ktmeng/mec huggingface dataset:
Topic: global-warming

As an intergovernmental body, membership of the IPCC is open to all member countries of the United Nations (UN) and WMO. Currently 195 countries are Members of the IPCC. Governments participate in the review process and the plenary Sessions, where main decisions about the IPCC work programme are taken and reports are accepted, adopted and approved. The IPCC Bureau Members, including the Chair, are also elected during the plenary Sessions.
Topic: global-warming

Therefore, he concluded that IPCC’s role in assessing and expounding the latest scientific findings is getting ever more important. Realizing this role, selection of diverse qualified authors to make quality and accurate findings as bases for policy making across all sectors like how Castles and Henderson describe the problem of IPCC’s weaknesses on economic and statistical expertise saying that the horde of authorities is drawn from a narrow professional milieu. The author team for each chapter is intended to have a range of views, expertise, and geographical representation to resolve this kind of issues (IAP, 2010). This would make diversity work on the advantage of getting credibility on equity in assessment reports. Allowing authors from developing countries to participate with high qualifications to make valid contributions for wide range scientific findings.
Topic: global-warming

Identifying actions to solve climate change related problems would require scientific references. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is one of the top International body that assesses causes and impacts of climate change. It is significant that they make scientific reports consistently accurate and reliable because many sectors depend on their findings. There are many concerns need to be sought addressing to realize their mission and vision as a climate change assessing organization. Since they aim to reflect a range of views and expertise, their human resource should be expected of excellent qualifications and representing all countries. In doing the process of recruiting and electing scientists, they should be transparent to avoid anomalies of politics and biases.
Topic: global-warming

Proving their accuracy and equity on their reports by being transparent and following the proper process can significantly influence policy makers to create better and more policies that are crucially helpful in achieving short term and long term goals for the benefit of the world at large in solving the problems of climate change. Not proving their accuracy and equity on their reports by allowing biases, elite range of views, conflict of interest and gaps in the group reviews then its credibility would be compromised and the reports taken may have societal environmental and economic setbacks that would entail legal responsibilities.
Topic: global-warming

IPCC Bureau would publish approved formal criteria for recruitment of authors on their website and newspapers including a range panel representation giving opportunities for developing countries to participate actively for equitable and global direction in reviews and decisions on climate change. It is a recommendation from InterAcademy Council(2010) IPCC should develop and adopt formal qualifications and formally articulate the roles and responsibilities for all Bureau members, including the IPCC Chair, to ensure that they have both the highest scholarly qualifications and proven leadership skills.
Topic: global-warming

IPCC is being challenged by criticisms of their work on the panel’s forecasts of greenhouse gas emissions by Ian Castles, a former head of Australia’s Bureau of Statistics and David Henderson, formerly the chief economist of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development concluding that the method employed had given an upward bias to the projection. The opposition should be taken as converted resources that IPCC can possibly account. They may conduct an open discussion and formulate rubrics to validate recommendations from outside entities. If proven legitimate, it is necessary then to consider them as contributors.
Topic: global-warming

The IPCC procedures call for an ‘open and transparent’ process. The precedent was set with AR4 to release all drafts, reviewer comments and responses. Also, UK and European Freedom of Information laws have been deemed to cover expert correspondence related to production of the IPCC report. Since it is now clear that the material constitutes a public record, the only remaining task is to ensure the process is timely and effective. All persons engaged in the writing, reviewing and production of the IPCC Assessment Reports shall be issued email accounts on a dedicated IPCC domain and shall conduct all correspondence related to the Assessment process via this account. The email correspondence will constitute a part of the public record. All drafts, review comments, author responses and IPCC email correspondence will then be published no more than 3 months after the release of the full report(McKitrick, 2011).
Topic: global-warming

David Criggs assumes as well how important step is the selection of lead authors is in the process(April, 2014). Hoesung Lee, the IPCC’s new chair, has announced that it is his objective to better incorporate experts from developing countries and expertise from business and industry ( HYPERLINK ” l “b0120” Schiermeier and Tollefson, 2015). He aims to incorporate a stronger focus on solutions, providing more justification for the incorporation of practitioners relative to academics(Climate Services, 2017). In addition to this, IAC(2010) reported that some scientists expressed frustration of not being nominated despite their scientific qualifications and willingness to participate. This situation is more applicable among developing-countries scientists who felt that some of their Government Focal Points do not always nominate the best scientists from among those who volunteer, either because they do not know who these scientists are or because political considerations are given more weight than scientific qualifications. As a result, the pool of developing-country nominees may not reflect the total available capacity within these regions.
Topic: global-warming

Managing diversity in IPCC can maximize potential advantages in a way that the decisions would come from a wider perspective. Thus enabling the organization to be adept in addressing emerging issues like how they are being questioned on their credibility of providing facts on climate change. This solution of putting diversity initiatives to keep human resources advantage of IPCC would also allow reduction in skill shortages for instance now there is an assumption of having political biases of not recruiting competent scientists from developing countries therefore the published report is apparently controverted.
Topic: global-warming

