ktmeng/mec huggingface dataset:
Topic: immigration

“The Case for Working with Your Hands,” also states “The trades suffer from low prestige and I believe this is based on a simple mistake. Because work is dirty, many people assume it is also stupid.”(19) The thing that people don’t realize is that not every job is going to appeal to them because we are all different and different people do different things, just as some people like to sit behind a computer everyday some people will not do that. The treatment of workers is a growing issue and it’s going to keep on growing and growing if people don’t realize what these big companies are doing and put a stop to it. For example the shoe company Nike employs many people but the thing people don’t know is that there are 12,000 young women in Indonesia making the lowest amount of money and working long tiring shifts.
Topic: immigration

Every $80 sneaker Nike makes it only costs them 12 cents for the labor. This shows the unfair treatment of these workers and how the company is taking advantage of them and it is not only Nike doing this but any major company uses the same force of labor. In “Who Makes the Clothes We Wear?” it says “Government officials raided a sweatshop filled with immigrant Thai women laboring as little as 59 cents per hour.”Also not only were they being taken advantage of the discipline was enforced by threats of rape and beatings.(26)
Topic: immigration

This goes to show the little care they have for these workers and the actions that are being taken against them. It also shows a dark side to these companies in which the workers are being treated worst than dogs. In the article “Reapers” by Jean Toomer it says that “Black horses drive a mower through the weeds and there, a field rat, startled, squealing bleeds, His belly close to ground. I see the blade, Blood-stained, continue cutting weeds and shade.” (37) This article shows tough field work for black people back around the 60s. They were bleeding but their determination was too great and they continued to go and do their work.
Topic: immigration

Slavery could be identified as blue collar work also. In the article “What to the Slave is the Fourth of July?” Frederick Douglass says “There is not a man beneath the canopy of heaven who does not know that slavery is wrong for him.” (140)This shows that everyone knows that slavery is wrong but they continue to do it disregard the health of the workers but the financial health of a company or a person. Slaves have to endure much pain and long haggard days with little to no pay working out on the fields and any other job that another man won’t do. Just like the slaves do these kinds of work the women in Indonesia could be compared to them because of the long working hours and the little pay with strict discipline. There is a growing problem with Third World women and how they are being used.
Topic: immigration

The companies get young girls and give them work usually being blue collar work with bad working conditions and poor pay. In the article “Life on the Global Assembly Line,” it says “Older” women, aged 23 or 24, are likely to be laid off and not rehired. The lucky ones find husbands. The unlucky ones find themselves at the margins of society-as bar girls, “hostesses,” or prostitutes.”(29) This displays the women as disposable workers; once they get too old they are thrown out and out of a job.
Topic: immigration

After that these women don’t have anywhere to go, some get a husband and are being taken care of and others have to resort to whatever that is needed to be done to get by. Although the problems to these blue collar workers are plain to see, the fact is that the country needs them for the economy to thrive. Even if blue collar workers are needed to have a successful economy it doesn’t change the fact that they need to be treated like people and not like dogs on the street.
Topic: immigration

Migration because of economic reason is one of the growing trends of population throughout the world. With this trend, culture transfer becomes very popular whether the migrant will be assimilated to the culture of the host country or the migrant could transfer part of his culture to some people. However, before the simple cultural exchanges and transfers, the era of land and people conquest existed. It was not a matter of learning the culture of the subjects but the conquerors imposing their culture and practices.
Topic: immigration

Many native cultures was destroyed and altered because of assimilation — the minority being assimilated. Cultural assimilation, though the era of land conquest and exploration has already long been ended, still exist. It has become a natural law of humanity and it is only the consciousness and awareness of a certain culture or their wide influence to other culture that keeps them from being assimilated. As such, major and minor cultures has been defined; the former being of wide influence and the latter being vulnerable to assimilation.
Topic: immigration

Filipinos Mix Culture The Filipino culture could be considered as one of the countries with rich cultures. Cultures from the three main islands, Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao, or even from region to region vary from one another. They are composed of various ethnicities speaking over 180 native languages. Their mix culture was brought forth by different ethnic migration during the pre-colonial Philippines and the occupation of three major countries, Spain, Japan and the United States of America.
Topic: immigration

Though the regional cultures richly exist, it has become a minority while the dominance of western culture has become more popular and is embraced by almost all Filipinos especially those who live in the lowlands and urbanized areas. Filipino Migration to the US Largely influenced by cultures of foreign nations, many Filipinos have come to dream of going to the US. Even before Americans came for the “liberation” of the Philippines from the Spanish rule, many Filipinos has already settled in the US. Many of these Filipinos went here for scholarships.
Topic: immigration

