/-- An auxiliary version of the layer cake formula (Cavalieri's principle, tail probability
formula), with a measurability assumption that would also essentially follow from the
integrability assumptions.
Compared to `lintegral_comp_eq_lintegral_meas_le_mul_of_measurable_of_sigmaFinite`, we remove
the sigma-finite assumption.

See `MeasureTheory.lintegral_comp_eq_lintegral_meas_le_mul` and
`lintegral_comp_eq_lintegral_meas_lt_mul` for the main formulations of the layer
cake formula. -/
theorem lintegral_comp_eq_lintegral_meas_le_mul_of_measurable (μ : Measure α)
    (f_nn : 0 ≤ f) (f_mble : Measurable f)
    (g_intble : ∀ t > 0, IntervalIntegrable g volume 0 t) (g_mble : Measurable g)
    (g_nn : ∀ t > 0, 0 ≤ g t) :
    (∫⁻ ω, ENNReal.ofReal (∫ t in (0)..f ω, g t) ∂μ) =
      ∫⁻ t in Ioi 0, μ {a : α | t ≤ f a} * ENNReal.ofReal (g t) := by
  /- We will reduce to the sigma-finite case, after excluding two easy cases where the result
  is more or less obvious. -/
  have f_nonneg : ∀ ω, 0 ≤ f ω := fun ω ↦ f_nn ω
  -- trivial case where `g` is ae zero. Then both integrals vanish.
  by_cases H1 : g =ᵐ[volume.restrict (Ioi (0 : ℝ))] 0
  · have A : ∫⁻ ω, ENNReal.ofReal (∫ t in (0)..f ω, g t) ∂μ = 0 := by
      have : ∀ ω, ∫ t in (0)..f ω, g t = ∫ t in (0)..f ω, 0 := by
        intro ω
        simp_rw [intervalIntegral.integral_of_le (f_nonneg ω)]
        apply integral_congr_ae
        exact ae_restrict_of_ae_restrict_of_subset Ioc_subset_Ioi_self H1
      simp [this]
    have B : ∫⁻ t in Ioi 0, μ {a : α | t ≤ f a} * ENNReal.ofReal (g t) = 0 := by
      have : (fun t ↦ μ {a : α | t ≤ f a} * ENNReal.ofReal (g t))
        =ᵐ[volume.restrict (Ioi (0:ℝ))] 0 := by
          filter_upwards [H1] with t ht using by simp [ht]
      simp [lintegral_congr_ae this]
    rw [A, B]
  -- easy case where both sides are obviously infinite: for some `s`, one has
  -- `μ {a : α | s < f a} = ∞` and moreover `g` is not ae zero on `[0, s]`.
  by_cases H2 : ∃ s > 0, 0 < ∫ t in (0)..s, g t ∧ μ {a : α | s < f a} = ∞
  · rcases H2 with ⟨s, s_pos, hs, h's⟩
    rw [intervalIntegral.integral_of_le s_pos.le] at hs
    /- The first integral is infinite, as for `t ∈ [0, s]` one has `μ {a : α | t ≤ f a} = ∞`,
    and moreover the additional integral `g` is not uniformly zero. -/
    have A : ∫⁻ t in Ioi 0, μ {a : α | t ≤ f a} * ENNReal.ofReal (g t) = ∞ := by
      rw [eq_top_iff]
      calc
      ∞ = ∫⁻ t in Ioc 0 s, ∞ * ENNReal.ofReal (g t) := by
          have I_pos : ∫⁻ (a : ℝ) in Ioc 0 s, ENNReal.ofReal (g a) ≠ 0 := by
            rw [← ofReal_integral_eq_lintegral_ofReal (g_intble s s_pos).1]
            · simpa only [not_lt, ge_iff_le, ne_eq, ENNReal.ofReal_eq_zero, not_le] using hs
            · filter_upwards [ae_restrict_mem measurableSet_Ioc] with t ht using g_nn _ ht.1
          rw [lintegral_const_mul, ENNReal.top_mul I_pos]
          exact ENNReal.measurable_ofReal.comp g_mble
      _ ≤ ∫⁻ t in Ioc 0 s, μ {a : α | t ≤ f a} * ENNReal.ofReal (g t) := by
          apply set_lintegral_mono' measurableSet_Ioc (fun x hx ↦ ?_)
          rw [← h's]
          gcongr
          exact fun a ha ↦ hx.2.trans (le_of_lt ha)
      _ ≤ ∫⁻ t in Ioi 0, μ {a : α | t ≤ f a} * ENNReal.ofReal (g t) :=
          lintegral_mono_set Ioc_subset_Ioi_self
    /- The second integral is infinite, as one integrates amont other things on those `ω` where
    `f ω > s`: this is an infinite measure set, and on it the integrand is bounded below
    by `∫ t in 0..s, g t` which is positive. -/
