ktmeng/mec huggingface dataset:
Topic: civil-war

The fourth law of the Compromise of 1850 was that Texas would give up much of the western land which it claimed and would then receive reimbursement of ten million dollars to pay off its national debt. The western boundary of Texas was highly disputed by many. The Republic of Texas, which had removed itself from Mexico during the Mexican War, had been admitted to the United States and claimed the territory that was comprised of today’s New Mexico. Texas also had ten million dollars in state debts it could not pay off easily. The compromise was for the United States to pay off the debts, while Texas allowed New Mexico to become a state.
Topic: civil-war

The final law of the Compromise of 1850 was that a Fugitive Slave Act would order all citizens of the United States to assist in the return of enslaved people who had escaped from their owners. “As it now stands, the business of seeing that these fugitives are delivered up resides in the power of Congress and the national judicature.” (Webster). It would also deny a jury trial to slaves that had escaped their master’s hold on them. The Fugitive Slave Act made any federal marshal or other officials who did not arrest an alleged runaway slave liable to a major fine of one thousand dollars or more depending on the situation. Law-enforcement officials everywhere in the United States had a duty to arrest anyone suspected of being a fugitive slave on no more evidence than a claimant’s sworn testimony of ownership. The suspected slave could not ask for a jury trial or testify on his or her own behalf. In addition, any person aiding a runaway slave by providing food or shelter was to be subject to six months imprisonment and a one thousand dollar fine. Officers capturing a fugitive slave were entitled to a fee for their work.
Topic: civil-war

With each of these laws as a part of the Compromise of 1850, they still left the overall issue of slavery unanswered. The Fugitive Slave Act was one of many reasons why the Compromise of 1850 did not succeed in solving whether slavery was to be abolished or not. The law, which was originally put into play in 1793, and authorized slave owners to recapture slaves that escaped beyond the state lines, appalled Northern abolitionists. However, Southerners complained that the laws were bypassed, due to legal deficiencies, and the growing popular hostility towards enforcement. Personal state laws over-ruled the Fugitive Slave Act. During the 1850s, several new Northern State laws were passed with the intent to make it more difficult to enforce federal laws in each of the states. Even with this act, no one knew whether slavery was abolished or not.
Topic: civil-war

Although the Compromise did prevent the war for a decade, it is probable it was mostly to blame for the Civil War. The North’s economy was based on the trade industry, which came from Southern cotton plantations that were run by slaves. Thus, even though many Northerners did not like slavery and the growth of the South’s interesting institution, most likely in some ways they were afraid to be completely against slavery, in fear of the effects on the economy. However, many Northerners who did resist slavery probably had a free labor ideology; that Northern farmers could grow cotton to help fuel the trade industries of the North, as a replacement to the South’s slave-run cotton plantations. Even though it did hold back the war for a decade, the war was inevitable, and the Compromise of 1850 was just adding more fuel to the already huge fire.
Topic: civil-war

The Compromise of 1850 is the primary event that kicked off the Civil War. Each of the five acts that make up the Compromise of 1850 did not address whether slavery was to be abolished in all states or not. That really caused unrest within the states. The Compromise of 1850 was like a band-aid in the way that it would fix it temporarily, but in the long run, it could not stop the Civil War from happening. Historians will continue to debate whether the Missouri Controversy, the Nullification Crisis, the Annexation of Texas, the Compromise of 1850, or the Kansas-Nebraska Act sparked the Civil War, but many still agree that the Compromise of 1850 was the primary event that set off the Civil War.
Topic: civil-war

The Gettysburg Address advances the dexterous thoughts that spread his intelligence of the Civil War and edified the individuals who wished to regard the numerous dead that battled on the grounds of Gettysburg. Sprinkled all through mankind’s history, extraordinary men have emerged, who have committed a lot of their lives to specific standards, and have done as such despite grave conditions and resistance. Abraham Lincoln, Former president and furthermore a general in the war, gave a discourse to maintain and empower the spirits of the exhausted warriors in his military.
Topic: civil-war

The discourse was known as the Gettysburg Address. This discourse utilizes parallel structure and decides the tone of incredible peacefulness with the goal that it might pass on to a thought that every one of the men that battled as far as it matters for them in the Union won’t die futile and that there is a great deal to do before the United States is entirety. The reason for his discourse was to rally the general population and to concentrate on the need to win the war so the beliefs of the establishing fathers would be maintained.
Topic: civil-war

That legislature of the general population, by the general population, for the general population, will not die from the earth.” Comparing to the thoughts of the establishing fathers, he identifies with government and majority rules system, and with these two things, the Union will accomplish their objective. He wished to raise the confidence of the officers and needed to guarantee that the general population that was listening would in the long run comprehend why they were in this huge chaos and that the country can’t be partitioned once more.
Topic: civil-war

