ktmeng/mec huggingface dataset:
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at a heightened level. Professional skepticism requires auditors “need to be alert to patterns and situations of material misstatement due to error or fraud, remain alert to internal control weaknesses that increase the risk of fraudulent activities, and management bias that increases the risk of fraudulent financial reporting. Al’s lack of action caused Woody to steal a large amount of inventory. An audit staff would have been able to catch Woody in the act of theft if they acted with due care and used professional skepticism during the audit. 2. Goodner’s had no true internal controls set up at the regional offices * The owners trusted employees because of background checks. * Insufficient control consciousness within the organization, for example, the tone at the top and the control environment. * Absent or inadequate segregation of duties within a significant account or process. Absent or inadequate controls over the safeguarding of assets (this applies to controls that the auditor determines would be necessary for effective internal control over financial reporting). * The absence of an internal process to report deficiencies in internal control to management on a timely basis. * Sales people were allowed to collect payments. * Sales people were allowed to deliver tires. 3. The best thing the Goodner’s could have done would be to set up controls separate duties.
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If Woody wouldn’t have been allowed to deliver products or collect the payments this never could have happened. Woody should have been able to issue the sale, but a delivery team should drop off the tires and the customer should have to send the payment in to the sales department or accounts receivable department. The second control policy would be to keep inventories more secure. Goodner’s should set up a position in the inventory department that all they do is allow for inventory to be put in the warehouse or released. Keeping track of all transactions that deal with inventory.
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If Goodner would have had better controls on their inventory, Woody never would have been able to go through the warehouse and pick and choose items that he could easily hide off the books. A third policy that Goodner should have set up is never allowing employees who deal with sales to do the year-end inventory check. Only auditors should be allowed to do the year-end inventory check. This weeks article “When the Boss Trumps Internal Controls”, perfectly goes along with what could be prevented if proper internal controls were inline and properly practiced.
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In the article the president clearly saw weaknesses in the accounting system and took advantage of everything she could. The exact same thing Woody did to the Goodner brothers. All of this could have been prevented if the internal controls were properly inforced. 4. A lot of people were partially responsible for Goodner Brothers, Inc. losses. First was the company’s management. The company provided very minimum security for its inventory. With just padlocks and no one to protect its inventory, everyone could access the warehouse and leave with tires without any records of that person being ever there.
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The sales representatives were allowed to enter transactions directly into the system and access customers’ account and do all the modifications they wanted to do without any limit. Another person partially responsible for the situation was Al Hunt. As Woody’s friend, he should have asked him more seriously about how and where he was getting the tires, and when he realized that his friend was maybe involved in a fraudulent activity, he should have stopped buying tires from him and tried to talk him out of this situation. But instead, he pretended that there was nothing strange happening and just kept buying from him.
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Finally, Felix Garcia the sales manager for the Huntington Sales Office is also responsible for the losses of the company. As the sale manager, he never contacted any customers about their complaints and just let subordinates deal with those issues. When in 1996, the inventory shrinkage represented 2. 1 percent of the inventory, he did not think it was excessive and did nothing to understand this shrinkage. He believed that his only job was to sell tires and that was it so he never investigated any strange situation happening in the company.
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He believes that stigmatizing overeating in children will be a feasible solution to end the increasing epidemic of childhood obesity. However, Critser has several problems linked to his simple solution to a very complex problem. First, Critser doesn’t talk about the discrimination and the rude treatment that people struggling with obesity face. Second, he claims American families are to blame for this epidemic, but really parents are the ones who are held responsible for their children’s eating behaviors in the first place.
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Third, by enforcing children to avoid overeating will only cause mental problems associated with the tension and stress on when and how to eat their food. Fourth, parents should set an example on how they eat their food, because a child will act the same way as how they see their parents eating. Lastly, by stigmatizing the unhealthy behaviors due to obesity, in accordance to, trying not to stigmatize the person or people, really is stigmatizing the children who are suffering from being obese.
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There are many variables involved in the epidemic of childhood obesity that Critser does not recognize, for example the diseases or genetics that are involved with obesity. The feasible solution Critser argues might help in the short run with a decrease in childhood obesity, but in the long run his solution will not solve the overall epidemic to end childhood obesity. To begin with, Critser never mentions the discriminating effects and rude treatment that obese people deal with the minute they step out in society.
