/-- If `I` is a prime ideal of `R[X]` and `pX ∈ I` is a non-constant polynomial,
  then the map `R →+* R[x]/I` descends to an integral map when localizing at `pX.leadingCoeff`.
  In particular `X` is integral because it satisfies `pX`, and constants are trivially integral,
  so integrality of the entire extension follows by closure under addition and multiplication. -/
theorem isIntegral_isLocalization_polynomial_quotient
    (P : Ideal R[X]) (pX : R[X]) (hpX : pX ∈ P) [Algebra (R ⧸ P.comap (C : R →+* R[X])) Rₘ]
    [IsLocalization.Away (pX.map (Quotient.mk (P.comap (C : R →+* R[X])))).leadingCoeff Rₘ]
    [Algebra (R[X] ⧸ P) Sₘ] [IsLocalization ((Submonoid.powers (pX.map (Quotient.mk (P.comap
      (C : R →+* R[X])))).leadingCoeff).map (quotientMap P C le_rfl) : Submonoid (R[X] ⧸ P)) Sₘ] :
    (IsLocalization.map Sₘ (quotientMap P C le_rfl) (Submonoid.powers (pX.map (Quotient.mk (P.comap
      (C : R →+* R[X])))).leadingCoeff).le_comap_map : Rₘ →+* Sₘ).IsIntegral := by
  let P' : Ideal R := P.comap C
  let M : Submonoid (R ⧸ P') :=
    Submonoid.powers (pX.map (Quotient.mk (P.comap (C : R →+* R[X])))).leadingCoeff
  let M' : Submonoid (R[X] ⧸ P) :=
    (Submonoid.powers (pX.map (Quotient.mk (P.comap (C : R →+* R[X])))).leadingCoeff).map
      (quotientMap P C le_rfl)
  let φ : R ⧸ P' →+* R[X] ⧸ P := quotientMap P C le_rfl
  let φ' : Rₘ →+* Sₘ := IsLocalization.map Sₘ φ M.le_comap_map
  have hφ' : φ.comp (Quotient.mk P') = (Quotient.mk P).comp C := rfl
  intro p
  obtain ⟨⟨p', ⟨q, hq⟩⟩, hp⟩ := IsLocalization.surj M' p
  suffices φ'.IsIntegralElem (algebraMap (R[X] ⧸ P) Sₘ p') by
    obtain ⟨q', hq', rfl⟩ := hq
    obtain ⟨q'', hq''⟩ := isUnit_iff_exists_inv'.1 (IsLocalization.map_units Rₘ (⟨q', hq'⟩ : M))
    refine (hp.symm ▸ this).of_mul_unit φ' p (algebraMap (R[X] ⧸ P) Sₘ (φ q')) q'' ?_
    rw [← φ'.map_one, ← congr_arg φ' hq'', φ'.map_mul, ← φ'.comp_apply]
    simp only [IsLocalization.map_comp _]
    rw [RingHom.comp_apply]
  dsimp at hp
  refine' @IsIntegral.of_mem_closure'' Rₘ _ Sₘ _ φ'
    ((algebraMap (R[X] ⧸ P) Sₘ).comp (Quotient.mk P) '' insert X { p | p.degree ≤ 0 }) _
    ((algebraMap (R[X] ⧸ P) Sₘ) p') _
  · rintro x ⟨p, hp, rfl⟩
    simp only [Set.mem_insert_iff] at hp
    cases' hp with hy hy
    · rw [hy]
      refine' φ.isIntegralElem_localization_at_leadingCoeff ((Quotient.mk P) X)
        (pX.map (Quotient.mk P')) _ M _
      · rwa [eval₂_map, hφ', ← hom_eval₂, Quotient.eq_zero_iff_mem, eval₂_C_X]
      · use 1
        simp only [pow_one]
    · rw [Set.mem_setOf_eq, degree_le_zero_iff] at hy
      -- Porting note: was `refine' hy.symm ▸`
      -- `⟨X - C (algebraMap _ _ ((Quotient.mk P') (p.coeff 0))), monic_X_sub_C _, _⟩`
      rw [hy]
      use X - C (algebraMap (R ⧸ P') Rₘ ((Quotient.mk P') (p.coeff 0)))
      constructor
      · apply monic_X_sub_C
      · simp only [eval₂_sub, eval₂_X, eval₂_C]
        rw [sub_eq_zero, ← φ'.comp_apply]
        simp only [IsLocalization.map_comp _]
        rfl
  · obtain ⟨p, rfl⟩ := Quotient.mk_surjective p'
    rw [← RingHom.comp_apply]
    apply Subring.mem_closure_image_of
    

Proof state:
case intro.mk.mk.refine'_2.intro.hx
R : Type u_1
S : Type u_2
inst✝⁸ : CommRing R
inst✝⁷ : CommRing S
inst✝⁶ : IsDomain S
Rₘ : Type u_3
Sₘ : Type u_4
inst✝⁵ : CommRing Rₘ
inst✝⁴ : CommRing Sₘ
P : Ideal R[X]
pX : R[X]
hpX : pX ∈ P
inst✝³ : Algebra (R ⧸ comap C P) Rₘ
inst✝² : IsLocalization.Away (Polynomial.leadingCoeff (Polynomial.map (Quotient.mk (comap C P)) pX)) Rₘ
inst✝¹ : Algebra (R[X] ⧸ P) Sₘ
inst✝ :
  IsLocalization
    (Submonoid.map (quotientMap P C (_ : comap C P ≤ comap C P))
      (Submonoid.powers (Polynomial.leadingCoeff (Polynomial.map (Quotient.mk (comap C P)) pX))))
    Sₘ
P' : Ideal R := comap C P
M : Submonoid (R ⧸ P') := Submonoid.powers (Polynomial.leadingCoeff (Polynomial.map (Quotient.mk (comap C P)) pX))
M' : Submonoid (R[X] ⧸ P) :=
  Submonoid.map (quotientMap P C (_ : comap C P ≤ comap C P))
    (Submonoid.powers (Polynomial.leadingCoeff (Polynomial.map (Quotient.mk (comap C P)) pX)))
φ : R ⧸ P' →+* R[X] ⧸ P := quotientMap P C (_ : P' ≤ P')
φ' : Rₘ →+* Sₘ := IsLocalization.map Sₘ φ (_ : M ≤ Submonoid.comap φ (Submonoid.map φ M))
hφ' : RingHom.comp φ (Quotient.mk P') = RingHom.comp (Quotient.mk P) C
p✝ : Sₘ
q : R[X] ⧸ P
hq : q ∈ M'
p : R[X]
hp : p✝ * (algebraMap (R[X] ⧸ P) Sₘ) q = (algebraMap (R[X] ⧸ P) Sₘ) ((Quotient.mk P) p)
⊢ p ∈ Subring.closure (insert X {p | degree p ≤ 0})

Next tactic:
apply Polynomial.mem_closure_X_union_C