ktmeng/mec huggingface dataset:
Topic: domestic-violence

As the previous section which had mentioned that the old man may become the offender of the domestic violence as he had killed his sick wife. Under some of the statistics or research in the past was found out that most of the victim in a violence were women, such as the reported from Social Welfare Department shown that there are 86.1% of female which had abuse experience before (Figure 1), which means this is an atypical case when we argued that the old man was also the victim in the violence. But there are some other studies shown that lots of males had to face different abuse, for example, the statistics of types of abuse by victim’s sex (Figure 2) found out that there is 64% male who had faced physical abuse (Social Welfare Department, 2016). Besides, there is a research called ‘suicide rates by gender in Hong Kong’ (Figure 3) reported that male got a higher suicide rate than female (HKJC Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, 2016).
Topic: domestic-violence

In the source which report the case of domestic violence in an elderly couple, it didn’t try to use some statistics to be an evidence to prove that the old man in the case was also the victim as he had also facing different pressure when he was taking care of his wives, such as illness and financial problem. For the media, they should show more statistics to let the public to have their critical thinking to determine the victim and the offender in this case which the media can also remain neutral.
Topic: domestic-violence

In the above section, we had mentioned that this is an atypical case in the past, but these kinds of cases will be common in the future because of the community support for these group of people are not enough, especially the medical support, financial support and long-term care for the elderly, which let them facing lots of stress when their health condition was getting worse and their family support were not enough. While the person’s social situation was feeling helpless or being isolated, they may try to end the life of other people or itself which hope can settle the problem.
Topic: domestic-violence

Dr Sarah Wallace said that the reasons why domestic violence was not reported by both men and women may because of embarrassment or shame, difficulty in recognizing and accepting abusive behaviours. Besides, the male role is an ingrained thought in traditional Chinese culture, the men need to show their masculinity to take care of their family otherwise they may feel shame, guilty on their weakness. When the men were facing different stress, they may try to find some ways to express their pressure, and the worst situation will be suicide or kill their family members but fewer males would be trying to find some people to settle the problem with them. Within this newspaper, it may explain why the old man was feeling guilty to kill his wife but didn’t find any help which try to settle the problem before he planned to kill his wife.
Topic: domestic-violence

Wong and Lam’s case was an example to reflect the issue on how’s Government support to this group of people. According to the Census and Statistics Department in Hong Kong, there are around 300, 000 persons in families of elderly doubletons and they didn’t get enough support from the Government. Hong Kong Government tries to promote ageing in place which wants to encourage the elders to live in the community, but it didn’t have adequate medical and financial support for the elderly which help them to have a proper care. When the elders’ health condition was getting worse and their economic class is low, they may not get better medical treatment for them. At the same time, they may need to wait for a long time to move in the residential care homes or living in private homes for the elderly which provide variable quality of care.
Topic: domestic-violence

In conclusion, Wong and Lam’s case was atypical in traditional domestic violence but after some result of the statistics or literature, we should be more aware that men also can be the victim of the violence. The report found out that the media source cannot give a balanced and fair presentation of the violent offender when applying to this case and the headline of the news was even let the public to have a misunderstanding of the story and focusing on the old man wanted to avoid the responsibilities. But after exploring three theoretical approaches for the violence, even though the man may have a choice to choose whether to kill his wife or not, there are still have other factors to make the offender to force to do the decision, such as when the old man was facing the stress on taking care of his wife but the society.
Topic: domestic-violence

The homicide featured in the Simon Gittany case is Domestic Homicide. This is when violence is made by a single person towards another person that are in a domestic setting such as marriage or cohabitation. Domestic homicides are sub-classified against categories such as Intimate Partner – this can be when the victim and the offender are a current or former partner (married, defacto, boy/girlfriend). 23% of domestic homicide victims have been recorded in the NHMP since 1 July 2003.
Topic: domestic-violence

The offender began living at home with his mother and unemployed only to become a high-flying business man importing shoes and moving to a lavish luxury apartment in the Sydney City. Gittany has had multiple run ins with police when he was younger, Gittany was sentenced to two and half years in prison, 1995, after biting the ear of a senior detective while being arrested for stolen items. 1993 police had found various number of stolen goods in the back in Simon Gittany’s vehicle.
Topic: domestic-violence

Gittany become violent towards officers in his family home when officers attempted to arrest Gittany, leading him to bite and sever the ear of Detective Senior Keith Bristow as well as attacking another officer Constable David Burgess. Documents in court also report that at the time of arrest Gittany’s mother also attacked Constable Burgess. In 2000, the offender Gittany aged 27, was once again in trouble with the law.
Topic: domestic-violence