He didn’t segregate among North and South yet from now on regarded every one of the troopers with the highest appreciation for their administration. “, considered in freedom and devoted to the suggestion that all men are made equivalent. these fighters so eager to lay their lives on hold. Our purpose to convey forward with “expanded dedication” is the main affirmation to our country conveying forward. This was at that point is still today, “the incredible errand staying before us.”
Topic: civil-war

The reason and key purpose of the Gettysburg Address were to respect those courageous fighters that took on in the conflicts. He likewise focuses on the significance of freedom, opportunity, and correspondence. He needs the country to be joined more grounded and that they will improve the who and what is to come. He needs everybody to understand that they have a section to play and just when they understand their part will the country be solid. The Gettysburg Address tells the general population of America that regardless of whether many are lost that, the journey isn’t done, that there is still a lot to be done before they can feel free and carry on with their lives through the opportunity graced upon them by God.
Topic: civil-war

In “The Gettysburg Address,” Abraham Lincoln reminds the nation of what they are fighting for. A reverent Lincoln commemorates the lives that were lost at the Gettysburg battle while using it as a cue of why the war is taking place. In a speech like no other, given on the site of one of the bloodiest battlefields of the Civil War in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, the 16th President of the United States reflects the utter freedom and equality the nation was raised upon.
Topic: civil-war

This speech is commemorated as one of the greatest speeches in American history because of its impact upon the nation in only a short two minutes of length. With no invitation to the memorable event until the last minute and surrounded by negative energy from the American people, Lincoln was able to enchant the multitude with his words of rhetoric. The Gettysburg Address is the epitome of rhetoric because of the President’s use of ethos, logos, and pathos reasoning that impacted the lives of millions of Americans through his persuasion of unifying the nation.
Topic: civil-war

Throughout the speech, Lincoln develops a strong appeal of an ethos which makes him credible and trustworthy. Trust is needed for him because of the chaos the country is in; a nation divided because of unspeakable acts of slavery and inequality. As an authority figure and an honorable man, it was not hard for him to persuade the American people. The fact that Lincoln is the President of the “home of the brave” speaks for itself as ethos because of his authority as the leader of the country (“The Star-Spangled Banner Lyrics”).
Topic: civil-war

The eloquence of the speech’s diction serves as a reminder to the nation that he was a respectable man. Words like “hallow,” “dedicated,” “devotion,” “nobly,” and “honored,” contribute to his overall reverent tone. It is vital that Lincoln proves himself as a reputable man who honors the soldiers who died for people to believe what he is saying. His main purpose of encouraging perseverance and unity cannot occur without his attestation to the bravery of the soldiers who passed. Also, the repetition of the word “we,” creating the rhetorical technique of anaphora, appeals to the President’s credibility at the time of war. Americans were devastated during the Civil War, especially after the bloodiest battle ever fought on American soil, Gettysburg (“Government Book Talk”). The anaphora effectively persuades the nation to unify because of the sense of human obligation that Lincoln employed. Not only does Lincoln include the community in his speech, but he includes himself as well. Sentences like, “We are met on a great battlefield of that war” produce the feeling of unity between the Union and Confederates (Lincoln 602). Lincoln describes the battlefield as “great” because he believes that great things happened there in hopes to achieve complete freedom. Diction and anaphora are two instances where Lincoln thrives in creating a great ethos to persuade his addressees that unity is essential.
Topic: civil-war

Abraham Lincoln magnifies his persuasion using logos, making the unification of the United States’ people seem logical to his addressees. The first sentence of The Gettysburg Address ends with the wise words, “all men are created equal” (Lincoln 601). This serves as an allusion to the Declaration of Independence. Lincoln implants logos through this allusion because he presents the principle foundation of America. This proposition that holds the right to “Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness,” reminds Lincoln’s audience that their nation was created because of such beliefs that must be preserved (“The Declaration of Independence: A Transcription”). This rhetorical technique meritoriously convinces the nation that, in order to have such rights, they must fight for freedom and equality as a union. Lincoln then uses antithesis or parallelism while employing logic on the sacrifices made by the brave men who passed. He expresses, “but, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate- we cannot consecrate- we cannot hallow this ground” (Lincoln 602). In other words, nothing can be done to change the sacrifices made by those who fought on the battlefield except to work as a union for the purpose of finishing the work that was started. This quote leads families and friends of the dead and wounded who were present at the battlefield cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania to reconsider their negative thoughts on the Civil War. Emotionally wrecked, many Americans were fed up with the war and were beginning to despise it. Lincoln’s persuasions using logos with allusion and antithesis techniques are some of the many ways where he tries to change the mentality of American society as it relates to the war.
Topic: civil-war

