Add optional transaction index to databases

By specifying -txindex when initializing the database, a txid-to-diskpos
index is maintained in the blktree database. This database is used to
help answering getrawtransaction() RPC queries, when enabled.

Changing the -txindex value requires a -reindex; the client will abort
at startup if the database and the specified -txindex mismatch.
Merge pull request #2168 from sipa/txindex

Add optional transaction index to databases