They were called pensionados, Filipinos who migrated with the aim for furthering their academic studies in the US. Still, many other were workers in factories in Hawaii and in the fishing area in Alaska. The workers were brought there by the galleon ships that bring trade products from the Philippines to Mexico and back during the Spanish occupation in the Philippines. They wanted to escape their cruel overseers. When the American came to the Philippines, they have created strong military and trade partnership among the two countries.
Topic: immigration

But more than that, quoting from Pomeray and Carino, the US “produced a pervasive cultural Americanization of the population, exhorting Filipinos to regard American culture, society, values, political system and way of life as superior to their own (Rumabut and Portes, 2001). Because of that many Filipinos has come to imitate the culture of the Americans. The concept of culture was modeled in the foreigners’ way including the public school systems, the way of dressing and even of speaking. The dream of many Filipino to set foot in the “mother” country has just become intensified.
Topic: immigration

It has seemed to be that America is a promise land especially those who are seeking greener pasture. Many families have migrated there and became naturalized citizens. In the mindset of the Filipinos back in the Philippines, the status of migrants is also elevated into something like winning a lottery or achieving greatest dream and richer people. Maruja M. B. Asis of Scalabrini Center-Philippines termed Filipino migration as “cultural migration” because of one out of five Filipinos wanting migrate or work abroad, a definitely high rate expressing dissatisfaction to their country, the lack of job opportunities and their affirmation to be assimilated to a major culture. Many other also settle in the US because of scholarship. The Filipino passion for education was strengthen because of the introduction of public school system during the American rule in the Philippines. However, in the furtherance education, Filipinos still look up to the quality of American way of student instruction and their capacity to provide more advance facilities.
Topic: immigration

With that reason, many scholars go to the US to study — some go back home but others choose to stay then later on petition for their families to come as well. On the other hand, the book Five Faces of Exile (Espiritu, 2005) explored the migration of Filipino intellectuals to the United States. It has presented the common desire of national solidarity and identity as well as patronage of Filipino culture whether this people are in the Philippines or in the US. Moreover, the Philippines has became a major labor exporter to Asia and other parts of the world.
Topic: immigration

From more than 36,000 in 1975, the number grew to almost a million in 2004. American Domination Matthew Fraser as quoted in Hamm and Smandych (2005) wrote that “America’s global domination has been achieved largely through non-military means — in short, through the extension, assertion and influence of its soft power. ” What Fraser was talking about the soft power is the spread of American movies, pop music, television, fast food, fashion and theme parks that are continuously spreading, reinforcing and transforming common norms, values, beliefs and lifestyles.
Topic: immigration

This soft power has become very dominating in all the culture around the globe. Majority of the world’s consumed products if not made in China is made or exported from the US. More than that, it these soft powers have introduced a lot about the “superior” culture of the US. To many people, this culture has become the standard of whatever they will do especially in fashion. It has defined the way people think of beauty. Herbert Schiller also expressed the role of television in the cultural domination of America (Durham and Keller, 2001).
Topic: immigration

The domination is reinforced by new communication delivery systems like satellites and cable networks. Moreover, the popularity of the Internet also intensified this cultural transfer. Since the US is an economic superpower is it easy for it to spread domination among the countries where it has relationship with especially in trading. Many US corporations has explored other country, mostly in the third world like the Philippines, where they can establish their offices and factories. These corporations have hired many people to work for them and to elucidate the culture of Americans.
Topic: immigration

India’s culture is characterized by cultural pluralism (Das, 2006) and syncretism or the reconciliation of cultural diversity (Saraswati, 2007). Though India, like the Philippines, is composed of diversified population because of their different cultural background and culture, they are united primarily with their religion that distinguishes their cultural identity. As such, amid all invasions, they were able to stand firm to these beliefs and contained their own culture as continuously exemplified by their language and way of dressing.
Topic: immigration

Their cultural strength was also evaded of their strong regionalism. Like India, the Philippines also gained their independence from foreign rule but their cultural identity exemplified in their physical appearance could be beyond repair now. Cultural Identity Contrary to losing most of Filipino cultural identity, many Filipino migrants remain loyal to their distinctive as Filipinos especially in continuously upholding their cultural values of hospitality, utang na loob or debt of gratitude, pakikisama or being easy to deal with and strong family ties.
Topic: immigration

Though they have conformed to what media tells about the superiority of American culture, many Filipinos are very flexible in balancing their cultural perspective. They could be easily assimilated but their values remain. In seeking national solidarity, many Filipinos abroad have come together to establish their own Filipino community. In fact, the Filipino-American community is the US is the largest Asian-American group in the country. The size grew beginning in the 1940s when the male workers started to marry and have children. Though they were small community, they were stable (Root, 1997).
Topic: immigration

