runtime: refactor os-specific code

thread_GOOS.c becomes os_GOOS.c.

signal_GOOS_GOARCH.c becomes os_GOOS_GOARCH.c,
but with non-GOARCH-specific code moved into os_GOOS.c.

The actual arch-specific signal handler moves into signal_GOARCH.c
to avoid per-GOOS duplication.

New files signal_GOOS_GOARCH.h provide macros for
accessing fields of the very system-specific signal info structs.

Lots moving, but nothing changing.
This is a preliminarly cleanup so I can work on the signal
handling code to fix some open issues without having to
make each change 13 times.

Tested on Linux and OS X, 386 and amd64.
Will fix Plan 9, Windows, and ARM after the fact if necessary.
(Plan 9 and Windows should be fine; ARM will probably have some typos.)

Net effect: -1081 lines of code.

R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev
https://codereview.appspot.com/7565048
cmd/ld: another use-after-free

This only shows up in the duplicate symbol error message.

R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev
https://codereview.appspot.com/7486053