Bug fix: slaves being pinged every second

REDIS_REPL_PING_SLAVE_PERIOD controls how often the master should
transmit a heartbeat (PING) to its slaves.  This period, which defaults
to 10, is measured in seconds.

Redis 2.4 masters used to ping their slaves every ten seconds, just like
it says on the tin.

The Redis 2.6 masters I have been experimenting with, on the other hand,
ping their slaves *every second*.  (master_last_io_seconds_ago never
approaches 10.)  I think the ping period was inadvertently slashed to
one-tenth of its nominal value around the time REDIS_HZ was introduced.
This commit reintroduces correct ping schedule behaviour.
Incrementally flush RDB on disk while loading it from a master.

This fixes issue #539.

Basically if there is enough free memory the OS may buffer the RDB file
that the slave transfers on disk from the master. The file may
actually be flused on disk at once by the operating system when it gets
closed by Redis, causing the close system call to block for a long time.

This patch is a modified version of one provided by yoav-steinberg of
@garantiadata (the original version was posted in the issue #539
comments), and tries to flush the OS buffers incrementally (every 8 MB
of loaded data).
Sentinel: suppress harmless warning by initializing 'table' to NULL.

Note that the assertion guarantees that one of the if branches setting
table is always entered.
Sentinel: Redis-side support for slave priority.

A Redis slave can now be configured with a priority, that is an integer
number that is shown in INFO output and can be get and set using the
redis.conf file or the CONFIG GET/SET command.

This field is used by Sentinel during slave election. A slave with lower
priority is preferred. A slave with priority zero is never elected (and
is considered to be impossible to elect even if it is the only slave
available).

A next commit will add support in the Sentinel side as well.
Sentinel: Sentinel-side support for slave priority.

The slave priority that is now published by Redis in INFO output is
now used by Sentinel in order to select the slave with minimum priority
for promotion, and in order to consider slaves with priority set to 0 as
not able to play the role of master (they will never be promoted by
Sentinel).

The "slave-priority" field is now one of the fileds that Sentinel
publishes when describing an instance via the SENTINEL commands such as
"SENTINEL slaves mastername".
Sentinel: added documentation about slave-priority in redis.conf
Sentinel: add Redis execution mode to INFO output.

The new "redis_mode" field in the INFO output will show if Redis is
running in standalone mode, cluster, or sentinel mode.
Sentinel: INFO command implementation.
Sentinel: do not crash against slaves not publishing the runid.

Older versions of Redis (before 2.4.17) don't publish the runid field in
INFO. This commit makes Sentinel able to handle that without crashing.
Scripting: require at least one argument for redis.call().

Redis used to crash with a call like the following:

    EVAL "redis.call()" 0

Now the explicit check for at least one argument prevents the problem.

This commit fixes issue #655.
Scripting: Reset Lua fake client reply_bytes after command execution.

Lua scripting uses a fake client in order to run commands in the context
of a client, accumulate the reply, and convert it into a Lua object
to return to the caller. This client is reused again and again, and is
referenced by the server.lua_client globally accessible pointer.

However after every call to redis.call() or redis.pcall(), that is
handled by the luaRedisGenericCommand() function, the reply_bytes field
of the client was not set back to zero. This filed is used to estimate
the amount of memory currently used in the reply. Because of the lack of
reset, script after script executed, this value used to get bigger and
bigger, and in the end on 32 bit systems it triggered the following
assert:

    redisAssert(c->reply_bytes < ULONG_MAX-(1024*64));

On 64 bit systems this does not happen because it takes too much time to
reach values near to 2^64 for users to see the practical effect of the
bug.

Now in the cleanup stage of luaRedisGenericCommand() we reset the
reply_bytes counter to zero, avoiding the issue. It is not practical to
add a test for this bug, but the fix was manually tested using a
debugger.

This commit fixes issue #656.
Send an async PING before starting replication with master.

During the first synchronization step of the replication process, a Redis
slave connects with the master in a non blocking way. However once the
connection is established the replication continues sending the REPLCONF
command, and sometimes the AUTH command if needed. Those commands are
send in a partially blocking way (blocking with timeout in the order of
seconds).

