Refactor the logging system for fewer allocations

This lifts various restrictions on the runtime, for example the character limit
when logging a message. Right now the old debug!-style macros still involve
allocating (because they use fmt! syntax), but the new debug2! macros don't
involve allocating at all (unless the formatter for a type requires allocation.
auto merge of #9261 : alexcrichton/rust/logging, r=huonw

This lifts various restrictions on the runtime, for example the character limit
when logging a message. Right now the old debug!-style macros still involve
allocating (because they use fmt! syntax), but the new debug2! macros don't
involve allocating at all (unless the formatter for a type requires allocation.