Language is neither a problem as well. The Philippine Constitution has granted the English language as co-official with Filipino. Moreover, many schools from elementary to college level in the Philippines use English as their primary language of instruction. The colonization of the US of the Philippines has somehow helped in the easier Filipino American assimilation of the present generation. Though many of them are proud of their Filipino roots, since they are already accustomed to American culture back in the Philippines, it has become easier for them to adjust to new environment.
Topic: immigration

Aware of their separation from the mainstream white American culture, Filipino-American young people have embraced assimilation to US culture through absorbing things that they can relate to and resisting what they can’t as they continue to practice their parent cultural identity (Lee and Zhou, 2004). It is still not difficult to pin point Filipinos in the US. Moreover, the establishment of Filipino-American media has also greatly contributed to redeeming their identity (Ciria-Cruz and Yuchengco, 1998).
Topic: immigration

This media has made migrant Filipinos aware of historical events in the Philippines and has showcased Filipino culture and tradition as a source of national pride. On the other hand, Filipino-Americans still face many difficulties in the assimilation process like hate crimes, workplace discrimination and state policies that have negative impact to Filipinos (Ciria-Cruz and Yuchengco, 1998). Though, the culture of determination among Filipinos remains to be intact and they persevere to stay in foreign land to give back glory to their families in the Philippines and somehow help elevate the failing economy of their country.
Topic: immigration

Migration is defined as the “movement of people, especially of whole groups, from one place, region, or country to another, particularly with the intention of making permanent settlement in a new location” (“Migration”). Thus, the definition tells two important elements of migration and these are the movement from one place to another and the intention to live permanently in the new location where they moved. The movement may be within a certain region or place such as when a family moves from Town A to Town B but both towns may be within the same district, region, or country.
Topic: immigration

In the case of Filipinos, a family may move from a dominantly rural area such as Cebu to the highly-urbanized city of Manila for various reasons. The family’s purpose may include livelihood, the availability of a new piece of land, education of the children, and others that compels them to decide on living in Manila permanently. On the other hand, the family may also move from Manila to a popular destination of Filipino, which is the United States of America.
Topic: immigration

1). The second wave caused the brain drain phenomenon that sucked the professionals and bright minds out of the country in exchange for high-paying jobs and generous scholarships (Garchitorena, p. 1). The third wave was because of the encouragement of former President Ferdinand Marcos and was supposed to be a temporary solution to the problem of unemployment that has extended up to this time (Garchitorena, p. 1). The First Wave: Oppression and Response It was recognized in Executive Order No.
Topic: immigration

457, entitled “Designating the Commission on Filipino Overseas as the Lead Agency for the Commemoration of the Centennial of Filipino Migration to Hawaii,” that it was on the 20th of December of the year 1906 that the first wave of Filipinos to migrate happened (Office of the President of the Philippines). This period of the first wave of migration lasted until 1929 (Garchitorena, p. 1). The Filipinos who comprised the first wave of migration were mostly from the Ilocos Region (Garchitorena, p. 1). They were the sugar workers who were employed to become laborers at the Hawaii Sugar Planters Association (Garchitorena, p.
Topic: immigration

1). The Filipinos of the first wave were accepted into the United States of America as “contract laborers” and entered the country as American “nationals” (quotations supplied) because during that period, the Philippines was still considered as a territory of America (Hoh). This lasted until the passage of the Tydings-McDuffie Act in 1934 that converted these Filipinos as aliens (Garchitorena, p. 1). In addition to this, there is also to be noted a group of pensionados and “Filipino students awarded with academic scholarships to American universities” (Camacho).
Topic: immigration

These last two groups of Filipinos that joined the first wave were seldom mentioned probable because of their small quantity compared to the agricultural laborers who work in the sugar plantations. It was not a very easy deal for these plantation workers to get into Hawaii. As soon as they stepped out of the comfort of their motherland, the Philippines, they already felt the oppression that the new world has to offer. In the ship that enabled them to travel to Hawaii, they had to stay at the bottom of the ship. In the novel written by the Philippine national hero Dr. Jose P.
Topic: immigration

Rizal entitled “El Filibusterismo,” it has been implied that the bottom of the ship was mostly intended for luggage and for those who belong to the lower echelons of the society. This was also the case of the Filipinos who boarded the ship that led them to Hawaii. A personal account of an unnamed sugar plantation worker at that time revealed that they were not allowed to go up the deck to bask under the sun and breathe some fresh air. Due to the Filipino value of patience, they were able to get through the journey and awaited their arrival at Hawaii. Their arrival at Hawaii was another story.
Topic: immigration