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Many Americans would rather die or cut off a limb than be fat, many believe that fatness is a serious health risk, and many are convinced that is a simple matter to reduce one’s body size and are so offended by body fat that they believe it is acceptable to shun fat people and make them the butt of cruel jokes. Those who are fat quickly learn to be deeply ashamed of their bodies and spend their lives trying to become what they are not and hide what can’t be hidden. Our society believes that thinness signals self-discipline and self-respect, whereas fatness signals self-contempt and lack of resolve. 66) Worley goes into depth on some of the thoughts that are running through obese peoples’ mind when going out in society. This is including all adults and children. The discrimination that obese children suffer from is long lasting detrimental effects. These feelings and emotions that are developed as a child can play a vital role in one’s self-esteem along with their confidence and how they will conduct themselves day by day. Nowhere is the article Critser talks about the discrimination an obese person has to deal with.
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Critser would mention two things in his article that would affect the feelings of obese children and one of them was the feeling that obese children deal with is that “pressure causes tension” (1). The other thing was his solution he thinks that will end the epidemic of obesity, which was, to stigmatize the behavior of overeating while yet not to stigmatize the person engaged in the behavior. Critser was all wrong in thinking this would actually work around the world and not just the Westernized countries. In addition, Critser says, “No one should be stigmatized for being overweight.
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But stigmatizing the unhealthful behaviors that cause obesity would conform with what we know about effective health messages” (1). He then goes on to add a false analogy with the campaigns against unprotected sex and smoking. He first is wrong when trying to link obesity with smoking. The two problems are irrelevant to each other besides the fact that both are bad for your health. His focus on unprotected sex and homosexuals in one of his analogies takes offense to anyone who is bigoted, because heterosexuals and homosexuals are the same kind of people with different interests.
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People who are bigoted go onto discriminate them. That is a false analogy because what does unprotected sex and also homosexuals have to do with obesity in children. Next, Critser’s solution in ways of stigmatizing the unhealthy behaviors associated with obesity and overeating is not the overall solution to conquer this growing epidemic worldwide. The solution is one that may help slow down obesity, but his solution is such a simple solution to such a complex problem. There are many problems associated with obesity; along with there are many solutions to help conquer childhood obesity.
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Critser is wrong that society can stigmatize overeating without stigmatizing the person engaging in the behavior. “Food for thought: Children’s views on the psychological aspects of childhood obesity” in Educational and Child Psychology, Debbie Mansfield and Georgina Doutre discuss the “psychological aspects of childhood obesity” along with the “children’s views” and “how to protect obese children from stigmatizing effects” (23). Children are being stigmatized for being obese.
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The children are subject to “negative stereotyping and discrimination by their peers,” and “self-esteem issues, negative body image, depressive symptoms” (Braet, Calamaro and Waite, Hesketh, Koplan, Miller and Downey 24). This proves that Critser’s solution is not going to work. His solution won’t work because, when one is trying to stigmatize the behavior of overeating, then the person who is obese is also subject to the stigmatization. Furthermore, the parents also play a vital role when their child is obese. Children learn through what they see especially when they are at a young age.
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The “foot soldiers against obesity” is the American family and are needed to put their children on a “dietary restraint” to avoid “gluttony” (1). According to Critser, this saying that the American family is a problem to childhood obesity but later says parents aren’t to blame. Critser uses a strawman tactic saying pressure causes tension by Diamonds. This is true in a sense, but the way Critser uses this saying is that he leaves it at that. He says no more. He doesn’t mention anything else about pressure causing tension. He just quotes Diamonds and what they have to say.
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The tactic works well in his article, because this is true but it is not linked to his primary solution. “Childhood obesity could be related to the ignorance or denial of the negative consequences from an individual or family perspective” (Davidson and Birch 24). Critser may agree with this. “On the other hand, parental acceptance and lack of concern regarding weight issues can be a protective factor for the self-esteem of overweight children” (Stradmeijer 24). A study on obese children concluded that participants are “accepting attitudes and mpathy towards obese children,” obese children make their own choices over their own “destiny” (Mansfield and Doutre 27). There were also negative consequences linked to obesity. Being obese caused a lack of friends for children, more bullying occurred, limited to different sporting activities, and serious health consequences (Mansfield and Doutre 28). Parents can help their children in ways to avoid all these emotional consequences their obese children have to deal with along with the psychological effects it has. Mansfield and Doutre provide a table of children’s views of supportive mechanisms for obesity.
