Reword documentation for concurrent index rebuilds to be clearer.

Backpatch to 9.1 and 9.2.
Perform conversion from Python unicode to string/bytes object via UTF-8.

We used to convert the unicode object directly to a string in the server
encoding by calling Python's PyUnicode_AsEncodedString function. In other
words, we used Python's routines to do the encoding. However, that has a
few problems. First of all, it required keeping a mapping table of Python
encoding names and PostgreSQL encodings. But the real killer was that Python
doesn't support EUC_TW and MULE_INTERNAL encodings at all.

Instead, convert the Python unicode object to UTF-8, and use PostgreSQL's
encoding conversion functions to convert from UTF-8 to server encoding. We
were already doing the same in the other direction in PLyUnicode_FromString,
so this is more consistent, too.

Note: This makes SQL_ASCII to behave more leniently. We used to map
SQL_ASCII to Python's 'ascii', which on Python means strict 7-bit ASCII
only, so you got an error if the python string contained anything but pure
ASCII. You no longer get an error; you get the UTF-8 representation of the
string instead.

Backpatch to 9.0, where these conversions were introduced.

Jan Urbański
Complain with proper error message if streaming stops prematurely

In particular, with a controlled shutdown of the master, pg_basebackup
with streaming log could terminate without an error message, even though
the backup is not consistent.

In passing, fix a few cases where walfile wasn't properly set to -1 after
closing.

Fujii Masao
Make strings identical
Warn more vigorously about the non-transactional behavior of sequences.

Craig Ringer, edited fairly heavily by me
Typo fixes for previous commit.

Noted by Thom Brown.
fsync backup_label after pg_start_backup()

Dave Kerr
Fix redundant wording
Fix pg_upgrade file share violation on Windows created by the commit
4741e9afb93f0d769655b2d18c2b73b86f281010.  This was done by adding an
optional second log file parameter to exec_prog(), and closing and
reopening the log file between system() calls.

Backpatch to 9.2.
Fix TwoPhaseGetDummyBackendId().

This was broken in commit ed0b409d22346b1b027a4c2099ca66984d94b6dd,
which revised the GlobalTransactionData struct to not include the
associated PGPROC as its first member, but overlooked one place where
a cast was used in reliance on that equivalence.

The most effective way of fixing this seems to be to create a new function
that looks up the GlobalTransactionData struct given the XID, and make
both TwoPhaseGetDummyBackendId and TwoPhaseGetDummyProc rely on that.

Per report from Robert Ross.
Update isolation tests' README file.

The directions explaining about running the prepared-transactions test
were not updated in commit ae55d9fbe3871a5e6309d9b91629f1b0ff2b8cba.
Fix minor bug in XLogFileRead() that accidentally worked.
Cascading replication copied the incoming file into pg_xlog but
didn't set path correctly, so the first attempt to open file failed
causing it to loop around and look for file in pg_xlog. So the
earlier coding worked, but accidentally rather than by design.

Spotted by Fujii Masao, fix by Fujii Masao and Simon Riggs
Doc correction to point out that 9.2+ can overwrite pg_xlog files.

Noted by Noah Misch, patch by Fujii Masao
Fix typo in comment
Force archive_status of .done for xlogs created by dearchival/replication.
This prevents spurious attempts to archive xlog files after promotion of
standby, a bug introduced by cascading replication patch in 9.2.

Fujii Masao, simplified and extended to cover streaming by Simon Riggs
Ensure all replication message info is available and correct via WalRcv
Turn off WalSender keepalives by default, users can enable if desired
Fix upper limit of superuser_reserved_connections, add limit for wal_senders

Should be limited to the maximum number of connections excluding
autovacuum workers, not including.

Add similar check for max_wal_senders, which should never be higher than
max_connections.
Prevent pg_upgrade from crashing if it can't write to the current
directory.

Backpatch to 9.2.
Fix dependencies generated during ALTER TABLE ADD CONSTRAINT USING INDEX.

This command generated new pg_depend entries linking the index to the
constraint and the constraint to the table, which match the entries made
when a unique or primary key constraint is built de novo.  However, it did
not bother to get rid of the entries linking the index directly to the
table.  We had considered the issue when the ADD CONSTRAINT USING INDEX
patch was written, and concluded that we didn't need to get rid of the
extra entries.  But this is wrong: ALTER COLUMN TYPE wasn't expecting such
redundant dependencies to exist, as reported by Hubert Depesz Lubaczewski.
On reflection it seems rather likely to break other things as well, since
there are many bits of code that crawl pg_depend for one purpose or
another, and most of them are pretty naive about what relationships they're
expecting to find.  Fortunately it's not that hard to get rid of the extra
dependency entries, so let's do that.

Back-patch to 9.1, where ALTER TABLE ADD CONSTRAINT USING INDEX was added.