The Civil War was a time of constant strife within the American family, a country in battle with it. The death of 23,000 Union soldiers at Gettysburg wrecked the homes and hearts of millions of families across the nation. These memorable fatalities contribute to the reason why the Gettysburg Address appeals to the audience’s emotions. Within two minutes, Lincoln informs the American people that he felt the same way they did about the losses; it was acceptable to mourn the death of their dear warriors. Lincoln’s ability to effectively show his emotions made his appeal to pathos vivid and influenced the idea of unification. He used his speech to remind the nation that the reason for the deaths of thousands of soldiers could not be in vain; their efforts had to be remembered, even if they were painful to process. The repetition of the word “we” instead of “I” or “you” also makes Lincoln seem intimate with the multitude. While building Lincoln’s credibility, the use of the word “we,” makes the American people feel that the President is someone who they can empathize with. Lincoln’s emotional appeals are evident in the speech, “We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting-place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live” (602). These words allude to his overall point that the soldiers have died for the nation to live. By stating that they are standing at Gettysburg, the calamitous battlefield, Lincoln makes his audience feel emotional. Lincoln again remembers the deceased in the line, “It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced” (602). It is necessary for Lincoln to use these emotional appeals because it moves the audience to put aside their resentment over the war. This line of the speech, in correlation with Lincoln’s pathos, emphasizes the emotional need for unification within America; it is the responsibility of the living to finish the work that was gallantly advanced by the deceased soldiers.
Topic: civil-war

The Gettysburg Address, written entirely by the unforgettable 16th President of the United States, did not fail to unify the country with its rhetoric. About a year and a few months after Lincoln’s address, the Confederate surrendered to the Union, finally ending the tragic Civil War. Lincoln’s persuasion accented by ethos, logos, and pathos reminded the American citizens that fighting for the freedom the United States was raised upon is necessary. Lincoln encourages his audience by employing the use of rhetorical techniques. Lincoln’s strong ethos sways Americans to believe that he is a credible person and a leader. His logos supported with allusions and parallelism provide his American audience with a clearer logic of why they need to keep fighting for the nation. Finally, his deliberate expression of emotions provides the pathos needed to make the Americans reconsider their hatred toward the Civil War. This speech has stood the test of time and lives forever in the hearts and minds of the American people.
Topic: civil-war

The famous Gettysburg Address is a speech that U.S. President Abraham Lincoln delivered during the American Civil War at the dedication of the Soldiers’ National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, on the afternoon of Thursday, November 19, 1863, four and a half months after the Union armies defeated those of the Confederacy at the Battle of Gettysburg. It is one of the best-known speeches not only in American history but also throughout the world.
Topic: civil-war

“Four scores and seven” is much more poetic, elegant and noble than “Eighty-seven”. This hooks the audiences focus as it is an interesting choice of vocabulary. Another contextual fact that adds to the persuasion and emotion of this speech is that because 87 years earlier, the United States had won its freedom from Britain. Lincoln reminds the audience of the founding principles of the country: liberty and equality. He invokes emotions of patriotism by using the nation’s independence and founding principles. this influences the audience to a greater degree causing them to believe that Lincoln is right and allows them to believe in what Lincoln believes. This feeling of patriotism sets up the next sentence flawlessly.
Topic: civil-war

He uses contrast effectively in this quote. By stating “those who here gave their lives that this nation might live” Lincoln makes what is perhaps the ultimate contrast: life vs death. This stylistic feature works efficiently as people are naturally attracted to opposites, so contrast should draw attraction and create interest. Communicating an idea juxtaposed with its polar opposite creates energy and emotion which is transferred to the audience creating an effect of optimism and provides the basic feeling of hope. Another advantage of this feature is that by moving back and forth between the contradictory poles the author encourages full engagement from the audience.
Topic: civil-war

o “The Senate was regarded as the central institution of the Roman state” (Beard and Crawford). o However during this period they did not live up to this duty to direct the Roman state. o Rather corrupt and after supremacy of the whole empire, using and manipulating certain power individuals in the form of PO, by breaking the constitution to achieve these means o It rejected and punished Caesar continually when he simply wanted equality to reach the same heights as PO.
Topic: civil-war

o 1) Allowing him to command an army at only 23, which led him to gaining his first triumph something not earned till the end of ones career or not at all o 2) Lex Gabinia- describe it & Lex Manilia o “His extraordinary career embodied everything the oligarchy opposed, yet they were largely responsible for granting many of his exceptional commands” Bradley The fault in this policy was made clear when these individuals became too powerful and together with their armies were able to lay siege on Rome and control all political aspects.
Topic: civil-war

In the previous year the Senate passed a degree exempting PO from the usual age limit and experience of sub consular experience. o As such he was able to “vigorously help undo Sulla’s legislation by restroing the tribunes to their ancient powers” Suetonius o What the Senate allowed him to do as consul proved disastrous to the state as he set dangerous precedents and made it harder for the Senate to control him Perhaps what was most devastating about this policy was that it illustrated how popular generals could bypass the rule of the Senate. The fact that they had granted powers to PO because they believed he had exceptional leadership qualities, gave the ambitious JC sufficient reason to challenge their rule and stop at nothing with the prime aim of gaining equality. o “It is no lie that JC was ambitious but what he desired most from the Senate was equality between himself and PO” Cary and Scullard From the very beginning of his career the Senate showed inequity towards JC as he refused to break with his Marian connections.
Topic: civil-war