    have B : ∫⁻ ω, ENNReal.ofReal (∫ t in (0)..f ω, g t) ∂μ = ∞ := by
      rw [eq_top_iff]
      calc
      ∞ = ∫⁻ _ in {a | s < f a}, ENNReal.ofReal (∫ t in (0)..s, g t) ∂μ := by
          simp only [lintegral_const, MeasurableSet.univ, Measure.restrict_apply, univ_inter,
            h's, ne_eq, ENNReal.ofReal_eq_zero, not_le]
          rw [ENNReal.mul_top]
          simpa [intervalIntegral.integral_of_le s_pos.le] using hs
      _ ≤ ∫⁻ ω in {a | s < f a}, ENNReal.ofReal (∫ t in (0)..f ω, g t) ∂μ := by
          apply set_lintegral_mono' (measurableSet_lt measurable_const f_mble) (fun a ha ↦ ?_)
          apply ENNReal.ofReal_le_ofReal
          apply intervalIntegral.integral_mono_interval le_rfl s_pos.le (le_of_lt ha)
          · filter_upwards [ae_restrict_mem measurableSet_Ioc] with t ht using g_nn _ ht.1
          · exact g_intble _ (s_pos.trans ha)
      _ ≤ ∫⁻ ω, ENNReal.ofReal (∫ t in (0)..f ω, g t) ∂μ := set_lintegral_le_lintegral _ _
    rw [A, B]
  /- It remains to handle the interesting case, where `g` is not zero, but both integrals are
  not obviously infinite. Let `M` be the largest number such that `g = 0` on `[0, M]`. Then we
  may restrict `μ` to the points where `f ω > M` (as the other ones do not contribute to the
  integral). The restricted measure `ν` is sigma-finite, as `μ` gives finite measure to
  `{ω | f ω > a}` for any `a > M` (otherwise, we would be in the easy case above), so that
  one can write (a full measure subset of) the space as the countable union of the finite measure
  sets `{ω | f ω > uₙ}` for `uₙ` a sequence decreasing to `M`. Therefore,
  this case follows from the case where the measure is sigma-finite, applied to `ν`. -/
  push_neg at H2
  have M_bdd : BddAbove {s : ℝ | g =ᵐ[volume.restrict (Ioc (0 : ℝ) s)] 0} := by
    contrapose! H1
    have : ∀ (n : ℕ), g =ᵐ[volume.restrict (Ioc (0 : ℝ) n)] 0 := by
      intro n
      rcases not_bddAbove_iff.1 H1 n with ⟨s, hs, ns⟩
      exact ae_restrict_of_ae_restrict_of_subset (Ioc_subset_Ioc_right ns.le) hs
    have Hg : g =ᵐ[volume.restrict (⋃ (n : ℕ), (Ioc (0 : ℝ) n))] 0 :=
      (ae_restrict_iUnion_iff _ _).2 this
    have : (⋃ (n : ℕ), (Ioc (0 : ℝ) n)) = Ioi 0 :=
      iUnion_Ioc_eq_Ioi_self_iff.2 (fun x _ ↦ exists_nat_ge x)
    rwa [this] at Hg
  -- let `M` be the largest number such that `g` vanishes ae on `(0, M]`.
  let M : ℝ := sSup {s : ℝ | g =ᵐ[volume.restrict (Ioc (0 : ℝ) s)] 0}
  have zero_mem : 0 ∈ {s : ℝ | g =ᵐ[volume.restrict (Ioc (0 : ℝ) s)] 0} := by simpa using trivial
  have M_nonneg : 0 ≤ M := le_csSup M_bdd zero_mem
  -- Then the function `g` indeed vanishes ae on `(0, M]`.
  have hgM : g =ᵐ[volume.restrict (Ioc (0 : ℝ) M)] 0 := by
    rw [← restrict_Ioo_eq_restrict_Ioc]
    obtain ⟨u, -, uM, ulim⟩ : ∃ u, StrictMono u ∧ (∀ (n : ℕ), u n < M) ∧ Tendsto u atTop (𝓝 M) :=
      exists_seq_strictMono_tendsto M
    have I : ∀ n, g =ᵐ[volume.restrict (Ioc (0 : ℝ) (u n))] 0 := by
      intro n
      obtain ⟨s, hs, uns⟩ : ∃ s, g =ᶠ[ae (Measure.restrict volume (Ioc 0 s))] 0 ∧ u n < s :=
        exists_lt_of_lt_csSup (Set.nonempty_of_mem zero_mem) (uM n)
      exact ae_restrict_of_ae_restrict_of_subset (Ioc_subset_Ioc_right uns.le) hs
    have : g =ᵐ[volume.restrict (⋃ n, Ioc (0 : ℝ) (u n))] 0 := (ae_restrict_iUnion_iff _ _).2 I
    apply ae_restrict_of_ae_restrict_of_subset _ this
    rintro x ⟨x_pos, xM⟩
    obtain ⟨n, hn⟩ : ∃ n, x < u n := ((tendsto_order.1 ulim).1 _ xM).exists
    exact mem_iUnion.2 ⟨n, ⟨x_pos, hn.le⟩⟩
  -- Let `ν` be the restriction of `μ` to those points where `f a > M`.
