ktmeng/mec huggingface dataset:
Topic: global-warming

Although tropical forests Cover only six percent of Earth’s land surface; it is alleged that they contain between 70% and 90% of the world’s entire species. It has been documented that as a result of deforestation, we have been losing between 50 and 100 animal and plant species each day. Many of these species that are now on the brink of extinction are of significant importance to humans, especially in the area of medicine. Continued obliteration of our various plants and animals will ultimately lead to obliterating the cures for many of the diseases that afflict us today.
Topic: global-warming

Additionally, the destruction of tropical forests will also lead to the destruction of tribal populations. Aboriginal people worldwide have had their land confiscated by governments and industries in the name of ‘development’. Even if forest dwellers are compensated for this loss, they are still left in shock by the invasion of industrial culture on their once simple lives. Soil erosion is another consequence of deforestation. Although these forests appear to be flourishing, the soils beneath are very poor.
Topic: global-warming

The problem is that once forests have been cut down, crucial nutrients are washed out of the soil completely. This leads to soil erosion. When there are no trees to keep the soil in place, it dries and cracks under the sun’s heat. If the soil temperature exceeds 25 degrees centigrade, explosive nutrient ingredients like nitrogen can be lost, reducing the fertility of the remaining soil further. Moreover, rainfall washes remaining nutrients into rivers; as a result, replanting trees would not really help to solve the problems of deforestation.
Topic: global-warming

Clearing the forest considerably increases the surface run- off from rainfall, chiefly because a greater amount of the rain reaches the ground due to a lack of vegetation which would suck up the excess rainfall. In tropical regions where the forests are dense, flooding is not a serious problem because there is vegetation to absorb the rainfall. A problem occurs in areas where there is little rainfall. In order to avoid the disastrous effects of flooding, it is important that tropical forests remain dense and lush.
Topic: global-warming

Global Warming occurs when there is an increase in the Earth’s temperature. This is due to the use of fossil fuels and other industrial processes, leading to a build up of ‘greenhouse gases’. In the Amazon, cattle ranching increase the build up of methane, a gas which can lead to global warming. The burning of trees, to quickly clear land for ranching, increases the build up of carbon dioxide, another gas which can lead to global warming. All this will eventually affect every single thing on this planet.
Topic: global-warming

A build up of carbon dioxide causes a rise in temperature in the Earth’s atmosphere. This rise in temperature will cause the polar ice caps to melt, causing a rise in the sea level. This will cause problems for those living on low-lying land, especially in Bangladesh. Those living in Bangladesh are always experiencing floods, as the country lies on the delta of the River Ganges. Floods in Bangladesh are frequent, and nearly always kills some, while making thousands homeless. The floods are disastrous, and cost a lot of money. If global warming increases (by the deforestation of the Amazon), Bangladesh will eventually become totally flooded, and millions will die. The country will be totally subdued in water, and will not be seen above sea level, as it is already quite low lying. Being a poor society (LEDC) as it is, Bangladesh would not be able to cope with an increase in global warming
Topic: global-warming

Deforestation of Colombia is a dangerous act to the environment. Colombia’s forests are the home of 55,000 plant species and 358 mammal species, 15 percent of the world’s primates. Currently, 1,000 plants species and 24 mammals’ species are threatened with extinction largely because of mass deforestation. Each year, a total of 1.5 to 2.2 million acres is lost to deforestation. At this rate, Colombia’s woodlands will be depleted in 40 years. Already one-third of this country’s original forest lands have felled. Colombia’s Pacific region consists of lush rainforests and contains most of the country’s natural resources.
Topic: global-warming

Under Colombia’s ambitious plans to develop their economy, the area has become targeted for the extraction and exportation of natural resources on the last ten years. The scheme is known as Plan Pacifica. Under the plan, one hundred and sixty thousand hectares are destroyed each year for wood and paper or to make way for agro-industrial production of African palm. There has been a considerable drop in mangrove coverage with the installation of commercial shrimp farms, and massive sedimentation and mercury contamination in rivers has been caused by deforestation and uncontrolled mining. “Let’s split atoms… not wood.”
Topic: global-warming

The single biggest direct cause of tropical deforestation is conversion to cropland and pasture, mostly for subsistence, which is growing crops or raising livestock to meet daily needs. The conversion to agricultural land usually results from multiple direct factors. For example, countries build roads into remote areas to improve overland transportation of goods. The road development itself causes a limited amount of deforestation. But roads also provide entry to previously inaccessible—and often unclaimed—land. Logging, both legal and illegal, often follows road expansion (and in some cases is the reason for the road expansion).
Topic: global-warming