This was evident when he vied for the consulship of 59BC as although rightly legible his attempts were meet with many difficulties by the Senate o As such they appointed him the wood and pastures lands as a proconsular command which was a slap in the face. “If anything further was needed to simulate JC to work with PO it was that the senate established a forestry command instead of the usual overseas command” Scullard o In addition to this the large success of Pompey had aroused the senates fears and distrust, and so they rebuffed him personally preventing him from fulfilling his promises to his veterans despite the fact that it was they who created him o Resultantly the first TRI was formed, and with the power PO wielded bcz of the Senate and with the assistance of JC, were able to govern alone.
Topic: civil-war

Caesar was able to gain Gaul and PO get his acts ratified. o Senate became distressed by the fact that JC formed an alliance with their ‘golden boy’ PO as they knew very well their fears of JC rising to the highest power could became a reality. o “This first and worst disaster had not been the quarrel or split between PO and JC but the friendship which had existed between them” Cato o “In saying this then Cato must bear much of the blame for he and the optimates drove “Pompiues into Caesar’s arms”” Bradley and Seager which as Cicero recognised it, was the ultimate origin of the civil war of 49BC 52BC = Death of Julia + Death of Crassus + JC in Gaul = Senate slowly began taking advantage of situation at hand by slowly pulling back PO under the influence of the senatorial forces o Without hesitation 1)awarded rare sole consulship to PO
Topic: civil-war

2) ignored JC’s plea for praetorship in absentia in 49 o the 10 year interval between consulships is ignored 55BC being his last one, “which meant putting the whole Roman empire into one’s man hands” Suetonius Sole con = Senate worked through exploiting and manipulating PO’s weakness of always wanting popularity and praise, to enact laws threatening JC o Senate = puppeteers pulling PO’s strings getting to JC THEREFORE obvious of their hidden agenda planning against him thru PO o xThis forced PO “to wonder if the triumvirate was of any benefit to him now” Bradley which ultimately broke down the triumvirate, meaning not only were they responsible for forming it but at the same time destroying it As such JC knew time was at the essence and made 1 last appeal to be elected in absentia BUT denied despite the fact that “the demands which Caesar made had the fairest colours of equity imaginable”- Plutarch o It therefore became clear that ‘The senatorial optimates would now go to any lengths to break Caesars power’- Hennessy Knowing JC’s ‘dignatus was dearer to him than life itself’- JC the Senate recalled JC to Rome hence justifying that demand was not for recall but an invitation to civil war o ‘Caesars immediate recall to Rome was in fact an invitation to civil war. Their feud with Caesar had now become a greater object than the welfare of the state’- Cary and Scullard
Topic: civil-war

Lincoln’s strength and willingness to fight on in the end led him to success and that commitment is what makes him perhaps the greatest President of all time (Social Studies). Abraham Lincoln was the best weapon the North had. He was a great leader that is determined to save the Union and he was even willing to sacrifice his personal opinion on slavery. Quoting Abraham Lincoln, “My paramount objective in this struggle is to save the union, and it is not either to save or destroy slavery.
Topic: civil-war

The 2011 Libyan civil war is an ongoing armed conflict in the North African state of Libya being fought between those seeking to depose Muammar Gaddafi and hold democratic elections, and pro-Gaddafi forces. Muammar Gaddafi has been the de-facto ruler of Libya since 1969 and has ruled the country without any election or a constitution. In late January, Jamal al-Hajji, a writer, political commentator called for demonstrations to be held in support of greater freedoms in Libya. He was arrested on 1 February.
Topic: civil-war

The International Criminal Court warned Gaddafi that he and members of his government may have committed crimes against humanity. The United Nations Security Council passed an initial resolution freezing the assets of Gaddafi and ten members of his inner circle. The resolution also referred the actions of the government to the International Criminal Court for investigation. In early March, Gaddafi’s forces pushed eastwards and re-took several coastal cities before attacking Benghazi. U. N. resolution authorized to establish and enforce a no-fly zone over Libya.
Topic: civil-war

The Gaddafi government then announced a ceasefire, but failed to uphold it. edit] Uprising and civil war The protests and confrontations began in earnest on 15 February 2011. On the evening of 15 February, between 500 and 600 protesters chanted slogans in front of the police headquarters in Benghazi. The protest was broken up violently by police, resulting in 38 injuries. [66][67]
Topic: civil-war

The novelist Idris Al-Mesmari was arrested hours after giving an interview with Al Jazeera about the police reaction to protests. [66] In Al Bayda and Az Zintan, hundreds of protesters in each town called for an end of the Gaddafi regime and set fire to police and security buildings. 66] In Az Zintan, the protesters set up tents in the town centre. [66] The protests continued the following day in Benghazi, Darnah and Al Bayda, leading to four deaths and three injuries. [68] Hundreds gathered at Maydan al-Shajara in Benghazi, and authorities tried to disperse protesters with water cannons. [69] A “Day of Rage” in Libya and by Libyans in exile was planned for 17 February. [65][70][71]
Topic: civil-war

