/-- A ring `R` that is `I`-adically complete is Henselian at `I`. -/
instance (priority := 100) IsAdicComplete.henselianRing (R : Type*) [CommRing R] (I : Ideal R)
    [IsAdicComplete I R] : HenselianRing R I where
  jac := IsAdicComplete.le_jacobson_bot _
  is_henselian := by
    intro f _ a₀ h₁ h₂
    classical
      let f' := derivative f
      -- we define a sequence `c n` by starting at `a₀` and then continually
      -- applying the function sending `b` to `b - f(b)/f'(b)` (Newton's method).
      -- Note that `f'.eval b` is a unit, because `b` has the same residue as `a₀` modulo `I`.
      let c : ℕ → R := fun n => Nat.recOn n a₀ fun _ b => b - f.eval b * Ring.inverse (f'.eval b)
      have hc : ∀ n, c (n + 1) = c n - f.eval (c n) * Ring.inverse (f'.eval (c n)) := by
        intro n
        simp only [Nat.rec_add_one]
      -- we now spend some time determining properties of the sequence `c : ℕ → R`
      -- `hc_mod`: for every `n`, we have `c n ≡ a₀ [SMOD I]`
      -- `hf'c`  : for every `n`, `f'.eval (c n)` is a unit
      -- `hfcI`  : for every `n`, `f.eval (c n)` is contained in `I ^ (n+1)`
      have hc_mod : ∀ n, c n ≡ a₀ [SMOD I] := by
        intro n
        induction' n with n ih
        · rfl
        rw [Nat.succ_eq_add_one, hc, sub_eq_add_neg, ← add_zero a₀]
        refine' ih.add _
        rw [SModEq.zero, Ideal.neg_mem_iff]
        refine' I.mul_mem_right _ _
        rw [← SModEq.zero] at h₁ ⊢
        exact (ih.eval f).trans h₁
      have hf'c : ∀ n, IsUnit (f'.eval (c n)) := by
        intro n
        haveI := isLocalRingHom_of_le_jacobson_bot I (IsAdicComplete.le_jacobson_bot I)
        apply isUnit_of_map_unit (Ideal.Quotient.mk I)
        convert h₂ using 1
        exact SModEq.def.mp ((hc_mod n).eval _)
      have hfcI : ∀ n, f.eval (c n) ∈ I ^ (n + 1) := by
        intro n
        induction' n with n ih
        · simpa only [Nat.zero_eq, Nat.rec_zero, zero_add, pow_one] using h₁
        rw [Nat.succ_eq_add_one, ← taylor_eval_sub (c n), hc, sub_eq_add_neg, sub_eq_add_neg,
          add_neg_cancel_comm]
        rw [eval_eq_sum, sum_over_range' _ _ _ (lt_add_of_pos_right _ zero_lt_two), ←
          Finset.sum_range_add_sum_Ico _ (Nat.le_add_left _ _)]
        swap
        · intro i
          rw [zero_mul]
        refine' Ideal.add_mem _ _ _
        · erw [Finset.sum_range_succ]
          rw [Finset.range_one, Finset.sum_singleton,
            taylor_coeff_zero, taylor_coeff_one, pow_zero, pow_one, mul_one, mul_neg,
            mul_left_comm, Ring.mul_inverse_cancel _ (hf'c n), mul_one, add_neg_self]
          exact Ideal.zero_mem _
        · refine' Submodule.sum_mem _ _
          simp only [Finset.mem_Ico]
          rintro i ⟨h2i, _⟩
          have aux : n + 2 ≤ i * (n + 1) := by trans 2 * (n + 1) <;> nlinarith only [h2i]
          refine' Ideal.mul_mem_left _ _ (Ideal.pow_le_pow_right aux _)
          rw [pow_mul']
          refine' Ideal.pow_mem_pow ((Ideal.neg_mem_iff _).2 <| Ideal.mul_mem_right _ _ ih) _
      -- we are now in the position to show that `c : ℕ → R` is a Cauchy sequence
      have aux : ∀ m n, m ≤ n → c m ≡ c n [SMOD (I ^ m • ⊤ : Ideal R)] := by
        intro m n hmn
        rw [← Ideal.one_eq_top, Ideal.smul_eq_mul, mul_one]
        obtain ⟨k, rfl⟩ := Nat.exists_eq_add_of_le hmn
        clear hmn
        induction' k with k ih
        · rw [Nat.zero_eq, add_zero]
        rw [Nat.succ_eq_add_one, ← add_assoc, hc, ← add_zero (c m), sub_eq_add_neg]
        refine' ih.add _
        symm
        rw [SModEq.zero, Ideal.neg_mem_iff]
        refine' Ideal.mul_mem_right _ _ (Ideal.pow_le_pow_right _ (hfcI _))
        rw [add_assoc]
        exact le_self_add
      -- hence the sequence converges to some limit point `a`, which is the `a` we are looking for
      obtain ⟨a, ha⟩ := IsPrecomplete.prec' c (aux _ _)
      refine' ⟨a, _, _⟩
      · show f.IsRoot a
        suffices ∀ n, f.eval a ≡ 0 [SMOD (I ^ n • ⊤ : Ideal R)] by exact IsHausdorff.haus' _ this
        intro n
        specialize ha n
        rw [← Ideal.one_eq_top, Ideal.smul_eq_mul, mul_one] at ha ⊢
        refine' (ha.symm.eval f).trans _
        rw [SModEq.zero]
        exact Ideal.pow_le_pow_right le_self_add (hfcI _)
      · show a - a₀ ∈ I
        specialize ha 1
        rw [hc, pow_one, ← Ideal.one_eq_top, Ideal.smul_eq_mul, mul_one, sub_eq_add_neg] at ha
        rw [← SModEq.sub_mem, ← add_zero a₀]
        refine' ha.symm.trans (SModEq.rfl.add _)
        

Proof state:
case intro.refine'_2
R : Type u_1
inst✝¹ : CommRing R
I : Ideal R
inst✝ : IsAdicComplete I R
f : R[X]
x✝ : Monic f
a₀ : R
h₁ : Polynomial.eval a₀ f ∈ I
h₂ : IsUnit ((Ideal.Quotient.mk I) (Polynomial.eval a₀ (derivative f)))
f' : R[X] := derivative f
c : ℕ → R := fun n => Nat.recOn n a₀ fun x b => b - Polynomial.eval b f * Ring.inverse (Polynomial.eval b f')
hc : ∀ (n : ℕ), c (n + 1) = c n - Polynomial.eval (c n) f * Ring.inverse (Polynomial.eval (c n) f')
hc_mod : ∀ (n : ℕ), c n ≡ a₀ [SMOD I]
hf'c : ∀ (n : ℕ), IsUnit (Polynomial.eval (c n) f')
hfcI : ∀ (n : ℕ), Polynomial.eval (c n) f ∈ I ^ (n + 1)
aux : ∀ (m n : ℕ), m ≤ n → c m ≡ c n [SMOD I ^ m • ⊤]
a : R
ha : c 0 + -(Polynomial.eval (c 0) f * Ring.inverse (Polynomial.eval (c 0) f')) ≡ a [SMOD I]
⊢ -(Polynomial.eval (c 0) f * Ring.inverse (Polynomial.eval (c 0) f')) ≡ 0 [SMOD I]

Next tactic:
rw [SModEq.zero, Ideal.neg_mem_iff]