/-- Assume that `f` is differentiable inside a convex set `s`, and that its derivative `f'` is
differentiable at a point `x`. Then, given two vectors `v` and `w` pointing inside `s`, one can
Taylor-expand to order two the function `f` on the segment `[x + h v, x + h (v + w)]`, giving a
bilinear estimate for `f (x + hv + hw) - f (x + hv)` in terms of `f' w` and of `f'' ⬝ w`, up to
`o(h^2)`.

This is a technical statement used to show that the second derivative is symmetric. -/
theorem Convex.taylor_approx_two_segment {v w : E} (hv : x + v ∈ interior s)
    (hw : x + v + w ∈ interior s) :
    (fun h : ℝ => f (x + h • v + h • w)
        - f (x + h • v) - h • f' x w - h ^ 2 • f'' v w - (h ^ 2 / 2) • f'' w w) =o[𝓝[>] 0]
      fun h => h ^ 2 := by
  -- it suffices to check that the expression is bounded by `ε * ((‖v‖ + ‖w‖) * ‖w‖) * h^2` for
  -- small enough `h`, for any positive `ε`.
  refine' IsLittleO.trans_isBigO
    (isLittleO_iff.2 fun ε εpos => _) (isBigO_const_mul_self ((‖v‖ + ‖w‖) * ‖w‖) _ _)
  -- consider a ball of radius `δ` around `x` in which the Taylor approximation for `f''` is
  -- good up to `δ`.
  rw [HasFDerivWithinAt, hasFDerivAtFilter_iff_isLittleO, isLittleO_iff] at hx
  rcases Metric.mem_nhdsWithin_iff.1 (hx εpos) with ⟨δ, δpos, sδ⟩
  have E1 : ∀ᶠ h in 𝓝[>] (0 : ℝ), h * (‖v‖ + ‖w‖) < δ := by
    have : Filter.Tendsto (fun h => h * (‖v‖ + ‖w‖)) (𝓝[>] (0 : ℝ)) (𝓝 (0 * (‖v‖ + ‖w‖))) :=
      (continuous_id.mul continuous_const).continuousWithinAt
    apply (tendsto_order.1 this).2 δ
    simpa only [zero_mul] using δpos
  have E2 : ∀ᶠ h in 𝓝[>] (0 : ℝ), (h : ℝ) < 1 :=
    mem_nhdsWithin_Ioi_iff_exists_Ioo_subset.2
      ⟨(1 : ℝ), by simp only [mem_Ioi, zero_lt_one], fun x hx => hx.2⟩
  filter_upwards [E1, E2, self_mem_nhdsWithin] with h hδ h_lt_1 hpos
  -- we consider `h` small enough that all points under consideration belong to this ball,
  -- and also with `0 < h < 1`.
  replace hpos : 0 < h := hpos
  have xt_mem : ∀ t ∈ Icc (0 : ℝ) 1, x + h • v + (t * h) • w ∈ interior s := by
    intro t ht
    have : x + h • v ∈ interior s := s_conv.add_smul_mem_interior xs hv ⟨hpos, h_lt_1.le⟩
    rw [← smul_smul]
    apply s_conv.interior.add_smul_mem this _ ht
    rw [add_assoc] at hw
    rw [add_assoc, ← smul_add]
    exact s_conv.add_smul_mem_interior xs hw ⟨hpos, h_lt_1.le⟩
  -- define a function `g` on `[0,1]` (identified with `[v, v + w]`) such that `g 1 - g 0` is the
  -- quantity to be estimated. We will check that its derivative is given by an explicit
  -- expression `g'`, that we can bound. Then the desired bound for `g 1 - g 0` follows from the
  -- mean value inequality.
  let g t :=
    f (x + h • v + (t * h) • w) - (t * h) • f' x w - (t * h ^ 2) • f'' v w -
      ((t * h) ^ 2 / 2) • f'' w w
  set g' := fun t =>
    f' (x + h • v + (t * h) • w) (h • w) - h • f' x w - h ^ 2 • f'' v w - (t * h ^ 2) • f'' w w
    with hg'
  -- check that `g'` is the derivative of `g`, by a straightforward computation
  have g_deriv : ∀ t ∈ Icc (0 : ℝ) 1, HasDerivWithinAt g (g' t) (Icc 0 1) t := by
    intro t ht
    apply_rules [HasDerivWithinAt.sub, HasDerivWithinAt.add]
    · refine' (hf _ _).comp_hasDerivWithinAt _ _
      · exact xt_mem t ht
      apply_rules [HasDerivAt.hasDerivWithinAt, HasDerivAt.const_add, HasDerivAt.smul_const,
        hasDerivAt_mul_const]
    · apply_rules [HasDerivAt.hasDerivWithinAt, HasDerivAt.smul_const, hasDerivAt_mul_const]
    · apply_rules [HasDerivAt.hasDerivWithinAt, HasDerivAt.smul_const, hasDerivAt_mul_const]
    · suffices H : HasDerivWithinAt (fun u => ((u * h) ^ 2 / 2) • f'' w w)
          ((((2 : ℕ) : ℝ) * (t * h) ^ (2 - 1) * (1 * h) / 2) • f'' w w) (Icc 0 1) t
      · convert H using 2
        ring
      apply_rules [HasDerivAt.hasDerivWithinAt, HasDerivAt.smul_const, hasDerivAt_id',
        HasDerivAt.pow, HasDerivAt.mul_const]
  -- check that `g'` is uniformly bounded, with a suitable bound `ε * ((‖v‖ + ‖w‖) * ‖w‖) * h^2`.
  have g'_bound : ∀ t ∈ Ico (0 : ℝ) 1, ‖g' t‖ ≤ ε * ((‖v‖ + ‖w‖) * ‖w‖) * h ^ 2 := by
    intro t ht
    have I : ‖h • v + (t * h) • w‖ ≤ h * (‖v‖ + ‖w‖) :=
      calc
        ‖h • v + (t * h) • w‖ ≤ ‖h • v‖ + ‖(t * h) • w‖ := norm_add_le _ _
        _ = h * ‖v‖ + t * (h * ‖w‖) := by
          simp only [norm_smul, Real.norm_eq_abs, hpos.le, abs_of_nonneg, abs_mul, ht.left,
            mul_assoc]
        _ ≤ h * ‖v‖ + 1 * (h * ‖w‖) := by gcongr; exact ht.2.le
        _ = h * (‖v‖ + ‖w‖) := by ring
    calc
      ‖g' t‖ = ‖(f' (x + h • v + (t * h) • w) - f' x - f'' (h • v + (t * h) • w)) (h • w)‖ := by
        rw [hg']
        have : h * (t * h) = t * (h * h) := by ring
        