Because it is common for a blocked master to accept connections even if
it is actually not able to reply to the slave requests, it was easy for
a slave to block if the master had serious issues, but was still able to
accept connections in the listening socket.

For this reason we now send an asynchronous PING request just after the
non blocking connection ended in a successful way, and wait for the
reply before to continue with the replication process. It is very
unlikely that a master replying to PING can't reply to the other
commands.

This solution was proposed by Didier Spezia (Thanks!) so that we don't
need to turn all the replication process into a non blocking affair, but
still the probability of a slave blocked is minimal even in the event of
a failing master.

Also we now use getsockopt(SO_ERROR) in order to check errors ASAP
in the event handler, instead of waiting for actual I/O to return an
error.

This commit fixes issue #632.
Sentinel: more easy master redirection if master is a slave.

Before this commit Sentienl used to redirect master ip/addr if the
current instance reported to be a slave only if this was the first INFO
output received, and the role was found to be slave.

Now instead also if we find that the runid is different, and the
reported role is slave, we also redirect to the reported master ip/addr.

This unifies the behavior of Sentinel in the case of a reboot (where it
will see the first INFO output with the wrong role and will perform the
redirection), with the behavior of Sentinel in the case of a change in
what it sees in the INFO output of the master.
Sentinel: reply -IDONTKNOW to get-master-addr-by-name on lack of info.

If we don't have any clue about a master since it never replied to INFO
so far, reply with an -IDONTKNOW error to SENTINEL
get-master-addr-by-name requests.
Scripting: Force SORT BY constant determinism inside SORT itself.

SORT is able to return (faster than when ordering) unordered output if
the "BY" clause is used with a constant value. However we try to play
well with scripting requirements of determinism providing always sorted
outputs when SORT (and other similar commands) are called by Lua
scripts.

However we used the general mechanism in place in scripting in order to
reorder SORT output, that is, if the command has the "S" flag set, the
Lua scripting engine will take an additional step when converting a
multi bulk reply to Lua value, calling a Lua sorting function.

This is suboptimal as we can do it faster inside SORT itself.
This is also broken as issue #545 shows us: basically when SORT is used
with a constant BY, and additionally also GET is used, the Lua scripting
engine was trying to order the output as a flat array, while it was
actually a list of key-value pairs.

What we do know is to recognized if the caller of SORT is the Lua client
(since we can check this using the REDIS_LUA_CLIENT flag). If so, and if
a "don't sort" condition is triggered by the BY option with a constant
string, we force the lexicographical sorting.

This commit fixes this bug and improves the performance, and at the same
time simplifies the implementation. This does not mean I'm smart today,
it means I was stupid when I committed the original implementation ;)
Merge pull request #576 from saj/fix-slave-ping-period

Bug fix: slaves being pinged every second
BITCOUNT: fix segmentation fault.

remove unsafe and unnecessary cast.
until now, this cast may lead segmentation fault when end > UINT_MAX

setbit foo 0 1
bitcount  0 4294967295
=> ok
bitcount  0 4294967296
=> cause segmentation fault.

Note by @antirez: the commit was modified a bit to also change the
string length type to long, since it's guaranteed to be at max 512 MB in
size, so we can work with the same type across all the code path.

A regression test was also added.
BITCOUNT regression test for #582 fixed for 32 bit target.

Bug #582 was not present in 32 bit builds of Redis as
getObjectFromLong() will return an error for overflow.

This commit makes sure that the test does not fail because of the error
returned when running against 32 bit builds.
Match printf format with actual type in genRedisInfoString().
Make sure that SELECT argument is an integer or return an error.

Unfortunately we had still the lame atoi() without any error checking in
place, so "SELECT foo" would work as "SELECT 0". This was not an huge
problem per se but some people expected that DB can be strings and not
just numbers, and without errors you get the feeling that they can be
numbers, but not the behavior.

Now getLongFromObjectOrReply() is used as almost everybody else across
the code, generating an error if the number is not an integer or
overflows the long type.

Thanks to @mipearson for reporting that on Twitter.