When loggers have harvested an area’s valuable timber, they move on. The roads and the logged areas become a magnet for settlers—farmers and ranchers who slash and burn the remaining forest for cropland or cattle pasture, completing the deforestation chain that began with road building. In other cases, forests that have been degraded by logging become fire-prone and are eventually deforested by repeated accidental fires from adjacent farms or pastures. Nice & beautiful trees are bold & sweet they give us food to eat that’s why we are not weak. So grow more trees to live & maintain nature.
Topic: global-warming

One group against this proposed development is the G7 group (a group of northern hemisphere nations) feel that is Brazil got rid of its rainforest then greenhouse gases and this would not only be catastrophic for Brazil but the whole world. This is why the G7 group has put up $340 million to stop the Brazilian development programmed, although it is worth $40 billion to the Brazilian’s to go ahead with the scheme. Because of this the Brazilian government issued a rebuke to the rest of the world “We cannot leave the local (Amazonia) Population living in a glass bowl just for the benefit of rainforest preservation”.
Topic: global-warming

The G7 group isn’t the only group against the proposed development, scientists and environmentalists are also against the proposed developments and feel that the deforestation rate should be reduced from the already high rate it occupies. Many people are worried about the greenhouse gas emissions rising from the loss of trees and also the burning of trees, but these groups are also worried about the loss of habitats for the local wildlife and therefore the loss of wildlife. If reports are true, there could be only 5% of the wild, pristine Amazon left in 2020, this means that there will only be 5% of the natural wildlife left in this area.
Topic: global-warming

The journalist is sure that the deal has shown the commitment of countries to sacrifice their short-term needs at micro level in order to follow the “long-term global environmental aims”. In contrast, Kyoto Protocol is poorly designed and does not have any clear influences in perspective “unlike the Montreal Protocol, which had a clear objective and clear benefits”, notes the author. All things considered can help to draw a conclusion that the Protocol is rather controversial in its future perspectives but is a significant leap of “a wider global process of conservation” (Hamish McRae).
Topic: global-warming

Tamra Gilbertson and Oscar Reyes are sure that “today’s climate challenges require a paradigm shift in our thinking and approaches” (3). The Carbon Trade Watch researchers state that the adoption of proposed schema was a way to “make climate problems fit market solutions” (9). In any case, despite its bright perspectives in reality Kyoto Protocol leaves very less room for adequate decisions in environment pollution control and gives a way to corporations and governments to speculate on their emissions targets.
Topic: global-warming

Third, it is worthy to take a look at nowadays situation and whether or not “Son of Kyoto” can be considered a success reaching its initial targets and objectives. The recent United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP18/CMP8) prolonged the lifeline of “of the Kyoto Protocol beyond 2012 keeps it alive as the sole legally binding plan for combating global warming” for eight more years (Alister Doyle and Barbara Lewis).
Topic: global-warming

This can be seen as a constant struggle of humanity to overcome or at least control the situation with growing GHG emissions in spite of all the imperfection and criticism of the Kyoto initiative. Some of Doha decisions were questioned by Russia as well as neighboring Ukraine and Belarus asking to “be allowed extra credit for the emissions cuts they made when their industries collapsed” (Roger Harrabin). However, the query was not given a credit which left Russia no room for objection. This fact claims that there is still no unity in common decisions and universal outlook on the problem of climate change preventive measures.
Topic: global-warming

Easily, we can explain the reaction like 6 molecules of water plus, 12 molecules of Carbon Dioxide plus Sun energy, cross with chlorophillian pigment, in the product we have glucose, plus oxygen, plus water. We can put so briefly the process saying that the organisms use the energy from sunlight to produce sugar, which cellular respiration converts into ATP, The conversion of no usuable sunlight energy into usable chemical energy, is associated with the actions of the green pigment chlorophyll.
Topic: global-warming

When visible light from the Sun hits the earth, it zips through the atmosphere, hits the earth, and warms the earth. The earth emits some of this energy back out into space, keeping the planet cool. But the energy we emit is in the infrared, and some of that is absorbed by greenhouse gases in the air instead of going back out into space. When that happens, the air gets warmer — and the planet as a whole gets warmer too.
Topic: global-warming

Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s surface and is caused by greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere. The more greenhouse gases there are, the warmer the Earth gets. The warmer the Earth gets, the bigger the increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s surface. So, more global warming means more greenhouse gases which means more carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere. Plants need carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. Therefore more global warming equals to more carbon dioxide which means more more photosynthesis to make food(for the plants). Thus, global warming may be good for plants, but if you consider all the negative effects it has on the Earth, the negative effects outweigh the positive ones, definitely.
Topic: global-warming