  let ν := μ.restrict {a : α | M < f a}
  -- This measure is sigma-finite (this is the whole point of the argument).
  have : SigmaFinite ν := by
    obtain ⟨u, -, uM, ulim⟩ : ∃ u, StrictAnti u ∧ (∀ (n : ℕ), M < u n) ∧ Tendsto u atTop (𝓝 M) :=
      exists_seq_strictAnti_tendsto M
    let s : ν.FiniteSpanningSetsIn univ :=
    { set := fun n ↦ {a | f a ≤ M} ∪ {a | u n < f a}
      set_mem := fun _ ↦ trivial
      finite := by
        intro n
        have I : ν {a | f a ≤ M} = 0 := by
          rw [Measure.restrict_apply (measurableSet_le f_mble measurable_const)]
          convert measure_empty
          rw [← disjoint_iff_inter_eq_empty]
          exact disjoint_left.mpr (fun a ha ↦ by simpa using ha)
        have J : μ {a | u n < f a} < ∞ := by
          rw [lt_top_iff_ne_top]
          apply H2 _ (M_nonneg.trans_lt (uM n))
          by_contra H3
          rw [not_lt, intervalIntegral.integral_of_le (M_nonneg.trans (uM n).le)] at H3
          have g_nn_ae : ∀ᵐ t ∂(volume.restrict (Ioc 0 (u n))), 0 ≤ g t := by
            filter_upwards [ae_restrict_mem measurableSet_Ioc] with s hs using g_nn _ hs.1
          have Ig : ∫ (t : ℝ) in Ioc 0 (u n), g t = 0 :=
            le_antisymm H3 (integral_nonneg_of_ae g_nn_ae)
          have J : ∀ᵐ t ∂(volume.restrict (Ioc 0 (u n))), g t = 0 :=
            (integral_eq_zero_iff_of_nonneg_ae g_nn_ae
              (g_intble (u n) (M_nonneg.trans_lt (uM n))).1).1 Ig
          have : u n ≤ M := le_csSup M_bdd J
          exact lt_irrefl _ (this.trans_lt (uM n))
        refine lt_of_le_of_lt (measure_union_le _ _) ?_
        rw [I, zero_add]
        apply lt_of_le_of_lt _ J
        exact restrict_le_self _ (measurableSet_lt measurable_const f_mble)
      spanning := by
        apply eq_univ_iff_forall.2 (fun a ↦ ?_)
        rcases le_or_lt (f a) M with ha|ha
        · exact mem_iUnion.2 ⟨0, Or.inl ha⟩
        · obtain ⟨n, hn⟩ : ∃ n, u n < f a := ((tendsto_order.1 ulim).2 _ ha).exists
          

Proof state:
case inr.intro
α : Type u_1
inst✝ : MeasurableSpace α
f : α → ℝ
g : ℝ → ℝ
s : Set α
μ : Measure α
f_nn : 0 ≤ f
f_mble : Measurable f
g_intble : ∀ t > 0, IntervalIntegrable g volume 0 t
g_mble : Measurable g
g_nn : ∀ t > 0, 0 ≤ g t
f_nonneg : ∀ (ω : α), 0 ≤ f ω
H1 : ¬g =ᶠ[ae (Measure.restrict volume (Ioi 0))] 0
H2 : ∀ s > 0, 0 < ∫ (t : ℝ) in 0 ..s, g t → ↑↑μ {a | s < f a} ≠ ⊤
M_bdd : BddAbove {s | g =ᶠ[ae (Measure.restrict volume (Ioc 0 s))] 0}
M : ℝ := sSup {s | g =ᶠ[ae (Measure.restrict volume (Ioc 0 s))] 0}
zero_mem : 0 ∈ {s | g =ᶠ[ae (Measure.restrict volume (Ioc 0 s))] 0}
M_nonneg : 0 ≤ M
hgM : g =ᶠ[ae (Measure.restrict volume (Ioc 0 M))] 0
ν : Measure α := Measure.restrict μ {a | M < f a}
u : ℕ → ℝ
uM : ∀ (n : ℕ), M < u n
ulim : Tendsto u atTop (𝓝 M)
a : α
ha : M < f a
n : ℕ
hn : u n < f a
⊢ a ∈ ⋃ i, (fun n => {a | f a ≤ M} ∪ {a | u n < f a}) i

Next tactic:
exact mem_iUnion.2 ⟨n, Or.inr hn⟩