fix($compile): update cloned elements if the template arrives after the cloning

If an element has a directive whose content is loaded using `templateUrl`,
and the element is cloned using a linking function before the template arrives,
the clone needs to be updated as well.

This also updates `ngIf` and `ngRepeat` to keep the connection to the clone
of a tranclude function, so that they know about the changes a directive with
`templateUrl` does to the element in the future.

Fixes to #4930.