ktmeng/mec huggingface dataset:
Topic: identity

This is causing him to have a great deal of trouble having a solid relationship with other people. Throughout the novel, Holden claims to value individuality and rejects everyone else around him because he believes that they are “phony. ” Holden is constantly putting every one down around him. This particularly evident when Holden is at his former school, Pency. All of Holden’s “so called” friends he has at Pency are seemed to be fake and phony when really Holden is not being his true self.
Topic: identity

He also was sort of a nasty guy, I wasn’t too crazy about him, to tell you the truth (pg17)” these quotes show that Holden is two faced and he rejects anybody with there own personal opinion. JD Salinger has made Holden out to be a hypocrite as he disrespects anybody with there own identity but yet does not have any personal identity at all. Holden is very materialistic and believes money is a way out of any problem. Through Holden’s individuality he is trying to find his place in society, whether it is through school at Pency or out in New York
Topic: identity

Throughout the novel, Holden always retreats to his childhood as a coping mechanism for what is really happening in the real world. Holden values childhood throughout the novel, as it was the only time in his life was he felt secure. Holden’s childhood is the most important theme in the novel as it is the only part were the reader can understand Holden and feel a sense of pity for him. Holden childhood was the only place were he was his true self and with the help of Phoebe, his younger sister in which he admires and is the only person he can be his true self around.
Topic: identity

I really wanted to see old Phoebe before I hit the road (pg 184)” This quote shows that Holden really cares about Phoebe, as she is the last person he wanted to see. Phoebe is the only thing that reminds him of his childhood and the innocence of it all, which then comforts him. Overall Holden values childhood the most as he can be reminded of the true Holden, not the Holden that is trying to grow up in a materialistic and fake world. Childhood is the only thing that Holden can escape to when he is having trouble fitting in to society.
Topic: identity

JD Salinger discusses many different themes during the novel The Catcher in the Rye to bring attention to the reader just how difficult it is for people to grow up in society as a troubled teenager. Holden suffers problems with his relationships, childhood and individuality causing the reader to think universally about these different themes. The Catcher in the Rye is an eye-opening book that brings attention to the reader that adolescents and growing up in the modern society can be very challenging at times in your life.
Topic: identity

Lat has been known for his contribution to Malaysia’s art scene and social impact through his cartoons, autobiography comics like The Kampung Boy which are sold all over the world. In this forum, we will see the importance of Lat character and the Malay culture which he bring along in his cartoons. Presented by Dr. Muliyadi Mahamood, Lat’s Malay identity have been reveal and presented as one of the study which is important for Malaysia socio-culture and identity.
Topic: identity

Lat born in 5th March 1951 in Kota Bharu, Perak and started contribute in Majallah Filem, April 1964 of his first comic Tiga Sekawan and it being publish until 1966. A huge fan of Raja Hamzah, he started to built an identification of character with Malay identity despite of so many local cartoons are very westernize style which is not suitable with Malaysia’s identity.
Topic: identity

Dr. Muliyadi also suggests the early Malay cartoons like Dol Keropok dan Wak Tempeh and Keluarga Mat Jambul by Raja Hamzah which is Lat’s favorite cartoonist. The scene of these comic strips is more about Malay culture in modernization era example Keluarga Mat Jambul is about young-new-wed-couple which live in urban city and women being a queen control whereas Mat Jambul would only nod to his wife. This show that socio-economics and culture has occur major transition, and Raja Hamzah capture the problem and translate it into cartoons strip. But the characters still very westernize and this situation gives Lat an idea to create an identity that suitable for Malaysian cartoons characters.
Topic: identity

The focus is more towards Lat’s work which is The Kampung Boy, Keluarga Si Mamat and his Malaysian Scene which is produced in New Straits Time. Lat show the relationship of four characters in Keluarga Si Mamat which is including their life, activities play together. In The Kampung Boy, it’s about Lat’s childhood life in kampung/village and more towards of Malay culture. Example, superstitious, berkhatan, khatam Quran, weddings, learn to take wudhu’ and listen to old folks and respect their words. These are some of the Malay elements that shown clearly in his autobiography as a kampung boy.
Topic: identity

The Malaysian Scene is more towards current issues, sometime political and most of it is daily routines which transfer to be a hilarious jokes. Lat never failed to make us laugh. Some of the issues that he brings up are about lack of service in some of government offices, corruption, and Mat Rempit. All of these serious issues become a joke from Lat’s view, his way of express his feeling towards this issue is unique and definitely reflects his idea of humor around everyday life.
Topic: identity

Malaysian identity in Lat’s cartoon is about multi-racial, multi-ethnic, multi- cultural, customs, tradition and harmony. Lat always put kampung visual and style, which always make us remember the roots of Malay culture and value of esthetics. Never left out the moral value and family love and respect, Lat’s cartoon is always very humble, down to earth and always remembers that kampung is always the best place of in every people memory. Area of Interest
Topic: identity