Workers had to subsequently move to other parts of the America such as in California (Garchitorena, p. 1). The previously mentioned Tydings-McDuffie Act stipulated the independence of the Philippines from the American rule on July 4, 1946 (Steinberg). In addition to this, it became the legal framework that limits the entrance of Filipino immigrants into the country of America. From the words of Nancy Dingler, the Act was passed to “exclude Filipinos because they were perceived as a social problem, disease carriers and an economic threat.
Topic: immigration

” They become an economic threat for they are rapidly filling the gaps of the labor market and simple economics would tell us that with a rise in the supply of labor force, there is a subsequent decrease in the wage of workers (Borjas). However, the first two things are the ones that could not be found on rational justification. The talents and skills of the Filipinos were seen by other countries and they transferred to other countries after the Great Depression of 1929 (Garchitorena, p. 1). They were employed as seamen by the Netherlands and other maritime countries (Garchitorena, p.
Topic: immigration

1). The Second Wave: Oppression and Response The second wave of migrants was mostly professionals (Garchitorena, p. 1). It started at 1960 and comprised of technocrats such as engineers, doctors, and nurses (Garchitorena, p. 1). They had to pacify the need for professionals as many of the American citizens had to fulfill their duties in the war in Vietnam (Garchitorena, p. 1). In addition to this, the government of America also sponsored the top and brightest students of the Philippines to pursue their corresponding degrees in prestigious universities in the country (Garchitorena, p.
Topic: immigration

1). With such great offer, one could really not resist the temptation to move to another country and most of them became professionals and American citizens (Garchitorena, p. 1). This has resulted to a further problem which is called the “brain drain” (quotation supplied) (Garchitorena, p. 1). Immigrants were viewed otherwise. The fact that they leave the country as professionals does not assure them that they will land in a field of their expertise. In an article regarding migration that appeared in the Microsoft® Encarta® 2006 [CD], the following sentences are to be noted:
Topic: immigration

The preceding paragraph may not hold true for all but it represented a great proportion of the sad stories that are being sent home to their home country, the Philippines. In addition to this, the same is being felt all over the world as most of the migrant Filipinos depend on jobs that may be relatively high-paying compared to similar jobs in the Philippines. They accept job even outside their field of expertise and is an underestimation of their knowledge, skills, and abilities. Discrimination and the lowly regard of other nationalities on migrant Filipinos has been rampant even up to the present day.
Topic: immigration

Yet their numbers has continued to rise but the capacity of the government to provide for their total protection and well-being has remained to be a partially-implemented plan. The stories of Sarah Balabagan and Flor Contemplacion, Filipino migrant workers, have caused great remorse for the whole Philippines for they felt the injustice brought by the discrimination against their fellow countrymen (“Filipino Migration”). It has pushed several people to conduct rallies both here and abroad (“Filipino Migration”). What is more painful is the feeling of uncertainty by the Filipino immigrants.
Topic: immigration

They are trying to blend in with the culture of their new country and yet, they long to still be a part of the country where they grew up. They are stepping on the gray blurring line that causes them to have existentialist questions within themselves. Above all these, the question of identity still remains to haunt them. As a response to the grievances of Filipino immigrants, and immigrants from other countries as well, policies have been crafted to prohibit the discrimination of people using their race as a basis (Dorsen and Lieberman).
Topic: immigration

However, this does not change the point of view and prejudice that nationals have against immigrants in their countries. Also, the government of the Philippines has talked with other countries and used their economic and diplomatic ties to gain respect for the Filipino immigrants. All around the world, the Filipinos are trying to make a name and are proving that their worth is beyond what is expected of tem. Conclusion The first and second wave of migration has provided the greatest lessons in the history of migration.
Topic: immigration

Since time immemorial, people had already been mobile and their mobility was further enhanced by the advancement in technology. With this, the Filipinos were able to reach different parts of the globe. As a newcomer and as a perceived threat, they were discriminated upon and those which could contribute to the foreign country were filtered and were accepted into the mainstream of society. However, this does not erase the pervasive problem of discrimination. The causes of such are interlocking and systemic. The migrant Filipinos still has a long way to go when it comes to their acceptance in the world.
Topic: immigration

A lot has already been proven and a lot more will be shown to the world. Also, it also redounds to the respect for the fellow human beings. As a response to this, the Filipinos have devised ways to cope with the strangeness of their new lands. Some were permitted to bring their whole family with them to make settling in an easier phase. These were mostly true for the professionals. The government of the Philippines and other countries are taking steps to make migration an easier experience for the Filipinos. Works Cited “Migration. ” Microsoft® Encarta® 2006 [CD].
Topic: immigration

