Use `Base.strict_decode64` instead of `Base.decode64` just as we do in encoding;

Also reduce extra object allocation by creating string directly instead of join on Array
Extract ActiveSupport::NumberHelper methods to classes

Due to the overall complexity of each method individually as well as the
global shared private module methods, this pulls each helper into it's
own converter class inheriting from a generic `NumberBuilder` class.

* The `NumberBuilder` class contains the private methods needed for each helper
method an eliminates the need for special definition of specialized private
module methods.
* The `ActiveSupport::NumberHelper::DEFAULTS` constant has been moved
into the `NumberBuilder` class because the `NumberBuilder` is the only
class which needs access to it.
* For each of the builders, the `#convert` method is broken down to
smaller parts and extracted into private methods for clarity of purpose.
* Most of the mutation that once was necessary has now been eliminated.
* Several of the mathematical operations for percentage, delimited, and
rounded have been moved into private methods to ease readability and
clarity.
* Internationalization is still a bit crufty, and definitely could be
improved, but it is functional and a bit easier to follow.

The following helpers were extracted into their respective classes.

* `#number_to_percentage` -> `NumberToPercentageConverter`
* `#number_to_delimited` -> `NumberToDelimitedConverter`
* `#number_to_phone` -> `NumberToPhoneConverter`
* `#number_to_currency` -> `NumberToCurrencyConverter`
* `#number_to_rounded` -> `NumberToRoundedConverter`
* `#number_to_human_size` -> `NumberToHumanSizeConverter`
* `#number_to_human` -> `NumberToHumanConverter`
Add regression test for IpSpoofAttackError issue

See #10780
Move Rack::Cache after AD::Static in the stack
Fix AR#method_missing re-dispatching into overwritten attribute methods.

This was happening when a `super` call in an overwritten attribute method
was triggering a method_missing fallback, because attribute methods
haven't been generated yet.

  class Topic < ActiveRecord::Base
    def title
      # `super` would re-invoke this method if define_attribute_methods
      # hasn't been called yet resulting in double '!' appending
      super + '!'
    end
  end
Add `rake test:all`, `rake test:all:db` to guide

[ci skip]
Use genderless pronouns in security guide. [ci skip]

related  #49ff20d9b164693ed7fee880b69cc14b141678b3
Merge pull request #13126 from vipulnsward/gender_neutral_pronouns

Use gender - neutral pronouns in security guide.
[ci skip] Removing some gender sensitive object pronouns
Update API docs guidelines with reference about gender neutral pronouns
Add examples for gender neutral pronouns
Merge pull request #13130 from gja/master

Removing some gender sensitive object pronouns
Try to escape each part of a path redirect route correctly

A path redirect may contain any and all parts of a url which have different
escaping rules for each part. This commit tries to escape each part correctly
by splitting the string into three chunks - path (which may also include a host),
query and fragment; then it applies the correct escape pattern to each part.

Whilst using `URI.parse` would be better, unfortunately the possible presence
of %{name} parameters in the path redirect string prevents us from using it so
we have to use a regular expression instead.

Fixes #13110.
Cleanups in API docs: his => their
Update active_record_querying.md

he or she => they
Merge pull request #12365 from jbaudanza/reorder

Move Rack::Cache after ActionDispatch::Static in the middleware stack
`ActionView::MissingTemplate` for partials includes underscore.

Missing partial folder/_partial instead of folder/partial.

Closes #13002.
Typo and grammatical fixes [ci skip]
Merge pull request #11466 from jetthoughts/updated_tesing_guides

Fix `rake test` description in the guides [ci skip]
Merge pull request #13117 from akshay-vishnoi/typo

Typo and grammatical fixes [ci skip]