Fix error when assigning NaN to an integer column

Also covers any non-castable case by returning nil, which
is in-line with the intention of the former implementation,
but covers the odd cases which respond to to_i but raise
an error when it's called, such as NaN, Infinity and -Infinity.

Fixes #8757

Backport of #8781

Conflicts:
	activerecord/CHANGELOG.md
	activerecord/test/cases/column_test.rb
Remove warnings