ktmeng/mec huggingface dataset:
Topic: family

Why should young children have to go through so much pain and hurt? Sadly some children die of incidents getting out of hand or some suicidal from all the distress they’ve been through. A Childs future could be ruined and they haven’t done a harmful thing in their life, or even had an opportunity to live their life with out being beaten or abused everyday. Please, Please make a donation today! Just ï¿½3 a month, for the kids benefit.
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Advertising is a way of conveying information to a wide range of people. Companies use adverts to sell their products. Campaign adverts use persuasive language to encourage people to support their campaign, or to change their behaviour. cAdvertising is everywhere, on T. V, in newspapers and magazines, on the Internet and in the cinema, you can’t even walk down the street without seeing and advert for something. Companies use adverts to sell new products, increase brand awareness, and attract custom.
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As advertising is so successful it is used increasingly more. We pay for the adverts whenever we buy the product. Advertising works by capturing the attention of the target audience with eye-catching images and catchy slogans. Some examples are Nike-“just do it” and Tesco- “every little helps. ” Advertising also plays on people’s feelings of guilt, need, and insecurity by producing ideal worlds, making people feel that if they buy the product their lives will be better.
Topic: family

Their mission is similar my campaign which is to advocate for abused women and children and to ensure their safety by working locally and nationally to: offer support and a place of safety to abused women and children by providing refuges and other services, empower women affected by domestic violence to determine their own lives, recognize and meet the needs of children affected by domestic violence, promote policies and practices to prevent domestic violence and also raise awareness of the extent and impact of domestic violence in society.
Topic: family

One of Women’s Aid campaigns is sponsored by The Body Shop; they are helping to Stop Violence in the Home with the sale of a new Mint Lip Care Stick. A small thing can make a big difference! Not only will the new Mint Lip Care Stick from The Body Shop care for your lips, it will also help raise much-needed funds to support women and children experiencing domestic violence. The new Mint Lip Care Stick is being launched on 21 April as part of The Body Shop ‘Stop Violence in The Home’ campaign for 2005. i??1. 50 from each Mint Lip Care Stick (RRP i??3. 50) sold will be donated to Women’s Aid.
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In the UK, 1 in 4 women can expect to experience domestic violence at some stage in their life and The Body Shop campaign aims to help those women who are at risk, as well as build awareness of the issue. Women’s Aid use a mix of formal and informal language as a delicate balance, It is used to make the charity look to have authority but more importantly, the informality is a device used not to intimidate the audience and make them come across warm and friendly. The charity also emphasizes on the use of emotive pictures and language to win across their target audience. br seebebw oreb ebk ineb foeb eb. The aim of my campaign was to increase the public awareness of abuse and how people can assist the abused in a subtle way without causing them to lose their dignity. It will hopefully be a very strong and reasonably hard-hitting campaign, and will get people who see it to think about the issues it raises. In this campaign used two different
Topic: family

For instance, the reason I chose a poster in particular to be out in a magazine is because I feel that tabloids are generally used to flick through and commonly read by people who are not greatly interested in news etc, whereas the stereotypical magazine reader is someone who enjoys reading and thoroughly goes through their magzine. Also my billboard idea is one, which specifically interests me because I think it would be excellent to achieve as the range of audience reached would be massive, because people driving and passing by would all see it even if it was for a few short seconds. please do not redistribute this project. We work very hard to create this website Using my own knowledge as well as the research obtained from the Women’s Aid campaign, I was able to come up with my own advertisements. The three advertisements are coherent with each other the first billboard reads “No one should endure pain”, the second billboard reads “It doesn’t have to be like this… ” and the third which is a poster reads “There is a place”.
Topic: family

The use of black background represents seriousness whilst the white writing represents the chastity of the victims of abuse, and the image within a circle can as denotate a world of confinement as well as immediately being recognized by the audience as my campaign advertisements. The first billboard with the title “No one should endure Pain! ” portrays a close up image of a distraught young woman with her hand on her head; she is also wearing black connoting sadness. Around the image are short sentences of a story which is being told of how abuse takes place, first sentence “honeymoon period” connoting the blithe that once existed.
Topic: family

Then the second sentence “tension building” indicating that things are building up to the major event and the third sentence “serious battering incident” connotates the abuse which has taken place. The facial expression of the young women is of someone in contemplation, which shows that she might be possibly blaming herself for the abuse. The image was taken in a house on the stair well, showing the audience that violence can affect the lives of millions of women worldwide, in all socio-economic and educational classes.
Topic: family

