Restart Wang's algorithm with appropriate polynomial (#3256)
Staging of the new differential_geometry module.

This module is based on "Functional Differential Geometry" by Sussman and
Wisdom.

Import:
-------
It is not automatically imported by `from sympy import *`. To import it use
`import sympy.differential_geometry`.

Structure:
----------

The first patch brings the basic `Manifold` and `Patch` classes which are not
much more than containers for objects defined on the Manifold.

Each `Patch` can define a number of `CoordSystem` objects which contain all the
logic necessary for coordinate transformations.

`Point` instances can be defined using coordinates in a `CoordSystem`.

`ScalarField` objects can be defined. They take a point and return a scalar.

`VectorField` represents an operator on `ScalarField` (a directional
derivative).

Rudimentary docstrings are provided.

Predefined Manifolds:
---------------------

The R2 manifold is predefined in order to facilitate work on this manifold.
To import it use `from sympy.differential_geometry.Rn import R2, R2_r, R2_p`.
R2 is the manifold and R2_r and R2_p are the rectangular and polar
`CoordSystem` instances.

Other predefined manifolds will be supplied also.

Tests:
------

Test with complete coverage are provided. The examples from "Functional
Differential Geometry" are also provided as tests.

The only part that is not tested is unfinished functionality related to the
connections between coordinate systems.

The test_args.py test that check whether the args are instances of Basic are
XFAILed at the moment.
Mark coordinate-dependent attributes in differential_geometry as private.

An underscore was appended to all attributes that are coordinate-dependent.
has() refactoring: extract single pattern base case into ._has()

+ Simplify common case, when the pattern is an ordinary Basic instance.
Move preorder_traversal to sympy.core.basic

This will allow it to be used everywhere, and in particular in the core.
Use preorder_traversal in Basic._has()
Simplify Basic.atoms() and use preorder_traversal()
Use preorder_traversal() in Basic.find()
Use preorder_traversal in Basic.count()

* Extract query preprocessing from Basic.find() into _make_find_query(),
  to allow Basic.count() to use it directly.
Simplify code in Basic._has()

* iterative was always True
* the argument of _ncsplit is always an Add or Mul
Basic._has: remove inner function _match()

* .has() shouldn't support objects with non-Basic args, like
Tuple(sin, cos) (cf. issue 2070).
Simplify inner functions in Basic._has()
Basic.has(): move handling of AssocOps to AssocOp

Instead of hardcoding the matching function inside Basic,
pattern._has_matcher() is now used, thus removing a dependency
of Basic on its subclasses.
Fix (x*y).has(x+y) and similar cases.
preserve ability to test for bool and Function in Tuple
Bring the SparseMatrix constructor in compliance with the Matrix class

The SparceMatrix constructor was duplicating code and some of the semantics
were different from those imposed by MatrixBase. Now the
_handle_creation_inputs is used for all inputs for wich we do not have special
sparce logic.
Add a test for issue 3256

This involved modifying the dmp_zz_wang() function to accept a random sequence
to be used internally, so that the test failure, which previously failed with
random seed 13604685, could be exactly reproduced, regardless of any potential
changes to the random number generating algorithm.
Fix for issue 3031

Uses mainloop only when not in ipython.
Merge pull request #1353 from asmeurer/mattpap_3256

Fix and test issue 3256
edit: sting -> string