Add new EVENT keyword to unreserved_keyword production.

Once again, somebody who ought to know better forgot this.  We really
need some automated cross-check on the keyword-list productions, I think.
Per report from Brian Weaver.
Make plpgsql's unreserved keywords more unreserved.

There were assorted places where unreserved keywords were not treated the
same as T_WORD (that is, a random unrecognized identifier).  Fix them.
It might not always be possible to allow this, but it is in all these
places, so I don't see any downside.

Per gripe from Jim Wilson.  Arguably this is a bug fix, but given the lack
of other complaints and the ease of working around it (just quote the
word), I won't risk back-patching.
pg_upgrade test: Disable fsync in initdb and postgres calls

This mirrors the behavior of pg_regress and makes the test run much
faster.
Run check_keywords.pl anytime gram.c is rebuilt.

This script is a bit slow, but still it only takes a fraction of the time
the bison run does, so the overhead doesn't seem intolerable.  And we
definitely need some mechanical aid here, because people keep missing
the need to add new keywords to the appropriate keyword-list production.

While at it, I moved check_keywords.pl from src/tools into
src/backend/parser where it's actually used, and did some very minor
cleanup on the script.
Have pg_terminate/cancel_backend not ERROR on non-existent processes

This worked fine for superusers, but not for ordinary users trying to
cancel their own processes.  Tweak the order the checks are done in so
that we correctly return SIGNAL_BACKEND_ERROR (which current callers
know to ignore without erroring out) so that an ordinary user can loop
through a resultset without fearing that a process might exit in the
middle of said looping -- causing the remaining processes to go
unsignalled.

Incidentally, the last in-core caller of IsBackendPid() is now gone.
However, the function is exported and must remain in place, because
there are plenty of callers in external modules.

Author: Josh Kupershmidt

Reviewed by Noah Misch
Fix btmarkpos/btrestrpos to handle array keys.

This fixes another error in commit 9e8da0f75731aaa7605cf4656c21ea09e84d2eb1.
I neglected to make the mark/restore functionality save and restore the
current set of array key values, which led to strange behavior if an
IndexScan with ScalarArrayOpExpr quals was used as the inner side of a
mergejoin.  Per bug #7570 from Melese Tesfaye.
Produce textual error messages for LDAP issues instead of numeric codes
Fix tar files emitted by pg_dump and pg_basebackup to be POSIX conformant.

Both programs got the "magic" string wrong, causing standard-conforming tar
implementations to believe the output was just legacy tar format without
any POSIX extensions.  This doesn't actually matter that much, especially
since pg_dump failed to fill the POSIX fields anyway, but still there is
little point in emitting tar format if we can't be compliant with the
standard.  In addition, pg_dump failed to write the EOF marker correctly
(there should be 2 blocks of zeroes not just one), pg_basebackup put the
numeric group ID in the wrong place, and both programs had a pretty
brain-dead idea of how to compute the checksum.  Fix all that and improve
the comments a bit.

pg_restore is modified to accept either the correct POSIX-compliant "magic"
string or the previous value.  This part of the change will need to be
back-patched to avoid an unnecessary compatibility break when a previous
version tries to read tar-format output from 9.3 pg_dump.

Brian Weaver and Tom Lane
Add alter_generic regression test

This makes refactoring of parts of the ALTER command safe(r) because we
ensure no change in functionality.

Author: KaiGai Kohei
Remove checks for now long outdated compilers.
Add alternative expected output for alter_generic

The original only expected file failed to consider machines without
non-default collation support.  Per buildfarm.

Also, move the test to another parallel group; the one it was originally
put in is already full according to comments in the schedule file.  Per
note from Tom Lane.
PL/Python: Convert oid to long/int

oid is a numeric type, so transform it to the appropriate Python
numeric type like the other ones.
PL/Python: Remove workaround for returning booleans in Python <2.3

Since Python 2.2 is no longer supported, we can now use Py_RETURN_TRUE
and Py_RETURN_FALSE instead of the old workaround.
Add _FORTIFY_SOURCE to default compiler options for linux template

Many distributors use this, so we might as well see the warnings as
well.
Fix bugs in "restore.sql" script emitted in pg_dump tar output.

The tar output module did some very ugly and ultimately incorrect hacking
on COPY commands to try to get them to work in the context of restoring a
deconstructed tar archive.  In particular, it would fail altogether for
table names containing any upper-case characters, since it smashed the
command string to lower-case before modifying it (and, just to add insult
to injury, did that in a way that would fail in multibyte encodings).
I don't see any particular value in being flexible about the case of the
command keywords, since the string will just have been created by
dumpTableData, so let's get rid of the whole case-folding thing.

Also, it doesn't seem to meet the POLA for the script to restore data only
in COPY mode, so add \i commands to make it have comparable behavior in
--inserts mode.

Noted while looking at the tar-output code in connection with Brian
Weaver's patch.
Disable _FORTIFY_SOURCE with ICC

There are apparently some incompatibilities, per buildfarm.
psql: Mark table headers in \drds output for translation
Add infrastructure for compile-time assertions about variable types.

Currently, the macros only work with fairly recent gcc versions, but there
is room to expand them to other compilers that have comparable features.

Heavily revised and autoconfiscated version of a patch by Andres Freund.
Provide some static-assertion functionality on all compilers.

On reflection (especially after noticing how many buildfarm critters have
__builtin_types_compatible_p but not _Static_assert), it seems like we
ought to try a bit harder to make these macros do something everywhere.
The initial cut at it would have been no help to code that is compiled only
on platforms without _Static_assert, for instance; and in any case not all
our contributors do their initial coding on the latest gcc version.

Some googling about static assertions turns up quite a bit of prior art
for making it work in compilers that lack _Static_assert.  The method
that seems closest to our needs involves defining a struct with a bit-field
that has negative width if the assertion condition fails.  There seems no
reliable way to get the error message string to be output, but throwing a
compile error with a confusing message is better than missing the problem
altogether.

In the same spirit, if we don't have __builtin_types_compatible_p we can at
least insist that the variable have the same width as the type.  This won't
catch errors such as "wrong pointer type", but it's far better than
nothing.

In addition to changing the macro definitions, adjust a
compile-time-constant Assert in contrib/hstore to use StaticAssertStmt,
so we can get some buildfarm coverage on whether that macro behaves sanely
or not.  There's surely more places that could be converted, but this is
the first one I came across.
The max shared_buffers value that initdb will choose was raised, update docs.

Jeff Janes