On the next figure, scene of little Lat being chased by his mother due to his stubbornness, and it was drawn beautifully and humorously chasing scene. The elder woman was pictured in the drawing fetching water from well is surprised when little Lat were running around her try to get escape from her mother. Once again we can identify traditional Malay village culture element which is water supply taken from well, chickens as source of poultry and eggs, open type of housing environment (without any fence), and high built houses off the ground in order to avoid floods.
Topic: identity

Analysis of Artwork Lat artworks have been a very humorous in his owns style. No need to make stupid joke but he always look of our normal routine of life as his inspiration and idea to produce cartoons. Example; figure above is in Keluarga Si Mamat, which shown playing hides and seeks. A very simple subject matter but Lat sees it as a source of humor. The character, Epit, is always being used as the source of humor in this comic. The appearance of Epit itself already makes people laugh. Running naked around is something common for village boy on those days.
Topic: identity

Other case is how he brings up his childhood memory. He does get through the hard time and always get scolded for his wrong doing. But it doesn’t matter, it’s not something to be ashamed of, but those things make him grow to be a better person. We also can see the image of Malay woman dress when at home which is berkemban or wearing only wrap batik cloth. Once again, Lat cartoon is the perfect tool to study the Malay culture in village as very detail attention he draw in this autobiography. Lat style is very Malay attempt, stylish and clean, arrangement and compositions very well structured, not crowded and still preserve Malay’s value of parenthood and culture.
Topic: identity

As now we can see that Lat always stick to use local theme because for him it is easier to draw things that he knows. As Dr Muliyadi Mahamood (2008) cited that: “I drew the reban ayam, (chicken coop) I drew chicken, I drew my teacher, things that more within reach, things that I knew about,” (Lat 1994:17) it shown that Lat is a very straight forward kind of artist and love the conventional method which more comfortable for him. For him his childhood memory, his own experience in traditional Malay village culture is the best thing he ever had in life, and he is very delighted and looks forward about it, and shares his feeling and ideas with the world.
Topic: identity

Furthermore, Malay culture has been centre of attraction in his drawing, and this culture that can be learns from most of his cartoons. As example below, Lat’s describes his childhood experience when they have to learn how to solat or pray with all the games equipment is hidden beneath their clothes and songkok. The cover blown up definitely, but its shows that no matter what they do, religion and knowledge are crucial, and it should be on the top of the list. Another thing we can examine is what is the game they always playing back in village, when all the hidden things was discovered. Lat’s drawing shows slingshots, gasing, batu seremban and marble are rolling out from their pockets. These are all popular games back in village in those days, in his childhood era. All these elements of traditional Malay culture is connected closely and very important that we can search just by looking at his drawing.
Topic: identity

He also goes along with the social issues, and makes him as an icon and act as mirror of the society. It makes him as a very successful cartoonist in terms of socio-culture and multi-ethnic society. Lat also getting the time frame of events such as in 1970’s where the images of beauty is Malay women wearing kebaya, socio-economics for village folks and their daily routine, and many more. He is very detailed in his drawing and observation, which always includes all the details of traditional Malay culture in his drawings and cartoons, mostly on village area.
Topic: identity

“The Secretary Chant,” by Marge Piercy is about a female creating a vision of how she has lost her personal identity to her job. She uses metaphors to allow the reader to envision a woman who is living her life through her career. Piercy also uses paradox, personification, and the pun to bring the character alive. With the use of metaphors, both implied and explicit, the reader can deeply empathize the central character of this poem. The tone is set from the first line of the poem.
Topic: identity

Imagine living in a society where there are no problems and everything is perfect, but how can you live in a society with no individuality or freedom. Brave New World by Aldous Huxley reveals a dystopian and utopian society in the future where everything is perfect: stability and happiness. People in the World State live in a totalitarian regime, they are brainwashed and conditioned to follow certain rules to keep their society stable. To keep everyone from being emotional, they are conditioned to take “the perfect drug” called soma; it stimulates them to be happy.
Topic: identity

F 632; A.F stands for “After Ford”. Although religion doesn’t exist, they only praise one man, Henry Ford (they also call him “Our Ford”). He was the one who invented the first assembly line. It was the starting point in the World State’s society. The World State is in dystopia; a society they can achieve when everyone is happy. At the Central London Hatchery and Conditioning Centre infants are raised from embryos. Bokanovsky’s process is one of the major instruments of social stability.
Topic: identity

Alphas are the highest and smartest class and the Epsilon’s are the lowest class. Little kids are also conditioned to do “sexual play”, when one boy is reluctant about it, he is then sent to a physiologist. This also shows that their society is never perfect, some people are conditioned to do the same as everyone else but they will have defects. “Everyone belongs to everyone else” is the psychological state of the society. This quote tells how the government in Brave New World tries to create a perfect society. No one perform excessive manual labor. Everyone is the same.
Topic: identity