The National Conference for the Libyan Opposition asked that all groups opposed to the Gaddafi regime protests on 17 February, in memory of demonstrations in Benghazi five years earlier. 65] The plans to protest were inspired by the 2010–2011 Tunisian and Egyptian uprisings. [65] Composition of rebel forces The rebels are composed primarily of civilians, such as teachers, students, lawyers, and oil workers, and a contingent of professional soldiers that defected from the Libyan Army and joined the rebels demand the ouster of Gaddafi, the establishment of a constitution, and comprehensive political and economic reforms. Gaddafi came to power in 1969 through a military coup and has ruled the country without an elected parliament or a constitution.
Topic: civil-war

During the late 1800s, the Civil War and the period of Reconstruction brought great changes in America. One cause that led to the Civil War was slavery. As a result of Reconstruction, there were several changes including segregation and the given rights of African American. The effect of these changes continued into the 20th century. One major social cause that led to the Civil was slavery. The North wanted to abolish slavery, but the South opposed to abolishing slavery. The North did not need slaves because there economy is made up of factories, and manufactured products.
Topic: civil-war

The South depended on slaves to work on plantations. During the Civil war, slave owners treated their slaves like property. The slaves were treated like property because slave owners brought them from slave auctions. Slaves were considered not citizens. Many abolitionists and former slaves gave speeches and wrote books to go against slavery. They told stories to people in the North and in Europe. Some of the most famous abolitionist was Frederick Douglass, Solomon Northup’s, and Harriet Beecher Stowe.
Topic: civil-war

These fountains were “separate but equal” but undoubtedly were of different quality. Segregation became legal in 1896 due to the Plessy vs. Ferguson Court Case. During segregation, racism grew in the South. For example, there were Black Codes and Jim Crow Laws. The Ku Klux Klans riding nightly over the country, going from county to county, and in the county towns, spreading terror where they go by robbing, whipping, ravishing, and killing our people without provocation, compelling colored people to break the ice and bathe in the chilly waters if the Kentucky river. Document 4) Furthermore, African Americans were separated from whites by law in transportation, churches and schools both in the Northern and Southern states. A political change that occurred as a result of Reconstruction was African Americans were given rights. The 14th amendment states that all persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subjected to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the states wherein they reside. (Document 1) The 14th amendment helps former slaves because it gave them citizenship.
Topic: civil-war

In 1869 the 15th amendment was added to the U. S Constitution. It states that only African American men may vote but they must prove they could read and write. According to document 8, it states that the right to vote is one of safeguards of citizenship. There are many more social, political, and economic causes that led to the Civil War. There are many more social, political, and economic changes in American Society that occurred as a result of Reconstruction. Slaves were treated poorly. African American was separated from whites and African Americans were given rights.
Topic: civil-war

Five years after the civil war they were three constitutional amendments passed and ratified by the United States 40th Congress, arguably theses amendment to be considered the base of the first government policies to implement social justice and equality among Americans blindly. Moreover, each one of these amendments was based on President Abraham Lincoln’s words “half slave and half free” (Nagler 2009). President Lincoln wanted a free country where all man lived equally no matter what their color or race is.
Topic: civil-war

Also, the fourteenth amendment was passed to amid directly to combat against the Black Codes (Maltz 1987), which is passed by many former rebellion southern states to take. Lastly, the fifteenth Amendment was as well passed and ratified to counter newly southern states written constitution, which required Blacks to pass a literacy test to be eligible to vote in the election. Furthermore, after the assassination of President Lincoln, President Andrew Johnson assumed the presidency. President Johnson was a democrat from Tennessee, and as well as former slaveholder himself, president Johnson sought after a hasty measure to readmit the former rebellion states into the union, opposing for what the Congress demanded, which is more reliable federal government measures to enable blacks to vote and equal right protection.
Topic: civil-war

President Johnson unionism with the southern states led him to work on weakening the congress reconstruction effort, which led the Republican house of representatives to bring impeachment articles against him. President Johnson barely avoided the impeachment by one vote, when his lawyers managed to convince the Congress that Johnson would not be involved again with the congress reconstruction effort. Most of the southern states refused to rewrite their constitution to adopt the new amendments; therefore, Congress passed the reconstruction act in 1867, dividing the southern states into five military zones and appointed a military commander to ensure these states were in the process to rewrite their constitution and as well as removing any state official if they oppose to these terms. By 1870, all the former rebellion states admitted to the union after they ratification of the fourteenth Amendment and the fifteenth Amendment to their constitutions.
Topic: civil-war

