/-- We prove that if every subring of `D` is central, then so is `D`. -/
private theorem center_eq_top [Finite D] (hD : InductionHyp D) : Subring.center D = ⊤ := by
  classical
  cases nonempty_fintype D
  set Z := Subring.center D
  -- We proceed by contradiction; that is, we assume the center is strictly smaller than `D`.
  by_contra! hZ
  letI : Field Z := hD.field hZ.lt_top
  set q := card Z with card_Z
  have hq : 1 < q := by rw [card_Z]; exact one_lt_card
  let n := finrank Z D
  have card_D : card D = q ^ n := card_eq_pow_finrank
  have h1qn : 1 ≤ q ^ n := by rw [← card_D]; exact card_pos
  -- We go about this by looking at the class equation for `Dˣ`:
  -- `q ^ n - 1 = q - 1 + ∑ x : conjugacy classes (D ∖ Dˣ), |x|`.
  -- The next few lines gets the equation into basically this form over `ℤ`.
  have key := Group.card_center_add_sum_card_noncenter_eq_card (Dˣ)
  rw [card_congr (show _ ≃* Zˣ from Subgroup.centerUnitsEquivUnitsCenter D).toEquiv,
      card_units, ← card_Z, card_units, card_D] at key
  -- By properties of the cyclotomic function, we have that `Φₙ(q) ∣ q ^ n - 1`; however, when
  -- `n ≠ 1`, then `¬Φₙ(q) | q - 1`; so if the sum over the conjugacy classes is divisible by
  -- `Φₙ(q)`, then `n = 1`, and therefore the vector space is trivial, as desired.
  let Φₙ := cyclotomic n ℤ
  apply_fun (Nat.cast : ℕ → ℤ) at key
  rw [Nat.cast_add, Nat.cast_sub h1qn, Nat.cast_sub hq.le, Nat.cast_one, Nat.cast_pow] at key
  suffices : Φₙ.eval ↑q ∣ ↑(∑ x in (ConjClasses.noncenter Dˣ).toFinset, x.carrier.toFinset.card)
  · have contra : Φₙ.eval _ ∣ _ := eval_dvd (cyclotomic.dvd_X_pow_sub_one n ℤ) (x := (q : ℤ))
    rw [eval_sub, eval_pow, eval_X, eval_one, ← key, Int.dvd_add_left this] at contra
    refine (Nat.le_of_dvd ?_ ?_).not_lt (sub_one_lt_natAbs_cyclotomic_eval (n := n) ?_ hq.ne')
    · exact tsub_pos_of_lt hq
    · convert Int.natAbs_dvd_natAbs.mpr contra
      clear_value q
      simp only [eq_comm, Int.natAbs_eq_iff, Nat.cast_sub hq.le, Nat.cast_one, neg_sub, true_or]
    · by_contra! h
      obtain ⟨x, hx⟩ := finrank_le_one_iff.mp h
      refine not_le_of_lt hZ.lt_top (fun y _ ↦ Subring.mem_center_iff.mpr fun z ↦ ?_)
      obtain ⟨r, rfl⟩ := hx y
      obtain ⟨s, rfl⟩ := hx z
      rw [smul_mul_smul, smul_mul_smul, mul_comm]
  rw [Nat.cast_sum]
  apply Finset.dvd_sum
  rintro ⟨x⟩ hx
  simp (config := {zeta := false}) only [ConjClasses.quot_mk_eq_mk, Set.mem_toFinset] at hx ⊢
  set Zx := Subring.centralizer ({↑x} : Set D)
  -- The key thing is then to note that for all conjugacy classes `x`, `|x|` is given by
  -- `|Dˣ| / |Zxˣ|`, where `Zx` is the centralizer of `x`; but `Zx` is an algebra over `Z`, and
  -- therefore `|Zxˣ| = q ^ d - 1`, where `d` is the dimension of `D` as a vector space over `Z`.