Planet earth has an abundance of natural resources, which makes it unique and perfect for life to exist. However our use of these natural resources is creating a bit of a problem for us. Global warming is affecting our world in a negative way and mankind is exacerbating this problem. Today I am here to tell you what global warming is, why it is a problem and how we can solve it. Global warming is the increase in average temperature of earth’s land, sea and atmosphere.
Topic: global-warming

This is caused by the greenhouse effect, which is when greenhouse gases let sunlight in to the lower atmosphere which warms the earth and then blocks the heat from leaving. The greenhouse effect is a natural occurrence mostly caused by water vapors. Mankind is contributing to this problem by creating large amounts of greenhouse gases, mostly by burning fossil fuels. The burning of fossil fuels disrupts the natural balance of the earth’s temperature and as a result, the earth warms.
Topic: global-warming

Now you’re thinking how are we going to do this? Well it’s simple. There are two ways to reduce burning fossil fuels: use less energy and use non polluting energy sources such as solar and wind power. Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas ​ emitted through human activities. Planting trees is important because trees absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen. Therefore it can slow down or stop global warming. Recycling reduces greenhouse gases by keeping materials out of the landfill and reducing the need of mining.
Topic: global-warming

However, even small urban areas can have urban heat island effects. Heat islands form for a variety of reasons that aren’t present in the surrounding rural areas. For example, urban areas have extensive dark surfaces (roads and roofs) and absorb heat during the day and release it slowly at night when the temperatures cool. Urban heat island effect is particularly visible at night time due to this reason, as the urban areas still retain heat even when the rural areas are much cooler.
Topic: global-warming

between urban and rural areas can vary from 0.6 degrees (day) to 3-4 degrees (night). People and human activities such as transport, industry and power stations also generate their own heat. The pollutants from cars act as a condensation nuclei leading to the formation of cloud and smog, which traps radiation within the area. On average urban areas contain 10 times the amount of condensation nuclei than rural areas.
Topic: global-warming

The main reason for this trend is that urban areas tend to make more condensation nuclei; the tiny particles are essential for water droplets to form. Despite the fact that humidity levels are lower in urban areas (due to less vegetation and more drains/sewers), the greater concentration of condensation nuclei means that there is more cloud and rain, as well as mist and fog. Condensation nuclei is produced from car/lorry exhausts, as well as this, dust from human activity adds to the general mix. In the past, a huge amount of coal dust was produced and pumped into the atmosphere again, adding to the condensation nuclei.
Topic: global-warming

become trapped within the lower atmosphere, water vapour can condense around these particles and cause smog to form. The occurrence of Fog is dramatically higher within urban areas, the great increase in the amount of fog within cities is in accordance with the industrialisation of the city, e.g. In London 1700 there was 29 days of fog but by the 1800 (industrial revolution had occurred) there was over 50 days of
Topic: global-warming

this statistic shows that the amount of fog is influenced by the amount of industrial activity within a city. Winter city fogs are created by dense cold air associated with anticyclones trapping pollutants, making a pollution dome. This situation often reflects a temperature inversion. This is when instead of the usual situation of air becoming colder with altitude, the situation is reversed- the temperature is ‘inverted’- so a layer of warm air sits above the cooler air at the ground.
Topic: global-warming

is solid matter within the urban atmosphere such particles are usually less than 25 micrometers in size and cause problems such as fog/smog and respiratory problems. Sulphur dioxide is usually released from combustion of fossil fuels, causing a hazard known as acid rain (due to its acidic nature) and this can corrode away at buildings, it also contributes to respiratory diseases. Carbon monoxide is released from incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and is a poisonous gas that prohibits haemoglobin within the blood to uptake oxygen, therefore it is potentially life threatening.
Topic: global-warming

were the sky is visibly blue can be significantly reduced consequently reducing the amount of sunlight upon the city. Clearly the air quality will be significantly better in rural areas as there is less transport and burning of fossil fuels etc. There have been policies introduced in cities worldwide to reduce pollution levels and increase the number of ‘blue sky days’. An example of a policy is in Mexico where only odd number plates are allowed to enter the city centre some days and only even plates other days. The serious effects of poor air quality can be perfectly illustrated with Beijing were the public wear masks to protect themselves from the poor air and serious efforts have been made to cut down on polluting sources.
Topic: global-warming

“An Inconvenient Truth” by Al Gore, is a documentary that tells us about Global Warming. As he tells us, Global Warming involves solar radiation, in the form of light waves, passing through the atmosphere. Most of this radiation is absorbed by the Earth and warms it. Then some of the energy is radiated back into space, by the Earth, in the form of infrared waves. However during this process, some of the outgoing infrared radiation is trapped by the Earth’s atmosphere and warms it; which in return keeps the temperature at a livable and somewhat constant level.
Topic: global-warming