The reconstruction lasted from 1867 to 1877, in 1876 president Rutherford B. Hayes lost the popular vote against Democratic candidate Samuel Tilden by almost 250, 000 votes, but he won the electoral votes, the dispute over the presidency was sent back to Congress which led to the 1876 compromise. The Democrat will award the electoral votes to Hays if he promised to end the reconstruction effort and withdrew the federal troops remaining in some of the southern states putting an end to the ten years reconstruction effort to rehabilitee the southern states and as well as readmitting almost three million former slaves into the societies.
Topic: civil-war

Despite the failure of the reconstruction act and rise of the white-supremacy and as well as the widely practiced Jim Crow laws that kept the black socially segregated, also subjected black Americans to be second-class citizens, these three-reconstruction era amendments fundamentally changed and put the country in the right direction for a better civil rights practice toward minorities especially blacks. Moreover, these amendments established the fighting ground in the civil rights movement in the 1950s and the 1960s enabling blacks to win importing cases such as Brown vs. Board of Education, forcing schools to start to integrate blacks into whites’ schools.
Topic: civil-war

What I lack from both Caesar and Brutus is the initiative and the courage to act upon my will, despite initiating the civil strife against the conspirators. Now, with a common goal at hand, we can contribute collectively to shape Rome into a utopian empire in the minds of the general crowd. Spoils from the war will be distributed equally to the citizens, and those who fought along the triumvirates will obtain the recognition that they deserve. Furthermore, I will establish a democratic operating system where everyone can be respected, have rights, and treated morally. To make this aspiration a reality, I will do everything in my power, pay any price, overcome any hardships, and oppose any foe to ensure the wellbeing of my men.
Topic: civil-war

Shakespeare utilizes the death of Caesar and the vengeance of Brutus to initiate a rapid increase in character development in Antony. When Caesar was murdered by the conspirators, he recognized the harsh reality he was living in and started to take action according to his own justice. This rapid growth in maturity enables Antony to develop the ambition to rule over rome to overlook the general mob of people. Resultantly, the amount of responsibility and his position as one of the triumvirates allows him to become more experienced in directing the citizens. Since Antony wants his nation to prosper, the diversity of possible ideas allows a wide variety of insight on what can be expressed.
Topic: civil-war

Since Antony is talking to the general crowd regarding his own ambitions, using prose would be more effective in portraying the mood. The plebeians are not educated enough to comprehend poetry efficiently, so the usage of prose will help convey the message and prevent any misunderstandings. The general mob is also predominantly attracted by the greatest outburst of emotion within accessibility, so Antony’s expressive dedication will be capable in manipulating the crowd into submission.
Topic: civil-war

The first figurative device used within the speech is the personification in the line,”A new generation is sparking within the heart of rome, as the faulty heart hath been stabbed along with its sins”. The heart, which is the most important organ found within the human body, is utilized to represent the core of rome. The statement of the heart being stabbed refers back to the time where the conspirators upthrew the leadership of Julius Caesar, enabling a time of chaos for the citizens. It also references how Brutus, Caesar, and cassius were all killed by getting stabbed by a sword, which emphasizes Antony’s triumph during the civil strife against the conspirators. This emphasizes Antony’s dominance as a triumvirate, and his capabilities in leading the romans.
Topic: civil-war

The second literary device used within the speech are rhetorical questions, which are the lines, “Why would thou romans not submit to my rule if they want wealth and fame? Who would be so audacious that they will not pursue the ways of a true Roman, like Brutus and Caesar were? “. These questions provide thought towards the general crowd, and reaffirms their loyalty towards Antony. The questions also emphasize the fact that there is no reason not to follow Antony unless you don’t want to benefit from the collective effort of all the people.
Topic: civil-war

The last two literary devices used in the speech are examples of Asyndeton and Anaphora. The Asyndeton is found within the line “I will do everything in my power, pay any price, overcome any hardships, and oppose any foe to ensure the wellbeing of my men”, and the Anaphora in the lines “We shall move onward. We shall enforce our dominance. We shall prosper from our resources, and we shall continue our lives as distinguished individuals.” Both devices indicate Antony’s confidence and his willingness to overcome any hardship for the greater good of his people. Along with the utilage of emotion, this allows the romans to entrust their leader with their country, as they know that his actions are reflected on the benefit of Rome.
Topic: civil-war

In the presidential elections of November 1860, the victory of the Republican Lincoln – acquired from the conceptions of the Northern States – was the spark that ignites the fire, after years of rising tensions between these two development models. The War lasted from April 12, 1861 to April 9, 1865. It resulted in the death of more than 600,000 soldiers, the assassination of President Lincoln on April 15, 1865 and a victory for the North paving the way for the abolition of slavery.
Topic: civil-war