The World State had designed to erase the problems we had in our society. Therefore, literature, religion, and art are erased because the government doesn’t want anyone to have feelings, emotions and freedom of thought. In chapter two, babies were given an electric shock from liking flowers and books. This gave the effect of babies to dislike flowers and books. As they grow older, the hate of books and flowers conditioned them to move out of the country and only wanting a job to become a factory worker. On page 23, many people seemed peculiar to hear about the word “parents” and “born” from the story of the little polish boy, Reuben.
Topic: identity

Children are birthed in bottles and women don’t give birth, that’s what they were conditioned to know. The histories behind the idea of a family are not important to the society because they never had emotions and feelings that people in the past had. Lastly on page 34, “History is bunk”; histories of the past don’t exist because the past interferes with the future. The problems we had in our society, the World State designed to erase it because they didn’t want feelings and emotions to corrupt the society. They only wanted everyone to work in the factory.
Topic: identity

In Brave New World, hypnopaedia consists in repeating series of catchy phrases or slogans while the child is sleeping this way; the message gets into their brain. Information is passed through a person’s mind as they sleep. Through a sound recording played multiple times, snappy catch phrases repeated during sleep. However on page 26, the experiment of hypnopaedia failed when a little boy failed to memorize the phrase of the longest river. This problem shows that there are always flaws in the society. Hypnopaedia drills ensure community, identity, and stability. It is used in the novel to condition the mind to believe in certain ideas. There are many phrases that they are conditioned to say for example “A gramme is better than a damn”(55) which means to take a soma, relax and be happy, it’s how people use drugs to escape from their problems and reality.
Topic: identity

Each caste system memorizes a phrase “a hundred and twenty times three times a week for thirty months”, they are conditioned to say that they better than all the other caste systems. “Oh no, I don’t want to play with the Delta children and Epsilons are still worse. They’re too stupid to be able to read or write…I’m so glad I’m a Beta”(27-28) Hypnopaedia is the most common method of teaching values and morals but it’s also a strong method of manipulating people’s minds. But it creates the loss of individuality because no one has the freedom on speech but instead they are all brainwashed to say the same thing over and over again.
Topic: identity

In conclusion, living in a society with no problems to worry and nothing to care is perfect but how could you live in a society where you are commanded to do things with no freedom. The World State’s motto, “Community, Identity, and Stability” ensures that the society is stable and everyone is happy. The World State is a totalitarian regime where people in their society are brainwashed and conditioned to follow certain rules. Everyone is conditioned to be the same and do the same thing based on their intelligence. Huxley shows a government that controls everyone to be the same, but it creates the loss of individuality and freedom in each person. Nothing in a society is always perfect; there will always be weakness in some point of the society.
Topic: identity

2 research study techniques that would prove to show that media, peer pressure, and social ecological aspects do influence identity formation would be studying a participant over an extended period time and studying a person in a natural setting with out them understanding. For instance doing a longitudinal research study on an individual will show the influences of different aspects that will have on a particular individual through out their advancement. Doing this sort of research study method will show the progress of modifications in that participant’s life and will show the scientist the affect it has on her or his identity development.
Topic: identity

Without the individual understanding they are being studied they will reveal a natural habits and more than likely send out an incorrect identity after being exposed to those social media factors. The downside about using these two research approaches can be both individuals can leave anytime they want. Such as using the longitudinal research study the young participant can drop out of the research study anytime of his/her life. To make sure this study is ethical is to have a moms and dad’s permission for their kid to get involved in this research study over their whole advancement period.
Topic: identity

For the natural setting observation study the researchers cannot talk to whoever they are observing which can lead to involvement towards the study and interrupting the natural behavior. To make sure this type of research study is ethical is to not use names and make sure other people cannot find these participants in their community. Or they can tell their participants that they want to observe them, but not tell them when and do the observation randomly. Overall identity formation can be manipulated at anytime in the child’s development stages; media, magazines, and their own peer group can change how they view themselves.
Topic: identity

Using a natural setting for observation, and longitudinal study can show researchers that social factors and environmental factors can influence identity formation. Overall social media, celebrity shows, and environmental factors have a heavy impact on our lives each day. Many young girls and boys try to find their own medium with all these barriers to overcome with trying to fit in at school or watching TV shows that show unrealistic behaviors and appearances for the real world. “Teenaged adolescents watch more movies than any other segment of the population.
Topic: identity

