support for TLS in dynamic-loaded (dlopen) modules

unlike other implementations, this one reserves memory for new TLS in
all pre-existing threads at dlopen-time, and dlopen will fail with no
resources consumed and no new libraries loaded if memory is not
available. memory is not immediately distributed to running threads;
that would be too complex and too costly. instead, assurances are made
that threads needing the new TLS can obtain it in an async-signal-safe
way from a buffer belonging to the dynamic linker/new module (via
atomic fetch-and-add based allocator).

I've re-appropriated the lock that was previously used for __synccall
(synchronizing set*id() syscalls between threads) as a general
pthread_create lock. it's a "backwards" rwlock where the "read"
operation is safe atomic modification of the live thread count, which
multiple threads can perform at the same time, and the "write"
operation is making sure the count does not increase during an
operation that depends on it remaining bounded (__synccall or dlopen).
in static-linked programs that don't use __synccall, this lock is a
no-op and has no cost.
small dynamic linker module search fix

libraries loaded more than once by pathname should not get shortnames
that would cause them to later be used to satisfy non-pathname load
requests.
fix/improve shared library ctor/dtor handling, allow recursive dlopen

some libraries call dlopen from their constructors, resulting in
recursive calls to dlopen. previously, this resulted in deadlock. I'm
now unlocking the dlopen lock before running constructors (this is
especially important since the lock also blocked pthread_create and
was being held while application code runs!) and using a separate
recursive mutex protecting the ctor/dtor state instead.

in order to prevent the same ctor from being called more than once, a
module is considered "constructed" just before the ctor runs.

also, switch from using atexit to register each dtor to using a single
atexit call to register the dynamic linker's dtor processing as just
one handler. this is necessary because atexit performs allocation and
may fail, but the library has already been loaded and cannot be
backed-out at the time dtor registration is performed. this change
also ensures that all dtors run after all atexit functions, rather
than in mixed order.
TLS fixes, mainly alignment handling

compute offsets from the thread pointer statically when loading the
library, rather than repeating the logic on each thread creation. not
only is the latter less efficient at runtime; it also fails to provide
solid guarantees that the offsets will remain the same when the
initial alignment of memory is different. the new alignment handling
is both more rigorous and simpler.

the old code was also clobbering TLS bss with random image data in
some cases due to using tls_size (size of TLS segment) instead of
tls_len (length of the TLS data image).
fix symbol acceptance/rejection rules for TLS

symbol value of 0 is not "undefined" for TLS; it's the address of the
first symbol in the TLS segment. however, non-definition TLS
references also have values of 0, so check the section.

hopefully the new logic is more clear, too.
fix buggy TLS size/alignment computations in static-linked TLS
don't crash if TLS library is loaded into process with no thread pointer