Unlike abusive men, who often have specific characteristics, abused women do not fall into particular personality categories before the abuse begins. Being in an abusive situation, however, tends to trigger similar response patterns in the victims of abuse. Some women leave. But the climate of shame, uncertainty and fear “a war zone” make an abused woman less likely to take assertive action to value and protect herself, particularly if the woman comes from a family or cultural background that supports the idea of men being dominant.
Topic: family

The second billboard with the title “It doesn’t have to be like this… ” shows a mid shot image of a child with a hand over his head leaning towards the stair case, with another hand above him about to hit him. There is a speech bubble next to the child saying “mummy my head hurts again”, this depicts the child’s thoughts, because an abused child would be too afraid to say this out aloud. The child is wearing a white t-shirt representing innocence and purity, also an indication that abused children are not so nai??ve to their surroundings after it takes place a few times.
Topic: family

The little boy’s facial expressions show a child in fear, which contradicts the idea that a child deserves safety. The denotation of this image depicts a child that is definitely being affected by the violence happening around him. The large image on the page attracts attention and is more emotional than words. The image of the child makes the reader feel guilty. Also the background of the child in the picture shows how uncomfortable it is to live in that sort of environment, and again is addressing the reader with guilt.
Topic: family

Perhaps the child got “caught in the crossfire” and became a victim of violence themselves, either being accidentally pushed or hit during a violent outburst, or one of his parents may inflict intentional damage upon him as represented by the speech bubble. This young child lives in fear, waiting for the next violent episode. He feels no security in his own home, but is too young to seek out other alternatives. Even if children are not victims of assault themselves, children are seriously traumatized by living in a violent home. Both boys and girls who witness violence quickly learn that violence is an appropriate way to resolve conflict.
Topic: family

They may get into fights at school or in the neighborhood. As they get older, these children are less and less understanding of their mother. Some may begin to verbally or physically abuse her as they have seen their fathers do. Girls in particular may learn that being a victim is inevitable and see no way out of the pattern. As adolescents, girls may begin dating and become involved in relationships which grow to be abusive. They accept threats, controlling behavior and violence from their boyfriends. Children may live in shame of the hidden violence and be embarrassed by the family secret.
Topic: family

Their self-confidence and self-esteem are slowly taken away, along with their confidence in the future. The last is a poster with the title “There is a place… ” showing a close up shot of a woman and her baby, the mother is lovingly embracing her baby. On the side of the image is “we all deserve safety, comfort and love” paraphrasing what we all need apart from the basic necessities of life. The women is dressed in black representing gloomy mood, whilst the child in pink representing the perfection of this baby being nai??ve to the world around it.
Topic: family

The facial expression of the young woman is of alleviation, showing that she has a safe place for her and her child. The image is in some for a metaphor for the title, because it goes well together. The image connotates that the emotional consequences of violence can be extensive, this woman whether abused as an adult or a child, feels in some way responsible for what has happened to her. Perhaps this woman feels she is to blame, and is left believing she could have done something to avoid it. Perpetrators of violence sometimes use these feelings of self-blame, and even reinforce them, as a way of ensuring that their victims do not speak out.
Topic: family

At the bottom of each billboard and poster, are the details written in white displaying the name of my charity “Young Women & Children’s Refuge”, and the contact details including telephone number and website. The framing of all my images was kept simple, with thin white frame to represent that despite violence and abuse there is some form of hope for victims, it can be seen as a white “flag” of peace and serenity. The last poster contained reassuring words, stating that women and shouldn’t suffer alone as the society is there to help.
Topic: family

It also attributes what it offers to abused victims and asks for a donation from the reader. This one contained more information due the fact that it was a poster that was being placed in magazine so the reader would in avertedly, take a few seconds to acknowledge it. Also the sentences at the top of each billboard and poster, is effective in playing on the reader’s emotions, so they feel some form of guilt about their lifestyle. I personally did like the outcome of the adverts, since I am I did experience some difficult decisions about color schemes, the way the pictures should be positioned and so forth.
Topic: family

Although I feel that the overall advertisements was a success, but there could have been room for lots of improvements. The female audience might feel sympathy for these women because of the issues addressed in the poster, because of the maternal instict. The advertisement also appealed to males as well, because it was showing the damage that thery could be inflickting upon or children. But because of the plainness of the images, it wouldn`t appeal to some men due to the fact that it is not a sexy model parading in a swimsuit. That`s why I think it had a bigger impression with female audience than the male audiences.
Topic: family

In both novels the narrator of the story seem to have a lot of people surrounding them, however both have someone they can turn to as their role model. Shug Avery has been presented as a rather likeable character in the colour purple, whom Celie has confided in, and has found true happiness with after the problems she faced throughout her childhood. In Oranges Are Not The Only Fruit, Jeanette seems to rely on Elsie Norris as someone she can rely on and as someone she can go to get away from the life of an oppre sed young girl who may not always want religion as her main priority.
Topic: family