This is analyzed by the way he does his presentation. He performs his presentation in front of a live audience, an audience who is diverse. Diverse in the way that he has presented this slide show in many diverse places such as Aspen, Portland, London, Vienna, Italy, Spain, China, and South Korea just to name a few, and with males and females of every age. Gore also presents this slide show to people who want to know more about the situation. Which in return, we can assume that if the audience is attending his presentation, then they have little or no knowledge about the situation at hand and it is highly likely that they have not done much of anything in order to prevent global warming from becoming a future dilemma.
Topic: global-warming

In order for Gore to reach his audience he uses visuals and techniques. The documentary actually begins with a beautiful, peaceful visual of a flowing river with rustling leaves and chirping birds, all of which start the audience out with an idea of what will cease to exist and what they will lose if global warming does not cease. His visuals are also precise. For instance graphs derived from scientific research yet at the same time they were easy for everyone to understand due to Gore’s detailed explanation of each one. An example of this would be the graph he used that dated back 650,000 years. When he presented this graph he explained that it measured CO2 and temperature related measurements. He then continued to explain that when there is more carbon dioxide then the temperature becomes warmer. He is also sure to include the fact that today’s CO2 measurement/concentration is higher now than ever before and that scientists project a great and dangerous increase in less than 50 years if there is no change.
Topic: global-warming

Al Gore also makes sure that during his speech he uses visuals that have sentimental value and that can also be remembered by the viewers once the documentary is finished. For example, he showed many photographs of deteriorating landmarks across the world, many of which are well known to a majority of viewers even if they have just heard of the names. A specific technique Gore also includes is a story telling technique. He used a story from his past that included a fellow classmate asking if the east coast of South America and West Coast of Africa were once joined together. He ended this story with a comical statement while also stating the answer to his fellow classmate’s question.
Topic: global-warming

This story telling technique allowed his presentation to appear more upbeat and entertaining to his audience rather than dull with only strict statistics. Last but not least, Gore uses humor as a technique. He does this by including a clip from the Simpsons, a comedy cartoon shown nationwide. The clip involved global warming and was used as a way to explain things in a different way and/or view to people who may not understand fully, while adding a slight humor to the serious situation.
Topic: global-warming

The visual argument was prominent throughout Al Gore’s documentary. When he was not using the many pictures and videos consuming mostly of the drastic changes that are already taking place, he was showing the graphs of scientific study and predictions for the near future all because of global warming. The pictures contained mountains that were once covered with snow caps but are now dry and desolate, glaciers that once stood 700 feet tall but now crack and crumble only to melt in the infrared warmed waters, lakes that once flowed freely down their lively paths but now almost cease to exist, and even trees that were once colorful and forcefully standing but now weak and drained of pigment. These were strong visual arguments as much as they were emotional stimuli. Strong arguments because the pictures spoke for themselves and no one can argue against the facts they can see with their own two eyes and strong emotional stimuli because people could now see what their children will never or no longer be able to see or enjoy. Another example of visual argument that provokes emotional responses would be the weather changes.
Topic: global-warming

For instance, global warming can be held accountable for the severity of Hurricane Katrina. This astonished people simply because Hurricane Katrina had also hit the state of Florida when it was titled as a category one hurricane, however Katrina then traveled over warm waters and became much stronger by the time it reached New Orleans. To prove this point Gore included a statistic that showed how the top ten hottest years occurred in the past fourteen year, 2005 being the ultimate hottest year on record. All of which affects the ocean waters as well as producing additional stronger storms such as tornados, typhoons, flooding, and even droughts. This truly affected them emotionally by actually seeing how the world is practically falling apart due to global warming. The specific emotional response that occurred to the viewers was despair and astonishment, mainly because many were actually viewing and understanding the harm that is being done by them and everyone else who is failing to respond to global warming warnings. In conclusion, the visual arguments, such as the videos and pictures, were greatly appropriate for Gore’s purpose because it actually allowed the viewers to see a reality that they on other terms may have never been able to see.
Topic: global-warming

It hopefully also gave the viewers the urge to change their ways in order to fight the bigger crisis that may come in the future because of global warming. Like Gore said, “This is not really a political issue, so much as it is a moral issue, if we allow global warming to happen it is deeply unethical.”Authority also plays a role in the documentary. Gore, for instance, is a great example of authority on the topic of global warming. He has a great knowledge on the subject from his constant research and is looked up to by many people because of his standing on politics, since he is a well known political figure.
Topic: global-warming

The sources of other authorities, such as the sources of the scientific studies, the photographs, and short informational videos, are all named at the end of the documentary, if not stated by Gore himself during his presentation. The sources of information are current as well as a few years old, after all there were studies done in the past that were used in order to compare today’s statistics. Also, the authorities are respected by the audience in the way that the audience simply believes the information being given to them through out the documentary.
Topic: global-warming

