Dead code removed from replication.c.

The user @jokea noticed that the following line of code into
replication.c made little sense:

    addReplySds(slave,sdsempty());

Investigating a bit I found that this was introduced by commit 6208b3a7
three years ago in the early stages of Redis. The code apparently is not
useful at all, so I'm removing it.

This change will not be backported into 2.4 so that in the rare case
this should introduce a bug, we'll have a chance to detect it into the
development branch. However following the code path it seems like the
code is not useful at all, so the risk is truly small.
Allow an AOF rewrite buffer > 2GB (Fix for issue #504).

During the AOF rewrite process, the parent process needs to accumulate
the new writes in an in-memory buffer: when the child will terminate the
AOF rewriting process this buffer (that ist the difference between the
dataset when the rewrite was started, and the current dataset) is
flushed to the new AOF file.

We used to implement this buffer using an sds.c string, but sds.c has a
2GB limit. Sometimes the dataset can be big enough, the amount of writes
so high, and the rewrite process slow enough that we overflow the 2GB
limit, causing a crash, documented on github by issue #504.

In order to prevent this from happening, this commit introduces a new
system to accumulate writes, implemented by a linked list of blocks of
10 MB each, so that we also avoid paying the reallocation cost.

Note that theoretically modern operating systems may implement realloc()
simply as a remaping of the old pages, thus with very good performances,
see for instance the mremap() syscall on Linux. However this is not
always true, and jemalloc by default avoids doing this because there are
issues with the current implementation of mremap().

For this reason we are using a linked list of blocks instead of a single
block that gets reallocated again and again.

The changes in this commit lacks testing, that will be performed before
merging into the unstable branch. This fix will not enter 2.4 because it
is too invasive. However 2.4 will log a warning when the AOF rewrite
buffer is near to the 2GB limit.
Add aof_rewrite_buffer_length INFO field.

The INFO output, persistence section, already contained the field
describing the size of the current AOF buffer to flush on disk. However
the other AOF buffer, used to accumulate changes during an AOF rewrite,
was not mentioned in the INFO output.

This commit introduces a new field called aof_rewrite_buffer_length with
the length of the rewrite buffer.
New commands: BITOP and BITCOUNT.

The motivation for this new commands is to be search in the usage of
Redis for real time statistics. See the article "Fast real time metrics
using Redis".

http://blog.getspool.com/2011/11/29/fast-easy-realtime-metrics-using-redis-bitmaps/

In general Redis strings when used as bitmaps using the SETBIT/GETBIT
command provide a very space-efficient and fast way to store statistics.
For instance in a web application with users, every user can be
associated with a key that shows every day in which the user visited the
web service. This information can be really valuable to extract user
behaviour information.

With Redis bitmaps doing this is very simple just saying that a given
day is 0 (the data the service was put online) and all the next days are
1, 2, 3, and so forth. So with SETBIT it is possible to set the bit
corresponding to the current day every time the user visits the site.

It is possible to take the count of the bit sets on the run, this is
extremely easy using a Lua script. However a fast bit count native
operation can be useful, especially if it can operate on ranges, or when
the string is small like in the case of days (even if you consider many
years it is still extremely little data).

For this reason BITOP was introduced. The command counts the number of
bits set to 1 in a string, with optional range:

BITCOUNT key [start end]

The start/end parameters are similar to GETRANGE. If omitted the whole
string is tested.

Population counting is more useful when bit-level operations like AND,
OR and XOR are avaialble. For instance I can test multiple users to see
the number of days three users visited the site at the same time. To do
this we can take the AND of all the bitmaps, and then count the set bits.

For this reason the BITOP command was introduced:

BITOP [AND|OR|XOR|NOT] dest_key src_key1 src_key2 src_key3 ... src_keyN

In the special case of NOT (that inverts the bits) only one source key
can be passed.

The judicious use of BITCOUNT and BITOP combined can lead to interesting
use cases with very space efficient representation of data.

The implementation provided is still not tested and optimized for speed,
next commits will introduce unit tests. Later the implementation will be
profiled to see if it is possible to gain an important amount of speed
without making the code much more complex.
BITOP and BITCOUNT tests.

The Redis implementation is tested against Tcl implementations of the
same operation. Both fuzzing and testing of specific aspects of the
commands behavior are performed.
Bit-related string operations moved to bitop.c

All the general string operations are implemented in t_string.c, however
the bit operations, while targeting the string type, are better served
in a specific file where we have the implementations of the following
four commands and helper functions:

    GETBIT
    SETBIT
    BITOP
    BITCOUNT

In the future this file will probably contain more code related to
making the BITOP and BITCOUNT operations faster.
BITCOUNT refactoring.

The low level popualtion counting function is now separated from the
BITCOUNT command implementation, so that the low level function can be
further optimized and eventually used in other contexts if needed.
popcount() optimization for speed.

We run the array by 32 bit words instead of processing it byte per byte.
If the code is compiled using GCC __builtin_popcount() builtin function
is used instead.
Bit operations tests improved.