The fact that her stepfather has raped her disturbs the readers thought about the story and how Celie is going to behave further on, we seem to be uncomfortable to be left with a vision of a young girl raped with no-one to help her get through it, the death of her mother and the role of her looking after her young siblings show us as the readers the hard life Celie has. The forced marriage she goes through effects us and we feel like this is the way her life is probably going to be till the end.
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When Shug Avery is introduced and Celie seems to have an interest in her it makes us as the readers have a sense of hope for Celie. Shug Avery is firstly mentioned in letter number 6, where Celie has no idea of who she is, neither do we, and as much as Celie is anxious to know ‘what it is’ we too want to know what it is that has brought interest into. Shug Avery being someone Celie dreams after this makes us happy and want to know whether Shug Avery will be a role in Celie’s life or not. Alice walker has probably deliberately used this style to make the readers like Shug Avery so far because it’s a turning point in Celie’s feelings about someone apart from her sister Nettie.
Topic: family

Jeanette in ‘Oranges’ starts her novel by talking about her own life and her relationship with her mother. She plays a slightly religious freak role that seems obsessed with her work and doesn’t like her daughter to be too much involved in anything apart from religion. For instance she doesn’t let Jeanette go to school and when Jeanette was ill (deaf ear) she changed her illness to something that had filled her with spirit, however she looks up to her mother admiringly without wanting to be like her, which is fair enough because it seems Jeanette isn’t very satisfied with the amount of attention she is paid personally.
Topic: family

Elsie Norris however, seems to be someone whom Jeanette admits that she ‘likes very much’. Elsie is an interest to Jeanette because in a sense she is rather different to Pastor Spratt who seems to be very hooked with Mrs Winterson’s work, her father who doesn’t even have a role yet in the novel. Elsie Norris provides Jeanette things that Jeanette finds a sentiment in, which are very different to the things found in her home. In her home she would be likely to find stacks of biblical books, and church hymns whereas in Elsie’s home there is things like an organ which they play on, foreign coins and ‘best of all she had a collage of Noah’s ark’
Topic: family

This shows that when she is with Elsie unlike with her mother she feels free to explore her inside feelings and to feel creative with her imagination; her mother doesn’t give her this freedom. Elsie seems to play the mothers role or like a best friend role rather than Jeanette’s mother. Celie, through the thought of Shug Avery, can make anything possible when thinking about Shug Avery, for instance she says that when she thinks about Shug and that she knows that Mr.________ has done this with Shug she puts her ‘arms around him’. This shows that even before Celie has actually got to know Shug she is already building confidence and reliability on Shug.
Topic: family

“. . . a new study has found almost half of all “heavy gamers” are six- to seventeen-years-old” (Bennett). The current generation is one being born into the most technologically advanced civilization ever. While this is excellent from a scientific standpoint, it can have some serious negative effects on children growing up with this equipment. Video games are gradually becoming more popular with today’s youth. The rise in video game popularity has caused a major problem with increased aggression and video game addiction in young players.
Topic: family

There are multiple root issues with video games that have caused younger players to become more aggressive. One of these issues is intensified violence in recent video games. Call of Duty is one game in particular that has been selling like crazy. Call of Duty is a war based fps, first person shooter, game that requires the player to kill opposing team with guns, grenades, knives, and even nuclear bombs. The problem with a violent game like this is that the only objective is to kill other players.
Topic: family

The game is rated mature which means the purchaser must be at least 17 years old to get it, but this doesn’t stop children from getting their hands on it. As technology continues to improve, video games are becoming extremely realistic. This is another cause of aggressiveness in children because it leads to children having violent video game role models. Rather than looking up to professional athletes or firefighters, children are looking up to violent video game characters that do not even exist.
Topic: family

Also, the more realistic the game the more a child might believe that they can do in real life what they see in the game. This is a major issue because it is causing children to lash out at others thinking they are indestructible as they may be in a game. The last cause of increased aggressiveness in children is the lack of parental guidance. As mentioned earlier, most violent video games require a minimum age of 17 to buy the game. Some parents do not even look at a game their kid wants and will just buy it for them to make them happy.
Topic: family

This leads to children under 17 being able to play violent video games that they ordinarily would not be able to buy. Not only are parents enabling the children to play such games, they also are not monitoring them when the children do play the game. Children are playing when they want, for as long as they want, and many parents are not stopping them. These root issues lead to several long lasting effects that have caused younger players to become more aggressive. One of these effects is the acceptance of aggression.
Topic: family

