/--
The main theorem of this file: Given a coverage `K` on `C`,
a `Type*`-valued presheaf on `C` is a sheaf for `K` if and only if it is a sheaf for
the associated Grothendieck topology.
-/
theorem isSheaf_coverage (K : Coverage C) (P : Cᵒᵖ ⥤ Type w) :
    Presieve.IsSheaf (toGrothendieck _ K) P ↔
    (∀ {X : C} (R : Presieve X), R ∈ K X → Presieve.IsSheafFor P R) := by
  constructor
  · intro H X R hR
    rw [Presieve.isSheafFor_iff_generate]
    apply H _ <| saturate.of _ _ hR
  · intro H X S hS
    -- This is the key point of the proof:
    -- We must generalize the induction in the correct way.
    suffices ∀ ⦃Y : C⦄ (f : Y ⟶ X), Presieve.IsSheafFor P (S.pullback f).arrows by
      simpa using this (f := 𝟙 _)
    induction hS with
    | of X S hS =>
      intro Y f
      obtain ⟨T, hT1, hT2⟩ := K.pullback f S hS
      apply Presieve.isSheafFor_of_factorsThru (S := T)
      · intro Z g hg
        obtain ⟨W, i, e, h1, h2⟩ := hT2 hg
        exact ⟨Z, 𝟙 _, g, ⟨W, i, e, h1, h2⟩, by simp⟩
      · apply H; assumption
      · intro Z g _
        obtain ⟨R, hR1, hR2⟩ := K.pullback g _ hT1
        refine ⟨R, (H _ hR1).isSeparatedFor, hR2⟩
    | top => intros; simpa using Presieve.isSheafFor_top_sieve _
    | transitive X R S _ _ H1 H2 =>
      intro Y f
      simp only [← Presieve.isSeparatedFor_and_exists_isAmalgamation_iff_isSheafFor] at *
      choose H1 H1' using H1
      choose H2 H2' using H2
      refine ⟨?_, fun x hx => ?_⟩
      · intro x t₁ t₂ h₁ h₂
        refine (H1 f).ext (fun Z g hg => ?_)
        refine (H2 hg (𝟙 _)).ext (fun ZZ gg hgg => ?_)
        simp only [Sieve.pullback_id, Sieve.pullback_apply] at hgg
        simp only [← types_comp_apply]
        rw [← P.map_comp, ← op_comp, h₁, h₂]
        simpa only [Sieve.pullback_apply, Category.assoc] using hgg
      let y : ∀ ⦃Z : C⦄ (g : Z ⟶ Y),
        ((S.pullback (g ≫ f)).pullback (𝟙 _)).arrows.FamilyOfElements P :=
        fun Z g ZZ gg hgg => x (gg ≫ g) (by simpa using hgg)
      have hy : ∀ ⦃Z : C⦄ (g : Z ⟶ Y), (y g).Compatible := by
        intro Z g Y₁ Y₂ ZZ g₁ g₂ f₁ f₂ h₁ h₂ h
        rw [hx]
        rw [reassoc_of% h]
      choose z hz using fun ⦃Z : C⦄ ⦃g : Z ⟶ Y⦄ (hg : R.pullback f g) =>
        H2' hg (𝟙 _) (y g) (hy g)
      let q : (R.pullback f).arrows.FamilyOfElements P := fun Z g hg => z hg
      have hq : q.Compatible := by
        intro Y₁ Y₂ Z g₁ g₂ f₁ f₂ h₁ h₂ h
