Include previous TLI in end-of-recovery and shutdown checkpoint records.

This isn't used for anything but a sanity check at the moment, but it could
be highly valuable for debugging purposes. It could also be used to recreate
timeline history by traversing WAL, which seems useful.
Fix checkpoint after fast promotion.

The intention was to request a regular online checkpoint immediately after
end of recovery, when performing "fast promotion". However, because the
checkpoint was requested before other backends were allowed to write WAL,
the checkpointer process performed a restartpoint rather than a checkpoint.

Delay the RequestCheckPoint call until after recovery has truly ended, so
that you get a real checkpoint.
Support unlogged GiST index.

The reason this wasn't supported before was that GiST indexes need an
increasing sequence to detect concurrent page-splits. In a regular WAL-
logged GiST index, the LSN of the page-split record is used for that
purpose, and in a temporary index, we can get away with a backend-local
counter. Neither of those methods works for an unlogged relation.

To provide such an increasing sequence of numbers, create a "fake LSN"
counter that is saved and restored across shutdowns. On recovery, unlogged
relations are blown away, so the counter doesn't need to survive that
either.

Jeevan Chalke, based on discussions with Robert Haas, Tom Lane and me.