Growing up around violent video games and television shows leads children down a road of accepting aggression. What this means is that the youth believes it is normal to become aggressive in real life. Now this may not be the same level of aggressiveness as shown in video games, but it is still an increase from the normal level. Another effect that video games have caused is the desensitization to violence. What this means is when playing these violent video games, children become so accustomed to this violence.
Topic: family

A study in 2006 showed that after playing 20 minutes of violent video games, students were shown a 10-minute videotape of actual real-life violent acts. While the video tape played, they recorded the heart rate and galvanic skin response, both record levels of arousal and stress, and found that students who played just 20 minutes of video games showed lower levels of arousal to the violent scenes (Bennett). It had just taken 20 minutes of exposure to the violent video games for students to become desensitized enough where they would not react the same way.
Topic: family

Now one could make the assumption that if they are desensitized enough to not be bothered by these images, they would be more likely to react similarly because they don’t see it as an issue. One possible solution to these effects is good parenting. Parents need to keep an eye on what their kids are playing, especially if they purchased a game for their child that is rated for older teenagers. Parents can accomplish this task by placing a filter on the video game console. What this does is allows parents to control what their kids can access and play.
Topic: family

Also, parents can keep a tab on what games their kids are playing and refuse to buy them games that may be too violent for their age. This won’t stop children from going to a friend’s house and playing violent games, but if all parents followed these guidelines than that would not be an issue. Not only is video game aggression a problem, but so is video game addiction. One cause of video game addiction is the increased complexity of video games in the last decade. This has contributed to video game addiction because children have endless amounts of accomplishments and goals they can achieve.
Topic: family

Players become addicted to unlocking new items, maps, or weapons in a game and cannot stop playing. Another feature that has become more popular than ever with video games is playing online. When you play online, you have the option of playing with friends and even talking to them over a microphone. Children are now staying home to play video games with their friends rather than going out and socializing. A second cause of addiction is children are using video games as an escape from reality. This means that children are playing a video game to get their mind off their real life.
Topic: family

When playing the game, children tend to tune out the rest of the world and become so focused on the video game that they forget about their own responsibilities. One last cause of video game addiction is parents. A majority of parents have been caving in to their children’s needs, rather than being the parent. By doing this they are enabling their children to play constantly. If parents are not trying to create a solution, they may as well be a part of the problem. Video game addiction can have multiple effects on children. One major effect is the child’s social life.
Topic: family

When children are constantly playing video games, they tend to not have much social interaction with friends. This can lead to depression and withdrawal from society. Not only are they not interacting with peers, but they also are neglecting their jobs, school work, and even family. It is almost as if they are putting themselves inside a giant bubble and not letting anyone inside. There are also physical effects to video game addiction. Some of these effects are carpal tunnel syndrome, migraines, and insomnia. These can be serious issues and believe it or not even fatal.
Topic: family

The human body is not meant so spend hours on end staring at a video game which leads to headaches and migraines. Also, when children stay up late playing games, they can mess up their sleeping pattern and have trouble falling asleep when they need to. Another physical effect is poor eating habits and poor personal hygiene. When kids are so concentrated on a video game, they are not thinking about eating, and if they are its not healthy foods. Not only are they eating poorly, but they are also not maintaining personal hygiene.
Topic: family

There are a few possible solutions that may help prevent or lower video game addiction. One of these solutions is removing the video games from the child’s room. A study by the American Academy of Pediatrics has shown that children who play video games in their bedrooms play an average of 5 hours more per week than children who do not (Bennett). Another solution is to enroll students in sports or extracurricular actives that will keep their mind off video games. By doing this they become more occupied and may start to shy away from their addiction.
Topic: family

It is obvious that there has been increased aggression in young players as well as video game addiction. Video games are causing serious problems with today’s youth, and if nothing is done about it, the problem will continue to become worse. Addiction and aggression can be very hard to deal with alone as a young child, which is why they need help. Realizing the causes of these problems can help prevent them from reoccurring and possibly stop the negative effects that they have had on today’s youth.
Topic: family

“Her hair hung in little rolled clusters, like sausages” implies the extensive amount of time she has, being alone with nothing better to do than to curl her hair. Her inappropriate body language proves how she dreadfully tries to seek attention and flirts openly with men as she positions herself against the door frame so that “her body was thrown forward”. She smiles “archly” and “twitch(es) her body”. This gives the reader the general impression that Curley’s wife is an attractive young lady who seeks attention of men.
Topic: family

George’s immediate comments such as “Jesus, what a tramp”, and “So that’s what Curley picks for a wife” and reactions to Curley’s wife, however, allows the reader to realize that she is a potential threat to George and Lennie. George fumes when he knows of Lennie’s admiration of her being one who is “purty” and fiercely tells him not to even “take a look at that bitch” and refers to her as “poison” and “jail bait” and to leave her alone.
Topic: family

