/-- If the derivatives within a set of `g` at `f x` are bounded by `C`, and the `i`-th derivative
within a set of `f` at `x` is bounded by `D^i` for all `1 ≤ i ≤ n`, then the `n`-th derivative
of `g ∘ f` is bounded by `n! * C * D^n`.
This lemma proves this estimate assuming additionally that two of the spaces live in the same
universe, to make an induction possible. Use instead `norm_iteratedFDerivWithin_comp_le` that
removes this assumption. -/
theorem norm_iteratedFDerivWithin_comp_le_aux {Fu Gu : Type u} [NormedAddCommGroup Fu]
    [NormedSpace 𝕜 Fu] [NormedAddCommGroup Gu] [NormedSpace 𝕜 Gu] {g : Fu → Gu} {f : E → Fu} {n : ℕ}
    {s : Set E} {t : Set Fu} {x : E} (hg : ContDiffOn 𝕜 n g t) (hf : ContDiffOn 𝕜 n f s)
    (ht : UniqueDiffOn 𝕜 t) (hs : UniqueDiffOn 𝕜 s) (hst : MapsTo f s t) (hx : x ∈ s) {C : ℝ}
    {D : ℝ} (hC : ∀ i, i ≤ n → ‖iteratedFDerivWithin 𝕜 i g t (f x)‖ ≤ C)
    (hD : ∀ i, 1 ≤ i → i ≤ n → ‖iteratedFDerivWithin 𝕜 i f s x‖ ≤ D ^ i) :
    ‖iteratedFDerivWithin 𝕜 n (g ∘ f) s x‖ ≤ n ! * C * D ^ n := by
  /- We argue by induction on `n`, using that `D^(n+1) (g ∘ f) = D^n (g ' ∘ f ⬝ f')`. The successive
    derivatives of `g' ∘ f` are controlled thanks to the inductive assumption, and those of `f'` are
    controlled by assumption.
    As composition of linear maps is a bilinear map, one may use
    `ContinuousLinearMap.norm_iteratedFDeriv_le_of_bilinear_of_le_one` to get from these a bound
    on `D^n (g ' ∘ f ⬝ f')`. -/
  induction' n using Nat.case_strong_induction_on with n IH generalizing Gu
  · simpa [norm_iteratedFDerivWithin_zero, Nat.factorial_zero, algebraMap.coe_one, one_mul,
      pow_zero, mul_one, comp_apply] using hC 0 le_rfl
  have M : (n : ℕ∞) < n.succ := Nat.cast_lt.2 n.lt_succ_self
  have Cnonneg : 0 ≤ C := (norm_nonneg _).trans (hC 0 bot_le)
  have Dnonneg : 0 ≤ D := by
    have : 1 ≤ n + 1 := by simp only [le_add_iff_nonneg_left, zero_le']
    simpa only [pow_one] using (norm_nonneg _).trans (hD 1 le_rfl this)
  -- use the inductive assumption to bound the derivatives of `g' ∘ f`.
  have I : ∀ i ∈ Finset.range (n + 1),
      ‖iteratedFDerivWithin 𝕜 i (fderivWithin 𝕜 g t ∘ f) s x‖ ≤ i ! * C * D ^ i
  · intro i hi
    simp only [Finset.mem_range_succ_iff] at hi
    apply IH i hi
    · apply hg.fderivWithin ht
      simp only [Nat.cast_succ]
      exact add_le_add_right (Nat.cast_le.2 hi) _
    · apply hf.of_le (Nat.cast_le.2 (hi.trans n.le_succ))
    · intro j hj
      have : ‖iteratedFDerivWithin 𝕜 j (fderivWithin 𝕜 g t) t (f x)‖ =
          ‖iteratedFDerivWithin 𝕜 (j + 1) g t (f x)‖ :=
        by rw [iteratedFDerivWithin_succ_eq_comp_right ht (hst hx), comp_apply,
          LinearIsometryEquiv.norm_map]
      rw [this]
      exact hC (j + 1) (add_le_add (hj.trans hi) le_rfl)
    · intro j hj h'j
      exact hD j hj (h'j.trans (hi.trans n.le_succ))
  -- reformulate `hD` as a bound for the derivatives of `f'`.