More than 4 million adolescent girls monthly purchase magazines such as Seventeen and Sassy (Evans et aL, 1991), and three-fourths of white females aged 12-14 read at least one magazine regularly (Klein et al. , 1993). Add to this videos, books, and newspapers, and the total amounts to a significant part of the daily experience of adolescents (Jensen Arnett 1995). ” This fact shows many girls and boys are exposed to a lot of media, gossip magazines and movies that many people envy for their life and identity to be like.
Topic: identity

In the essay, “Cultural Baggage” by Barbara Ehrenreich believed that you do not have to be the religion or culture you were raised with. Ehrenreich believed that everyone was their own person and could be who they want to be. She was apart of her own culture called “nothing” culture, that meant she didn’t follow any of the cultural acts that her family would. She believe she could do whatever she wanted even if it wasn’t like her culture.
Topic: identity

The syndrome commonly known as Multiple Personality Disorder but now called Dissociative Identity Disorder (American Psychiatric Association, 198) might be thought of as a recent phenomenon. The diagnostic literature shows the definition of multiple personality as evolving significantly over the editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. In the DSM-1, these behaviors were called dissociative reaction, (American Psychiatric Association, 1952), which came to be called hysterical neurosis, dissociative type in the DSM-II (American Psychiatric Association, 204).
Topic: identity

With the readers’ extrapolation, the personality is variable behavior or as “topographical subdivisions of behavior, occasioned by discriminative stimuli and controlled by reinforcement contingencies. Here, the personality is showing more variability than that of the “average or normal” individual; the individual lacking one coherent personality displays a personal repertoire of behaviors which is very diverse, with large variability in the relationship between antecedents and responses. The antecedents, that is, people, places, events, and so forth, of the individual in question occasion more responses of an idiosyncratic nature which are maintained by reinforcement contingencies unique to that individual.
Topic: identity

Along t his approach, one writer took the new definition to mean that the individual displaying these behaviors could no longer be described as having more than one personality. Instead, the person should be viewed as having less than one whole, coherent personality (Sapulsky, 95). Similarly, Kohlenberg and Tsai (82) observed that these individuals may have not developed all the characteristics of a stable, single personality. History Multiple personality was first recognized and described by the French physician Pierre Janet the late 19th century. In the year 1982 psychiatrists were talking about “the multiple personality epidemic.
Topic: identity

Yet those were early days as multiple personal¬ity became an official diagnosis of the American Psychiatric As¬sociation only in 1980. Ten years earlier, in 1972, multiple personality had seemed to be a mere curiosity. “Less than a dozen cases have been reported in the last fifty years. ” You could list every multiple personality recorded in the history of Western medicine, even if experts disagreed on how many of these cases were genuine as the word for the disorder was rare. Ten years later, in 1992, there were hundreds of multiples in treat¬ment in every sizable town in North America.
Topic: identity

Even by 1986 it was thought that six thousand patients had been diagnosed. After that, one stopped counting and spoke about an exponential increase in the rate of diagnosis since 1980. Clinics, wards, units, and entire private hospitals dedicated to the illness were being established all over the continent. Maybe one person in twenty suffered from a dissociative disorder. Clinicians were still reporting occasional cases as they appeared in treatment. Soon the number of patients would be¬come so overwhelming that only statistics could give an impression of the field (Modestin, 88-92).
Topic: identity

Public awareness of the disorder increased in contemporary times after a case was the subject of The Three Faces of Eve (1957). In the 1980s and early 90s, such factors as recognition of child abuse, public interest in memories recovered from childhood (whether of actual or imagined events), allegations of so-called satanic ritual abuse, and the willingness of many psychotherapists to assume a more directive role in their patients’ treatment, led to what came to be regarded as a rash of overdiagnoses of multiple personality.
Topic: identity

The fairly-necessary-condition evolved together with the characterization of multiple personality disorder (MPD). According to Cornelia Wilbur and Richard Kluft, “MPD is most parsimoniously understood as a posttraumatic dissociative disorder of childhood onset. ” Here the childhood onset and the presence of trauma are not parts of an empirical generalization or a statistically checkable fairly-necessary-condition. They are part of the psychiatrists` understanding of multiple personality disorder, part of what they mean by “MPD. ” There is nothing methodologically or scientifically wrong with this.
Topic: identity

I warn only against having it both ways. There is a tendency (a) to define the concept “MPD” (or dissociative identity disorder) in terms of early childhood trauma, and (b) to state, as if it were a discovery that multiple personality is caused (in the sense of fairly-necessary-condition) by childhood trauma (Horton and Miller, 151-159). Moreover, child sexual abuse became part of the prototype of multiple personality. That is, if you were giving a best example of a multiple, you would include child abuse as one feature of the example.
Topic: identity