In addition, Al Gore includes “little movies” of his life throughout the documentary. These movies consisted of when he was running for the presidency against George W. Bush, how he became interested in global warming, how his life was growing up, and even life changing moments involving his son and best friend. By including moments of his presidential campaign against Bush it showed his audience how he can bounce back from a loss and sill be determined to inform the people of problems in order to help them. It also shows that if he would have won, he would have made global warming a main issue. “Little movies” of his young life allow his audience to see ways he actually relates to them. Whether it be the closeness he held with his family or the way he moved from place to place to accommodate his father’s lifestyle as a tobacco farmer and his senate duties. Gore even included the way he has had to deal with a loss of a best friend whom died long before she should have because of lung cancer due to smoking. He included this as a comparison to the situation of global warming.
Topic: global-warming

Gore explains that his father would always find excuses to continue growing tobacco after the surgeon general’s warning until the death of his close friend. This is just like people coming up with reasons to avoid paying attention to global warming situation. Gore also includes information about his son when he was hit by a car and was put into critical condition. This would relate to the majority of the audience who has children themselves and at the same time show everyone that he has tragedies in his life just like every other ordinary person does. Another important part included through the little movies, possibly the most important little movie because it contained main emphasis on the topic, was how he became interested in global warming. He informed his viewers that his interest was jump started by an image, an image shown to him in college by a favored professor. He then explains that this college professor was also a talented scientist who would send weather balloons over the pacific in order to get statistics of his own. The professor recorded his findings and shared them with his classmates, all of which Al Gore absorbed like a sponge and became interested.
Topic: global-warming

In conclusion, Gore’s purpose for this documentary is to inform the people of global warming and how it is effecting the earth now. It also evidently shows how it will severely effect us in the future if we do not act on it. He wants everyone to realize this is something to start worrying about now and not put it off any longer. He also wants to give people hope that they can overcome this and change the process of global warming. After all we, as a whole, have overcome wars, famines, slavery, the right for women to vote, defeated totalitarianism, desegregated schools, cured fearsome diseases like polio, worked together to bring down communism, and have even fixed a hole in the atmospheric layer, which was said to be impossible. Another main purpose is to help everyone understand the alternative ways we can bring carbon emissions to zero in order to defeat this issue.
Topic: global-warming

These alternative ways include changing they electricity we use, the cars we drive, and even the things we buy. It is necessary to encourage everyone to make a change. Buy energy efficient light bulbs, increase insulation, plant trees, walk or ride a bike rather than drive, switch to renewable energy sources when possible, and even vote for leaders who pledge to solve this problem. In Al Gore’s own words, ” It’s separating the truth from the fiction and the accurate connections from the misunderstandings is part of what you learn here but when the warnings are accurate and based on sound science then we as human beings, whatever country we live in, have to find a way to make sure the warnings are heard and responded to.”
Topic: global-warming

Certain human activities, add to the levels of most of these naturally occurring gases. Carbon dioxide is released when solid waste, fossil fuels (oil,natural gas, and coal), and wood are burned. Methane is emitted during the production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil. Methane emissions also result from the decomposition of organic wastes in landfills and the raising of livestock. Finally Nitrous oxide is emitted during agricultural and industrial activities.
Topic: global-warming

What are some of the effects, due to global warming? Surface temperatures have increased 1.0°C-3°C since the late 19th century. The 20th century’s 10 warmest years have all occurred in the last 15 years of the century. Worldwide precipitation over land has increased by about one percent and globally, sea level has risen 4-8 inches over the past century. Global warming has also decreased snow cover in the northern hemisphere,and melted glaciers. Changing regional climate could alter crops yields, water supplies,and forests. It could also affect the health of ecosystems, animals and even humans.
Topic: global-warming

The science of global warming with Mr. Gore’s personal history and lifelong commitment to reversing the effects of global climate change. A longtime advocate for the environment, Gore presents a wide arrangement of facts and information in a thoughtful and compelling way. “Al Gore strips his presentations of politics, laying out the facts for the audience to draw their own conclusions in a charming, funny and engaging style, and by the end has everyone on the edge of their seats, gripped by his haunting message,” An Inconvenient Truth is not a story of despair but rather a rallying cry to protect the one earth we all share.
Topic: global-warming

Global warming is the rise in the average temperature of Earth’s atmosphere and oceans since the late 19th century and its projected continuation. Many people across the country have been convinced that global warming is affecting us more and more with each passing day. Because of numerous campaigns by the likes of famous politicians such as Al Gore, the common citizen has been convinced that drastic action needs to be taken in order to stop global warming. However, contrary to popular belief, a large number of distinguished scientists and engineers do not agree that drastic actions on global warming are needed.
Topic: global-warming

