Test SSH in travis

Set up the ssh credentials so we are able to talk to localhost and
issue git commands. Move to use a script, as the command list is
getting somewhat long.

While here, delay installing valgrind until we need it, as it and its
dependencies are by far the largest downloads and this allows us to
start compiling (and failing) faster and we only incur this cost when
the test suite runs successfully.
Merge pull request #1774 from libgit2/test-ssh

Test SSH in travis