Moves column dump specific code to a module included in AbstractAdapter

Having column related schema dumper code in the AbstractAdapter. The
code remains the same, but by placing it in the AbstractAdapter, we can
then overwrite it with Adapter specific methods that will help with
Adapter specific data types.

The goal of moving this code here is to create a new migration key for
PostgreSQL's array type. Since any datatype can be an array, the goal is
to have ':array => true' as a migration option, turning the datatype
into an array. I've implemented this in postgres_ext, the syntax is
shown here: https://github.com/dockyard/postgres_ext#arrays

Adds array migration support

Adds array_test.rb outlining the test cases for array data type
Adds pg_array_parser to Gemfile for testing
Adds pg_array_parser to postgresql_adapter (unused in this commit)

Adds schema dump support for arrays

Adds postgres array type casting support

Updates changelog, adds note for inet and cidr support, which I forgot to add before

Removing debugger, Adds pg_array_parser to JRuby platform

Removes pg_array_parser requirement, creates ArrayParser module used by
PostgreSQLAdapter
update CHANGELOG

Add entry about 245941101b1ea00a9b1af613c20b0ee994a43946 and
95be790ece75710f2588558a6d5f40fd09543b97.
Merge pull request #7642 from lest/patch-1

update CHANGELOG
Move queue classes to ActiveSupport
Revert "create a transaction object and point AR objects at that object during a"

This reverts commit c24c885209ac2334dc6f798c394a821ee270bec6.

Here's the explanation I just sent to @tenderlove:

Hey,

I've been thinking about about the transaction memory leak thing that we
were discussing.

Example code:

post = nil
Post.transaction do
  N.times { post = Post.create }
end

Post.transaction is going to create a real transaction and there will
also be a (savepoint) transaction inside each Post.create.

In an idea world, we'd like all but the last Post instance to be GC'd,
and for the last Post instance to receive its after_commit callback when
Post.transaction returns.

I can't see how this can work using your solution where the Post itself
holds a reference to the transaction it is in; when Post.transaction
returns, control does not switch to any of Post's instance methods, so
it can't trigger the callbacks itself.

What we really want is for the transaction itself to hold weak
references to the objects within the transaction. So those objects can
be GC'd, but if they are not GC'd then the transaction can iterate them
and execute their callbacks.

I've looked into WeakRef implementations that are available. On 1.9.3,
the stdlib weakref library is broken and we shouldn't use it.

There is a better implementation here:

https://github.com/bdurand/ref/blob/master/lib/ref/weak_reference/pure_ruby.rb

We could use that, either by pulling in the gem or just copying the code
in, but it still suffers from the limitation that it uses ObjectSpace
finalizers.

In my testing, this finalizers make GC quite expensive:
https://gist.github.com/3722432

Ruby 2.0 will have a native WeakRef implementation (via
ObjectSpace::WeakMap), hence won't be reliant on finalizers:
http://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/4168

So the ultimate solution will be for everyone to use Ruby 2.0, and for
us to just use ObjectSpace::WeakMap.

In the meantime, we have basically 3 options:

The first is to leave it as it is.

The second is to use a finalizer-based weakref implementation and take
the GC perf hit.

The final option is to store object ids rather than the actual objects.
Then use ObjectSpace._id2ref to deference the objects at the end of the
transaction, if they exist. This won't stop memory use growing within
the transaction, but it'll grow more slowly.

I benchmarked the performance of _id2ref this if the object does or does
not exist: https://gist.github.com/3722550

If it does exist it seems decent, but it's hugely more expensive if it
doesn't, probably because we have to do the rescue nil.

Probably most of the time the objects will exist. However the point of
doing this optimisation is to allow people to create a large number of
objects inside a transaction and have them be GC'd. So for that use
case, we'd be replacing one problem with another. I'm not sure which of
the two problems is worse.

My feeling is that we should just leave this for now and come back to it
when Ruby 2.0 is out.

I'm going to revert your commit because I can't see how it solves this.
Hope you don't mind... if I've misunderstood then let me know!

Jon
Start to tease out transaction handling into a state machine
Store the transaction number in the transaction object

This avoids us having to manually increment and decrement it.
Don't do the rollback in #commit

The caller needs to have knowledge of the rollback either way, so do it
all in the caller (#transaction)
DRY
Split Open into Real and Savepoint
Alter the naming structure a bit
Move transaction joinability into the transaction object
Remove the transaction_open variable
Remove our use of #outside_transaction?

This method was first seen in 045713ee240fff815edb5962b25d668512649478,
and subsequently reimplemented in
fb2325e35855d62abd2c76ce03feaa3ca7992e4f.

According to @jeremy, this is okay to remove. He thinks it was added
because at the time we didn't have much transaction state to keep track
of, and he viewed it as a hack for us to track it internally, thinking
it was better to ask the connection for the transaction state.

Over the years we have added more and more state to track, a lot of
which is impossible to ask the connection for. So it seems that this is
just a relic of the passed and we will just track the state internally
only.
Ensure disconnecting or reconnecting resets the transaction state
Fix test

Accidentally checked in commented test code. Fail. >_<
Deprecate ActiveSupport::Benchmarkable#silence.

Due to its lack of thread safety, we're deprecating this, and it
will be removed in Rails 4.1.

Fixes #4060.
Few more warnings removed.

I found them when I was running
warning mode on with railties

See https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/3782
simplify rescue
Merge pull request #7653 from arunagw/warnings-removed

Few more warnings removed.