Expose an API for calculating catcache hash values.

Now that cache invalidation callbacks get only a hash value, and not a
tuple TID (per commits 632ae6829f7abda34e15082c91d9dfb3fc0f298b and
b5282aa893e565b7844f8237462cb843438cdd5e), the only way they can restrict
what they invalidate is to know what the hash values mean.  setrefs.c was
doing this via a hard-wired assumption but that seems pretty grotty, and
it'll only get worse as more cases come up.  So let's expose a calculation
function that takes the same parameters as SearchSysCache.  Per complaint
from Marko Kreen.
libpq: Fix memory leak

If a client encoding is specified as a connection parameter (or
environment variable), internal storage allocated for it would never
be freed.
psql: Fix invalid memory access

Due to an apparent thinko, when printing a table in expanded mode
(\x), space would be allocated for 1 slot plus 1 byte per line,
instead of 1 slot per line plus 1 slot for the NULL terminator.  When
the line count is small, reading or writing the terminator would
therefore access memory beyond what was allocated.
psql: Fix memory leak

In expanded auto mode, a lot of allocated memory was not cleaned up.

found by Coverity
psql: Avoid some spurious output if the server croaks.

Fixes a regression in commit 08146775acd8bfe0fcc509c71857abb928697171.

Noah Misch
Add GetForeignColumnOptions() to foreign.c, and add some documentation.

GetForeignColumnOptions provides some abstraction for accessing
column-specific FDW options, on a par with the access functions that were
already provided here for other FDW-related information.

Adjust file_fdw.c to use GetForeignColumnOptions instead of equivalent
hand-rolled code.

In addition, add some SGML documentation for the functions exported by
foreign.c that are meant for use by FDW authors.

(This is the fdw_helper portion of the proposed pgsql_fdw patch.)

Hanada Shigeru, reviewed by KaiGai Kohei
Fix indentation of \d footers for non-ASCII cases.

Multi-line "Inherits:" and "Child tables:" footers were misindented when
those strings' translations involved multibyte characters, because we were
using strlen() instead of an appropriate display width measurement.

In passing, avoid doing gettext() more than once per loop in these places.

While at it, fix pg_wcswidth(), which has been entirely broken since about
8.2, but fortunately has been unused for the same length of time.

Report and patch by Sergey Burladyan (bug #6480)
Improve estimation of IN/NOT IN by assuming array elements are distinct.

In constructs such as "x IN (1,2,3,4)" and "x <> ALL(ARRAY[1,2,3,4])",
we formerly always used a general-purpose assumption that the probability
of success is independent for each comparison of "x" to an array element.
But in real-world usage of these constructs, that's a pretty poor
assumption; it's much saner to assume that the array elements are distinct
and so the match probabilities are disjoint.  Apply that assumption if the
operator appears to behave as equality (for ANY) or inequality (for ALL).
But fall back to the normal independent-probabilities calculation if this
yields an impossible result, ie probability > 1 or < 0.  We could protect
ourselves against bad estimates even more by explicitly checking for equal
array elements, but that is expensive and doesn't seem worthwhile: doing
it would amount to optimizing for poorly-written queries at the expense
of well-written ones.

Daniele Varrazzo and Tom Lane, after a suggestion by Ants Aasma
Silence warning about unused variable, when building without assertions.
ecpg: Fix rare memory leaks

found by Coverity
ecpg: Fix off-by-one error in memory copying

In a rare case, one byte past the end of memory belonging to the
sqlca_t structure would be written to.

found by Coverity
Fix some issues with temp/transient tables in extension scripts.

Phil Sorber reported that a rewriting ALTER TABLE within an extension
update script failed, because it creates and then drops a placeholder
table; the drop was being disallowed because the table was marked as an
extension member.  We could hack that specific case but it seems likely
that there might be related cases now or in the future, so the most
practical solution seems to be to create an exception to the general rule
that extension member objects can only be dropped by dropping the owning
extension.  To wit: if the DROP is issued within the extension's own
creation or update scripts, we'll allow it, implicitly performing an
"ALTER EXTENSION DROP object" first.  This will simplify cases such as
extension downgrade scripts anyway.