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Some parental discipline and encouragement could be for their children to stop lounging around and do more exercise and eat more fruits and veggies instead of snacks (Mansfield and Doutre 29). A few coping strategies would be to ignore it, their personal choice, and avoidance, accordance to that children think it’s not anybody else’s life to choose who you want to be and rather skinny or fat it is what you want to be (Mansfield and Doutre 29). Critser thinks that kids don’t know much, when really they seem to have an understanding and knowing about the problems associated with obesity.
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The school systems try to promote exercise to prevent obesity from occurring. It is healthy for children to make their own positive choices. Instead of stigmatizing the behavior of overeating, schools can provide a real good background to children. Moreover, Critser’s article shows weakness in some parts of the article. Critser included a Pennsylvania state university scholar Barbara Rolls that talked about a study she conducted. Her study noticed that the three years old children stopped eating when they were full no matter what the portion size was, but the five year old children devoured everything that was in front of them.
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Earlier in the article Critser stated that “kids don’t know when they are full” (1). Another weakness that Critser wrote was when he mocked the experts saying that kids have the right to make bad nutritional choices. This doesn’t have much support in his paper or evidence along with Critser is comparing two different eras. “Nutrition, Health, and Schoolchildren” written by Judy Butriss states alternative dietary suggestions whether it refers to healthy snacks to the decrease of food intake in a child. the dietary suggestions include; A balanced, varied diet for the whole family, avoiding grazing and TV snacks, healthy snacks (fruits) as alternatives to sweets, chocolate, biscuits, whole food that take time to eat, and grill or boil food instead of frying” (Butriss 294). Finally, in Critser’s article he uses loaded language and unfair argumentation with words like gluttony, foot soldiers, and infantry. Critser uses the term foot soldiers in a way against obesity that we are pushing for obesity and not seem to care as much. In a way that foot soldiers can be like foot soldiers that just are taught to march and march and nothing else.
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Critser sounded bias with this term. He also uses the term infantry. Infantry is referring to the American family along with the term foot soldiers. The two terms go together and act as if the American family just keeps encouraging obesity rather than preventing it. This is unfair argumentation because this is not necessarily true. Critser is being bias in the terms he uses. The last piece of loaded language Critser uses is gluttony where he uses the term twice. The term gluttony can be defined as greedy or excessive indulgence, and many children with obesity are labeled as gluttonous.
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In the beginning of the essay Critser says, “needs to promulgate [. . . ] dietary restraint, something our ancestors knew simply as avoiding gluttony” (1). Critser says that no person should be stigmatized for being overweight, but his idea is to stigmatize the unhealthy behaviors associate with obesity (Critser 1). This is an unfair argumentation because Critser uses the inconsiderable word gluttony a few times and is also bias to the idea of anti-fat. This is a mistake by using the fully loaded word gluttony, because obese people have enough on their plate and don’t need any more judgments that obesity implies.
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In conclusion, Critser’s simple solution to such a complex problem is just not going to work. His claims that stigmatizing the behavior of overeating due to obesity, American families cause obesity, portion control and dietary restraint needs to be enforced, and even never to put a kid on a diet seems to not be supportive enough to back his simple solution. His loaded language use of gluttony causes a problem due to the judgmental attitude it implies. Instead, this causes the many social, physical and even economical problems to rise.
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When one is obese this does raise the thought of a shortened life span and risks to mental diseases, due to the seclusion, one may receive just for seeing themselves as obese. The parents and school teachers come up with ways children can cope a lot easier with being obese. For example, the ways of exercise, change the behavior in how a child will eat snacks (healthy alternatives), and the knowledge that obese children can gain without the loss of self-esteem and confidence. In the end of it all, Critser’s solution to stigmatize the behavior of overeating in a child is the complete reverse approach.
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Physical you have to balances your body everyday, balances everything, life styles, but you have to keep balances nutrition a good diabeth, there are tools help you with arthritis, blood presser, diabeth, and sleeping pattern there way that can help us as we aging. 2) New information gained from watching the video? The most important it shows me is that is important keep a daily a role to a healthy life like going to doctor and truth to talk about the changes of aging that’s one way to keep healthy.
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Yes I have thank you I think its wonderful aging. Aida I. Rivera GRT110 introduction to the study of Aging Dr. Jackie Griswold Video reaction: 2) How our body age Functions, capacity senescence are as normal process understanding the aging process as normal as we aging in the terms as biological theories of aging is a process universal all members experience the phenomenon this are some of the changes first graying hair or sagging wrinkle skin stooped shoulders spot slow walking shuffling gait.