Most of the men in the ranch rarely sees females, only recognizing females who go to town to a “whore-house”. This then reveals the stereotypical view on women as that of a “whore”. Curley’s wife states “I never get to talk to anyone. I get awful lonely”. This shows that being the only female leaves her with the lack of companionship especially when she is being disliked by other characters in the novel and not being truly loved by her husband. There is no mutual trust between Curley and his wife, as we see that he starts a fight when he thinks that there was something going on between his wife and Slim.
Topic: family

We also learn the prejudice side of her when she goes to Crooks’ door on the Saturday night where everyone goes to town. From this we see the bitterness and seclusion in her. She knows that Curley has gone out to town, and this is when we get to see the reality of her life on the ranch. She enters Crooks’ room with the excuse of looking for Curley to talk to him, Lennie and Candy. When Crooks suggests that she “go(es) along to your (her) own house” and that they didn’t “want no trouble”, she tries to convince them to talk to her and expresses her loneliness. “Well, I ain’t giving you no trouble.
Topic: family

Think I don’t like to talk to somebody ever’ once in a while? Think I like to stick in that house alla time? “This then draws the reader’s sympathy towards her as we realize how forlorn she is, even being ostracized by Crooks, a Negro. However, the sympathy we have for her soon becomes washed away when she reveals the cruel side of her, intimidating people with her status. When Crooks told her to leave the room for the 2nd time, she gets angry and shows the contemptuousness she feels for Crooks, Lennie, and Candy, referring them as a “nigger an’ a dum-dum and a lousy ol’ sheep”.
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The situation worsens when she also threatens and reminds Crooks of his status as a Negro, removing Crooks’ pride and dignity, when he dares to demand her to leave his room. “Listen, Nigger, You know what I can do to you if you open your trap? ” This then causes the reader to recognize both the lonesome and malevolent side of her. She also mocks and puts people down when it comes to the dreams of other people. “I seen too many of you guys. ” Dreams are a major reoccurring theme in the novel “Of Mice and Men”. When Lennie tells Curley’s wife of his and George’s dream, she mocks them saying its “Baloney”.
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She has describes herself as a “practical deconstructionist feminist Marxist” and as a “gadfly”. She uses deconstruction to examine “how truth is constructed” and to deploy the assertions of one intellectual and political position (such as Marxism) to “interrupt” or “bring into crisis” another (feminism, for example). In her work, she combines passionate denunciations of the harm done to women, non-Europeans, and the poor by the privileged West with a persistent questioning of the grounds on which radical critique takes its stand.
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Her continual interrogation of assumptions can make Spivak difficult to read. But her restless critiques connect directly to her ethical aspiration for a “politics of the open end,” in which deconstruction acts as a “safeguard” against the repression or exclusion of “alterities”-that is, people, events, or ideas that are radically “other” to the dominant worldview. She writes against the “epistemic violence” done by discourses of knowledge that carve up the world and condemn to oblivion the pieces that do not easily fit.
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Characteristically, she does not claim to avoid such violence herself; rather, she self-consciously explores structures of violence without assuming a final, settled position. Can the Subaltern Speak? “Can the Subaltern Speak? ” may be Spivak’s best-known essay; it is certainly her most controversial. Postcolonial critics, like many feminists, want to give silenced others a voice. But Spivak worries that even the most benevolent effort merely repeats the very silencing it aims to combat.
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Spivak points to the British outlawing of sati, the Hindu practice of burning a widow on her husband’s funeral pyre. While this intervention saved some lives and may have given women a modicum of free choice, it also served to secure British power in India and to underscore the asserted difference between British “civilization” and Indian “barbarism. ” Hindu culture was driven underground, written out of law, denied any legitimacy. Can today’s intellectuals avoid a similar condescension when they represent the oppressed? What is Subaltern?
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A subaltern, according to the dictionary, is a person holding a subordinate position, originally a junior officer in the British army. But Spivak draws on the term’s nuances. It has particularly rich connotations for the Indian subcontinent because the Anglo-Indian writer Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936) so often viewed imperialism from the ambivalent position of the’ subaltern functionary in the complex colonial hierarchy, caught between detested superiors and feared “natives. ” The Italian Marxist theorist ANTONIO GRAMSCI later applied the term to the unorganized masses that must be politicized for the workers’ revolution to succeed.
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In the 1980s the Subaltern Studies Group (a collective of radical historians in India with whom Spivak maintains ties) appropriated the term, focusing their attention on the disenfranchised peoples of India. The “subaltern” always stands in an ambiguous relation to power-subordinate to it but never fully consenting to its rule, never adopting the dominant point of view or vocabulary as expressive of its own identity. Subalterns, in the Indian context are defined as those who did not comprise the colonial elite- such as the lesser rural gentry, impoverished lamdlords, rich peasants and upper middle class peasants. One must nevertheless insist that the colonized subaltern subject is irretrievably heterogeneous,” declares Spivak. Can this difference be articulated? And if so, by whom? As a way of mounting her critique of the scholars’ assumptions concerning the subaltern in colonial texts, Spivak begins by turning first to the work of poststructuralist thinkers such as Michael Foucault and Gilles Deluze who have challenged the notion that human individuals are sovereign subjects with autonomous agency over their consciousness. As poststructuralism would have it, human consciousness is constructed discursively.