        apply (H2 h₁ g₁).ext
        intro ZZ gg hgg
        simp only [← types_comp_apply]
        rw [← P.map_comp, ← P.map_comp, ← op_comp, ← op_comp, hz, hz]
        · dsimp; congr 1; simp only [Category.assoc, h]
        · simpa [reassoc_of% h] using hgg
        · simpa using hgg
      obtain ⟨t, ht⟩ := H1' f q hq
      refine ⟨t, fun Z g hg => ?_⟩
      refine (H1 (g ≫ f)).ext (fun ZZ gg hgg => ?_)
      rw [← types_comp_apply _ (P.map gg.op), ← P.map_comp, ← op_comp, ht]
      swap; simpa using hgg
      refine (H2 hgg (𝟙 _)).ext (fun ZZZ ggg hggg => ?_)
      rw [← types_comp_apply _ (P.map ggg.op), ← P.map_comp, ← op_comp, hz]
      swap; 

Proof state:
case mpr.transitive.refine_2.intro.h
C : Type u_1
inst✝ : Category.{u_2, u_1} C
K : Coverage C
P : Cᵒᵖ ⥤ Type w
X✝ : C
S✝ : Sieve X✝
X : C
R S : Sieve X
a✝¹ : saturate K X R
a✝ : ∀ ⦃Y : C⦄ ⦃f : Y ⟶ X⦄, R.arrows f → saturate K Y (Sieve.pullback f S)
Y : C
f : Y ⟶ X
H :
  ∀ {X : C},
    ∀ R ∈ covering K X,
      IsSeparatedFor P R ∧
        ∀ (x : FamilyOfElements P R), FamilyOfElements.Compatible x → ∃ t, FamilyOfElements.IsAmalgamation x t
H1 : ∀ ⦃Y : C⦄ (f : Y ⟶ X), IsSeparatedFor P (Sieve.pullback f R).arrows
H1' :
  ∀ ⦃Y : C⦄ (f : Y ⟶ X) (x : FamilyOfElements P (Sieve.pullback f R).arrows),
    FamilyOfElements.Compatible x → ∃ t, FamilyOfElements.IsAmalgamation x t
H2 :
  ∀ ⦃Y : C⦄ ⦃f : Y ⟶ X⦄,
    R.arrows f → ∀ ⦃Y_1 : C⦄ (f_1 : Y_1 ⟶ Y), IsSeparatedFor P (Sieve.pullback f_1 (Sieve.pullback f S)).arrows
H2' :
  ∀ ⦃Y : C⦄ ⦃f : Y ⟶ X⦄,
    R.arrows f →
      ∀ ⦃Y_1 : C⦄ (f_1 : Y_1 ⟶ Y) (x : FamilyOfElements P (Sieve.pullback f_1 (Sieve.pullback f S)).arrows),
        FamilyOfElements.Compatible x → ∃ t, FamilyOfElements.IsAmalgamation x t
x : FamilyOfElements P (Sieve.pullback f S).arrows
hx : FamilyOfElements.Compatible x
y : ⦃Z : C⦄ → (g : Z ⟶ Y) → FamilyOfElements P (Sieve.pullback (𝟙 Z) (Sieve.pullback (g ≫ f) S)).arrows :=
  fun Z g ZZ gg hgg => x (gg ≫ g) (_ : (Sieve.pullback f S).arrows (gg ≫ g))
hy : ∀ ⦃Z : C⦄ (g : Z ⟶ Y), FamilyOfElements.Compatible (y g)
z : ⦃Z : C⦄ → ⦃g : Z ⟶ Y⦄ → (Sieve.pullback f R).arrows g → P.obj (Opposite.op Z)
hz : ∀ ⦃Z : C⦄ ⦃g : Z ⟶ Y⦄ (hg : (Sieve.pullback f R).arrows g), FamilyOfElements.IsAmalgamation (y g) (z hg)
q : FamilyOfElements P (Sieve.pullback f R).arrows := fun Z g hg => z hg
hq : FamilyOfElements.Compatible q
t : P.obj (Opposite.op Y)