Many of the facts that are published relate to the point of global warming but are not solely caused by global warming. In an article in The New York Times by Justin Gillis, he explains that global temperatures are the highest that they have been in 4,000 years. He is indeed correct about this, as well as the fact that it may be a consequence of human activity. In the article, he explains that “the planet will be at least as warm as it was during the warmest periods of the modern geological era, known as the Holocene, and probably warmer than that.”
Topic: global-warming

Statistics like these tend to lead people the wrong way, convincing them that global warming is taking a huge toll on our planet and that something must be done. However, what is usually excluded from articles about global warming is information about alternative causes of temperature increases, such as changes in the amount and distribution of incoming sunlight caused by wobbles in the Earth’s orbit. A second misconceived notion is that CO2 is polluting our environment and that we need to “decarbonize” the Earth, when in fact CO2 is a colorless and odorless gas, exhaled by each of us, and a key component of the biosphere’s life cycle.
Topic: global-warming

Overall, global warming is a serious matter that has been brought to people’s attention in recent years because of temperature increases. The attention that global warming gained has raised the awareness of thousands across the country to be more aware of how they are individually effecting the environment, which in turn has helped the environment. However, contrary to popular belief, a large number of distinguished scientists and engineers do not agree that drastic actions on global warming are needed, and many articles have misleading facts that cause people to believe otherwise.
Topic: global-warming

Describe the strategies that have been suggested to reduce global warming. To what extent do you think they are successful? Global warming is the rise in the average temperature of Earth’s atmosphere and oceans since the late 19th century and its projected continuation. Since the early 20th century, Earth’s mean surface temperature has increased by about 0.8 °C. It is primarily caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane produced by human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation.
Topic: global-warming

With the rising problems caused by global warming, actions have been taken over the years to reduce and mitigate global warming. Firstly, the Kyoto Protocol treaty was negotiated in December 1997 at the city of Kyoto, Japan and came into force on February 16th, 2005. It is initiated by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) which is an international treaty that sets binding obligations on industrialised countries to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases.
Topic: global-warming

The Kyoto Protocol is a legally binding agreement under which industrialized countries (192 countries) will reduce their collective emissions of greenhouse gases by 5.2% compared to the year 1990. Under the Protocol, countries’ actual emissions have to be monitored and recorded. This thus helps to ensure that all the amount of greenhouse gases emitted by countries is at a safety level. Although the first period of commitment of the protocol has been generally successful in encouraging countries to reduce their greenhouse gases emission, it is not successful in bringing the amount of greenhouse gas emission down. In fact, worldwide atmospheric CO2 levels have soared up to 35% since 1997. Most of that increase has come from the United States which did not ratify the protocol. Therefore, it is crucial for every country to be responsible and work together to reduce the emission of the greenhouse gases. Another strategy suggested to reduce global warming is through “Sponsor Trees”.
Topic: global-warming

Sponsor Trees work with local tree planting organisations around developing countries planting millions of trees every year. The best way to reduce carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is through photosynthesis, and to do so, trees play a crucial role. Each tree absorbs approximately 25kg of carbon emissions each year meaning 1 ton is removed from the atmosphere over a 40 year lifetime. Making use of this advantage, “Sponsor Trees” encourage individuals to sponsor trees by making donations. It is a successful strategy as it is feasible and sustainable in the long run. In “sponsor trees”, there are many experts who know what kind of trees is better to absorb carbon dioxide effectively and trees of the same species should not be planted together as they would absorb all the same nutrients from the ground and not survive effectively for long. Furthermore, since the life expectancy of trees are relatively long, it is a sustainable way to absorb carbon dioxide.
Topic: global-warming

Therefore, this strategy of planting trees is successful to a large extent. One of the greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming is methane. Methane is 21 times more powerful a greenhouse gas than CO2. While atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide have risen by about 35%, methane concentrations have more than doubled. Methane is produced by a number of sources, including coal mining and landfills—but the number one source worldwide is animal agriculture. As such, The Vegetarian Society came out with a 5 year strategy in UK in 2009. Under this strategy, the society aims to encourage vegetarianism by promoting the benefits of vegetarianism, provide information to support vegetarians and make it easier to be vegetarian.
Topic: global-warming

The idea behind this strategy is effective in reducing methane as there is no limit to reductions in this source of greenhouse gas that can be achieved through vegetarian diet. However, in reality, it is not as successful as not many people are willing to go vegetarian. Thus, this strategy will only be successful if every individual are willing to play a part in it. In conclusion, strategies in reducing global warming involve so as to achieve success. Be it sponsoring trees or going vegetarian, it needs the help of individuals to make it successful. Thus, we should all be responsible and do our part to reduce global warming.
Topic: global-warming