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Like they said in the video, we have to change as we aging . we have to a dot as we aging as long we understand why we live as long we live the better its get. ) New information gained from watching the video? That satisfaction that I can do something for the future aging and that we can do thing as, we aging that’s find with me, because I like to keep do. 2) How the experiences of the older adults in the video affected your personal view of aging? That I can be a better elder went get there, it’s affected no, I love it, I would a friend at that age. 3) Any comments you have regarding the video? I personally would recommend the video very understands examined the entire important thing you need to know.
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Aida I. Rivera GRT 110 Introductions to the Study of Aging Dr. Jackie Griswold Video Reaction: 1) Myth s and realities of Aging 1) Aging is not how you look is how you feel about getting old makes the different, when you get old things change memoirs the way you think and look, some people that will critical you on how you that you show act you age, they will said negate things all is important what you feel and you look. Future aging is how you feel about yourself and your attitude of your and thru you.
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In the video they said they feel free and take decisions for themselves one said they act as you feel, you could keep doing, what you were doing before went if you are 90 well that different you will be surprise all you have accomplish knowing from where you are and what you have done or came its important to be positive before there was a pyramid, but there a trends the role as parent we play a important role good relationship with the family in very way and different, they feel very proud of their parent the impact baby boom have the demo policies went baby boom want re 75% women will live long than men as the population raisins as we look to the future aging not as a dieses, aging as a grand exist. 2) New information gained from watching the video? They show me that everything has different culture in aging.
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The Knowledge and the process of very stage and model role. And that religion ass not change thru aging is whites’ people and that knowledge will be there. 3) Any other comments you have regarding the video? I like the part where the daughter of 95 years is having a happy meal with her mom whose 125 years she was very proud, as we aging its get better. Aida Rivera GRT 110 Introductions to the Study Aging Dr. Jackie Griswold Video Reaction: 4 Loves, Intimacy and Sexuality 1) Many changes occur in the body between the ages of 45 and 60 as 10 and 25. How changes in young peoples bodies an effect their behavior change that occur in older bodies. Most America seems obsessed with sex and love.
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The media over flow with sexual image and inurn does they focus exclusively on youth American popular culture the conclude that the young are preoccupied with love and sex the interest in these matters disappears when a person hits middle age some would look for sexual stereotypes would look at television and hardly see an older person involved in an erotic, deep loving relationship you see young people in their 20s and 30s if you look at television commercials reflect advertisers wanting to be aware of how reflect society’s attitudes you hardly see an older person in a television commercial in a erotic situation or loving situation all they do on television all is making coffee or worry about their dentures will fall out commercial it’s nonexistent image stereotypes sex is for young people.
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The exception the way when older people are show in humorous cast engaging in sex or in relationship of course the golden girl’s older woman brings sexually interested in somebody they may be inappropriate for older woman to still be sexual? All you have to do go to these card shop and they will tell you about your decline how to deal with it sympathy cards about your loss they being in your 30s older people laugh at that is still offensive to see that something that is important in life to find the source of stereotypes about greeting card contemporary some people don’t stop think our culture sex is for reproduction, the people that are preserved as appropriate for ex they’re people of childbearing and ears, people who are healthy, attractive these bring sexual, they are supposed to do sexually, lead to reproduction and negative attitudes in our society about adult masturbation because don’t lead to pregnancy lot people think sex is to connected with pregnancy negative attitudes about lesbians and gay men because what they do couldn’t lead to reproduction look at our stereotypes, ideas and values about what is appropriate sex it boil down to having socially approved pregnancy and that does not include older people.
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The competing influences what’s appropriate and what’s not the facts remains that older adults are sexual brings what they do and how they do it is as divers the population itself sex is an ongoing thing as we grow older our sexual and reproductive systems change women and men experience these changes differently the female reproductive system consists of the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus and the vagina a mature woman every month is ovulating will produce and egg if not fertilized will menstruate the ovary produces along with the egg hormones that are needed by the female body to reproductive structures in fertile situation and these are estrogen and progesterone when a woman ages the eggs within the ovary became resorted and the ovary stops producing estrogen to continue with the normal cycling normal processes an adult woman expects.
