all treemakers need positions for unreachable error
construct typed trees in TypeTestTM
patmatdebug
support for repeated approximation of treemakers
Unreachability analysis for pattern matches

Analyze matches for unreachable cases.

A case is unreachable if it implies its preceding cases.
Call `C` the formula that is satisfiable if the considered case matches.
Call `P` the formula that is satisfiable if the cases preceding it match.
The case is reachable if there is a model for `-P /\ C`.
Thus, the case is unreachable if there is no model for `-(-P /\ C)`,
or, equivalently, `P \/ -C`, or `C => P`.

Unreachability needs a more precise model for type and value tests than exhaustivity.
Before, `{case _: Int => case 1 =>}` would be modeled as `X = Int \/ X = 1.type`,
and thus, the second case would be reachable if we can satisfy `X != Int /\ X = 1.type`.
Of course, the case isn't reachable, yet the formula is satisfiable, so we must augment
our model to take into account that `X = 1.type => X = Int`.

This is done by `removeVarEq`, which models the following axioms about equality.
It does so to retain the meaning of equality after replacing `V = C` (variable = constant)
by a literal (fresh symbol). For each variable:
 1. a sealed type test must result in exactly one of its partitions being chosen
    (the core of exhaustivity)
 2. when a type test is true, tests of super types must also be true,
    and unrelated type tests must be false

For example, `V : X ::= A | B | C`, and `A => B` (since `A extends B`).
Coverage (1) is formulated as: `A \/ B \/ C`, and the implications of (2) are simply
`V=A => V=B /\ V=X`, `V=B => V=X`, `V=C => V=X`.

Exclusion for unrelated types typically results from matches such as `{case SomeConst =>
case OtherConst => }`. Here, `V=SomeConst.type => !V=OtherConst.type`. This is a
conservative approximation. If these constants happen to be the same value dynamically
(but the types don't tell us this), the last case is actually unreachable. Of course we
must err on the safe side.

We simplify the equality axioms as follows (in principle this could be done by the
solver, but it's easy to do before solving). If we've already excluded a pair of
assignments of constants to a certain variable at some point, say `(-A \/ -B)`, then
don't exclude the symmetric one `(-B \/ -A)`. (Nor the positive implications `-B \/ A`,
or `-A \/ B`, which would entail the equality axioms falsifying the whole formula.)

TODO: We should also model dependencies between variables: if `V1` corresponds to
`x: List[_]` and `V2` is `x.hd`, `V2` cannot be assigned at all when `V1 = null` or
`V1 = Nil`. Right now this is implemented hackily by pruning counter-examples in exhaustivity.
Unreachability would also benefit from a more faithful representation.

I had to refactor some of the framework, but most of it is shared with exhaustivity. We
must allow approximating tree makers twice, sharing variables, but using different
approximations for values not statically known. When considering reachability of a case,
we must assume, for example, that its unknown guard succeeds (otherwise it would wrongly
be considered unreachable), whereas unknown guards in the preceding cases must be
considered to fail (otherwise we could never get to those case, and again, it would
falsely be considered unreachable).

Since this analysis is relatively expensive, you may opt-out using `-Xno-patmat-analysis`
(or annotating the selector with @unchecked). We hope to improve the performance in the
near future. -Ystatistics has also been extended to provide some numbers on time spent in
the equality-rewrite, solving and analyzing.
fixing bug found by unreachability
allow disabling patmat analyses: -Xno-patmat-analysis
incorporate @retronym's review comments
Don't compute least upper bounds for expressions in statement positions inside blocks.

This may save huge amount of time (Fixes SI-5862) for complicated lubs. I had to remove the a check in adapt for
the part that transforms <expr> into { <expr>; () } when the expected type is Unit. The reason is in the
code.