Simon Gittany was sentenced to three years periodic detention until August 2004/ charged with drugs supply. Once Gittany was released from prison Gittany become involved with more honest pursuits in life. Gittany Started a women’s shoe importation business, that ran the website ShoeCandy. It is then he decided to move in with fianc?e Lisa Harnum into a 15th floor apartment in Sydney CBD. Gittany’s partner decided to quit the business in 2011, three months after Gittany threw his fianc?e of their apartment balcony.
Topic: domestic-violence

An offender’s characteristics are similar to the general pattern in offenders who commit domestic homicide. Domestic homicide is when violence is made by a single person towards another person’s that are in a domestic setting, this could be a marriage or cohabitation. In the Simon Gittany and Lisa Harnum Case it is clear that Simon Gittany’s characteristics are similar to other offenders that commit Domestic homicide. Once Gittany and Harnum began their relationship it starts with Gittany showing common but small signs of a controlling man. Domestic violence expert, Tracy Howe explains “Sabotaging his partner so she cannot work is common tactic. They will do it in various ways – phone you all the time, make you stay home because he feels sick and you have to look after him, make it hard for you to go to work. As soon as they get you out of the workplace, then they go to town.” Simon Gittany had made sure that the young Canadian victim had no friends or family to turn to as well as monitoring her text messages and watching her through surveillance cameras hidden around their apartment.
Topic: domestic-violence

Victim Lisa Harnum was 30 years of age when she died tragically by the hands of her fianc?e Simon Gittany in 2013. Ms Harnum was Canadian born and lived with mother Joan and brother Jason 39. It is reported that Lisa endured a life of bullying, not only as a child in school but as an adult as well (Joan Harnum, 2019, para 6). As a teenager Harnum suffered from eating disorders, however was able to push through to make herself get better. 2004 Lisa decided to quit her job in Toronto, Canada and move to Australia on a 12-month work visa. By January 2005 mother Joan and Lisa Cecilia Harnum arrived in Melbourne, VIC, to see what Melb was like. May 2005, Lisa had got herself a job and started working in Sydney at a cosmetic company and soon became in a relationship with a colleague 20 years her senior.
Topic: domestic-violence

Harnum relationship soon ended after getting engaged due to their age difference playing a part. In early 2010 had met and befriended Simon Gittany, the relationship was purely platonic until 2 months later their relationship took a romantic turn, it is then that Gittany urged Harnum to quit her job that she had at a hairdressing salon and to look for a “better class of people.” It is by September 2010 Gittany and Harnum sign the lease to their lavish apartment in Sydney CBD and it is at this same point of time that Gittany starts to isolate Harnum from her friends as well as hacking into her Facebook and emails. Surveillance cameras were put in and outside the apartment as well as Harnum believing that Gittany was able to monitor all calls and text messages from her phone.
Topic: domestic-violence

Lisa Harnum’s characteristics match the general pattern to other victims in domestic violence or domestic homicides. Most victims of domestic violence/homicide can suffer from a loss of self-confidence and tend to constantly live in fear of their spouse. There a times when the victims do not leave the abuse as they may depend on the offender financially, feel that they have no one to turn to for help or just feel that they have no self-worth (New York Behavioural Health, para 4).
Topic: domestic-violence

In September 2010 Simon had begun cutting Harnum off from her friends and social life, Gittany had gone as far as hacking into Lisa’s email account which is where he began to then delete any emails friend other men. Harnum’s friends then started going missing from her friends list on Facebook. The pair then stopped making appearances at night clubs as Simon Gittany did not like the attention Lisa would receive from other males in the club. 18 months into the relationship the offender decided to propose to Harnum on her 30th birthday, claiming that he had finally found someone to “serve” him.
Topic: domestic-violence

Before Lisa found out about her Fianc?e Simon Gittany monitoring her emails and test messages, Lisa had confided in two ladies from Sydney, as well as her mother Joan. It is these two women that Lisa felt safe enough to open up and explain to them about what was really going on in her relationship with Gittany. Gittany allowed her access to only these two women which were outside of his family. Harnum’s personal trainer Lisa Brown and Life coach Michelle Richmond were told by the young victim that the offender had disconnected her from her friends, dictated what she was to wear as well as where she went and with whom she spoke. Personal Trainer Lisa Brown had referred the victim to life coach Michelle Richmond as there was a sense that not all was right with the victim. After months of talking and opening up to Richmond, Harnum had finally seen what her new normal was tuning out to be like with Gittany being controlling and obsessive. It is then that Richmond tells Harnum about support services and what her legal rights were if she chose to leave and, given Gittany’s dominating ways, Richmond attempted to try help Harnum in the safest way possible. With the help of the only two people who knew the truth behind Harnum and Gittany’s relationship, Brown then started to secretly help Harnum move her things from the Apartment, and into a storage unit based in Bondi.
Topic: domestic-violence