The connection between abuse and multiplicity became stronger and stronger during the 1970s, just when the meaning of “child abuse” moved from the prototype of battered babies through the full range of physical abuse and gradually centered on sexual abuse. As a point of logic it is useful to see how concepts are used to lift themselves up by their own bootstraps. Those sounds highly figurative, but consider this. In a 1986 essay Wilbur wrote, “In discussing the psychoanalysis of MPD, Mershkey (330) pointed out that childhood trauma is central and causal. ” In fact he ended his prize winning essay by posing some questions.
Topic: identity

He said that in recent previous reports of multiplicity “childhood trauma is central and causal” (327-340). The connection between multiple personality and real, not fantasized, child abuse was cemented in clinical journals throughout the 1990s. By 1992 there were vivid musterings of data about the relationship between incest and multiple personality. Philip Coons (299) had stated in his classic 1994 essay on differential diagnosis of multiple personality, he wrote that “the onset of multiple personality is early in childhood, and is often associated with physical and sexual abuse. At that time no child multiples were known.
Topic: identity

But the hunt was on. The first in what is now a long series of books of contributed papers about multiple personality had a fitting title: Childhood Antecedents of Multiple Personality (311-315). Prevalence The number of different personalities per MPD patient has shown a substantial increase since the 19th century. During the 19th century, most cases involved only two personalities. Since 1944, however, almost all cases have involved three or more personalities.
Topic: identity

Modern cases average from 6 to 16 personalities per patient (Coons 305). For instance Modestin (89) reported that 44% of 74 MPD patients each had more than 10 personalities and 8 of these patients had more than 20 personalities each. North, Ryall, Ricci, and Wetzel (2003) plotted the mean number of MPD per patient as a function of year, between 1989 and 2000. In 1989, the average MPD patients manifested just fewer than 10 personalities; by 1999, MPD patients displayed an average of just under 25 personalities per patient.
Topic: identity

At the present time, MPD appears to be culture-bound syndrome. The explosion of cases since 1970 has thus far remained largely restricted to North America. The diagnosis is very rarely made in modern Europe, despite its turn-of-the-century prominence as a center for the study of MPD. It is also very rare in Great Britain (Modestin,90). Modestin (92) surveyed all of the psychiatrists in Europe concerning the frequency with which they had seen patients with MPD. Depending on how it was calculated, the prevalence rate ranged between . 5% and 1. 0%.
Topic: identity

More interesting, Modestin noted that 90% of the respondents had never seen a case of MPD, whereas three psychiatrists had seen each seen more than 20 MPD patients. Hence, the frequency of multiple personality has been debated over time. There were some descriptions of these behaviors early in this century, but from the 1920s to the early 1970s, there was a surprising dearth of cases (Spanos, 145). Kohlenberg (138) termed it relatively rare while other reports saw it as very numerous in number; more cases were reported from the mid-1970s to the mid-1980s than in the previous two-hundred years.
Topic: identity

The tremendous increase in reported cases has occurred almost exclusively in North America (Spanos, 147). This behavior pattern is rarely reported in Great Britain, France, and Russia; no case has ever been reported in Japan (Spanos, 160). In both North America and Switzerland, most diagnoses are made by a small minority of professionals while the vast majority of professionals rarely if ever see such a case (Modestin, 90-91). The dramatic increase in the reported numbers of cases has been attributed to differing factors.
Topic: identity

Possibly, cases which were undiagnosed in previous decades are now being diagnosed because of greater awareness of this condition; it has also been proposed that the condition is now being overdiagnosed in individuals whose behaviors are readily suggestible (American Psychiatric Association, 94). It is probably safe to conclude that the prevalence of Dissociative Identity Disorder is in dispute at this time; some may also dispute the validity of this diagnosis as the DSM-IV, unlike earlier versions of the DSM, does not provide any diagnostic reliability information (American Psychiatric Association, 99). Diagnosis
Topic: identity

On balance, with the behaviors labeled Dissociative Identity Disorder or DID hereafter, the variability between behavioral repertoires is very high, possibly so extreme that the repertoires do not compose one stable personality (Sapulsky, 64). The person himself or herself may even report being a different person, complete with a different name or “identity. ” Although the behavioral variability is more extreme here, it is still on a continuum with the average person; we all can exhibit several personalities and there are circumstances under which any person might claim to be a different person (Sackeim & Devanand, 21).
Topic: identity

Among the behaviors correlated with a diagnosis of DID, self-report is less controlled by public, environmental events and more controlled by events which are private to the person providing the self-report (Kohlenberg & Tsai, 139). The most apparent question is: What type of experiences could account for this extreme behavioral variability, in the self-report of being a different person, with differences in sex, age, race, physical appearance, and so forth.
Topic: identity

Some writers report that this disorder may only become apparent to a professional or others when “different people” attend meetings, interviews, or therapy; that is, the same individual attends but with a different self-report of identity, memories, and personality (Sackeim & Devanand, 25). In so doing, individuals displaying these behaviors can receive a great deal of reinforcing attention from professionals for engaging in these behaviors. Individuals displaying behaviors correlated with a diagnosis of DID may be reassured of no further abuse and may be encouraged to try to “be themselves” in as many ways as they can.
Topic: identity