ht : FamilyOfElements.IsAmalgamation q t
Z : C
g : Z ⟶ Y
hg : (Sieve.pullback f S).arrows g
ZZ : C
gg : ZZ ⟶ Z
hgg : (Sieve.pullback (g ≫ f) R).arrows gg
ZZZ : C
ggg : ZZZ ⟶ ZZ
hggg : (Sieve.pullback (𝟙 ZZ) (Sieve.pullback (gg ≫ g ≫ f) S)).arrows ggg
⊢ (Sieve.pullback (𝟙 ZZ) (Sieve.pullback ((gg ≫ g) ≫ f) S)).arrows ggg
case mpr.transitive.refine_2.intro
C : Type u_1
inst✝ : Category.{u_2, u_1} C
K : Coverage C
P : Cᵒᵖ ⥤ Type w
X✝ : C
S✝ : Sieve X✝
X : C
R S : Sieve X
a✝¹ : saturate K X R
a✝ : ∀ ⦃Y : C⦄ ⦃f : Y ⟶ X⦄, R.arrows f → saturate K Y (Sieve.pullback f S)
Y : C
f : Y ⟶ X
H :
  ∀ {X : C},
    ∀ R ∈ covering K X,
      IsSeparatedFor P R ∧
        ∀ (x : FamilyOfElements P R), FamilyOfElements.Compatible x → ∃ t, FamilyOfElements.IsAmalgamation x t
H1 : ∀ ⦃Y : C⦄ (f : Y ⟶ X), IsSeparatedFor P (Sieve.pullback f R).arrows
H1' :
  ∀ ⦃Y : C⦄ (f : Y ⟶ X) (x : FamilyOfElements P (Sieve.pullback f R).arrows),
    FamilyOfElements.Compatible x → ∃ t, FamilyOfElements.IsAmalgamation x t
H2 :
  ∀ ⦃Y : C⦄ ⦃f : Y ⟶ X⦄,
    R.arrows f → ∀ ⦃Y_1 : C⦄ (f_1 : Y_1 ⟶ Y), IsSeparatedFor P (Sieve.pullback f_1 (Sieve.pullback f S)).arrows
H2' :
  ∀ ⦃Y : C⦄ ⦃f : Y ⟶ X⦄,
    R.arrows f →
      ∀ ⦃Y_1 : C⦄ (f_1 : Y_1 ⟶ Y) (x : FamilyOfElements P (Sieve.pullback f_1 (Sieve.pullback f S)).arrows),
        FamilyOfElements.Compatible x → ∃ t, FamilyOfElements.IsAmalgamation x t
x : FamilyOfElements P (Sieve.pullback f S).arrows
hx : FamilyOfElements.Compatible x
y : ⦃Z : C⦄ → (g : Z ⟶ Y) → FamilyOfElements P (Sieve.pullback (𝟙 Z) (Sieve.pullback (g ≫ f) S)).arrows :=
  fun Z g ZZ gg hgg => x (gg ≫ g) (_ : (Sieve.pullback f S).arrows (gg ≫ g))
hy : ∀ ⦃Z : C⦄ (g : Z ⟶ Y), FamilyOfElements.Compatible (y g)
z : ⦃Z : C⦄ → ⦃g : Z ⟶ Y⦄ → (Sieve.pullback f R).arrows g → P.obj (Opposite.op Z)
hz : ∀ ⦃Z : C⦄ ⦃g : Z ⟶ Y⦄ (hg : (Sieve.pullback f R).arrows g), FamilyOfElements.IsAmalgamation (y g) (z hg)
q : FamilyOfElements P (Sieve.pullback f R).arrows := fun Z g hg => z hg
hq : FamilyOfElements.Compatible q
t : P.obj (Opposite.op Y)
ht : FamilyOfElements.IsAmalgamation q t
Z : C
g : Z ⟶ Y
hg : (Sieve.pullback f S).arrows g
ZZ : C
gg : ZZ ⟶ Z
hgg : (Sieve.pullback (g ≫ f) R).arrows gg
ZZZ : C
ggg : ZZZ ⟶ ZZ
hggg : (Sieve.pullback (𝟙 ZZ) (Sieve.pullback (gg ≫ g ≫ f) S)).arrows ggg
⊢ y (gg ≫ g) ggg ?mpr.transitive.refine_2.intro.h = P.map (ggg ≫ gg).op (x g hg)

Next tactic:
simpa using hggg