No docs change since we don't seem to have documented the idea that you
would need ALTER EXTENSION DROP for such an action to begin with.

Also, arrange for explicitly temporary tables to not get linked as
extension members in the first place, and the same for the magic
pg_temp_nnn schemas that are created to hold them.  This prevents assorted
unpleasant results if an extension script creates a temp table: the forced
drop at session end would either fail or remove the entire extension, and
neither of those outcomes is desirable.  Note that this doesn't fix the
ALTER TABLE scenario, since the placeholder table is not temp (unless the
table being rewritten is).

Back-patch to 9.1.
psql: Remove useless code

Apparently a copy-and-paste mistake introduced in
8ddd22f2456af0155f9c183894f481203e86b76e.

found by Coverity
Update outdated comment. HeapTupleHeader.t_natts field doesn't exist anymore.

Kevin Grittner
Revise FDW planning API, again.

Further reflection shows that a single callback isn't very workable if we
desire to let FDWs generate multiple Paths, because that forces the FDW to
do all work necessary to generate a valid Plan node for each Path.  Instead
split the former PlanForeignScan API into three steps: GetForeignRelSize,
GetForeignPaths, GetForeignPlan.  We had already bit the bullet of breaking
the 9.1 FDW API for 9.2, so this shouldn't cause very much additional pain,
and it's substantially more flexible for complex FDWs.

Add an fdw_private field to RelOptInfo so that the new functions can save
state there rather than possibly having to recalculate information two or
three times.

In addition, we'd not thought through what would be needed to allow an FDW
to set up subexpressions of its choice for runtime execution.  We could
treat ForeignScan.fdw_private as an executable expression but that seems
likely to break existing FDWs unnecessarily (in particular, it would
restrict the set of node types allowable in fdw_private to those supported
by expression_tree_walker).  Instead, invent a separate field fdw_exprs
which will receive the postprocessing appropriate for expression trees.
(One field is enough since it can be a list of expressions; also, we assume
the corresponding expression state tree(s) will be held within fdw_state,
so we don't need to add anything to ForeignScanState.)

Per review of Hanada Shigeru's pgsql_fdw patch.  We may need to tweak this
further as we continue to work on that patch, but to me it feels a lot
closer to being right now.
Extend object access hook framework to support arguments, and DROP.

This allows loadable modules to get control at drop time, perhaps for the
purpose of performing additional security checks or to log the event.
The initial purpose of this code is to support sepgsql, but other
applications should be possible as well.

KaiGai Kohei, reviewed by me.
sepgsql DROP support.

KaiGai Kohei
Add support for renaming constraints

reviewed by Josh Berkus and Dimitri Fontaine
Restructure SPGiST opclass interface API to support whole-index scans.

The original API definition was incapable of supporting whole-index scans
because there was no way to invoke leaf-value reconstruction without
checking any qual conditions.  Also, it was inefficient for
multiple-qual-condition scans because value reconstruction got done over
again for each qual condition, and because other internal work in the
consistent functions likewise had to be done for each qual.  To fix these
issues, pass the whole scankey array to the opclass consistent functions,
instead of only letting them see one item at a time.  (Essentially, the
loop over scankey entries is now inside the consistent functions not
outside them.  This makes the consistent functions a bit more complicated,
but not unreasonably so.)

In itself this commit does nothing except save a few cycles in
multiple-qual-condition index scans, since we can't support whole-index
scans on SPGiST indexes until nulls are included in the index.  However,
I consider this a must-fix for 9.2 because once we release it will get
very much harder to change the opclass API definition.
Add more detail to error message for invalid arguments for server process

It now prints the argument that was at fault.

Also fix a small misbehavior where the error message issued by
getopt() would complain about a program named "--single", because
that's what argv[0] is in the server process.