Fuzzing tests of BITCOUNT / BITOP are iterated multiple times.
The new BITCOUNT fuzzing test uses random strings in a wider interval of
lengths including zero-len strings.
bitop.c renamed bitops.c

bitop.c contains the "Bit related string operations" so it seems more
logical to call it bitops instead of bitop.
This also makes it matching the name of the test (unit/bitops.tcl).
BITCOUNT performance improved.

At Redis's default optimization level the command is now much faster,
always using a constant-time bit manipualtion technique to count bits
instead of GCC builtin popcount, and unrolling the loop.

The current implementation performance is 1.5GB/s in a MBA 11" (1.8 Ghz
i7) compiled with both GCC and clang.

The algorithm used is described here:

http://graphics.stanford.edu/~seander/bithacks.html
BITOP: handle integer encoded objects correctly.

A bug in the implementation caused BITOP to crash the server if at least
one one of the source objects was integer encoded.

The new implementation takes an additional array of Redis objects
pointers and calls getDecodedObject() to get a reference to a string
encoded object, and then uses decrRefCount() to release the object.

Tests modified to cover the regression and improve coverage.
BITOP command 10x speed improvement.

This commit adds a fast-path to the BITOP that can be used for all the
bytes from 0 to the minimal length of the string, and if there are
at max 16 input keys.

Often the intersected bitmaps are roughly the same size, so this
optimization can provide a 10x speed boost to most real world usages
of the command.

Bytes are processed four full words at a time, in loops specialized
for the specific BITOP sub-command, without the need to check for
length issues with the inputs (since we run this algorithm only as far
as there is data from all the keys at the same time).

The remaining part of the string is intersected in the usual way using
the slow but generic algorith.

It is possible to do better than this with inputs that are not roughly
the same size, sorting the input keys by length, by initializing the
result string in a smarter way, and noticing that the final part of the
output string composed of only data from the longest string does not
need any proecessing since AND, OR and XOR against an empty string does
not alter the output (zero in the first case, and the original string in
the other two cases).

More implementations will be implemented later likely, but this should
be enough to release Redis 2.6-RC4 with bitops merged in.

Note: this commit also adds better testing for BITOP NOT command, that
is currently the faster and hard to optimize further since it just
flips the bits of a single input string.
Four new persistence fields in INFO. A few renamed.

The 'persistence' section of INFO output now contains additional four
fields related to RDB and AOF persistence:

 rdb_last_bgsave_time_sec       Duration of latest BGSAVE in sec.
 rdb_current_bgsave_time_sec    Duration of current BGSAVE in sec.
 aof_last_rewrite_time_sec      Duration of latest AOF rewrite in sec.
 aof_current_rewrite_time_sec   Duration of current AOF rewrite in sec.

The 'current' fields are set to -1 if a BGSAVE / AOF rewrite is not in
progress. The 'last' fileds are set to -1 if no previous BGSAVE / AOF
rewrites were performed.

Additionally a few fields in the persistence section were renamed for
consistency:

 changes_since_last_save -> rdb_changes_since_last_save
 bgsave_in_progress -> rdb_bgsave_in_progress
 last_save_time -> rdb_last_save_time
 last_bgsave_status -> rdb_last_bgsave_status
 bgrewriteaof_in_progress -> aof_rewrite_in_progress
 bgrewriteaof_scheduled -> aof_rewrite_scheduled

After the renaming, fields in the persistence section start with rdb_ or
aof_ prefix depending on the persistence method they describe.
The field 'loading' and related fields are not prefixed because they are
unique for both the persistence methods.
Tests modified to account for INFO fields renaming.

Commit 33e1db36fa3948c8b9baa3991fd40e7f6b31fb9e modified the name of a
few INFO fields. This commit changes the Redis test to account for this
changes.
BITOP bug when called against non existing keys fixed.

In the issue #529 an user reported a bug that can be triggered with the
following code:

flushdb
set a
"\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"
bitop or x a b

The bug was introduced with the speed optimization in commit 8bbc076
that specializes every BITOP operation loop up to the minimum length of
the input strings.

However the computation of the minimum length contained an error when a
non existing key was present in the input, after a key that was non zero
length.

This commit fixes the bug and adds a regression test for it.
RDB type loading functions clarified in comments.

Improved comments to make clear that rdbLoadType() just loads a
general TYPE in the context of RDB that can be an object type or an
expire type, end-of-file, and so forth.

While rdbLoadObjectType() enforces that the type is a valid Object Type
otherwise it returns -1.
Fixed RESTORE hash failure (Issue #532)

(additional commit notes by antirez@gmail.com):

The rdbIsObjectType() macro was not updated when the new RDB object type
of ziplist encoded hashes was added.

As a result RESTORE, that uses rdbLoadObjectType(), failed when a
ziplist encoded hash was loaded.
This does not affected normal RDB loading because in that case we use
the lower-level function rdbLoadType().

The commit also adds a regression test.
EVAL replication test: less false positives.

wait_for_condition is now used instead of the usual "after 1000" (that
is the way to sleep in Tcl). This should avoid to find the replica in
a state where it is loading the RDB in memory, returning -LOADING error.

This test used to fail when running the test over valgrind, due to the
added latencies.
New test: hash ziplist -> hashtable encoding conversion.

A new stress test was added to stress test the code converting a ziplist
into an hash table.

In this commit also randomValue helper function was modified to also
return negative values.