  have J : ∀ i, ‖iteratedFDerivWithin 𝕜 (n - i) (fderivWithin 𝕜 f s) s x‖ ≤ D ^ (n - i + 1) := by
    intro i
    have : ‖iteratedFDerivWithin 𝕜 (n - i) (fderivWithin 𝕜 f s) s x‖ =
        ‖iteratedFDerivWithin 𝕜 (n - i + 1) f s x‖
    · rw [iteratedFDerivWithin_succ_eq_comp_right hs hx, comp_apply, LinearIsometryEquiv.norm_map]
    rw [this]
    apply hD
    · simp only [le_add_iff_nonneg_left, zero_le']
    · apply Nat.succ_le_succ tsub_le_self
  -- Now put these together: first, notice that we have to bound `D^n (g' ∘ f ⬝ f')`.
  

Proof state:
case hi
𝕜 : Type u_1
inst✝¹² : NontriviallyNormedField 𝕜
D✝ : Type uD
inst✝¹¹ : NormedAddCommGroup D✝
inst✝¹⁰ : NormedSpace 𝕜 D✝
E : Type uE
inst✝⁹ : NormedAddCommGroup E
inst✝⁸ : NormedSpace 𝕜 E
F : Type uF
inst✝⁷ : NormedAddCommGroup F
inst✝⁶ : NormedSpace 𝕜 F
G : Type uG
inst✝⁵ : NormedAddCommGroup G
inst✝⁴ : NormedSpace 𝕜 G
s✝ s₁ t✝ u : Set E
Fu : Type u
inst✝³ : NormedAddCommGroup Fu
inst✝² : NormedSpace 𝕜 Fu
f : E → Fu
s : Set E
t : Set Fu
x : E
ht : UniqueDiffOn 𝕜 t
hs : UniqueDiffOn 𝕜 s
hst : MapsTo f s t
hx : x ∈ s
C D : ℝ
n : ℕ
IH :
  ∀ m ≤ n,
    ∀ {Gu : Type u} [inst : NormedAddCommGroup Gu] [inst_1 : NormedSpace 𝕜 Gu] {g : Fu → Gu},
      ContDiffOn 𝕜 (↑m) g t →
        ContDiffOn 𝕜 (↑m) f s →
          (∀ i ≤ m, ‖iteratedFDerivWithin 𝕜 i g t (f x)‖ ≤ C) →
            (∀ (i : ℕ), 1 ≤ i → i ≤ m → ‖iteratedFDerivWithin 𝕜 i f s x‖ ≤ D ^ i) →
              ‖iteratedFDerivWithin 𝕜 m (g ∘ f) s x‖ ≤ ↑m ! * C * D ^ m
Gu : Type u
inst✝¹ : NormedAddCommGroup Gu
inst✝ : NormedSpace 𝕜 Gu
g : Fu → Gu
hg : ContDiffOn 𝕜 (↑(Nat.succ n)) g t
hf : ContDiffOn 𝕜 (↑(Nat.succ n)) f s
hC : ∀ i ≤ Nat.succ n, ‖iteratedFDerivWithin 𝕜 i g t (f x)‖ ≤ C
hD : ∀ (i : ℕ), 1 ≤ i → i ≤ Nat.succ n → ‖iteratedFDerivWithin 𝕜 i f s x‖ ≤ D ^ i
M : ↑n < ↑(Nat.succ n)
Cnonneg : 0 ≤ C
Dnonneg : 0 ≤ D
I : ∀ i ∈ Finset.range (n + 1), ‖iteratedFDerivWithin 𝕜 i (fderivWithin 𝕜 g t ∘ f) s x‖ ≤ ↑i ! * C * D ^ i
J : ∀ (i : ℕ), ‖iteratedFDerivWithin 𝕜 (n - i) (fderivWithin 𝕜 f s) s x‖ ≤ D ^ (n - i + 1)
⊢ ‖iteratedFDerivWithin 𝕜 (Nat.succ n) (g ∘ f) s x‖ ≤ ↑(Nat.succ n)! * C * D ^ Nat.succ n

Next tactic:
calc
    ‖iteratedFDerivWithin 𝕜 (n + 1) (g ∘ f) s x‖ =
        ‖iteratedFDerivWithin 𝕜 n (fun y : E => fderivWithin 𝕜 (g ∘ f) s y) s x‖ := by
      rw [iteratedFDerivWithin_succ_eq_comp_right hs hx, comp_apply,
        LinearIsometryEquiv.norm_map]
    _ = ‖iteratedFDerivWithin 𝕜 n (fun y : E => ContinuousLinearMap.compL 𝕜 E Fu Gu
        (fderivWithin 𝕜 g t (f y)) (fderivWithin 𝕜 f s y)) s x‖ := by
      have L : (1 : ℕ∞) ≤ n.succ := by simpa only [ENat.coe_one, Nat.one_le_cast] using n.succ_pos
      congr 1
      refine' iteratedFDerivWithin_congr (fun y hy => _) hx _
      apply fderivWithin.comp _ _ _ hst (hs y hy)
      · exact hg.differentiableOn L _ (hst hy)
      · exact hf.differentiableOn L _ hy
    -- bound it using the fact that the composition of linear maps is a bilinear operation,
    -- for which we have bounds for the`n`-th derivative.
