the read-only version of the LLVM archive class
(with a new type that only has a read() method), and then it uses this class
when reading the metadata out of rlibs. When you put this in tandem of not
compressing the metadata, reading the metadata is 4x faster than it used to be
The timings I got for reading metadata from the respective libraries was:

    libstd-04ff901e-0.9-pre.dylib    => 100ms
    libstd-04ff901e-0.9-pre.rlib     => 23ms
    librustuv-7945354c-0.9-pre.dylib => 4ms
    librustuv-7945354c-0.9-pre.rlib  => 1ms
    librustc-5b94a16f-0.9-pre.dylib  => 87ms
    librustc-5b94a16f-0.9-pre.rlib   => 35ms
    libextra-a6ebb16f-0.9-pre.dylib  => 63ms
    libextra-a6ebb16f-0.9-pre.rlib   => 15ms
    libsyntax-2e4c0458-0.9-pre.dylib => 86ms
    libsyntax-2e4c0458-0.9-pre.rlib  => 22ms

In order to always take advantage of these faster metadata read-times, I sort
the files in filesearch based on whether they have an rlib extension or not
(prefer all rlib files first).

Overall, this halved the compile time for a `fn main() {}` crate from 0.185s to
0.095s on my system (when preferring dynamic linking). Reading metadata is still
the slowest pass of the compiler at 0.035s, but it's getting pretty close to
linking at 0.021s! The next best optimization is to just not copy the metadata
from LLVM because that's the most expensive part of reading metadata right now.
auto merge of #11017 : alexcrichton/rust/faster-read, r=thestinger

We were previously reading metadata via `ar p`, but as learned from rustdoc
awhile back, spawning a process to do something is pretty slow. Turns out LLVM
has an Archive class to read archives, but it cannot write archives.

This commits adds bindings to the read-only version of the LLVM archive class
(with a new type that only has a read() method), and then it uses this class
when reading the metadata out of rlibs. When you put this in tandem of not
compressing the metadata, reading the metadata is 4x faster than it used to be
The timings I got for reading metadata from the respective libraries was:

    libstd-04ff901e-0.9-pre.dylib    => 100ms
    libstd-04ff901e-0.9-pre.rlib     => 23ms
    librustuv-7945354c-0.9-pre.dylib => 4ms
    librustuv-7945354c-0.9-pre.rlib  => 1ms
    librustc-5b94a16f-0.9-pre.dylib  => 87ms
    librustc-5b94a16f-0.9-pre.rlib   => 35ms
    libextra-a6ebb16f-0.9-pre.dylib  => 63ms
    libextra-a6ebb16f-0.9-pre.rlib   => 15ms
    libsyntax-2e4c0458-0.9-pre.dylib => 86ms
    libsyntax-2e4c0458-0.9-pre.rlib  => 22ms

In order to always take advantage of these faster metadata read-times, I sort
the files in filesearch based on whether they have an rlib extension or not
(prefer all rlib files first).

Overall, this halved the compile time for a `fn main() {}` crate from 0.185s to
0.095s on my system (when preferring dynamic linking). Reading metadata is still
the slowest pass of the compiler at 0.035s, but it's getting pretty close to
linking at 0.021s! The next best optimization is to just not copy the metadata
from LLVM because that's the most expensive part of reading metadata right now.
auto merge of #11081 : alexcrichton/rust/comm-adapters, r=huonw

I accidentally removed this module from compilation awhile back, this adds it
back in.

Closes #11076
rustc: Improve crate id extraction

Right now the --crate-id and related flags are all process *after* the entire
crate is parsed. This is less than desirable when used with makefiles because it
means that just to learn the output name of the crate you have to parse the
entire crate (unnecessary).

This commit changes the behavior to lift the handling of these flags much sooner
in the compilation process. This allows us to not have to parse the entire crate
and only have to worry about parsing the crate attributes themselves. The
related methods have all been updated to take an array of attributes rather than
a crate.

Additionally, this ceases duplication of the "what output are we producing"
logic in order to correctly handle things in the case of --test.

Finally, this adds tests for all of this functionality to ensure that it does
not regress.
auto merge of #11075 : alexcrichton/rust/issue-10392, r=brson

We decided in the 12/10/13 weekly meeting that trailing commas should be
accepted pretty much anywhere. They are currently not allowed in struct
patterns, and this commit adds support for that.

Closes #10392
doc: forward-port the conditions tutorial + fixup libstd example
auto merge of #10986 : adridu59/rust/patch-new, r=alexcrichton

Thanks to @huonw for some mentoring. :cake:
Support ANSI colors in msys terminals. See #2807
std::vec: add a sugary .sort() method for plain Ord sorting.

This moves the custom sorting to `.sort_by`.
auto merge of #11077 : alexcrichton/rust/crate-id, r=cmr

Right now the --crate-id and related flags are all process *after* the entire
crate is parsed. This is less than desirable when used with makefiles because it
means that just to learn the output name of the crate you have to parse the
entire crate (unnecessary).

This commit changes the behavior to lift the handling of these flags much sooner
in the compilation process. This allows us to not have to parse the entire crate
and only have to worry about parsing the crate attributes themselves. The
related methods have all been updated to take an array of attributes rather than
a crate.

Additionally, this ceases duplication of the "what output are we producing"
logic in order to correctly handle things in the case of --test.

Finally, this adds tests for all of this functionality to ensure that it does
not regress.
auto merge of #11031 : jhasse/rust/patch-msys-3, r=cmr

Enable ANSI colors if TERM is set to cygwin and terminfo is not available (msys terminal on Windows). See #2807
Remove remainder field from MutChunkIter

This field is no longer necessary now that #9629 is fixed since we can just
access the length of the remaining slice directly.
Update next() and size_hint() for MutSpliterIterator

Update the next() method to just return self.v in the case that we've reached
the last element that the iterator will yield. This produces equivalent
behavior as before, but without the cost of updating the field.

Update the size_hint() method to return a better hint now that #9629 is fixed.
Implement size_hint() for ByRef iterator