Nowadays, it is common to see people from diverse background living together in a single territory. Some societies are even lenient in allowing the existence of diversity which could be termed as multiculturalism. Multiculturalism is identified as the co-existence of different cultures in a single bounded territory where in the small group of people of diverse background have the right to practice things that are different from the dominant population and are still accepted as an important part of a whole (Kennedy-Dubourdieu, 2006, p.
Topic: immigration

United States is considered as a land of diversity and a destination to millions of immigrants who are seeking to become a part of the “American dream. ” The rise of multiculturalism has been evident in the country since the second half of the twentieth century. Since then various debates have been raised against the fast-paced movement of multiculturalism in the United States. It has been consistently told that there are various drawbacks regarding multiculturalism (Parillo, 2008, p. 167). However, most of the people have always focused on the negative impact of multiculturalism, never realizing that things always have its flipside.
Topic: immigration

This paper sought to explore the positive impact of multiculturalism in the United States. According to Vincent Parillo (2008, p. 167-168), multiculturalism in the United States will not simply fade away. Because every nation’s strength lies among its people, it should be clearly understood that United States is not an exemption. The diversity of people played a substantial role in the development of United States as a whole. Many immigrants from different countries have come in the United States and contributed much in America’s evolution.
Topic: immigration

The coming of age of United States’ agriculture and industrial landscape was shaped by past immigrants who were responsible for the creation of transportation systems, cities and labor unions. Likewise, current immigrants have also strengthened America’s economic state. The technological industry of America rose to its competitive level because of immigrants who have recognized the full potential of these advancements. Apart from these, immigrants from different nations have brought billions of dollars in the nation’s economy with the help of their businesses, consumerism and occupations.
Topic: immigration

Additionally, the workforce of different sectors in the country has been benefiting from the diverse pool of people who are sharing their knowledge and skills in the union labor. The education system in United States is also not new with the aspect of multiculturalism. After World War II, the colleges and universities in the country has been more diverse. Through the acceptance of multiculturalism in educational facilities, majority of the people become more attentive about the rich concepts of diverse society, politics and economy.
Topic: immigration

Multiculturalism also set a ground for students to give recognition in the works of other people especially in the field of literature. The development of the influence of multicultural literature exposes students to become more understanding in the diversified forms of lifestyle outside America, which means that although there are no firsthand accounts with the actual events, the students are given the idea of how other cultures work, which in a greater scale could contribute to the knowledge of the students of where and how things have originated (Lowe, 2000).
Topic: immigration

Records also showed that educational facilities in the United States that are racially and ethically diverse substantially benefits the students because they are able to learn more in that particular environment and becomes a well rounded person. Students actively participates in the society that is driven with pluralistic and democratic thinking which in the end they could use once they leave the school grounds. In addition, the presence of multiculturalism in American higher education promotes the reduction of the patterns of racial segregation that has been permeating in the school grounds for such a long time.
Topic: immigration

More so, learning a different language creates the whole American society attain the level of maturity and tolerance towards its relations with interracial groups. Thus, it is posted that additional languages through multiculturalism are indications that Americans have met the needs of minorities to find the freedom and opportunity in the “land of the free” (Parillo, 2008, p. 169). Multiculturalism also diminishes the ignorance and arrogance of American’s towards other interracial groups.
Topic: immigration

Since Americans and other racial groups are sharing together in a single territory, people happen to engage in activities that promote the knowledge about all shades of people. Suppose that an American did not have any encounters with a particular culture, and rely mainly on the news that he or she viewed such as that particular culture has minimal technology and are inclined towards nature. Consistently the American, who was born in a country that is technologically rich and driven towards modernity, would think that he or she is far more superior compared to the people in the said culture.
Topic: immigration

Due to this idea, the individual closes his or her mind to have any dialogue or contact with any of the members of that culture. However, through multiculturalism close contact between the two cultures are possible where in the other culture could be praised for their perspective of maintaining the environment that has been the top priority of many environmentalists while the other culture could be reinforced to understand that the continuous exploitation of the environment for the improvement of their prized technology does not reach the standards of true progressiveness.
Topic: immigration

In the end, there is a meeting of knowledge where in the questions that surround the American is satisfied by the dialogue that is made through multiculturalism (Ainsah-Mensah, 2007). Combating stereotyping as well as racial discrimination is also an advantage of multiculturalism. By discovering and building upon the similarities of every individual as well as acknowledging difference, various minorities in United States are able to break through the color barrier.
Topic: immigration