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Our subjectivity is constructed by the shifting discourses of power which endlessly speak through us, situating us here and there in particular positions and relations. In these terms we are not the authors of ourselves. We do not construct our identities, we have it written for us; the subject cannot be sovereign over the construction of selfhood. Instead the subject is decentered, in that its consciousness is always being constructed from positions outside of itself. It follows then that the individual is not a transparent representation of the self but an effect of discourse.
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Spivak argues that surprisingly for these figures, when Foucault and Deleuze talks about oppressed groups such as the working classes they fall back into precisely these uncritical notions of ‘sovereign subjects’ by restoring to them a fully centred consciousness. In addition they also assume that the writing of intellectuals such as themselves can serve as a transparent medium through which the voices of the oppressed can be represented. The intellectual is cast as a reliable mediator for the voices of the oppressed, a mothpiece through which the oppressed can clearly speak.
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Spivak articulates her reasons for her worries in the first part of the essay, applying MICHEL FOUCAULT’s understanding of “epistemic violence” to the “remotely orchestrated, far-flung, and heterogeneous project to constitute the colonial subject as Other. ” Foucault views intellectual power as functioning discursively to produce the very subject over which it then exercises mastery. Of course, no discourse succeeds in obliterating all alternative discourses. Intellectuals have frequently tried to create counterdiscourses that contest the dominant discourses, with the hope of connecting with the oppressed’s own acts of resistance.
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Spivak sees postcolonial studies as a new instance of this attempt to liberate the other and to enable that other to experience and articulate those parts of itself that fall outside what the dominant discourse has constituted as its subjecthood. She asks whether such work can succeed. Can-with or without the intervention of well-intentioned intellectuals-the “subaltern” speak? Her blunt answer is no. Romanticizing of the “Other” Because subalterns exist, to some extent, outside power, theorists and advocates of political transformation have consistently looked to them as a potential source of change.
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Marxists speak of and for the proletariat, feminists of and for oppressed women, and anticolonialists of and for third world peoples. In part, Spivak is reacting against the persistent tendency of radical political movements to romanticize the other, especially against the notion that third world peoples must lead the fight against multinational global capitalism. To assign them that role is to repeat colonialism’s basic violence, which views non-Europeans as important only insofar as they follow Western scripts.
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Furthermore, when most f the power resides in the West, why should the least powerful of those caught up in globalization be responsible for halting its advance? Finally, Spivak points out that the suggestion that all third world peoples stand in the same relation to global capitalism and should respond to it in the same way is “essentialist. ” Essentialism Essentialism names the belief that certain people or entities share some essential, unchanging “nature” that secures their membership in a category.
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In the 1980s, essentialism was the target of much feminist criticism because activists recognized that generalizations about “woman” inevitably exclude some women. One response was “difference feminism,” which stressed alliances among women across their differences and hoped to replace a solidarity based on shared essential qualities and experiences. Spivak’s landmark contribution to this debate was the concept of “strategic essentialism. ” In some instances, she argued, it was important strategically to make essentialist claims, even while one retained an awareness that those claims were, at best, crude political generalizations.
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Leftist intellectuals who romanticize the oppressed, Spivak argues, essentialize the subaltern and thus replicate the colonialist discourses they purport to critique. To replace this leftist fantasy of an untouched or essential purity lodged in a particular group, Spivak reminds us (citing Ranajit Guha, a founding member of the Subaltern Studies Group) that a person’s or group’s identity is relational, a function of its place in a system of differences. There is no true or pure other; instead, the other always already exists in relation to the discourse that would name it as other.
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Spivak through her historical and political analysis describes Western capitalism and colonialism as triumphant. The whole world is now organized economically, politically, and culturally along the lines of Western discourses. Although those discourses are not perfectly aligned, their multiplicity generally reinforces rather than undercuts the marginalization of nonwhite peoples and the dual marginalization of nonwhite women. Sigmund Freud Spivak then turns to Sigmund Freud in an effort to develop an appropriate model of intellectual work.
