pg_upgrade: fix initialization of thread argument
Reorder initialization of thread argument marker to it happens before
reap_child() is called.
Backpatch to 9.3.
Improvements to GetErrorContextStack()

As GetErrorContextStack() borrowed setup and tear-down code from other
places, it was less than clear that it must only be called as a
top-level entry point into the error system and can't be called by an
exception handler (unlike the rest of the error system, which is set up
to be reentrant-safe).

Being called from an exception handler is outside the charter of
GetErrorContextStack(), so add a bit more protection against it,
improve the comments addressing why we have to set up an errordata
stack for this function at all, and add a few more regression tests.

Lack of clarity pointed out by Tom Lane; all bugs are mine.
pg_upgrade:  adjust umask() calls
Since pg_upgrade -j on Windows uses threads, calling umask()
before/after opening a file via fopen_priv() is no longer possible, so
set umask() as we enter the thread-creating loop, and reset it on exit.
Also adjust internal fopen_priv() calls to just use fopen().
Backpatch to 9.3beta.
Fix configure probe for sys/ucred.h.

The configure script's test for <sys/ucred.h> did not work on OpenBSD,
because on that platform <sys/param.h> has to be included first.
As a result, socket peer authentication was disabled on that platform.
Problem introduced in commit be4585b1c27ac5dbdd0d61740d18f7ad9a00e268.

Andres Freund, slightly simplified by me.
Don't use SnapshotNow in get_actual_variable_range.

Instead, use the active snapshot.  Per Tom Lane, this function is
most interested in knowing the range of tuples our scan will actually
see.

This is another step towards full removal of SnapshotNow.
pgstattuple: Use SnapshotDirty, not SnapshotNow.

Tuples belonging to uncommitted transactions should not be
counted as dead.

This is arguably a bug fix that should be back-patched, but
as no one ever noticed until it came time to try to get rid
of SnapshotNow, I'm only doing this in master for now.
Change currtid functions to use an MVCC snapshot, not SnapshotNow.

This has a slight performance cost, but the only known consumers
of these functions, known at the SQL level as currtid and currtid2,
is pgsql-odbc; whose usage, we hope, is not sufficiently intensive
to make this a problem.

Per discussion.
pgstattuple: Doc update for previous commit.

In my previous change to make pgstattuple use SnapshotDirty rather
than SnapshotNow, I failed to notice that the documenation also
needed to be updated to match.  Fix.
Prevent leakage of SPI tuple tables during subtransaction abort.

plpgsql often just remembers SPI-result tuple tables in local variables,
and has no mechanism for freeing them if an ereport(ERROR) causes an escape
out of the execution function whose local variable it is.  In the original
coding, that wasn't a problem because the tuple table would be cleaned up
when the function's SPI context went away during transaction abort.
However, once plpgsql grew the ability to trap exceptions, repeated
trapping of errors within a function could result in significant
intra-function-call memory leakage, as illustrated in bug #8279 from
Chad Wagner.

We could fix this locally in plpgsql with a bunch of PG_TRY/PG_CATCH
coding, but that would be tedious, probably slow, and prone to bugs of
omission; moreover it would do nothing for similar risks elsewhere.
What seems like a better plan is to make SPI itself responsible for
freeing tuple tables at subtransaction abort.  This patch attacks the
problem that way, keeping a list of live tuple tables within each SPI
function context.  Currently, such freeing is automatic for tuple tables
made within the failed subtransaction.  We might later add a SPI call to
mark a tuple table as not to be freed this way, allowing callers to opt
out; but until someone exhibits a clear use-case for such behavior, it
doesn't seem worth bothering.

A very useful side-effect of this change is that SPI_freetuptable() can
now defend itself against bad calls, such as duplicate free requests;
this should make things more robust in many places.  (In particular,
this reduces the risks involved if a third-party extension contains
now-redundant SPI_freetuptable() calls in error cleanup code.)

Even though the leakage problem is of long standing, it seems imprudent
to back-patch this into stable branches, since it does represent an API
semantics change for SPI users.  We'll patch this in 9.3, but live with
the leakage in older branches.
pg_upgrade docs: don't use cluster for binary/lib
In a few cases, pg_upgrade said old/new cluster location when it meant
old/new Postgres install location, so fix those.
Per private email report
pg_upgrade: fix -j race condition on Windows
Pg_Upgrade cannot write the command string to the log file and then call
system() to write to the same file without causing occasional file-share
errors on Windows.  So instead, write the command string to the log file
after system(), in those cases.
Backpatch to 9.3.
Message style improvements