It is evident that from many sectors across the United State the optimal performance and productivity of every individual, American or individual of color, is enhanced because of the decrease in segregation. And because of this, the country’s monoculturalism has been translated into a pool of diversity where the maximum potentials of individual contribute to the improvement of every aspect of the nation and the true meaning of democracy and civil rights has been sufficed (Parillo, 2008, p. 68). Apparently there is a continuous increase in the multicultural society in the United States and various changes are taking place. However, it is important to note that the growing number of racial minorities in the country does not always post a negative impact on the nation as a whole. What many do not realize is the fact that the things that are sometimes viewed to be a threat for the improvement of United States could also be an asset.
Topic: immigration

Obviously people are more centred towards the drawbacks of multiculturalism not realizing that multiculturalism has been an important factor in shaping United States. Multiculturalism fosters a better understanding towards people of color. As such, it also bridges gaps undermined by ignorance and promote oneness and synthesis in different aspects of the community. Likewise, it is an important medium that encourages interracial relations. By deeply understanding the impacts of multiculturalism, significant changes for the betterment of the country and its people could be properly attained.
Topic: immigration

Unlawful immigrants are people who move across national borders without adhering to the legal requirements. Some people call those they believe of unlawful immigration as illegalimmigrants or undocumented immigrants. People who show up legally but then overstay their visas may likewise have prohibited status. The term unlawful immigrant is highly contested because someconsider it a pejorative term, since some consider breaching the law an ethical in addition to legal issue. Because of these, the illegal immigrants give serious impacts to Malaysia which makes our federal government stressed over the Malaysian community.
Topic: immigration

Migration across our national border by illegal immigrants highly impacts our socialsecurity. This is since a few of them are the most desired terrorists in their countries. Theycome to Malaysia to launch themselves from the law impeachment. By doing the own sameaction in our limits, they are related to the cases of robbery and rape. In reality, entirecitizens reside in fear and maybe scared to go outside. Those prohibited immigrants are affected bytheir culture such as fighting amongst each other and way of life to survive in their nation For surethis will bring a bad image to Malaysia.
Topic: immigration

For example, the cases which included an Indonesianshot out and died in a police attack not a normal case more. On 10 March 2005, the RoyalMalaysian Policeman shoot four Indonesian workers when they became careful while carryingout a security patrol in Sungai Buloh area at Selangor. The 4 victims of the Indonesianworkers were Dedi, Reni, Markus and Gaspar, (High beam Research, 2005). A few of our armysends to Semporna, Sabah to combat with the terrorist that utilize high technologies weapon.
Topic: immigration

The migrations of the illegal immigrants also bring another big problem to our country thatis dangerous diseases. As we know illegal immigrants come from rural areas and when they enter our boundaries they do not even go to the public or the private health department for a medical check-up. Diseases such as HIV, AIDS and TB are some of the disease brought by them. Thehealth problem will enlarge because this illegal immigrant brings lot of health problem from their country. For instance the HIV, it refers to the smuggling of women for the purposes of forced prostitution and this will lead to HIV virus in other hand it will increase the total of fatality. (Theeffects of illegal immigrant in Malaysia, 2008). Because of these diseases, entire citizens become afraid to be affected by those and some of them have been a victim of the diseases.
Topic: immigration

Nowadays, more and more people are suffering from these diseases and this contributes towardsthe cases of death. Civil rights are class of right and freedom that protect the individual from unwarrantedgovernment action. What this mean is that violation of civil rights is our local labor right has been taken by the illegal immigrants. Most employers in our country like to hire them rather thanour own local workers. The cost to hire foreign workers is cheaper than locals in terms of their salary.
Topic: immigration

For instance, the construction industry is dominated by Philiphino workers, maid servicesare normally related with Indonesians and the plantation sector is usually run by the Indonesiansand Philiphinos. Subsequently, our local workers are faced with the shortage of jobopportunities. In conclusion, illegal immigrants may affect our country negatively. We can see it affectour economy, social structure and health. Therefore, before this problem becomes more serious,the authorities should take corrective action to overcome this problem we can save our countryfrom all the negative effects that are brought by the illegal immigrants.
Topic: immigration

This essay explores how unaccompanied asylum seeking children (UASC) are oppressed in the UK. An unaccompanied asylum seeking child is a person under the age of eighteen who has left their country of origin in order to seek refuge and is ‘separated from both parents and are not being cared for by an adult who, by law or custom has responsibility to do so’ (UNHCR, 1994:121). They are therefore applying for asylum in their own right.
Topic: immigration