As a side effect, we get more warnings for pure expressions in statement positions (see the change in the test file).
Merge pull request #650 from adriaanm/topic-virtpatmat

Unreachability analysis for pattern matches

Thanks for reviewing, @retronym!
Merge pull request #653 from dragos/issue/skip-lub-in-blocks

Don't compute least upper bounds for if-like exprs in statement position
The new reflection

Highlights:
* Architecture has undergone a dramatic rehash.
* Universes and mirrors are now separate entities:
universes host reflection artifacts (trees, symbols, types, etc),
mirrors abstract loading of those artifacts (e.g. JavaMirror loads stuff
using a classloader and annotation unpickler, while GlobalMirror uses
internal compiler classreader to achieve the same goal).
* No static reflection mirror is imposed on the user.
One is free to choose between lightweight mirrors and full-blown
classloader-based mirror (read below).
* Public reflection API is split into scala.reflect.base and scala.reflect.api.
The former represents a minimalistic snapshot that is exactly enough to
build reified trees and types. To build, but not to analyze - everything smart
(for example, getting a type signature) is implemented in scala.reflect.api.
* Both reflection domains have their own universe: scala.reflect.basis and
scala.reflect.runtime.universe. The former is super lightweight and doesn't
involve any classloaders, while the latter represents a stripped down compiler.
* Classloader problems from 2.10.0-M3 are solved.
* Exprs and type tags are now bound to a mirror upon creation.
* However there is an easy way to migrate exprs and type tags between mirrors
and even between universes.
* This means that no classloader is imposed on the user of type tags and exprs.
If one doesn't like a classloader that's there (associated with tag's mirror),
one can create a custom mirror and migrate the tag or the expr to it.
* There is a shortcut that works in most cases. Requesting a type tag from
a full-blown universe will create that tag in a mirror that corresponds to
the callsite classloader aka `getClass.getClassLoader`. This imposes no
obligations on the programmer, since Type construction is lazy, so one
can always migrate a tag into a different mirror.

Migration notes for 2.10.0-M3 users:
* Incantations in Predef are gone, some of them have moved to scala.reflect.
* Everything path-dependent requires implicit prefix (for example, to refer
to a type tag, you need to explicitly specify the universe it belongs to,
e.g. reflect.basis.TypeTag or reflect.runtime.universe.TypeTag).
* Some of the functions have been renamed or moved around.
The rule of thumb is to look for anything non-trivial in scala.reflect.api.
Some of tree build utils have been moved to Universe.build.
* staticModule and staticClass have been moved from universes to mirrors
* ClassTag.erasure => ClassTag.runtimeClass
* For the sake of purity, type tags no longer have erasures.
Use multiple context bounds (e.g. def foo[T: ru.TypeTag : ClassTag](...) = ...)
if you're interested in having both erasures and types for type parameters.
* reify now rolls back macro applications.
* Runtime evaluation is now explicit, requires import scala.tools.reflect.Eval
and scala-compiler.jar on the classpath.
* Macro context now has separate universe and mirror fields.
* Most of the useful stuff is declared in c.universe,
so be sure to change your "import c.universe._" to "import c.mirror._".
* Due to the changes in expressions and type tags, their regular factories
are now really difficult to use. We acknowledge that macro users need to
frequently create exprs and tags, so we added old-style factories to context.
Bottom line: almost always prepend Expr(...)/TypeTag(...) with "c.".
* Expr.eval has been renamed to Expr.splice.
* Expr.value no longer splices (it can still be used to express cross-stage
path-dependent types as specified in SIP-16).
* c.reifyTree now has a mirror parameter that lets one customize the initial
mirror the resulting Expr will be bound to. If you provide EmptyTree, then
the reifier will automatically pick a reasonable mirror (callsite classloader
mirror for a full-blown universe and rootMirror for a basis universe).
Bottom line: this parameter should be EmptyTree in 99% of cases.
* c.reifyErasure => c.reifyRuntimeClass.

Future work:
* Today/tomorrow I will move scala.reflect.api, scala.reflect.internal,
scala.reflect.runtime and scala.reflect.makro into scala-reflect.jar.
This is a new jar in Scala distribution and a new artifact in Maven.

Known issues:
* API is really raw, need your feedback.
* All reflection artifacts are now represented by abstract types.
This means that pattern matching against them will emit unchecked warnings.
Adriaan is working on a patch that will fix that.
* There is a noticeable performance degradation. We're working on fixing it.