Rework the traversal of Objective-C categories and extensions to
consider (sub)module visibility.

The bulk of this change replaces myriad hand-rolled loops over the
linked list of Objective-C categories/extensions attached to an
interface declaration with loops using one of the four new category
iterator kinds:

  visible_categories_iterator: Iterates over all visible categories
  and extensions, hiding any that have their "hidden" bit set. This is
  by far the most commonly used iterator.

  known_categories_iterator: Iterates over all categories and
  extensions, ignoring the "hidden" bit. This tends to be used for
  redeclaration-like traversals.

  visible_extensions_iterator: Iterates over all visible extensions,
  hiding any that have their "hidden" bit set.

  known_extensions_iterator: Iterates over all extensions, whether
  they are visible to normal name lookup or not.

The effect of this change is that any uses of the visible_ iterators
will respect module-import visibility. See the new tests for examples.

Note that the old accessors for categories and extensions are gone;
there are *Raw() forms for some of them, for those (few) areas of the
compiler that have to manipulate the linked list of categories
directly. This is generally discouraged.

Part two of <rdar://problem/10634711>.