Respecting the tradition of student clubs, the comrades gave the community a mysterious name. A former member of Kentucky Centre College, Kennedy had the Greek word kuklos meaning “circle”; Crowe split it in two and changed the final, obtaining “Ku Klux”; observing that the founders were of Scottish descent, Lester proposed adding an evocation of the “clan” by harmonizing it with the general spelling. Crowe finds it amusing to disguise the members, as well as their horses, with the sheets and pillowcases stolen from one of their hosts’ houses. The Ku Klux Klan KKK has just been born….
Topic: civil-war

This was an unexpected opportunity for the impoverished Southerners to put back to work on the plantations the four million blacks that Lincoln had freed by the Proclamation of Emancipation of January 1, 1863! The hooded men don’t need any more to continue their masquerade. Under the pretext of maintaining order, they play at frightening blacks by using various ways to prove the reality of their supernatural powers: skeleton bones hidden under the sheet to shake hands with former astonished slaves, skillfully masked and then suddenly withdrawn squash …
Topic: civil-war

It was those in Athens Alabama – where northern teachers treated black students as equals to whites – who first introduced physical punishment, by plunging a black man who had been seen riding a horse with a teacher into an icy spring. In less than a year, the “Athenians” were followed by hundreds of other more or less autonomous groups. The more the Klan develops, the wider the range of violence increases. In early 1867, in Nashville Tennessee, Pulaski’s nucleus, a little overwhelmed by events, tried to regain control of operations. It adopts a proclamation of the fundamental principles of the Klan defined as a “chivalrous, humanitarian, merciful and patriotic institution”. An organization chart is drawn up, a kind of fantasized medieval hierarchy, establishing the various subsidiaries; the rules and the ten questions put to the applicants are written. According to Moli?re, each state becomes a kingdom governed by a Great Dragon; each district is a dominion, led by a Great Titan; each county or province is placed under the authority of a Great Giant. The whole forms the “Invisible Empire” dominated by the Great Wizard.
Topic: civil-war

Are blacks really men? a goal justified by the sacrosanct “physiology” and a rudimentary theology: “The Creator, by raising us above the ordinary level of humans, wanted to give us over the lower races a power that no human law can permanently remove from us. “Political result: although swearing allegiance to the American Constitution, of which he claims to be the exclusive heir as a white man, the klanist swears to “preserve” himself from the laws of the federal government, whose power is declared “arbitrary and illicit”. The breach of legality is consummated. The Klan becomes an underground counter-power.
Topic: civil-war

During the first half of 1868, the Great Wizard travelled through his States calling for mobilization. Each of his passages is followed by a wave of violence. Replying to a journalist from Cincinnati, Forrest explained: “Niggers held night meetings, came and went, became very insolent and all the people of the South throughout the state were very worried. “He is careful not to condemn the expeditious justice of his own activists who, in the name of the “concern” of American citizens, illegally extract black prisoners from their dungeons and hang them from trees….
Topic: civil-war

The Klan, on behalf of its reasoning that the “Negro”, lazy, versatile, incapable of economy, is by its nature devoted to slavery, attacks blacks. This is the case of Perry Jeffers, who lives with his wife and seven sons on a plantation in Georgia as a tenant farmer. He enjoys an excellent reputation with his boss. Anyway, the Klan decides to make him pay for his success. One of the Jeffers sons retaliated to the attack: a dead man on the Klan side. In Jeffers’ absence, the “knights” of the Klan returned in force, hung his wife and shot and burned his youngest child at a high pyre with the furniture of his house. Fortunately, the wife was saved at the last minute by Dr. Darden, who was killed by the Klan. Panicked, Jeffers tried to escape and took the train with his sons, but his wagon was stormed by klanists, who made them get off at the last stop in Georgia. A few hours later, their bodies were found riddled with bullets. In the history of the Klan, there are hundreds of such murders.
Topic: civil-war

And more precisely the teachers from the North, who teach blacks in the southern states. Terrible danger: if blacks learn, the return to the golden age of slavery is impossible! Because to fear the instruction of Blacks, is it not already to admit, at heart, that Blacks have in them the same capacities as Whites? So, it would all be a question of education and social level? Young teachers are then considered traitors, responsible for decadence. Hence insults, threatening letters, formal notices: “Before the end of the next quarter, disappear, unholy teacher of the Negroes! Disappear before it’s too late! The punishment awaits you and horrors such that no man could survive them. “Anonymous letter.
Topic: civil-war

Schools burned down, teachers looted, murders. Many are leaving. Some idealists persist in staying. John Dunlap, principal of First Colored School, is one of them. Not for long: “There were about fifty of them on horseback and armed with guns. They were all masked; so were their horses. …] They appeared outside my door around ten o’clock in the evening. They shot me twice through the window. “The klanists sequestered him and led him several hundred meters away: “They stood me up in the middle of the road and pulled my pants down, then rolled my shirt over my head and tied it up. So, except for eight of them, they each gave me five lashes. Always the same blackmail: the chief told me he would no longer whip me if I left the state.” Dunlap, open wounds, leaves him without delay.
Topic: civil-war