Xenoracism is discrimination that is aimed at people specifically because they are from a different country, and are therefore ‘strangers’ (Sivanandan, 2001:2). Oppression is the hardship faced by a group due to the dominance of another group and their discriminatory actions. There is often an imbalance of power between the groups, and the dominant group may ‘disregard the rights’ of the non-dominant group (Thompson, 2006:40). Refugees can be seen to face oppression in many aspects of society.
Topic: immigration

The Act states that local authorities must promote the wellbeing of all the children within their boundaries, and keep them safe. It reiterates the importance of assessing the child, and considering their wishes. The legal rights of UASC in regards to LA support are therefore identical to those of British children. The Audit Commission (2000), however, found that the standards of care given to UASCs were not to an equal level as those given to indigenous children. They found that many unaccompanied minors over the age of fifteen were not given full needs assessments. This led to many UASCs being supported under section 17 of the Act, rather than section 20. If a child is supported under section 20, the child is ‘looked after’, and is entitled to the full support of a social worker.
Topic: immigration

They can be involved in choosing placements, and there is a duty to protect their welfare. Their designated social worker must create a care plan and visit regularly. If a child is supported under section 17, they may not get any services other than an allowance for food and accommodation. Section 17 is designed to support children where an adult is already looking after them (Dorling, 2009). The majority of unaccompanied children seeking asylum that are supported under section 17 of the Children Act are aged between 16 and 18. The Hillingdon judgement (2003) recommended that all unaccompanied asylum seekers were placed under section 20. In spite of this, as many as 10% of UASC are living independently. This is in comparison to 2% of indigenous children supported by the local authority (Hek, 2005). As well as being an oppression in itself this can also be seen to exacerbate the extent to which the child is oppressed in other areas of society.
Topic: immigration

Chase (2009) argues that Foucault’s (1975) theory of the panoptic mechanism can be used to explain why unaccompanied asylum seeking children do not disclose all information relevant both for their asylum claim and for an assessment of their needs under the Children Act 1989. The theory shows how structural and cultural systems are developed in ways that give power to the privileged over a less dominant group (Chase, 2009). This is done by scrutinising the asylum seekers’ lives, and therefore increasing knowledge. Chase argues that unaccompanied asylum seeking children choose not to disclose information to immigration officials or social workers, not due to language difficulties, but to attempt to ‘retain a degree of agency’ (Chase, 2009:2052). Power is ‘the capacity to act in such a way as to control others’ (Harris, 1997:28). He argues that everyone has at least some power, and that this power, for the relatively powerless, can be used to influence the decisions of the dominant group. Unaccompanied asylum seeking children not disclosing information can be seen as them exercising the little power they have.
Topic: immigration

This can however have a negative impact on their lives in the UK, for example, being placed under section 17 of the Children Act instead of under section 20, which would offer the child more support. Foucault (1977) uses discourse to relate to how language can be used to construct ideas and thoughts about groups. Discourses and language can therefore help construct or reduce oppression (Thompson, 2006). If a group has power, they have the ‘ability and opportunity to fulfil or obstruct personal, relational, or collective needs’ (Prilleltensky, 2008). If the dominant discourse of a less powerful group is positive, the group with power may help that group fulfil their needs. If the dominant discourse of a less powerful group is negative, such as with UASC, the powerful group may obstruct them in fulfilling their needs, and therefore will cause oppression. Innes (2010) argues that the negative discourse of asylum seekers as a threat to British society is portrayed in government literature and restrictive policies relating to asylum seekers.
Topic: immigration

The Asylum and Immigration Appeals Act (1996) constructed a discourse that asylum seekers were criminals. For example, finger-printing of asylum seekers became standard practice, which is widely acknowledged to happen when an individual is suspected of a crime. The White Paper Fairer, Faster, Firmer (The Stationary Office, 1998) implied that many asylum seekers were fraudulently claiming asylum for economic reasons. The Immigration and Asylum Act 2004 gave immigration officers the power to arrest immigrants travelling without legal documentation. Travelling with passports and visas is rare for asylum seekers, due to the way they have to leave their country. Therefore, the act of seeking asylum can in itself make the individual a criminal. The discourse that the public have of asylum seekers, and the collective power they have, causes government to rewrite laws to criminalize asylum seekers (Innes, 2010).
Topic: immigration

This negative discourse therefore causes oppression on a structural level. Oppressions that happen on the structural level are due to power imbalances between different groups in society causing discrimination to be ‘sewn in’ to society (Thompson, 2006:28). In relation to UASC, this can be due to policy and legislation, language differences and their age. An asylum seeking child’s age however, can be seen to lead to a positive structure, as they will receive more support than an adult under the Children Act 1989. Thompson (2006) argues that oppressions on the personal, cultural and structural (PCS) level are all interlinked in his PCS analysis. Oppression on the cultural level happens when differences in culture or ethnicity are viewed as deficits. Stereotypes and assumptions of UASC can be found on this level. Oppression on the personal level is caused by thoughts and actions of an individual, for example xenoracist bullying in schools.
Topic: immigration