The different self-reports and personalities become a source of gratification (self-reinforcement) for the formerly abused victims and the professional alike (Spanos, 153). The danger here is that a person with degrees of behavioral variability could be shaped iatrogenically to reporting to be a divergent person by professionals zealously looking for this disorder (Merskey, 329) To quote one skeptic, “the procedures used to diagnose MPD often create rather than discover multiplicity” (Spanos, 153).
Topic: identity

Pain complaints, paralysis, blindness, and so forth, also consist of a self-report of a private event. Each of these may be accompanied by publicly observable events such as wincing, reluctantly moving, reporting or appearing to be unable to move or see ( Skinner) Both the self-reports and the public evidence for these differences are under stimulus control of the different personality repertoires in cases of these behaviors. When such an individual displays a specific personality, the self-report of pain or other symptom comes or goes with the other behaviors.
Topic: identity

Originally, the public signs of pain were authentic afflictions in the past as the result of abuse; months or years later, such indications could be self-produced, rule-governed behavior as part of the personality repertoire. These pains and related behaviors could be reinforced and shaped into a “real” affliction by well-meaning others as the verbal behavior acquired differential stimulus control of operant pain behavior. The rep orts of pain and related behaviors can persist as operant behavior maintained by its consequences in the absence of the original painful stimuli (Bonica and Chapman, 732).
Topic: identity

As for the reports in the literature of allergic and other responses being present in some personalities and not others, these too can potentially be accounted for via verbal behavior mechanisms. There are reports that individuals can develop rashes, a wound or a burn or other physiological symptoms in response to another’s verbal suggestions, that is, under hypnosis, although it has been argued that many of these symptoms are likely self-inflicted when observers are not present (Johnson, 298).
Topic: identity

If an experimenter were to flash a light in your eyes and then shock you, the experimenter would expect you to come to recoil to the light after some number of such pairings. If the experimenter were to tell you that he or she was going to shock you after every light flash, then it would be expected for you to recoil to the light sooner. Relating this to the differential presence of symptoms is not a big leap. Here, the individuals who display the divergent personalities have self-instructed and subsequently conditioned themselves to display symptoms when performing different behavioral repertories.
Topic: identity

Over time, the symptoms may come under the stimulus control of the emotions displayed, in addition to the person’s verbal behavior, and appear spontaneous to the person himself or herself. To support the argument for conditioning mechanisms producing somatic symptoms, Smith and McDaniel (69) showed that a hypersensitive cellular response to tuberculin was modulated by respondent conditioning. Individuals can also exert control over a variety of autonomic functions as diverse as dysmenorrhea to seizure activity, via biofeedback . Treatment
Topic: identity

From the foregoing assumptions, therapy for persons displaying the behaviors in question must consist of extinguishing a reasonable share of the behavioral variability in the repertoire and reinforcing behavioral stability and generalization; literally, to shape one personality. Kohlenberg (138) reported being able to increase the frequency of specific behaviors composing one personality of an individual who exhibited DID-like behaviors by differential reinforcement of that personality. When placed on extinction, these behaviors returned to baseline frequencies.
Topic: identity

Other techniques might involve the client role-playing and rehearsing several social interactions and experiencing some situations expected to produce “normal” emotional behaviors. Kohlenberg (139) reported success at “reintegrating” the personalities in a dual personality individual by teaching assertiveness skills via role playing. Caddy (268) also used assertiveness training and shaping in reintegration. The therapist might videotape client s as they behave, to use for feedback and in shaping and instructing more “cohesive” behavior.
Topic: identity

There might also have to be a way of teaching the client to engage in more “social-referencing,” or seeking public feedback in more instances of what is acceptable behavior. Whereas you or I might ask, “Did you see (or hear) something? ” when we are unsure of seeing or hearing, individuals whose behaviors are consistent with the label of DID may have to learn to ask, “Am I still behaving as me? ” The therapist could not answer this question alone but family members and significant others could.
Topic: identity

Sylvia Plath’s poem ‘Daddy’ expresses the struggle for female identity by basing it around the Holocaust, one of the most gruesome, immoral events in the whole of history. Plath uses this event as a metaphor for her struggles in life, and the struggles of women in general for independence. The male figure used in this poem is in the shape of Hitler, a man of unfathomable evil. In this poem, ‘Daddy’ is seen as a Hitler figure during the metaphor of the Holocaust.
Topic: identity