Proof state:
E : Type u_1
F : Type u_2
inst✝³ : NormedAddCommGroup E
inst✝² : NormedSpace ℝ E
inst✝¹ : NormedAddCommGroup F
inst✝ : NormedSpace ℝ F
s : Set E
s_conv : Convex ℝ s
f : E → F
f' : E → E →L[ℝ] F
f'' : E →L[ℝ] E →L[ℝ] F
hf : ∀ x ∈ interior s, HasFDerivAt f (f' x) x
x : E
xs : x ∈ s
hx : ∀ ⦃c : ℝ⦄, 0 < c → ∀ᶠ (x_1 : E) in 𝓝[interior s] x, ‖f' x_1 - f' x - f'' (x_1 - x)‖ ≤ c * ‖x_1 - x‖
v w : E
hv : x + v ∈ interior s
hw : x + v + w ∈ interior s
ε : ℝ
εpos : 0 < ε
δ : ℝ
δpos : δ > 0
sδ : Metric.ball x δ ∩ interior s ⊆ {x_1 | (fun x_2 => ‖f' x_2 - f' x - f'' (x_2 - x)‖ ≤ ε * ‖x_2 - x‖) x_1}
E1 : ∀ᶠ (h : ℝ) in 𝓝[>] 0, h * (‖v‖ + ‖w‖) < δ
E2 : ∀ᶠ (h : ℝ) in 𝓝[>] 0, h < 1
h : ℝ
hδ : h * (‖v‖ + ‖w‖) < δ
h_lt_1 : h < 1
hpos : 0 < h
xt_mem : ∀ t ∈ Icc 0 1, x + h • v + (t * h) • w ∈ interior s
g : ℝ → F :=
  fun t => f (x + h • v + (t * h) • w) - (t * h) • (f' x) w - (t * h ^ 2) • (f'' v) w - ((t * h) ^ 2 / 2) • (f'' w) w
g' : ℝ → F :=
  fun t => (f' (x + h • v + (t * h) • w)) (h • w) - h • (f' x) w - h ^ 2 • (f'' v) w - (t * h ^ 2) • (f'' w) w
hg' : g' = fun t => (f' (x + h • v + (t * h) • w)) (h • w) - h • (f' x) w - h ^ 2 • (f'' v) w - (t * h ^ 2) • (f'' w) w
g_deriv : ∀ t ∈ Icc 0 1, HasDerivWithinAt g (g' t) (Icc 0 1) t
t : ℝ
ht : t ∈ Ico 0 1
I : ‖h • v + (t * h) • w‖ ≤ h * (‖v‖ + ‖w‖)
this : h * (t * h) = t * (h * h)
⊢ ‖(fun t => (f' (x + h • v + (t * h) • w)) (h • w) - h • (f' x) w - h ^ 2 • (f'' v) w - (t * h ^ 2) • (f'' w) w) t‖ =
    ‖(f' (x + h • v + (t * h) • w) - f' x - f'' (h • v + (t * h) • w)) (h • w)‖

Next tactic:
simp only [ContinuousLinearMap.coe_sub', ContinuousLinearMap.map_add, pow_two,
          ContinuousLinearMap.add_apply, Pi.smul_apply, smul_sub, smul_add, smul_smul, ← sub_sub,
          ContinuousLinearMap.coe_smul', Pi.sub_apply, ContinuousLinearMap.map_smul, this]