Unfortunately, mother of victim Joan Harnum was on the other side of the world in Toronto Canada, when she started to receive phone calls and text messages explaining Harnum’s want and need of returning home back to Canada. The victim whispered urgently “Mommy, I just want you to know that I love you and Jason with all my heart.,” she whispered frantically. “If anything happens to me, please contact Michelle.” Lisa insisted her mother note down the details for Michelle Richmond, the life coach in whom she had been confiding in.
Topic: domestic-violence

Just to name few of them; also the health services treating injured ones, those funding to organisations and charities that support victims of domestic violence. I choose this quote because it expresses the pure and popular reality in different communities: Domestic violence in families affect children physically, psychological and emotionally and this can lead to children in their adult life developing deviant behaviour. In the community sometimes abusive person in a family can cause nuisance to neighbours such fighting or making noise while destabilising the members of its own family. Domestic violence appears to be a cause and a result of gender inequality thus as long as this tackled the whole society would be always affected by this issues. The perpetrator of domestic violence most of the time seems to affirm its power on the victim. Domestic violence does not mean only physical abuses It can take a very discrete form such excessive controlling behaviour over an individual to constrain them to obey to their orders” (Zimmerman; C. E.).
Topic: domestic-violence

“A comfortable, smooth, reasonable, democratic un-freedom prevails in advanced industrial civilization, a token of technical progress”. I choose this quote because it reminds me the Enlightenment” Marcuse meant that the traditional society, individuals seemed to live in freedom but in social-economic poor conditions. However with the industrialisation the life conditions were improve, it made life better more comfortable, such as massive production using technology, people were taught to think for themselves, work in factories, but individuals suffered excessive oppression and control that came to limit they liberty and rights to the profit of few powerful individuals: the capitalism system. This developed then the” un-freedom”(Marcuse; H 1978). In this work Marcuse makes a distinction between epic poetry that looks at the origin and development of a people and culture while the novel focuses , on a sense of longing and striving; the novel indicates alienation from social life” (Marcuse 2007a:72).
Topic: domestic-violence

Violence against women and girls remains the most frequent human rights violation worldwide (Bundeszentrale for Politische Bildung, 2014). According to a study by the FRA(European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, 2014), at least one in three women worldwide fall victim to physical and/or sexual violence in the course of their lives. The WHOidentifies violence against women as one of the greatest health risks for women worldwide(as cited in Bundeszentrale for Politische Bildung, 2014).
Topic: domestic-violence

The first “scale” ranks the degree of articulation of detail and “runs from maximum detail to maximum abstraction” (Machin, 2007, p.48). It evaluates whether it would have looked the same if we had seen the situation ourselves. Degrees of articulation of the background also look at detail s, but the detailedness of the background. “Backgroundsmight be ranging from a blank space, via out-of-focus backgrounds, to maximally shaped” (Machin, 2007, p. 51). The marker articulation of depth assesses the depth of the 3 images and ranges from a deep perspective to the absence of perspective (Machin, 2007,p.52). The fourth marker ” degrees of illumination – evaluate the closeness to reality based on the naturalness of light and shadow. An image without shadows or with unnatural lighting conditions has a low modality (Machin, 2007, p.53).
Topic: domestic-violence

The next four markers thematize the colours of pictures. Articulation of tone thereby looks at “whether the colours in the image have a range of differences intones “or whether we find only simple polarities of dark and bright” (Machin, 2007, p.54). The degree of colour modulation is “a scale running from fully modulated colour, with, for example, the use of many different shades of red, to plain, unmodulated colour” (Krees and van Leeuwen,2006, p.160). So, the scale rates if the picture shows natural colour variations (Machin, 2007,p.54). ” How full and rich colours appear” (Machin, 2007, p.54) is rated with degrees of colour saturation. It can variate from full -colour saturation to only using black and white(Krees & van Leeuwen, 2006, p.160). The last scale – colour differentiation – evaluates how many colours are available (Machin, 2007, p. 56).
Topic: domestic-violence

Furthermore, it must be considered whether and according to which aspects the persons have been categorised. “These are resources for informing the observer which types of participants a re involved” (Machin, 2007, p.118 ) and relevant for whether the viewer can identify with these persons. In this context, a distinction is made between biological or cultural aspects. “Cultural categorisation is realised through standard attributes of hairstyle, adornment etc. “(Machin, 2007, p.120). The biological categorisation is achieved by highlighting stereotypical features (Machin, 2007, p.121).
Topic: domestic-violence