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Freud furthers the analysis of colonialism by helping us see how the very identity of whiteness itself is created in part through the self-proclaimed benevolence of colonial action. More important, he implicitly cautions us against scapegoating or, conversely, creating saviors. Spivak’s “sentence”-“White men are saving brown women from brown men”-serves to justify colonial interventions if white men are taken as saviors and brown men are scapegoated as oppressors (of brown women).
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A post colonialist discourse could just as easily scapegoat white men, with the inevitable consequence of presenting either brown men or brown women as the saviors. Spivak thinks that Freud (as both a positive and a negative example, since he himself didn’t always avoid scapegoating) can aid us to keep the “sentence” open, to explore the dynamics of the unfolding human relationships without foreclosing narratives by assigning determinate roles. She remains leery of any attempt to fix and celebrate the subaltern’s istinctive voice by claims that the subaltern occupies the position of victim, abjected other, scapegoat, savior, and so on. The critic must remain attentive to the fluidity of possible relations and actions. Spivak’s discussion of Freud is offered not “as a solution” but “in acknowledgment of these dangers” of interpreting and representing the other. Neither Freud nor Spivak is silent. They each make various determinate claims and.
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Spivak says, reveal their “political interests” in those claims. As intellectuals. both are at home (although their belonging is qualified by Freud’s being Jewish and Spivak’s being a nonwhite women) within the dominant discourse. The subaltern is not similarly privileged. And does not speak in a vocabulary that will get a hearing in institutional locations of power. The subaltern enters official and intellectual discourse only rarely and usually through the mediating commentary of someone more at home in those discourses. If the problematic is understood this way, it is hard to see how the subaltern can be capable of speaking. In the third part of the essay, Spivak offers yet a further twist.
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She tells the story of Bhubaneswari Bhaduri’s suicide not as an example of the Indian woman’s inability to speak within Western discourse, but to show that Indian discourse has been so battered by the storms of (colonial) history that it, too, offers no resources for successful communication, Bhubaneswari’s suicide is misunderstood by everyone, including her own family-and no one in India seems interested in Spivak’s return to and reinterpretation of the event. “Unnerved by this failure of communication,” Spivak wrote her “passionate lament: the subaltern cannot speak! “
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List of contents 1. 1 Summary Beautiful Bellies is an online business selling maternity products. Beautiful Bellies sell products that they buy from suppliers around the world and design also maternity clothes and bags. The primary market is the 3. 5 million women who are pregnant each year in the world. The competition is massive in the whole world but In the beginning our main focus Is on Icelandic and Danish market In the beginning and going internationally in the future.
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Legal structure. The company has two owners and is therefore a shared company. Maybe in the future there will be more owners or shareholders. Our aims and objectives. We will always order from our suppliers weekly and try not to have much in stock. First year: Sales will be first through Ebay or Amazon online store while we are building up our brand name and advertising our website. We would like to begin to build up savings for our own design that we would like to do in future years.
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Work on getting more people on our website and move entirely from Ebay to our website wwwbeautifulbelly. Com. Third year: Website well known In Europe In the third year. Expanded product range by a great number. By now we are designing 30% of our sold products on our website and Increased our sale by 150%. Our sold products and increased our sale by 300% from first year. 1. 3 Business opportunities The products we provide are everything that pregnant women will need during and after pregnancy. A wide range of maternity clothes from creams and oils to milk pumps.
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DISK 00-150 reregistering clothing 310 :reams 1260 54 225 1620 200 – 1000 81 pregnancy necklace 108 702 819 Fiscal clothes: Gives you a great support for your belly. Pregnancy necklace: Is a very nice maternity necklace. The sound of the necklaces had a calming effect on he child both in outer and after birth It would make a great gift for a new mother-to- be or as a baby shower gift. It is reasonably priced and makes a very nice alternative to typical “mother’s” Jewelry.
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Breastfeeding clothing : Beautiful bellies designs fashionable nursing wear and breastfeeding clothing for nursing mothers. All of our nursing wear features hidden openings for discreet breastfeeding. Our nursing wear clothing enables you to breastfeed conveniently and discreetly wherever you and your baby go. Our stylish nursing wear will make you feel pretty and comfortable. Beautiful Bellies maternity swimwear fits your belly beautifully and make it look very nice. Oils : Stretch mark oil is long-lasting, extremely hydrating and rich in anti-oxidants and collagen-building components.
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We know how sensitive your senses and skin can be while expecting, so it is lightly scented with calming lavender. Gentle enough for mothers and babies, this product is useful for hydrating and adding elasticity to your stretching belly. Use daily for softer, more supple and more beautiful skin. Creams : We are dedicated to providing products that contain safe ingredients during regency and sensitive enough to address changing skin conditions yet effective enough to promote a beautiful healthy glow.