Profiles in the media, promoting a negative discourse of asylum seekers, can therefore be a reflection of the structural discourses in government literature, or vice versa. Newspaper articles about asylum seekers can be seen as society scrutinising them. Due to the ‘knowledge’ gained from articles, the society’s perception of power over asylum seekers is increased, causing xenoracism and oppression. This causes oppression on the cultural and personal levels. An example of the discourses the media portray of asylum seekers, as stated in Innes (2010), can be seen below: ‘In a vile act of desecration, a bogus asylum seeker unzips his trousers and casually urinates on the gravestone of a British war hero… the grasping refugee and his cronies show breathtaking contempt for the brave British troops… the immaculate lines of white stones are now under threat from the invasion of asylum seekers’. (The People, 26 February 2006).
Topic: immigration

This quote portrays the asylum seeker as a threat to British memories. The use of ‘invasion’ implies a threat to security. The labels of ‘refugee’ and ‘asylum seeker’ are used a lot to reinforce the idea that they threaten British life (Innes, 2010). Young asylum seekers know how the media portrays them. Miguel, an eighteen year old asylum seeker from Angola, came to the UK when he was twelve. Chase (2009) quoted him as saying: ‘It seems like they paint a picture of us as in people who just arrive randomly to leave their country and move to England for no reason . . . and that we are here just to get benefits or something, or get an education.
Topic: immigration

All that is not helping really, I don’t think they paint a good picture of asylum-seekers.’ These discourses of asylum seekers can create a stigma that leads to xenoracism on the personal level. Chase (2009) quoted Chrisna, aged eighteen, from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), on how people reacted when they found out she was an asylum seeker: ‘Sometimes they give you this look, like, ‘what are you doing in this country?’ They don’t want to say it but they are showing you with the look.’
Topic: immigration

It can be seen that the dominant discourse of asylum seekers and the power differentials between them and the British majority can cause oppression. This section will look at some of the oppression unaccompanied asylum seeking children face in relation to their health. Legally, all asylum seekers and refugees, apart from those whose asylum claim has failed, have the same rights to healthcare as the rest of the UK population (Joels, 2008). However, the specific healthcare and cultural needs of refugees, and the barriers faced in accessing healthcare can mean that the health of UASC is at a poorer level than others in the UK. Although little research has been done specifically for UASC, the Dennis (2002) found that 34% of refugee children were not registered to a GP.
Topic: immigration

Approximately a third of UASC said that they had problems actually getting to see a GP (Marriott 2001in Hek, 2005). This was particularly the case when young people had no adult to help them through the process. Wade et al (2005) found that accessing healthcare when needed and support with their health was better for UASC who were looked after under section 20 of the Children Act than for those that received little support under section 17. This is a structural oppression of UASC under section 17, and is due to statutory requirements for health assessments of looked after children.
Topic: immigration

A fouteen year old boy, who had been in the UK for 6 months was quoted as saying: ‘What is a GP?’ (Kidane, 2001 in Hek, 2005) Language difficulties also prevent UASC from accessing primary healthcare, and also prolong the time before a diagnosis is made (Rutter, 2003). This can be seen as a structural oppression. Interpreters can be employed to overcome this, however, outside London or big cities interpreters with the appropriate language may not be available (Rutter, 2003). One unaccompanied minor was quoted as saying: ‘The doctor never arranges for interpreters. There is never anyone there.’ (Gosling, 2000 in Hek, 2005)
Topic: immigration

Female UASC can be doubly oppressed by language difficulties in healthcare due to the dominance of male interpreters (Joels, 2008). When health problems occur due to, for example, rape or female genital mutilation (FGM), many women will not feel comfortable talking to men about the trauma they experienced. The young women are oppressed not just due to the power British people have, but also by the power men have. Williams (2004) states that xenophobia exists within the NHS, which can restrict the access to healthcare that unaccompanied minors receive.
Topic: immigration

NHS staff, knowingly or unknowingly, treat UASC differently to others. This can be seen as a reflection of the structural and cultural discrimination discussed above. Williams (2004) also argues that the law introduced to stop failed asylum seekers from accessing some secondary healthcare will confuse practitioners about the level of healthcare they can offer to those waiting for a decision on their asylum claim. This is oppression on the structural level. The legislation constructs a discourse about failed asylum seekers that society misinterprets to include all asylum seekers.