He is seen as oppressing the female population, and Plath as a figure in her poem, in comparison to the way Hitler oppressed the Jews. “Marble-heavy” is used to describe this figure, weighing down upon the females, making them struggle for female identity and independence. The adjective of “marble-heavy” signifies the way Plath felt her father was weighing down on her, causing her psychological pain and making her struggle through life, for freedom. Shadowing and oppression is shown through some of the description used to, perhaps, show the way she felt through her life.
Topic: identity

“Ghastly statue with on gray toe”, her father is shown as casting a shadow over his daughter’s life, not allowing her to grow or become her own person. The adjective “ghastly” poses a threat and foreboding over the poem, allowing the reader to get a sense of what Plath must have felt through her life. “I thought every German was you. ” This line in the poem allows the reader to infer that Plath’s father was German, and that she was frightened of him…possibly due to her seeing him as the fascist dictator that was Hitler.
Topic: identity

” implying even further that she felt oppressed by her Hitler-like father, in the way the Jews did during the Holocaust in the 1940s. “I think I may well be a Jew. ” This backs up the metaphor of the Holocaust, as Plath is expressing her feelings of being part of a minority group, due to her being a woman. She feels like she must fight for her right to be independent, because of her oppressed past and the way she was treated by her father. Her fear of this ‘Daddy’ figure is expressed throughout the poem, in stanza nine she tells of this fear explicitly.
Topic: identity

“I have always been scared of you” in which the reader can see that she was worried about fighting for her rights as a woman purely because of her being “scared”. The lexical choice of “scared” makes the reader question her life and the treatment of her by this male figure, possibly in her past, before he died. Stanza six, line two, “Ich, ich, ich, ich” uses the German word for ‘I’. The repetition of this word possibly highlights her struggles to talk to the ‘Daddy’ figure and express how she feels.
Topic: identity

It could also be said to be representing a chocking motion, hindering her speech, showing relative frightened emotions of talking to this man. Towards the end of the poem, it becomes questionable who the male figure is that she speaks about in the poem. It could be related to her father or, to her husband, the poet Ted Hughes. There’s an element of marital explanation, “And I said I do, I do. ” This implies that Plath is speaking about her husband, telling the reader that she also felt oppressed during her years of marriage.
Topic: identity

“If I’ve killed one man, I’ve killed two” This realization of actions lead her to believe that she was responsible for her father’s death, and possibly for “killing” Hughes, maybe psychologically and ruining her marriage when he left her and the children. “And drank my blood for a year,/Seven years, if you want to know. ” The drinking of her blood could be a metaphor for the control that was placed over her, and the time of “seven years” was the length of time that she was with Ted Hughes for.
Topic: identity

Her oppression got to the point where she felt she was being drained of life, hence the line, “And drank my blood for a year”. This would be a way of maintaining control over the female, as vampires do to their victims, with them becoming their ‘slaves’ of sort…perhaps what Hughes wanted of Plath. Tenderness is shown by the writer when she says, “Daddy, you can lie back now. ” This perhaps shows her caring side, her grief over the loss of her father. She is finally allowing him to rest, leaving him be and letting him ‘sleep’.
Topic: identity

This poem expresses the struggle for female identity and independence through the metaphor of the Nazi regime, showing the infection of men and their control over women, as that of the control over the Jews during the Holocaust. The controversial topic of the Holocaust shows the extent of which Plath felt the female population was oppressed and made to struggle through their ordeals due to the men not feeling they have any rights. The question of this being a love poem makes the reader think whether she enjoyed being oppressed by her husband, or whether it psychologically damaged her.
Topic: identity

How does Murakami explores the concept of identity in the novel “Kafka on the shore”? It is challenging to convey what defines someone’s identity, who we are, what we do, but most importantly what we think. It’s inside our heads, in our unconsciousness when we actually allow ourselves to ponder on our true identity. When it comes to literature, authors explore their characters´ true selves differently depending on the intention they have. In the novel “Kafka on the shore” Murakami uses several unusual resources in his novel such as themes and intertextuality in order to explore the concept of identity within his writing.
Topic: identity

Also acknowledging dreams as the only moment when our human condition allows people to be completely honest with ourselves. The following commentary in order to explore the concept of identity in Murakami’s work will focus on the passage of Miss Saeki’s and Kafka’s intercourse, chapter 29. The conception of dreams vs. reality in the novel plays a major role due to the fact that what the author wants is to make dreams as important as reality or even more so, given that it is when his characters are their true selves.
Topic: identity

Therefore this relationship is experienced by his audience very deeply, at first introducing the subject in a way anyone could relate to it but as the novel advances, the theme is developed to a level far beyond everyday life, nevertheless it is possible to get to an understanding of it. The geographical context of Japan in the novel aids this insertion of magical realism to the writing of Murakami. Concerning the cultural and religious aspects, Japanese society has a big flexibility on them, they have a blending of several religions such as Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism, boundaries are broken and people are free to live their own interpretation of their spirituality.
Topic: identity