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She will stop menstruating when this condition persists more than a year the woman is termed menopausal the physiological change associated with menopause are affected by a woman’s estrogen levels very from woman to woman the primary source of estrogen is the ovary but women also produce estrogen from their adrenal glands there certain amount of variation individual to individual, the body as it decreases we find that the uterus became smaller, the vagina became drier, the tissues of the vagina became thinner, there change in the breast, some changes in the skin, there organ and tissues react to estrogen and the absence of estrogen changes that ensue estrogen replacement is prescribed by physician for menopausal women there are benefits and risks the benefit of taking estrogen replacement therapy is to control the hot flashes 2) How the experiences of the older adults in the video affected your personal view of aging? 3) Any other comments you have regarding video? Aida I. Rivera GRT 110 Introductions to the Study of Aging Dr. Jackie Griswold Video Reaction: 7
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The social roles implication of that are as fellows is every important to begin with the recognition we’re in the middle of a demographic revolution and stated simply never before in history of our species have many individuals lived so long that’s the demographic background the social roles of implication of that are fellows most of human history we have had roles which are social positions that have rights and duties and expectations associated with them has a fairly clear definition of childhood roles and them of adult roles like parent and marriage partners and economic roles we haven’t had are retirement roles today’s aged are pioneers in time they are creating social roles for a large number of individuals first time in history been old in our soctily mean different things to different people, older people have much autonomy when you think about role of an older person as an attribute thinking is freedom and autonomy most people who are retired who launched their children where really don’t have to do anything with anybody they don’t want to do anything with they don’t have to be with people they want to be with nor occupy a role they don’t want to occupy there’s lots of choice operating there which means there won’t be specific roles you can point to and say this is what older people are doing .
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Friendships are important to older people and especially important for those with few family members, sometime older people take on surrogate family roles for their neighbors in senior housing or retirement communities relatively few people are still working at age 65 freed from the pressures of work they enjoy a wide range to leisure activities some are things they’ve always done other activities are new . As the older population grows accurate information about aging and older people, important increase researchers collect information about social roles through three basic methods observation, interviews and surveys in observational analysis researcher makes a detailed recording of a person’s behavior and interactions with others in an objective neutral manner Dr.
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Vern Benton give an example and here I’m thinking of the work of Jaber Gubrium at Florida state university he spent a year in a nursing home several years just writing down what was happened and he published his account in a book called living and dying in Murray manor all he did was watch the interaction of the patients in a terminal long-term care facility the interactions of the staff with each other, the staff with the patients, the doctor occasionally came in very occasionally and the administrator from that he come up with a astonishing variety of activities that reflected roles a second way together information interview people and to categorize their responses . Dr.
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Archly Learned the value of the interview method early in his career the first study that he does to look at the relationship between the job role and the self-concept what he was interested in was the effect of retirement on self-concept of careen women and he picked two different occupational categories school teacher and telephone operators these were the days when mostly women were telephone operators his gone through the traditional sociology literature found that everybody predicted that, you know when people retired this was the end of life as we know it you expected that people retired just dropped off the face of the earth he had all of negative hypotheses what he expected retirement to do to these women , he did he’s first practice interview on a 82-year-old school teacher at end first he said thank I appreciate your answers she said when will you ask about good stuff?
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He said “tell me about it” for the next hour and a half he sat there getting writer’s cramp listening to all the good stuff about retirement why it wasn’t a problem for her and her self-concept here cast the interview schedule and did another study looking for both positive and negative out comes that be great, if he done that survey in the mail or sent people to do the interviews or hadn’t done them myself he never would have found those positive effects because he was there to listen a third method for gathering information is the survey the rope and gall up polls are example of well-know national surveys collects data from a representative sample of a relatively large population information is gathered by questionnaire which can be mailed to participants or administered by telephone or personal interview surveys on social roles might ask these questions like are you employed? Are you a Grandparent? You have one or more hobbies?
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Compared the roles of older men and women suggests it holds a message for young men of today older females characteristically have more roles than 70 to 75 year old males the implication for that at least for college students college men should right now begin diversifying they should begin investing effort in variety of roles in 30 years, 40 years when they retire from a formal occupational role, they will not have to look around and say “now what do I do” that’s long term-planning understand the behavior of older people may be missing very important information they are always analyzing data collected from people they haven’t talk to the advise students who are doing that to find people who are like the folks who responded to that survey do the interview with them .
