Fix crash caused by NULL lookup when reporting IP address of failed
libpq connection, per report from Magnus.  This happens only on GIT
master and only on Win32 because that is the platform where "" maps to
an IP address (localhost).
Simplify SignalSomeChildren(BACKEND_TYPE_ALL) to SignalChildren()
Add some minor missing error checks
Fix inconsequential FILE pointer leakage
Avoid clobbering errno, per comment from Tom.
Remove optreset from src/port/ implementations of getopt and getopt_long.

We don't actually need optreset, because we can easily fix the code to
ensure that it's cleanly restartable after having completed a scan over the
argv array; which is the only case we need to restart in.  Getting rid of
it avoids a class of interactions with the system libraries and allows
reversion of my change of yesterday in postmaster.c and postgres.c.

Back-patch to 8.4.  Before that the getopt code was a bit different anyway.
Improve comments around startup_hacks() code.

These comments were not updated when we added the EXEC_BACKEND
mechanism for Windows, even though it rendered them inaccurate.

Also unify two unnecessarily-separate #ifdef __alpha code blocks.
Waiting for complete startup is now a well-defined operation.

Per report from Fujii Masao, and subsequent discussion.
Reset 'ps' display just once when resolving VXID conflicts.

This prevents the word "waiting" from briefly disappearing from the ps
status line when ResolveRecoveryConflictWithVirtualXIDs begins a new
iteration of the outer loop.

Along the way, remove some useless pgstat_report_waiting() calls;
the startup process doesn't appear in pg_stat_activity.

Fujii Masao
Try to save a kernel call in ResolveRecoveryConflictWithVirtualXIDs.

If there's no work to be done, just exit quickly, before initialization.
Remove unnecessary definition for autovacuum in SignalSomeChildren.
set_ps_display when calling functions via fastpath

This improves tag output by log_line_prefix
Make GUC variables for syslog and SSL always visible

Make the variables visible (but not used) even when
support is not compiled in.
Properly print the IP number and "localhost" for failed localhost
connections when the server is down, on Win32.
Support for collecting crash dumps on Windows

Add support for collecting "minidump" style crash dumps on
Windows, by setting up an exception handling filter. Crash
dumps will be generated in PGDATA/crashdumps if the directory
is created (the existance of the directory is used as on/off
switch for the generation of the dumps).

Craig Ringer and Magnus Hagander
Fix erroneous parsing of tsquery input "... & !(subexpression) | ..."

After parsing a parenthesized subexpression, we must pop all pending
ANDs and NOTs off the stack, just like the case for a simple operand.
Per bug #5793.

Also fix clones of this routine in contrib/intarray and contrib/ltree,
where input of types query_int and ltxtquery had the same problem.

Back-patch to all supported versions.
Fix up handling of simple-form CASE with constant test expression.

eval_const_expressions() can replace CaseTestExprs with constants when
the surrounding CASE's test expression is a constant.  This confuses
ruleutils.c's heuristic for deparsing simple-form CASEs, leading to
Assert failures or "unexpected CASE WHEN clause" errors.  I had put in
a hack solution for that years ago (see commit
514ce7a331c5bea8e55b106d624e55732a002295 of 2006-10-01), but bug #5794
from Peter Speck shows that that solution failed to cover all cases.

Fortunately, there's a much better way, which came to me upon reflecting
that Peter's "CASE TRUE WHEN" seemed pretty redundant: we can "simplify"
the simple-form CASE to the general form of CASE, by simply omitting the
constant test expression from the rebuilt CASE construct.  This is
intuitively valid because there is no need for the executor to evaluate
the test expression at runtime; it will never be referenced, because any
CaseTestExprs that would have referenced it are now replaced by constants.
This won't save a whole lot of cycles, since evaluating a Const is pretty
cheap, but a cycle saved is a cycle earned.  In any case it beats kluging
ruleutils.c still further.  So this patch improves const-simplification
and reverts the previous change in ruleutils.c.

Back-patch to all supported branches.  The bug exists in 8.1 too, but it's
out of warranty.
Remove thread dumping constant that requires newer Platform SDK

Since we're not multithreaded it only provides marginally useful
information, and it does require a newer version of the Platform SDK
than we target. We may want to reconsider this in the future along
with a fix for MinGW.
Fix typo

Jaime Casanova
Allow transactions that don't write WAL to commit asynchronously.

This case can arise if a transaction has written data, but only to
temporary tables.  Loss of the commit record in case of a crash won't
matter, because the temporary tables will be lost anyway.

Reviewed by Heikki Linnakangas and Simon Riggs.