Next, the actions of the persons in the picture are also significant. There are six different t processes to distinguish: material, behavioural, mental, verbal, relational and existential. Material is when the person is ” doing something in the world that has a material result” (Machin, 2007, p.128) like building a house. Behavioural is the counterpart ” an “act without material outcome”. Mental includes processes like ” thinking, evaluating, sensing”(Machin, 2007, p.128 ) and if the person in the picture speaks, it is a verbal process (Machin,2007, p.124). Relational processes are ” where people are represented as being like, or different to, something else” (Machin, 2007, p.124). Existential processes are shown if”people are represented simply in a state of existing, appearing ” (Machin, 2007, p.124).4Besides the question “How are participants represented”, the non-representation of persons or objects also plays an effective role. This can be for example “a way to hide the responsibility for actions or to remove the role of some participants” (Machin, 2007, p.121).
Topic: domestic-violence

And what”s more, the relationships between the groups – the persons presented and the interactive participants – are relevant for the analysis (Machin, 2007). Special importance is attached to the achieved interaction of the representation with the viewer. A direct gaze of the persons depicted into the eyes of the observer acts as a demand of information or services, while an indirect gaze acts as an offer of service or information (Machin, 2007,p.110). The size of the frame depicts social distance and ranges from close-up, via a medium to long-shot. It can suggest intimacy or remoteness (Machin, 2007). The perspective makes the attitude towards the person depicted clear. A distinction can be made between an objective and a subjective perspective (Machin, 2007). The angle of the shot also has an impact on the relationship to the observer (Machin, 2007). The horizontal variation from frontal to the side creates involvement and the vertical angle of high, eye-level or low has an influence on the balance of power. “If someone is shown at the same level equality is implied” (Machin, 2007, p.115).
Topic: domestic-violence

At first sight, the poster shows a gorgeous woman without clothes, but part of her face is hidden through a “crack ” in the poster. The background is almost monochrome. Apart from the woman, only the logo of a women’s rights organisation and a slogan are printed on the poster. It is written there in German: Every fourth woman is a victim of violence. Imagine a country where millions of women are regularly beaten, abused and raped.
Topic: domestic-violence

If one considers the slogan and the initiators of the posters, it becomes clear that the rupture of the poster is supposed to represent bruises on the woman’s cheek. There two reasons for this type of visualization. First, it represent s a “light” version of showing injuries and could have been selected to not dramatize the subject. Further, this type of design may have been chosen to follow the journalistic-ethical principles of the German Press Code which also contains journalistic principles for reporting accidents and disasters (PressCouncil, 2017). Accordingly, reporting finds its limits in respect for the suffering of victims and the feelings of relatives. “Those affected by the disaster must not be allowed to become victims a second time through the depiction” (Presserat, 2017, p. 27). This principle for the protection of victims is also largely followed in campaigns by human rights organisations.53.1. Modality and colourLet us now move on to a more detailed analysis. As explained before, there are 8 modality markers to analyse the realities of visual communication media such as posters. In total, this picture has a medium modality.
Topic: domestic-violence

If you look at the representation and the actions in the pictures the women are generally presented in the same way. They all take place in front of the same background and the women are posing (cf. image 1 till 5). That “s an existential process. The pictures depict the women in an individualised way and they are categorised by their sex, by biological attributes. Not visible – and therefore absent – is the person who caused the injuries. One can only see the consequence s of violence. Also absent are clothes. This shows the women as vulnerable but also strong because they don”t hid e their wounds.6Although at first sight, the pictures seem similar in terms of the representation and actions of the women, differences are noticeable when looking at the type of recording and the resulting relationship to the viewer.
Topic: domestic-violence

Just like the other pictures, the poster offers us information about violence against women by the depiction of the woman, her injuries and the slogan and the picture is taken as a medium-shot. This difference of this motif is the oblique and slightly low angle which puts the woman in an elevated position, slightly looking down on the viewer. It is a subjective perspective because you can only see parts of her face and it puts the injuries in the focus to show that the relevant aspect is not the gorgeous woman. This motif is the only one showing the woman from this angle and with a minimal smile, so she looks militant. This angle presents the woman not as a victim, but as an affected person who courageously shows what happened to her in order to draw attention to the subject. This kind of presentation kes it clear that those affected should not be ashamed or keep silent. At the same time, the view slightly downwards, directly into the eyes of the observer, seems like a demand to stand up and to act side by side with her against violence against women.
Topic: domestic-violence

Nowadays the case of underage marriage in Malaysia is increasing with the statistic of 15,000 child marriage recorded these past years (Yeoh, 2018). This is a crucial matter because child marriage could give a huge impact on the adolescent. This lead to a question of whether Malaysia has a marriage age set in its law. Marriage age is defined as the minimum age requirement that allowed by the law, either as a right or subject to parental, judicial or other forms of approval for people to get married.
Topic: domestic-violence