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They understand what they were facing, if they had problem with the question use multimethod they are tool effective looking at social roles, reseacher’s who study the roles and relationship. 2) How the experiences of the older adults in the video affected your personal view of aging? I can wait to see what will happen. 3) Any comments you have regarding the video? Aida I. Rivera GRT11O Introduction to the Study Aging Dr. Jackie Griswold Video Reaction: 8 Families and Intergeneration Relation Changing values as parent or grandparents A popular assumption tends to abandon or distance themselves from older members of the family statistics don’t bear this out. Research shows that about ? f older adults live with or hear a family member, most of those who don’t have frequent phone contact or correspondence a look at the modern family structure shows that is getting more complex with a increase in four and five generation families. The fabric of older society is woven with many distinct and colorful threads approximately 5% of older people have non marry such as the case with Ethel Cooper, she never marry, but she doesn’t regard it, she not sorry. Social work against success marriage, Celestine Eggleston come from a broken home and her own marriage failed, leaving her as the single head of the household, coming from a background where there was not happy marriage long-lived marriage.
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What we’re exposed in these time not much about how marriage work, what was real. Our history in terms of the fact in early days in quotes-blacks weren’t allowed to marry, were not allowed to really in quotes have family in a traditional sense as a European family would suddenly to be some expectations that there was going to be this family with black male carrying out a particular role that person didn’t understand was bit much, on top that the economic expectation, one didn’t have the education, didn’t have the skills to continue to provide for that family net work was something that moved that black male outside of the family, when we talk about the older black woman bring the matriarch.
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The social situation there was no choice for her to be stabilizing factor in the family with great pride that one was able to keep that family together it also very sad that had to be, but as the children came and grew things began to change differences over child-raising causing marital tensions. Research tells us that marital distress increases the husbands on his wife, who used to have her realm-a private one now someone who is making demands on her time, she doesn’t enjoy it another body research say exactly the opposite after the initial adjustment period of having the husband home it’s a positive time their leisure time activities their political activities, their traveling time increases and very positive time of increased intimacy and warmth with one another we do need more research.
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However a person won’t necessarily go directly from being a contributing family member is a example to become completely dependent they talk about Pasqual Capone family said he a example for them, they love him every much, about some of roles older parents and grandparents player within the family as we seen a variety of helping patterns, whether is financial or emotional, support, a good deal of help commonly flows from older to the young generation. If older people became frail can they expect to receive the they need from their families or they became caregivers to their own parent, care giving a term used to refer to the support, financial, physical, emotional that families provide to an older family member especially, when this older family member is frail by frail is one is on longer able to be as completely independent as one would like too. Now when we talk about care given we’re looking at a combination or convergence of demographic and socio-economic term we’re looking at the fact that their older people the fact that there are less children.
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Women are back to work in the past the majority of care given and care giving is an unpaid job, women who were in tradition sense of what wives were about husbands worked and wives stayed at home. Average age of care givens today’s is 57 or 58 the women grow up in different time than today, there been warning of this term with us last 20 years, but maybe we are not listening the fact that women will not be able to quit a job to take care of mom and dad, because women work for necessity for financial neglect that women are single parents and are divorced a job absolutely not luxury vice neglecting all of these trends so it should be a concern for everyone in our society who will pick up this job of caring for mom and dad. When we know that 80% of the frail are care for not by institutions if not by a family members, we mean women.
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What will happen to this huge source of free labor is not longer available this mean this is a conflict, if women are no longer able to do this someone has to and it will cost plenty to govement are to provide incentives to families to try to get them to continue to care for our elderly. 2) How the experiences of the older adults in the video affected personal view of aging? There are program that take care them and day care and that every good for them too. And that marriage hard work, but is worth it. 3) Any other comments you have regarding the video? Yes I like video remember me of mi having fun with granddaughter. Aida I. Rivera GRT 110 Introductions to the Study of Aging Dr.
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Jackie Griswold Video Reaction: 10 Health status the presence or absence of disease, disability level of functioning in ability to complete multiple tasks ADL’S- Activities of Daily Living and IADL’S- Instrumental Activities Daily Living quality of life in health and illness ability to activities, daily living, satisfaction social interactions and function health adjust to there health to the aging process chronic and acute diseases, heart disease, cancer and strokes among older people this are common chronic disease. Older drivers are less likely to speed, bad weather, at night, freeway traffic, rush hour and while there drunk they don’t drive.
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The primary health promotion programs of older adults to reduce the incidence disabling chronic diseases, improving health program designed lifestyle, preferences and culture of older adults a relationship between personal health habits and well active aging Aida I. Rivera Title: Introduction to the Aging Calculating Your Real Age and Your Life Expectancy Calculator: living to 100 life Expectancy Calculator: The Real Age Test 1) What was your reaction to the real age test and the life expectancy age calculated for you? Well I think your age is how you feel if you feel good and young there’s nothing to say about. My calculation of age was 49. 9 went, I’m 50 years, I think I’m doing well. 2) Have you been thinking your age your health or how long you may live?
