Test case to reproduce issue #690.
Staged file status does not handle CRLF correctly. Ensures that the test repo has core.autocrlf=true for the test to fail.
Alternate test for autocrlf with status

I couldn't get the last failing test to actually fail.  This
is a different test suggested by @nulltoken which should fail.
Better header comments
Implement filters for status/diff blobs

This adds support to diff and status for running filters (a la crlf)
on blobs in the workdir before computing SHAs and before generating
text diffs.  This ended up being a bit more code change than I had
thought since I had to reorganize some of the diff logic to minimize
peak memory use when filtering blobs in a diff.

This also adds a cap on the maximum size of data that will be loaded
to diff.  I set it at 512Mb which should match core git.  Right now
it is a #define in src/diff.h but it could be moved into the public
API if desired.
Clean up blob diff path

Previously when diffing blobs, the diff code just ran with a NULL
repository object. Of course, that's not necessary and the test
for a NULL repo was confusing. This makes the blob diff run with
the repo that contains the blobs and clarifies the test that it
is possible to be diffing data where the path is unknown.
git_mergebase: Constness-Fix for consistency
Replace git_diff_iterator_num_files with progress

The `git_diff_iterator_num_files` API was problematic, since we
don't actually know the exact number of files to be iterated over
until we load those files into memory.  This replaces it with a
new `git_diff_iterator_progress` API that goes from 0 to 1, and
moves and renamed the old API for the internal places that can
tolerate a max value instead of an exact value.
Move diff max_size to public API

This commit adds a max_size value in the public `git_diff_options`
structure so that the user can automatically flag blobs over a
certain size as binary regardless of other properties.

Also, and perhaps more importantly, this moves binary detection
to be as early as possible in the diff traversal inner loop and
makes sure that we stop loading objects as soon as we decide that
they are binary.
Reorg internal odb read header and object lookup

Often `git_odb_read_header` will "fail" and have to read the
entire object into memory instead of just the header.  When this
happens, the object is loaded and then disposed of immediately,
which makes it difficult to efficiently use the header information
to decide if the object should be loaded (since attempting to do
so will often result in loading the object twice).

This commit takes the existing code and reorganizes it to have
two new functions:

- `git_odb__read_header_or_object` which acts just like the old
  read header function except that it returns the object, too, if
  it was forced to load the whole thing.  It then becomes the
  callers responsibility to free the `git_odb_object`.
- `git_object__from_odb_object` which was extracted from the old
  `git_object_lookup` and creates a subclass of `git_object` from
  an existing `git_odb_object` (separating the ODB lookup from the
  `git_object` creation).  This allows you to use the first header
  reading function efficiently without instantiating the
  `git_odb_object` twice.

There is no net change to the behavior of any of the existing
functions, but this allows internal code to tap into the ODB
lookup and object creation to be more efficient.
cache: fix race condition

Example: a cached node is owned only by the cache (refcount == 1).
Thread A holds the lock and determines that the entry which should get
cached equals the node (git_oid_cmp(&node->oid, &entry->oid) == 0).
It frees the given entry to instead return the cached node to the user
(entry = node). Now, before Thread A happens to increment the refcount
of the node *outside* the cache lock, Thread B tries to store another
entry and hits the slot of the node before, decrements its refcount and
frees it *before* Thread A gets a chance to increment for the user.

	git_cached_obj_incref(entry);

	git_mutex_lock(&cache->lock);
	{
		git_cached_obj *node = cache->nodes[hash & cache->size_mask];

		if (node == NULL) {
			cache->nodes[hash & cache->size_mask] = entry;
		} else if (git_oid_cmp(&node->oid, &entry->oid) == 0) {
			git_cached_obj_decref(entry, cache->free_obj);
			entry = node;
		} else {
			git_cached_obj_decref(node, cache->free_obj);

// Thread B is here

			cache->nodes[hash & cache->size_mask] = entry;
		}
	}
	git_mutex_unlock(&cache->lock);

// Thread A is here

	/* increase the refcount again, because we are
	 * returning it to the user */
	git_cached_obj_incref(entry);
Merge pull request #924 from schu/cache-fix-race-cond

cache: fix race condition
Fix diff binary file detection

In the process of adding tests for the max file size threshold
(which treats files over a certain size as binary) there seem to
be a number of problems in the new code with detecting binaries.
This should fix those up, as well as add a test for the file
size threshold stuff.

Also, this un-deprecates `GIT_DIFF_LINE_ADD_EOFNL`, since I
finally found a legitimate situation where it would be returned.
Properly handle p_reads
Merge branch 'diff-crlf-filters' into development
Merge pull request #920 from scunz/mergebase_const

git_mergebase: Constness-Fix for consistency
checkout: introduce git_checkout_tree()
checkout: introduce git_checkout_index()
reset: add support for GIT_RESET_HARD mode
checkout: checking out a non branch detaches HEAD
checkout: introduce git_checkout_commit()