According to Law Reform (Marriage and Divorce) Act 1976, the marriage age is set to be 18, which the consent from parents or guardian is needed unless the person is above the age 21. However, a female who is 16 years old yet under the age of 21, can still get married if she is able to obtain a special marriage license granted by the Chief Minister through a form. As it been said, the marriage age in Malaysia should be increased, so child marriage and domestic violence can be avoided, underage marriage and domestic violence can be avoided, young females’ health can be secured, the youngsters can continue their education, improve youngsters’ mental health, the risk in divorce for underage marriage can be decreased, and put an end for manipulative adults.
Topic: domestic-violence

This is because, women who enter marriage in young age are more likely to be beaten or threatened by their husbands who would even justify their acts (Jensen & Thornton, 2003). As been stated by Bruce, Lloyd, and Leonard (1995), 40 to 80 percent of physical abuse experienced by women is done by the husband. This can also be called domestic violence, which is violence or other abuse by one person against another done in a domestic setting, such as in marriage or cohabitation. The statistic of domestic violence cases provided by the Women’s Aid Organisation (WAO), shows that a total of 15,617 cases involving domestic violence reported in Malaysia between 2014 and 2017. Hence, this shows how crucial it is to raise the marriage age so that underage marriage and domestic violence can be avoided.
Topic: domestic-violence

, which defined as “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” by the World Health Organization. Moreover, females’ reproductive and sexual health has a distinct difference compared to the males’. As being said, even in developed countries, pregnancy and childbirth are linked with substantial risks for women with maternal mortality. This happens when new brides are expected to be active in sex and even get pregnant. According to the United Nations, every year, there would be 16 million young girls who give birth, and some would go through compilations during pregnancy and childbirth which happen to be a major cause of death for girls aged 15-19 years old (Child Marriages: 39,000 Every Day – More than 140 million girls will marry between 2011 and 2020, 2013). According to Carole Presern, this kind of scenarios happen to the young girls due to their lack of knowledge and access about sex and needs, discouraged from using contraceptives, and needing their husbands’ permission. Therefore, it is important for the marriage age to be raised, so that these young girls’ health can be well secured.
Topic: domestic-violence

Moving on, marriage age should be increased because it could give a negative effect towards education. Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits. Besides that, education plays the key to a productive and good life as it improves the value and excellence of one’s life as well. Additionally, education eradicates poverty and motivates self-assurance (Campbell, 2006). According to Molobe Ikenna Daniel, a marriage entered by underage will affect the youngsters’ school enrolment. This is because many of these young brides could not pursue their education after they got married. Furthermore, in some cases, child brides are often pulled out of school and denied further education. This will lessen their chances in building their skills or help to lift their families out of poverty. Also, their children are also more likely to be illiterate which affects the attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This can be proved through the Dropout Report 1973 (Murad Report) by the Ministry of Education Malaysia (MOE), which covered over 22,447 adolescents between the ages of 10 to 14 in Peninsula Malaysia with various levels of education (Fat, 1984). Thus, it is shown that marriage age should be increased so that the youngsters can continue their education without having their limit.
Topic: domestic-violence

Besides that, the marriage age should be increased because underage marriage will affect the youngsters’ mental health. Mental health is a level of psychological well-being. It is the psychological state of a person who is functioning at a satisfactory level of emotional and behavioral adjustment. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) (2001), mental health includes subjective well-being, perceived self-efficacy, autonomy, competence, inter-generational dependence, and self-actualization of one’s intellectual and emotional potential, among others. According to a finding from the International Centre for Research on Women, mental health and the well-being of the youngsters’ will decline due to underage marriage, mainly for women who marry at a very young age. This can be seen in Ethiopia and Niger where underage marriage had a significant effect on women’s psychological well-being, even after looking out for other factors such as household wealth and experiences of violence from the partner that could give an impact towards their mental health (A Life Not Choosen: Early Marriage and Mental Health). Furthermore, according to a survey done by the Department of Psychology School of Health & Natural Sciences Sunway University College, the overall rates of mental health problems in young people in Malaysia, is between 13.4% – 15.5%, of which the prevalence was 10.4% in urban areas and 11.1 % in rural areas (Hsien-Jin, Jun, & Kuan). Thus this shows how crucial it is to increase the marriage age in Malaysia so that the youngsters’ well-being of mental health would be well taken care of as mental health has to become a very dangerous illness nowadays.
Topic: domestic-violence