Moreover, religion defines Japanese identity more than spirituality; it’s a way of living and thinking. Such freedom and individuality of thought is what enables the events in the novel to be conceivable, what allows the author to distort dreams and reality, and what’s real against what’s possible. Furthermore the inception of that liberal Japanese way of thinking empowers the reader to make a free interpretation of what’s going on in the novel, acknowledging that being involved in the postmodernist movement there is never an absolute truth to it. Murakami plays with the readers’ mind as they are certainly expecting to find absolute answers and end up being more confused trying to seek for them. In the specific extract of Miss Saeki’s and Kafka’s intercourse she is fulfilling her unconscious desire of sleeping with him. In fact the scene itself is presented in a way in which as readers we are not sure whether it is actually happening or not.
Topic: identity

The author uses a mesmeric tone and changes the narrative voice to third person to create a dream like atmosphere “Before you know it, her dream has wrapped itself around your mind. Gently, warmly, like amniotic fluid.” In this quote the use of the third person is evidenced and the expression “wrapped around your mind” is what produces the mesmerizing tone as Kafka is clearly absorbed by this dream that has become a part of reality. It’s a very graphic scene in which the main character experiences the blurring of genuineness against his dreams “But you can’t locate the borderline separating dream and reality. Or even the boundary between what’s real and what’s possible. All you’re sure of is that you’re in a delicate position”. In this scene Kafka is unable to control himself even when he knows that what he is doing is not right. Moreover, the fact that Miss Saeki accomplished her subconscious wish during her sleep is reassured when she decides to embrace her desire and repeat the intercourse with Kafka in one of the following chapters.
Topic: identity

Another significant way, in which this theme is related to the character of Miss Saeki and her identity revealing through her unconsciousness, is the spiritual projection of her fifteen year old self that Kafka sees at night. It is possible to interpret that she projects herself this way during her sleep due to the fact that she is stuck in her distant, happier past. Revealing that what she truly wishes is to be back when she was 15 and reunite with her lover, which could be why she presents herself to Kafka, given that the resemblance between both could be interpreted as if he weren’t only her son, but the reincarnation of her lover. Then again what allows the reader to make these assumptions is the religious context of japan given that reincarnation is a part of some peoples´ believes. For this particular element of the spiritual projection Murakami uses intertextuality to relate the events in the novel and clarify his perception on the subject. He deliberately makes a reference to the tale of Genjy. In this tale Lady Rojuko fulfils her dark unconscious desires through her dreams by “becoming a spirit” without taking notice of it, just like Miss Saeki does.
Topic: identity

The important link between both events is that both characters could only carry out their desires during their sleep while they are their true selves. Miss Saeki is only able to seek the intercourse with Kafka while she is theoretically sleeping. Another parallel with the tale is when Nakata takes the place of Kafka and stabs his own father, eventually carrying unconsciously the course he was meant to. Perhaps this suggests that there is inner darkness in everyone and that dreams are the perfect moment to explore the darkness within our true selves “the world of grotesque is the darkness within us” Regarding the conception of destiny and the theme of lack of control in the novel, these are factors that as well enable the exploration of identity in Murakami’s characters. Fate is perhaps one of the most significant elements of the novel developing throughout all of it. It is essentially presented as inevitable, the author foreshadows from the beginning what’s going to happen with his main character.
Topic: identity

The reason why destiny is a factor beyond the individual’s´ control is because the author wants to state it isn’t only an uncontrollable force driving them. It’s an actual part of who they are, an inner force, part of their human condition “Sometimes fate is like a small sandstorm…this storm is you. Something inside of you. So all you can do is give into it”. Therefore indeed destiny is identity, Kafka is omened that he will eventually kill his father and sleep with his mother, but this doesn’t happen due to fatality or chance, it happens because it is unconsciously what he wants and therefore what he is. This is proven when further on in the novel he accepts his curse; he embraces it, his love for his own mother and the death of his father. Nevertheless he doesn’t carry out his curse completely aware that he is doing it, but in thought he actually wishes to do so, which is why it happens. This suggests that thought is indeed as important as actions, or even more so, as they are our pure intentions.
Topic: identity

Therefore this could be interpreted as a factor affecting the characters’ karma as Shinto religion suggests and thus having an impact on their destiny. On the other hand, control is presented as something the characters lack, and when it’s linked to destiny therefore to identity what Murakami expresses is that they are not able to control who they are, what they want. This is shown in several ways for example something as simple as sex, Kafka finds himself unable to control his desire of sleeping with unconscious Miss Saeki although he is well aware that he is acting wrong. “I figure I’d better wake her up. She’s making a big mistake, and I have to let her know. This isn’t a dream–it’s real life. But everything’s happening so fast, and I don’t have the strength to resist” In this way the reader can relate to the experience of the main character of not being able to resist what he deeply wants.