Klan leader Nathan Bedford Forrest boasted that the Klan was a nationwide organization of 550,000 men and that he could muster 40,000 Klansmen within five days. However, the Klan had no membership rosters, no chapters, and no local officers, so it was difficult for observers to judge its membership. It had created a sensation by the dramatic nature of its masked forays and because of its many murders.
Topic: civil-war

In 1870, a federal grand jury determined that the Klan was a “terrorist organization” and issued hundreds of indictments for crimes of violence and terrorism. Klan members were prosecuted, and many fled from areas that were under federal government jurisdiction, particularly in South Carolina. Many people not formally inducted into the Klan had used the Klan’s costume to hide their identities when carrying out independent acts of violence. Forrest called for the Klan to disband in 1869, arguing that it was “being perverted from its original honorable and patriotic purposes, becoming injurious instead of subservient to the public peace”.
Topic: civil-war

The Klan does not back down from any crime, not even the liquidation of Republican Senator Stephens, stabbed in the middle of a courtroom! Faced with such abuses, the government decided to react firmly. On April 20, 1871, General Grant pass a draconian law, known as the “Ku Klux Law”, which condemns the “invisible” brotherhood to death. Thousands of arrests were made, but unfortunately for lack of evidence, most of the detainees are released, but the defeat is still bitter. Klan members are scattered in new organizations: White League, Shot Gun Plan, Rifle Club. They perpetuate their violence through “lynching”. But the main Klan which is found in 1865 was totally destroyed in 1871.
Topic: civil-war

For one of the spectators, William J. Simmons, it was a revelation. Simmons used the film’s success and the popular discontent due to recent immigration to revive the KKK. On Thanksgiving Day, the self-proclaimed “Colonel” gathered a few of his followers atop Stone Mountain, east of Alabama. He set fire to a huge pine cross announcing the establishment of the second Ku Klux Klan in 1915.
Topic: civil-war

The “new formula” Klan follows the strategy that made the success of the old one: white supremacy and anti-Black racism. He added to this the violent rejection of Catholicism as invasive, which is called the Anti-Catholicism. Recent immigration also encourages it to cultivate anti-Semitism and xenophobia. But this renaissance is very similar to a commercial operation. Each member pays a contribution, takes out an insurance policy, buys his klanist suit with symbols on it… And above all, unlike the former Klan, the Great Wizard tries to legalize the structure and does not hesitate to offer his services to the public authorities.
Topic: civil-war

However, the KKK did not really develop until 1920, when Simmons’ two new partners, former journalist Edward Clarke and wealthy widow Elizabeth Tyler, joined the scene. Objective: to divert in their favor the strong isolationist current that crosses the country. America first! An expert in organization and advertising, Clarke became Chief of Staff. He established the headquarters (HQ) in Atlanta, reinstated roughly the old subdivisions and the classic initiation ritual, multiplied the parades where he burned gigantic crosses, and gave a fixed salary to all those who held positions in the Klan.
Topic: civil-war

Within a year, the South was ” Regained”, and, new, the North – where poor blacks crowded into suburban neighborhoods – was seriously tempted, particularly Indiana, Oklahoma and Oregon. Republicans and city bourgeois are seduced. The number of klanists is soon estimated at five million! Like a holding company, the Klan takes advantage of popular support to diversify its activities: publication of periodicals and brochures, building purchases, taking over Lanier University…. Alcoholic, Simmons was deposed and replaced by the 32nd degree Freemason dentist Hiram W. Evans, from Dallas, who became Imperial Wizard and also took the opportunity to dismiss Clarke and Tyler.
Topic: civil-war

With the relative impartiality of the police and with the support of many local officials, Klan, armed with weapons, increased its act of the cruelty. The “Negroes” he hunted, or those who fraternized with them, including lawyers, politicians and pastors, had their hair shaved, their foreheads marked with the three klanic initials,whipped, or coated with tar. Introducing itself as the guardian of public morals, the Klan also “cares” for light women, crooked doctors, prostitutes and various outsiders. The whole is dotted with appalling crimes, such as those of Daniels and Richards, crushed by a public works machine… In response, Louisiana passed an anti-mask law prohibiting the wearing of masks outside All Saints’ Day and Mardi Gras, published the list of Klan members, etc., and then passed by other states.
Topic: civil-war

The KKK’s loss of respectability, combined with growing internal divisions, thus leads to the erosion of its audience, even if it continues to carry out punitive expeditions. In the 1930s, Nazism exerted a certain attraction on the KKK. Dr.Colescott, who bought the Klan from Evans in 1939, believes there is a card to play on the German side. As a result, the Nordland camp sealed for a time the alliance of the klanists with the German-American Bund of the State of New Jersey. But it shattered after Pearl Harbor. The invisible empire still had to be dealt the final blow: The Direct Contributions Department asked it for $685,000 unpaid since 1920. Unable to settle his debt, the Klan died for the second time in 1944.