In addition, marriage age should be increased due to the high risks in early marriage. This is because age has been the most consistent and clear predictor of marital failure for years. According to Vivian E. Hamilton (2012), less than 30% of married couple who entered marriage at the age 25 and above, end in divorce. Meanwhile, approximately 70% of married couples who entered marriage before the age of 18 that end in divorce. The reasons for early marriages instability is due to the cognitive capacity of adolescent to understand the nature of marriage and the consent to enter marriage yet forget their lack in relationship skills and emotional maturity required in nowadays marriage. This can be said due to the incapability of the youngsters to think through over something as they would not think the impact but rather make a decision blindly to satisfy themselves. This is not merely the children fault as their cognitive process is put into a limit due to their age, lack of experience and knowledge, and also their problem-solving skills. Also, the absence in mutual negotiation or decision making between the partner is also the reason for underage marriage is at risk. There is no doubt that these young wives cannot make a decision in their marriage or engage in mutual negotiation with their adult husbands which lead to emotional disturbances, sexual abuse and domestic violence (Population Council Report, 2003). Hence, it can be seen that marriage age should be raised, so that high risk in underage marriage can be decreased.
Topic: domestic-violence

Lastly, marriage age should be increased, so that adult men can no longer manipulate poor families or children to marry them. Nowadays, there is a lot of cases where young girls are manipulated into marrying adult men. This is because, they are promised by the men that they, along with their family will be pulled out from poverty if the girls agree to marry. The easiest scenarios that can be seen in Malaysia is the marriage between 11 years old girl with a 41 years old man. The girl’s family had given their statement which they came from a poor family and that the man promised to help their family if they let him marry their daughter. In this case, the man did not just manipulating the family and the girl but also taking advantage of their hardship. Also, the marriage done by this couple is believed to contradict with Child Act in 2001 under children marriage which stated that the minimum age of marriage can be determined by either civil law or Syariah (Islamic) law as Malaysia has a dual legal system. Non-Muslims may only marry from the age of 18, but girls can be married as early as 16 provided they or their parents have the permission of the State Chief Minister. The minimum age of marriage is 16 for Muslim girls and 18 for Muslim boys. Crucially, exceptions can be made for girls or boys to marry at a much younger age as long as they obtain Islamic courts’ consent (Child Act 2001, 2001). Thus, the marriage age should be increased, so that adults who are taking advantages and manipulative can be put to an end.
Topic: domestic-violence

Physical abuse is a prevalent ongoing issue that affects one’s life in more ways than one, such as, the relationships they develop over time. This form of trauma takes a toll on your present and future relationships. Victims of abuse tend to isolate themselves voluntarily. They begin to have trust issues, causing them to not trust anyone, and they tend to push the people who care about them away that want to help them. These relationships consist of children to adults, women to men, men to women, women to women, and men to men, it affects relationships between family members as well.
Topic: domestic-violence

For example, during Queen Latifah’s interview with Eve and Andrea, “It started with verbal abuse, you know you can’t leave, if you do, I’m going kill you. Um, I have people watching your house. I always know where you at, how you think I know so much information about you?” (Jeffers-Cooper and Andrea) They use threats against you, people you care about, and anybody they think is trying to help you escape to keep you from leaving.
Topic: domestic-violence

“The abuser doesn’t play fair, he or she uses fear, guilt, and intimidation to wear you down and gain power over you” (Turley 117). Turley references the different things done by the victim turned abuser in their relationship through his own experience. He was the reason his relationship with his child’s mother was not successful. The first sign he was turning into an abuser was exhibiting the actions of a dominant partner, wanting to have total control (Merriam-Webster).
Topic: domestic-violence

“The abuser does this by making decisions for the victim, treating the victim like a servant, child, or even a possession” (Turley 69). Then comes humiliation, embarrassing his partner to make sure she knew who was in charge and who she had to answer to (Merriam-Webster). An abusive person will do anything in their power to make the victim feel like they are no better than them. They will make the victim feel worthless and insecure. Next is isolation, which in other words means to keep you away from the outside world and to keep the outside world away from you. An abuser will have you cut ties with anyone who no matter who it is. “They will make you a prisoner in your own home” (Jeffers-Cooper and Andrea). Abusers want their victims to feel like they can only depend on them for everything good or bad.
Topic: domestic-violence

Some abusers make it a requirement that you ask for permission anything you do, almost as if you are a child. The moment abusers fear the most is that losing control of you as their property. Last, but not least is intimidation. Most abusers believe that going the extra mile to induce fear in their victims by any means necessary will keep them from running, telling and even leaving. Sometimes they may bang things, throw things and even threaten the hurt their victim. (Turley 74). Now that they have done this the victim in their mind feels alone and believes they have no one to turn to. They feel stuck with no way out of such a toxic situation. Some feel they will never be normal again nor do they feel like they are mentally or emotionally strong enough to fight, leave or move on from this situation.
Topic: domestic-violence