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About my age I don’t think much, but about my health I do think a lot with out health your time go faster there nothing better than a good health that, if I want to live long, if God lets me live to 100 years that be good. 3) How might you make changes in your age your life, if your real age is higher than your chronological age to extend your life span and improve the quality of your health? Well my age came good 49. 9, I’m 50 years, but still I have to make changes and improver in, how I eat healthier and exercise more like walk more than I do. 4) What your estimated life expectancy are influence you’re thinking about your career(s) and retirement?
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No it’s doesn’t change, I think, I’m doing well, I meaning the right thing keep a good health and a family that care for me too. 5) What are implications of your estimated longevity in term of your health and income needs? I hope to have a good health so I can have a income, because if I don’t have a health, I can work and I like to work keep myself. 6) Any other thoughts or feeling about your real age or estimated life expectancy that you want to share with me? Oh yes another test tell me that, I’m going to live 95 years since that good; I hope to keep the good work up. What can I said I feel good. Its good went they said you look young for your age it makes you feel so, so good inside and outside.
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Javier (2007) noted that on a national level, Filipino-Americans are the second largest Asian/Pacific Islander (API) population. Within this population, Filipino-American youth and adolescents in the US show disparities compared to Anglo and other API groups in regard to gestational diabetes, rates of neonatal mortality and low birth weight, malnutrition in young children, obesity, physical inactivity and fitness, tuberculosis, dental caries and substance abuse.
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One possible conclusion is that in neighborhoods that are co-populated densely by both Latino and Filipino-American households with similar earnings and employment characteristics (such as in Historic Filipinotown), Filipino-Americans fare about the same as their Latino neighbors when it comes to chronic disease. This demonstrates that working class and lower income Filipino-American households in LA County suffer from health problems more than other API opulations in the County. Taken together, these studies lend support to the perception among Filipino-American community leaders in Los Angeles that (1) persistent disparities in health and health care do exist for Filipino-Americans relative to other groups; and (2) Filipino-Americans are not adequately researched for ethnic-specific tendencies in health and health care access.
Topic: family

The report examines the relationship between cultural themes that came up in the survey and the actual health status and healthcare service use patterns of Filipino/Filipino Americans. Though specific to the Filipino community in Los Angeles, the findings are relevant for Filipino communities throughout the United States. From the report this writer has been able to collate substantial data for this paper on US health disparities focusing on the older Filipino Americans. Elderly Filipino-Americans, like other ethnic minorities in the US, are not exempt from the disparities within the health care system.
Topic: family

Health care access, utilization and assimilation in the US health care delivery system can be very challenging particularly for the newly-arrived immigrants. They tend to rely on their families for support since the majority of them are not eligible for government health care funds and social security benefits. In addition to financial constraints, lack of mobility or minimal English proficiency and tenacious adherence to their own Filipino cultural and health beliefs can create a barrier to health care utilization. “Bahala na” basically means “whatever will be, will be. As a way of supporting good health and in responding to illness, Filipinos have this unusual ability to accept things as they are. This position enables many Filipino-Americans to accept, and endure, great suffering including suffering from illness or injury. “Hiya” refers to a deep impulse to protect against a loss of face, especially if there are differences of opinion in a group on a sensitive matter. Such protection can be for one’s own sake or for another person. One example is misunderstandings due to language barriers.
Topic: family

Some patients may not express it openly, but feel shamed or embarrassed in front of health care providers when they cannot understand or be understood properly. Further, older Filipino-American patients have difficulty in communicating effectively with health care providers. This can turn into an urgent problem if and when Filipino-Americans suffer from a high incidence of chronic and/or serious illness (such as diabetes or TB). “Kapwa” suggests “togetherness” and equality of status regardless of class or race. Cultural norms energize Filipinos to care for others in every sense, as fellow human beings.
Topic: family

This type of relationship supports a structure of familism (tight-knit extended family structures). Caring for the health of each member within one’s family or kinship network is thus a top priority. The Filipino-American population has the highest percentage (27%) among Asian Americans of grandparents living with and caring for their grandchildren who are under 18 years of age. Conversely, there is a preference among families to provide direct care to their aging parents at home, regardless of the sacrifices required, rather than moving them into a convalescent facility.