Global warming is the greatest challenge facing our planet. It is, in fact, the increase in the temperature of the earth’s neon- surface air. It is one of the most current and widely discussed factors. It has far-reaching impact on biodiversity and climatic conditions of the planet. Several current trends clearly demonstrate that global warming is directly impacting on rising sea levels, the melting of ice caps and significant worldwide climate changes. In short, global warming represents a fundamental threat to all living things on earth.
Topic: global-warming

Together with 1991, the years of 1983, 1987, 1988 and 1989 have been measured to be the warmest six years in the last hundred years. The year 1991 was the second warmest year of the past century. The consequences of the rise in temperature is being felt all over the globe the findings of scientific research done in this field reveal that the temperature of the earth is likely to rise from 1.4°C to 5.8°C within a period of 100 years. Unfortunately, the imbalance which we have created between our life and earth is already showing the signs disasters in the form of flood, cyclones, landslides, tsunami, drought, etc.
Topic: global-warming

It increases the evaporation of water into the atmosphere. Since water vapour itself is a greenhouse gas, this causes still more warming. The warming causes more water vapour to be evaporated. The C02 level is expected to rise in future due to ongoing burning of fossil fuels and landuse change. The rate of rise will depend largely on uncertain economic, sociological, technological and natural developments. Other gases such as methane, CFCs, nitrous oxide, tropospheric ozone are also responsible for global warming. Increases in all these gases are due to explosive population growth, increased industrial expansion, technological advancement, deforestation and growing urbanisation, etc. Trees play a significant role in the global carbon cycle.
Topic: global-warming

They are the largest land-based mechanism for removing carbon dioxide from the air. Deforestation is checking these positive processes. It is the second principle cause of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Deforestation is responsible for 25 per cent of all carbon emissions entering the atmosphere, by the burning and cutting of 34 million acres of trees each year. Everyday over 5500 acres of rainforest are destroyed. As a consequence of massive loss of forests, global CO, levels rise approximately 0.4 per cent each year, the levels not experienced on this planet for millions of years. As we know the forests are the great absorbers of CO,,. There is a close relation between global warming and population growth. Today the large population on earth is using the technologies which are destructive for the earth.
Topic: global-warming

Approximately, 80 per cent of atmospheric C02 increases are due to man’s use of fossil fuels either in the form of coal, gas or oil. A large portion of carbon emission is attributed to the burning of gasoline in internal-combustion engine of vehicles. Vehicles with poor gas mileage contribute the most to global warming. Besides, the sulphur group gas is the most harmful for this. Its contribution is 30 per cent in global warming. This gas is also emitted from the burning of fossil fuels. Increase in global temperatures will cause rise in sea level. It will lead to melting of glaciers, changes in rainfall patterns, increased intensity and frequency of extreme weather. As per the latest survey report the rate of melting of glaciers has seen sharp increase in recent times. Even those glaciers are affected from global warming which have been considered permanent. The shrinking of glaciers is going to pose a major problem of drinking water. The sea levels as a result of melting of glaciers have risen from 0.35 mm to 0.4 mm.
Topic: global-warming

Scientists have warned in their reports that most of the glaciers will disappear within a period of 15 to 25 years. It will create problems of drinking water and food grains in most of the North American countries. India is not unaffected from it. The Himalayan glaciers have shrunk about 30 per cent after 1970. The rise in sea levels is a major cause of concern. A large number of cities located in coastal areas will submerge in the sea. Besides, many island countries will ultimately “lose their existence and will be washed away from the surface of the earth. The damage of rising sea levels is diverse. Buildings and roads close to the water could be flooded and they could suffer damage from hurricanes and tropical storms. Experts believe that global warming could increase the intensity of hurricanes by over 50 per cent. In addition, as the sea rises, beach erosion takes place, particularly on steep banks. Wetlands are lost as the level rises. Rise in atmospheric temperature will lead to the outbreak of air¬borne and water-borne diseases. It would also contribute to the rise in death caused by heat.
Topic: global-warming

The problem of drought would be frequent. Consequently, malnutrition and starvation will pose serious challenge before humanity. Global warming is a great threat to the flora and fauna of the earth. A large number of species of them may become extinct. The expanse of desert would increase. Low rainfall and rising temperature could add to the intensity and frequency of dusty storm. This in turn will immensely affect the quality of agricultural land, ultimately causing adverse effect on agricultural produce. It would have far-reaching socio-economic impact. In Indian context, the impact of global warming is a matter of grave concern. As is well known, India is mainly an agricultural country and agriculture here is gamble of the monsoon, e.g. largely depending on rainfall.
Topic: global-warming