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Everyone wants flawless, radiant-looking skin during pregnancy Load shawl : The baby likes to stay in a more vertical position to better look at what is happening around it (this usually happens at an age of about 4/5 months), the shawl allows it to sit with crossed legs, so that the load is distributed both on hips and legs. On the contrary, in the slings the baby’s legs dangle burdening it’s still delicate back. Turnover sheet : Do you find it difficult to turn in bed and have trouble falling asleep again?
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Then it’s time to get turnover sheet. The sheet is 75 CM in length and width, you put it on the bed and lets the center turn towards the head of bed and legs. When you then have to turn around at night it will be a small affair with turnover sheet and help you sleep better at night. Turnover sheet comes in good use during pregnancy. Towels: Oversized bath towels that you can easily wrap around your belly after taking bath or shower.
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Support belt: Using a maternity support belt can provide additional benefits: A reduction in lower back pain, reduces pressure on the bladder, decreases varsities and swelling, improves circulation in the pelvic region, prevents of pre-term contractions, greater comfort during exercises. Breast pads: A breast pad is a small, round cotton pad that is used after you give birth to absorb leaking breast milk. Leaking through your bra and shirt can be embarrassing, and breast pads help prevent that. Sometimes, after you breast feed, some milk will continue to leak out.
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Also, if you are out and hear another baby cry it can trigger your milk to let down, and cause leakage. Breast pads are convenient and simple to use. This leaking can be due to breast milk or colostrums. Electric milk pump: Electric breast pumps express your milk fast. Ease and efficiency are the two main reasons why mums choose an electric breast pump. Electric breast pumps are designed to meet the needs of breastfeeding mothers that need to pump daily. Working mothers prefer to use electric pumps because they can easily express more milk in a short amount of time.
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A mother who needs to increase her milk supply may also benefit from using an electric breast pump. If you choose a model that offers pump. Milk pump: If you will only be pumping occasionally then a manual breast pump should be able to meet your needs. Since manual pumps are so small and lightweight you can conveniently pack one in a diaper bag and carry it wherever you go. A manual pump also gives the mother complete control over the suction and speed of the pump; however, many mothers grow tiresome during manual expression and are unable to collect enough milk for a feeding.
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Maternity clothes: Beautiful Bellies will design fashionable and comfortable maternity clothes. Our maternity clothes are designed to make you more comfortable in pregnancy. They fit differently than your regular clothes so that you can still move comfortably and enjoy good coverage of your body. Many women dread the thought of wearing maternity clothes because often they are not so stylish. Books: From essential guides to laugh-inducing books of pregnancy, books offer both guidance and friendship in the confusing, unexpected months of pregnant life.
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They are often not only helpful to the expecting mom but also her family and relatives. Diaper bags: Beautiful Bellies will design stylish diaper bags. Diaper bags are bags that women with a newborn child have to carry everywhere they go and also have to be able to carry all of the necessary equipment that is needed. Our bags will look like a normal gag but with many compartments in all sizes to make it easier to find that is wanted. Nursing pillow: Using a nursing pillow can help with positioning and latch of your baby.
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This can help prevent problems with nursing and make it a more comfortable experience for you and baby. 1. 4 The market and customers The primary market is the 3. 5 million women who are pregnant each year in the world. Majority of these women buy themselves maternity products while they are pregnant. The secondary target group is the 25. 000. 000 people who purchase maternity products each year as gifts for someone they know is pregnant. The competition is massive in the whole world but in the beginning our main focus is on Icelandic and Danish market in the beginning and going internationally in the future.
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In those two countries the demand is high for maternity products and the competition is less than in most countries. We offer a unique products that are high quality and fashionable clothes. Our primary weakness is that we are a new company and we need to promote our business to generate sale. Our goal is to make it easy for potential customers to locate our online store. 1. 5 Marketing Our marketing strategy: Our marketing priorities is to create product for expecting women and their families by placing ads on the internet, using direct mail tactics and placing brochures in information website, news website.
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Brochures (in front of midwifes waiting rooms and health clinics). E- mail (pop up window on our website with a offer to register on our mailing list in return for discount for the first order). The 4 Up’s Affordable price compared to competition. Maternity products, all kind of products from oils to clothes. Make catalogs with our products and place it in waiting rooms at the doctors and midwives offices to remote our products. Our place on the market is online.