    _ ≤ ∑ i in Finset.range (n + 1),
        (n.choose i : ℝ) * ‖iteratedFDerivWithin 𝕜 i (fderivWithin 𝕜 g t ∘ f) s x‖ *
          ‖iteratedFDerivWithin 𝕜 (n - i) (fderivWithin 𝕜 f s) s x‖ := by
      have A : ContDiffOn 𝕜 n (fderivWithin 𝕜 g t ∘ f) s := by
        apply ContDiffOn.comp _ (hf.of_le M.le) hst
        apply hg.fderivWithin ht
        simp only [Nat.cast_succ, le_refl]
      have B : ContDiffOn 𝕜 n (fderivWithin 𝕜 f s) s := by
        apply hf.fderivWithin hs
        simp only [Nat.cast_succ, le_refl]
      exact (ContinuousLinearMap.compL 𝕜 E Fu Gu).norm_iteratedFDerivWithin_le_of_bilinear_of_le_one
        A B hs hx le_rfl (ContinuousLinearMap.norm_compL_le 𝕜 E Fu Gu)
    -- bound each of the terms using the estimates on previous derivatives (that use the inductive
    -- assumption for `g' ∘ f`).
    _ ≤ ∑ i in Finset.range (n + 1), (n.choose i : ℝ) * (i ! * C * D ^ i) * D ^ (n - i + 1) := by
      gcongr with i hi
      · simp only [mul_assoc (n.choose i : ℝ)]
        exact I i hi
      · exact J i
    -- We are left with trivial algebraic manipulations to see that this is smaller than
    -- the claimed bound.
    _ = ∑ i in Finset.range (n + 1),
      -- porting note: had to insert a few more explicit type ascriptions in this and similar
      -- expressions.
        (n ! : ℝ) * ((i ! : ℝ)⁻¹ * i !) * C * (D ^ i * D ^ (n - i + 1)) * ((n - i)! : ℝ)⁻¹ := by
      congr! 1 with i hi
      simp only [Nat.cast_choose ℝ (Finset.mem_range_succ_iff.1 hi), div_eq_inv_mul, mul_inv]
      ring
    _ = ∑ i in Finset.range (n + 1), (n ! : ℝ) * 1 * C * D ^ (n + 1) * ((n - i)! : ℝ)⁻¹ := by
      congr! with i hi
      · apply inv_mul_cancel
        simpa only [Ne.def, Nat.cast_eq_zero] using i.factorial_ne_zero
      · rw [← pow_add]
        congr 1
        rw [Nat.add_succ, Nat.succ_inj']
        exact Nat.add_sub_of_le (Finset.mem_range_succ_iff.1 hi)
    _ ≤ ∑ i in Finset.range (n + 1), (n ! : ℝ) * 1 * C * D ^ (n + 1) * 1 := by
      gcongr with i
      apply inv_le_one
      simpa only [Nat.one_le_cast] using (n - i).factorial_pos
    _ = (n + 1)! * C * D ^ (n + 1) := by
      simp only [mul_assoc, mul_one, Finset.sum_const, Finset.card_range, nsmul_eq_mul,
        Nat.factorial_succ, Nat.cast_mul]