Though it is to affect the whole country, the worst likely impact would be on central and northern India which is high-yielding parts of the country. These are the regions which produce the largest agricultural yield. The rise in atmospheric temperature and fall in rain would naturally result in decline in crop production. Moreover, it would have great effect on biodiversity as well. The growing concerns over global temperatures have led to the nations, states, corporations and individuals to draw out a plan of action to avert the situation.
Topic: global-warming

Planting more trees and reducing timber cuts worldwide will help restore the imbalance. Secondly, we must follow on environmental policy of ‘reduce, reuse, recycle’, i.e. promoting the reuse of anything. Thirdly, the use of fuel-efficient vehicles should be promoted as these vehicles have lower emissions of harmful gases. Fourthly, every individual should be aware of the importance of the protecting environment. Besides, eco- friendly technologies must be promoted, and must be substituted with the technologies which cause great emission of global warming gases. Public awareness campaign can be of great help in this regard because unless each and every individual is aware only governments’ effect cannot bring desired difference.
Topic: global-warming

Excessive amounts of greenhouse gases, particularly CO2, introduced into the atmosphere have increased average global temperatures forecasting a number of dire consequences. Impacts from rising sea levels, desertification, and damage from intense super storms like Hurricane Katrina have already created some of the first groups of climate-change refugees and some estimate that number to rise to 150 million by 2050. But even if you’re skeptical of the science, the excessive amount of carbon made has released into the atmosphere has started a dangerous problem with ocean acidification.
Topic: global-warming

Since the early 20th century, Earth’s mean surface temperature has increased by about 0.8 °C (1.4 °F), with about two-thirds of the increase occurring since 1980.[2] Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and scientists are more than 90% certain that it is primarily caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases produced by human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation.[3][4][5][6] These findings are recognized by the national science academies of all major industrializednations. Plant Trees Reduce Fossil Fuel Use Conserve Water
Topic: racism

Throughout the 20th century the African-American community was poorly treated by government, society, and also the public school system. All public schools were organized under the “separate but equal” law that was passed in 1896. It wasn’t until the NAACP (Thurgood Marshall playing a crucial role) brought multiple cases involving the mistreatment of African Americans within public schools to the Supreme Court. There were a total of 5 cases from all over the country, they were all under the name Brown vs.
Topic: racism

Board Of Education. In 1954, the Supreme Court ruled that the “Separate but equal” law was unfair and unequal. Within the South, majority of the states did not agree with the ruling and steadily made plans to desegregate their public schools. There were many news breaking stories to highlight the struggles of trying to desegregate the public schools inside the highly racist states. The most influential story today that helped the progression of integrated public schools is the story of the “Little Rock Nine”.
Topic: racism

Minnijean Brown, Elizabeth Eckford, Ernest Green, Thelma Mothershed , Melba Patillo, Gloria Ray, Terrence Roberts, Jefferson Thomas and Carlotta Walls were all recruited by Daisy Gaston Bates, who at the time was president of the Arkansas NAACP. Before being granted access to the school, the nine were carefully scrutinized and if felt deem able they went through a very intensive counseling course to help them prepare for almost anything and everything that might occur while attending classes.
Topic: racism

After training, all nine were prepared for the worse but still determined to make history and receive an equal and fair education. With intentions of preventing violence and bloodshed, Governor Faubus ordered the state’s National Guard to prevent the students from entry from the high school. On the first day of school, all African American students were turned away at the door. While being split from the group Elizabeth Eckford arrived alone, as she approached the building she was bombarded by a crowd of white students and adults screaming and harassing her. It was also documented that one of the women in the crowd spat on her, the press caught pictures of the incident and it was widely broadcasted across America bringing attention the little rock controversy.
Topic: racism

The controversy had gotten so widely known and immense, President Eisenhower had gotten involved. Federal Judge Richard Davies had local police take over and escort them through a crowd of over 1,000 people. All nine students had gotten into the school but were shortly removed because of large riot outburst throughout the day. While attending school they were constantly harassed and were violently abused on a everyday basis, this caused Governor Faubus to publicly express his opinion on the removal of little rock nine. In 1959, he closed down the high school and hosted a vote on whether or not the students should attend the school or not. Little Rock citizens voted 19,470 to 7,561 to the removal of African American Attendance within public schools. This caused the little rock nine to split up and further their education in other high schools across the country. Out of 9 of the students, only Ernest Green was able to graduate and get his diploma from central high school. In 1961, The Albany Movement was a peacefully protest within the state of Georgia to help desegregate the state’s public places.