Another noticeable element in the film is Maniyan (Nandu) a very low-income plumber who also is a raging alcoholic, though he can afford only the cheapest stuff available through government retail outlets (Beverage). He regularly beats his wife Pankajam (Kalpana) who is also Raghu’s domestic help. Maniyan is so addicted to alcohol, even worse than Raghu himself that he cannot distinguish from what is real and not. He creates a profound impact on Raghu. As the movie progresses, a couple of incidents happen in Raghu’s life and surroundings which forms the remaining part of the movie.
Topic: domestic-violence

He mentally and physically tortures his wife and his eldest son as this showcases domestic violence. His character manifests all the worst characteristics of an alcoholic, including abusing his wife. Women reported that they experienced violence in combination. Of the 179 women who reported in National Women Commission, they had been hit, kicked, slapped, or beaten in their marital life, 109 women experienced all kinds of torture and 161 women had suffered from at least three types of the assault.
Topic: domestic-violence

As regards psychological abusive behaviors, nearly one out of four (74 out of 326 women) had experienced all. In addition to multiple forms, women also reported that they had experienced violence several times in their marital life. A larger proportion of rural women reported that they had experienced violent physical behavior of all types. Violent psychological behaviors, however, had occurred more than three times in both rural and urban areas, except abandonment. (Kumar 21)One of the scenes in the movie shows how desperate is he in drinking alcohol as he checks the toilet closet for water when there was no water supply at Raghunandans house.
Topic: domestic-violence

The most common feature is an imbalance of power and control. However, neither those who experience domestic violence nor the partners who abuse them fall into distinct categories. They can be of any age, ethnicity, income level, or level of education. The causes of domestic violence will depend on the abuser back ground such as: Witnessed abuse as a child, Was a victim of abuse as a child, abused former partners, and may be because of Unemployed or underemployed, Poverty or poor living situations.
Topic: domestic-violence

The abuser may use many different types of abuse to assert this power, and the overall framework in which the abuse occurs may follow a pattern called the cycle of violence. Cycle of violence: Violent events may occur in a variety of patterns-the victim may experience ongoing, nonstop abuse, or the abuse may stop and start. One pattern of abuse often seen in a violent relationship begins with a tension-building phase, followed by the actual abusive act, and then calm, making-up phase often called the honeymoon phase. The tension-building phase includes increasing anger on the part of the abuser coupled with attempts by the person being abused to avoid violence. On the other hand, the victim may also attempt to bring on the violence to get it over with. The episode of acute abuse may include various forms of abuse and may occur for an indefinite amount of time.The honeymoon phase that follows the abuse often includes both excuses for the abusive episode and expressions of love for the injured party. The abuser may deny the violence or blame his or her actions on their own drunkenness or the behavior or drunkenness of the victim. The abuser may promise that the abuse will never happen again.
Topic: domestic-violence

Domestic abuse often escalates from threats and verbal abuse to violence. And while physical injury may be the most obvious danger, the emotional and psychological consequences of domestic abuse are also severe. It will lead to undermine the victim’s self-worth or self-esteem, or controls the victim’s freedom. Domestic abuse can lead to anxiety and depression, and make abuser to feel helpless and alone. It occurs in traditional heterosexual marriages, as well as in same-sex partnerships. The abuse may occur during a relationship, while the couple is breaking
Topic: domestic-violence

up, or after the relationship has ended. In 2001, domestic violence was causal in 20% of nonfatal violence directed against women and in 3% directed toward men. A 2002 study reports that 29% of women and 22% of men report having experienced physical, sexual, or psychological intimate partner violence during their lifetime. Nearly 5.3 million incidents of domestic violence occur annually among US women aged 18 years and older, with 3.2 million occurring among men. Of these incidents, most are relatively minor, such as pushing, grabbing, shoving, slapping, and hitting. Serious consequences certainly do, however, result. Every year approximately 1.5 million intimate partner rapes and physical assaults are perpetrated against women, and approximately 800,000 are committed against men (Burnett, 2009)
Topic: domestic-violence

