[FEATURE] Capture PHP errors in install tool

Some parts of the install tool can throw fatal PHP errors if
broken extensions are loaded. Currently the database analyzer and
the upgrade wizards are affected by this.

The patch implements a shutdown function that is called even if a
fatal error is thrown and redirects to a special action that renders
the "Check for broken extensions".

Resolves: #51499
Releases: 6.2
Change-Id: Ie64781e59732fb1ef05efd6bd9da1e136241b22e
Reviewed-on: https://review.typo3.org/23440
Reviewed-by: Christian Kuhn
Tested-by: Christian Kuhn
Reviewed-by: Anja Leichsenring
Tested-by: Anja Leichsenring