Topic: family

In America, this same commitment is extended by Filipino-Americans beyond their kinship groups to neighbors, friends and even strangers. The tradition of putting the group first and looking out for other group members has helped make Filipino-Americans have such a prominent presence as recognized professionals and workers in the U. S. healthcare sector. According to Periyakoil and Dela Cruz (2010), Filipino-Americans who have been in the U. S. A. for a long time are more acculturated to the American health system than those who recently migrated.
Topic: family

The less acculturated immigrants adhere more to traditional systems of medicine and prefer indigenous healing practices, such as the use of complementary and alternative medicine. Before seeking professional help, Filipino older adults tend to manage their illnesses by self-monitoring of symptoms, ascertaining possible causes, determining the severity and threat to functional capacity, and considering the financial and emotional burden to the family. Filipino older adults tend to cope with illness with the help of family and friends, and by faith in God.
Topic: family

The Internet has a wealth of information and you are advised to use the Internet as often as possible to broaden your knowledge on certain topics. Prescribed books You are expected to purchase the following prescribed books for this module: Clark, MJ. 2008. Community health nursing: advocacy for population health. 5th edition. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Edelman, CL & Mandle, CL. 2006. Health promotion through the lifespan. 5th edition. St Louis: Mosby. Edelman and Mandle (2006) has very valuable information on health promotion and covers the entire life span, from birth to death.
Topic: family

In addition to your study guide, this book is very important: you will find a wealth of information. Clark (2008) is a book on community health nursing that emphasises the dimensions model of community health nursing right through. This is a very valuable model which will help you to gain a holistic and systematic approach towards the individual, family and community. (viii) The information in these two books is complementary. Together with the study guide it will help you to gain the knowledge and skills you will need to supply health care to individuals, families and communities.
Topic: family

You will find a series of icons in the text to guide you as you progress with your studies. Activity When you see this icon, you will know that you must complete an activity. We may ask you to read a specific section in the prescribed literature, apply given information, think about topics that have not been introduced, find your own information or ask other people for information. Please read the instructions carefully. Assessment criteria This icon indicates the questions that you can use to assess your own understanding of the work. These questions are adapted from the outcomes.
Topic: family

You are told what you should do to prove that you have met the learning outcomes. Prescribed reading When you see this icon, study or read the prescribed book as indicated, before continuing with the next section. Learning outcome This icon tells you how you will benefit in the field of practice if you know the content of the specific learning unit. The outcomes tell you what you will be able to do after you have studied the work. h Feedback This icon tells you what was expected from you when you did the activity. It will not necessarily give you all the facts but will give you guidelines on how to answer the question.
Topic: family

Not all of the activities will have feedback because many of the answers are given in your prescribed books. (ix) Conclusion This module is designed to enable you to work with families in the community. It is based on the needs and problems of the family. It covers individuals who are part of the family and the family as part of the community. After completion of this module, together with the practice module, you will be able to take responsibility for practising as an independent community nurse in any community setting. PART 1 THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN COMMUNITY HEALTH 2 Learning unit 1
Topic: family

Concepts and theories/ models in community health Outcomes Since theories/models provide you with the knowledge you need to practise community health in a scientific way, it is essential for you to be familiar with the various theories/models in the field to be able to apply them to community health. When you have worked through this learning unit you will be able to: * * * * 1. 1 describe various concepts in theoretical thinking explain selected theories/models in detail describe the key concepts and themes of the selected theories/models apply the theories/models to community health
Topic: family

Introduction While we will discuss theories/models in general in this learning unit, we will also deal with several selected theories in more depth in order to indicate how they can be applied to community health. It is currently accepted that theories form the basis of community health. Since theories provide us with the knowledge we need to practise community health in a scientific way, it is essential for the community nurse to be familiar with the various theories/models in the field and to be able to apply them to community health. 1. 2 Theoretical thinking as a language
Topic: family

The terms theory, model, conceptual framework, conceptual model are often used synonymously in literature. The literature reflects various conflicting opinions about the terms, their usage and meaning. According to Polit and Beck (2008:141) a conceptual model or a conceptual framework represents a more informal mechanism for organising and discussing phenomena or concepts, while theories are more formal in nature. Conceptual theories, frameworks and models are composed of concepts or constructs. These concepts or constructs are interdependent because they systematically demonstrate the relationship between variables.