This paper describes the causes and effects of domestic violence. To begin with a number of studies have looked into identifying individuals who are most at risk for domestic violence. The most common feature is an imbalance of power and control. However, neither those who experience domestic violence nor the partners who abuse them fall into distinct categories. They can be of any age, ethnicity, income level, or level of education. The following are examples of situations that are common among people who experience domestic violence. It is important to understand that anyone can be abused. Individuals at risk may who is Planning to leave or has recently left an abusive relationship, Previously in an abusive relationship, Poverty or poor living situations, Unemployed, Physical or mental disability, Recently separated or divorced , Isolated socially from family and friends, Abused as a child, Witnessed domestic violence as a child, Younger than 30 years and Stalked by a partner. Although the abusers also share some common characteristics, it is important to note that abusers choose violence to get what they want in a relationship. Risk factors may point to an increased likelihood of violence in a relationship, but the person is not destined to become violent because of the presence of certain risk factors. Nor is the violence justifiable because it happened while the abuser was in a blind rage that he or she was powerless to control. The following factors may indicate an increased likelihood that a person may choose violence. Abuser risk factors: Abuses alcohol or drugs, the use and abuse of alcohol are strongly associated with a higher probability that the drinker will be involved in violence as victim, perpetrator, or both. Illicit use of drugs by household members increases a woman’s risk of death at the hands of a spouse, lover, or close relative by a 28-fold factor. Concomitant use of alcohol and illicit drugs is associated with a 16-times greater risk for suicide, a risk substantially higher than that observed for the use of either individual substance. In a small study (n = 46) examining the relationship between selected socioeconomic risk factors and injury from domestic violence, alcohol abuse by the male partner, as reported by the female partner, was the strongest predictor for acute injury. Approximately half of the victims stated that their male partners were intoxicated at the time of the assault. Whether male partner intoxication is a direct causal factor, an indirect factor, or a factor that modifies the effect of a causal factor has not been determined. On the day of the assault, 86% of assailants reportedly used alcohol, with 67% using the combination of alcohol and cocaine. The active metabolite of such a drug combination, coca ethylene, is more intoxicating, longer lived, and possibly more potent in its ability to kindle violent behavior than are the parent drugs.
Topic: domestic-violence

To conclude, domestic violence is a pattern of abusive behaviors by one or both partners in an intimate relationship such as marriage, dating, family, friends or cohabitation. Domestic violence has many forms including physical aggression (hitting, kicking, biting, shoving, and restraining, slapping, throwing objects); it can also be sexual or emotional. The main causes of domestic violence will depend on the abuser back ground such as: Witnessed abuse as a child, Was a victim of abuse as a child, abused former partners, and may be because of Unemployed or underemployed, Poverty or poor living situations.
Topic: domestic-violence

Nowadays, feminism and gender equality are still an issue that will draw attention among the society. Women status is a complex issue and a hard-to-define subject. Overall, the rights and status of women have improved considerably in the last century. According to Macmillan English Dictionary (2007), “status” carries the meaning of someone’s position in a profession or society especially when compared with others. I strongly agree that women in this era are still considered as human beings who are lower in status and being the weaker sex compared to men that lead them to being easily abused by men.
Topic: domestic-violence

In examples female genital mutilation which is common in Nigeria, Togo, Egypt and Somalia is existed which is the female will undergo a surgical remove of clitoris (Boyle, 2002). It is the means of social control that shows the selfishness of men. The reason some of the female perform this kind of surgical is husband hope their wives be virgins before marriage and remain sexually faithful after marriage. In my opinion, the virginity of a female should not control by using surgical method that had restricted women’s rights.
Topic: domestic-violence

For me, genital mutilation is unnecessary to be performed although virginity of a female is admittedly crucial for them before marriage. This is because there are other ways and means in order to control a female’s desire to have sex. In the event of this, why men did not have to perform the same kinds of operation to control them have sex before marriage? This has been shown that women are lower in status and powerless to voice as the surgical is consider as a part of their culture. Women are regarded as properties have to bear with the pain during the surgical and the effects after the operation either in the aspects of mentally or physically. Female genital mutilation is reportedly not practised in Malaysia and does not have any law on it. (Inter-parliamentary Union, 2010)
Topic: domestic-violence

In reality, men always consider as the stronger sex that somehow the issue of physical violence against women had occurred. Gender equality is highly significant for the world to function well. When one sex believes that its strength or position is far better than the other then the issue of inequality arises. Domestic violence is one of the examples that testified women are lower in status and powerless than man. Sometimes, men abuse women to show their men’s power and their higher status than women. This is because women usually dare not to issue after they receive abuse form men. In my standpoint, women need to face the situation head on and be independent. They must realize what happened to them are inappropriate. Abuse from men to women should put an end mark from now onwards therefore clarified that women are not lower in status and powerless to achieve their women’s rights. In Malaysia, Domestic Violence Act is one of the laws that protect women’s rights when they get abused by men. Nevertheless, the Domestic Violence Act criminalizes violence against women, but only if you are a married women.
Topic: domestic-violence

The practice of dowry is glaring in parts of India where the status of women is less important than dowry. Dowry normally means it is given during the marriage to the son-in-law parents either in the form of cash or gifts. There are also brides who are constantly harassed physically or mentally for failures to bring sufficient dowry. From my point of view, culture is the main issue that have an abstruse impact on women. It is the culture that encourages women to be the weaker sex. People have passed down attitudes and traditions since the first established society and the sexist sins of their ancestor whom stereotyped women as lower in status and weaker sex.