  -- We therefore get that `|x| = (q ^ n - 1) / (q ^ d - 1)`, and as `d` is a strict divisor of `n`,
  -- we do have that `Φₙ(q) | (q ^ n - 1) / (q ^ d - 1)`; extending this over the whole sum
  -- gives us the desired contradiction..
  rw [Set.toFinset_card, ConjClasses.card_carrier, ← card_congr
        (show Zxˣ ≃* _ from unitsCentralizerEquiv _ x).toEquiv, card_units, card_D]
  have hZx : Zx ≠ ⊤ := by
    by_contra! hZx
    refine (ConjClasses.mk_bijOn (Dˣ)).mapsTo (Set.subset_center_units ?_) hx
    refine Subring.centralizer_eq_top_iff_subset.mp hZx <| Set.mem_singleton _
  letI : Field Zx := hD.field hZx.lt_top
  letI : Algebra Z Zx := (Subring.inclusion <| Subring.center_le_centralizer {(x : D)}).toAlgebra
  let d := finrank Z Zx
  have card_Zx : card Zx = q ^ d := card_eq_pow_finrank
  have h1qd : 1 ≤ q ^ d := by rw [← card_Zx]; exact card_pos
  haveI : IsScalarTower Z Zx D := ⟨fun x y z ↦ mul_assoc _ _ _⟩
  rw [card_units, card_Zx, Int.coe_nat_div, Nat.cast_sub h1qd, Nat.cast_sub h1qn, Nat.cast_one,
      Nat.cast_pow, Nat.cast_pow]
  apply Int.dvd_div_of_mul_dvd
  have aux : ∀ {k : ℕ}, ((X : ℤ[X]) ^ k - 1).eval ↑q = (q : ℤ) ^ k - 1 := by
    simp only [eval_X, eval_one, eval_pow, eval_sub, eq_self_iff_true, forall_const]
  rw [← aux, ← aux, ← eval_mul]
  refine (evalRingHom ↑q).map_dvd (X_pow_sub_one_mul_cyclotomic_dvd_X_pow_sub_one_of_dvd ℤ ?_)
  refine Nat.mem_properDivisors.mpr ⟨⟨_, (finrank_mul_finrank Z Zx D).symm⟩, ?_⟩
  rw [← pow_lt_pow_iff_right hq, ← card_D, ← card_Zx]
  obtain ⟨b, -, hb⟩ := SetLike.exists_of_lt hZx.lt_top
  

Proof state:
case this.h.mk.h.intro.intro
D : Type u_1
inst✝¹ : DivisionRing D
inst✝ : Finite D
hD : LittleWedderburn.InductionHyp D
val✝ : Fintype D
Z : Subring D := Subring.center D
hZ : Z ≠ ⊤
this✝² : Field ↥Z := LittleWedderburn.InductionHyp.field hD (_ : Z < ⊤)
q : ℕ := card ↥Z
card_Z : q = card ↥Z
hq : 1 < q
n : ℕ := finrank (↥Z) D
card_D : card D = q ^ n
h1qn : 1 ≤ q ^ n
Φₙ : ℤ[X] := cyclotomic n ℤ
key :
  ↑q - 1 + ↑(∑ x in Set.toFinset (ConjClasses.noncenter Dˣ), Finset.card (Set.toFinset (ConjClasses.carrier x))) =
    ↑q ^ n - 1
x✝ : ConjClasses Dˣ
x : Dˣ
hx : ConjClasses.mk x ∈ ConjClasses.noncenter Dˣ
Zx : Subring D := Subring.centralizer {↑x}
hZx : Zx ≠ ⊤
this✝¹ : Field ↥Zx := LittleWedderburn.InductionHyp.field hD (_ : Zx < ⊤)
this✝ : Algebra ↥Z ↥Zx := RingHom.toAlgebra (Subring.inclusion (_ : Subring.center D ≤ Subring.centralizer {↑x}))
d : ℕ := finrank ↥Z ↥Zx
card_Zx : card ↥Zx = q ^ d
h1qd : 1 ≤ q ^ d
this : IsScalarTower (↥Z) (↥Zx) D
aux : ∀ {k : ℕ}, eval (↑q) (X ^ k - 1) = ↑q ^ k - 1
b : D
hb : b ∉ Zx
⊢ card ↥Zx < card D

Next tactic:
refine card_lt_of_injective_of_not_mem _ Subtype.val_injective (?_ : b ∉ _)