Build process updates for OS X Mavericks
Adjustments to calm warnings/errors in Clang on OS X

- Inlined functions (as per GNU89) are now "static inline" as per C11
- Fixed "bugs" related to implicit function declaration, i.e. properly
  included their prototypes and/or headers
Correct header-guard arrangement

[Close #1]
Merge remote-tracking branch 'github/master'