Several studies proven the significance of well managed diversity in the success of attaining the goals of any organization like what Priscilla Dike(2013) found out from the results of her thesis. The result shows that workplace diversity plays an effective role in some companies. However inadequate mentoring and guidance could cause a company low productivity. For this reason, there must be regular improvement in ways to effectively manage a diverse workforce as the world keeps advancing. In Harvard Business Review (2016), David Rock and Heidi Grant wrote, “Why Diverse Teams Are Smarter” and enumerating a bulk of studies proving what the title implies. A 2015 McKinsey report on 366 public companies found that those in the top quartile for ethnic and racial diversity in management were 35% more likely to have financial returns above their industry mean, and those in the top quartile for gender diversity were 15% more likely to have returns above the industry mean. In another study, published in Economic Geography, the authors concluded that increased cultural diversity is a boon to innovativeness. They pooled data on 7,615 firms that participated in the London Annual Business Survey, a questionnaire conducted with the UK capital’s executives that asks a number of questions about their companies’ performance. The results revealed that businesses run by culturally diverse leadership teams were more likely to develop new products than those with homogenous leadership.
Topic: global-warming

These issues have correlation with the quality of scientists doing the assessment reports. As stated by InterAcademy Council that was asked by IPCC and United Nations to review the processes and procedures of the IPCC that the selection of authors is one of the most important decisions in the assessment process because credibility of the assessment depends largely on the participation of respected scientists (IAC, 2010). IPCC should give value on selecting qualified heterogeneous scientists representing all countries to have wide range of views and making more accurate reports for policy making reference of different sectors.
Topic: global-warming

There is no doubt that mankind has made significant progress in terms of socio-economic success and modern technology, but along with these advancements are the degradation of our atmosphere and environment. Several studies have shown the rapid warming of our home planet, in fact, according to an online article by NASA, from late 19th century, the surface temperature of earth (average) has increased by approximately 0.9 degrees Celsius. The warmest year ever known was also not long ago. From January of 2016 up to September of the same year, the warmest temperatures for those months were recorded apart from June.
Topic: global-warming

As earth gets warmer, its consequences are evident, as shown in fig. 2 and 3, melting of ice allows for the rise of sea-levels, and if all of them were to melt, the world would be submerged in water, destroying habitats. Animals also suffer. Some move to cooler areas of the earth, while others experience a huge decline in numbers. For one, the habitat loss of the Ad?lie penguin in Antarctica allowed for its population to flunk up to 90%. This crisis is universal: it deals great damage to all, which means immediate action is needed.
Topic: global-warming

As we speak, the effects of warming ceases to stop, while several reports have said that we are too late to have earth the way it was before, this doesn’t mean that the world will end. We can still do something to slow down its effects and retain the earth in livable levels. Although behind schedule, there is progress. Since people are more aware, there have been more agreements and protocols where countries are involved, meaning action in large numbers can be done, and this was proven by the Montreal Protocol. The protocol was established to reduce CFCs or chemicals that damage the atmosphere. Recently, the UN has reported that the ozone layer is healing, which means the success of the protocol, and thus, hope for us. (See fig.6) Coming together allows possibility for change. Another instance, last week, a coastal clean-up in Manila Bay was held, and got 20,000 volunteers. The bay, although not completely healed, is starting to look like what was once before. We must remember that local moves can also yield global impact.
Topic: global-warming

It is time. Time for us to make a change. I suggest that all of us, which occupy this room, have SOME knowledge of the climate change epidemic, which is currently taking the world by storm. Australia as a country is currently not doing enough, or not doing a good enough job, to halt the catastrophic consequences that even a two degree Celsius rise in our climate alone are bound to ensue. Such a subtle rise in temperature will not only have an impact on humans, but the entire world’s environment and ecosystems as well as the millions, if not trillions, of species which inhabit them.
Topic: global-warming

This causes a build up of heat and a rise in temperatures both on land and in the water. This could become fatal and irreversible to us, as if our climate alone rises even two more degrees, over 30 to 50 native flora and fauna will be lost. Extinct. Gone. Contrary to this, greenhouse sceptics argue the idea that the Earth naturally heats and cools as years go by, hence the numerous ice ages we have gone through.
Topic: global-warming

Were you aware of the fact that a shift of 63 cm in our already high sea levels would cause flooding to over 130 million people, which are situated on low-lying islands and coastal communities? Were you aware of the fact that climate change has changed bushfires in Australia for the worse, and, currently, there are over 50 fires burning in New South Wales, and over 1,400 hectares have been diminished in Queensland since September? Were you aware of the fact that our own
Topic: global-warming

is experiencing horrific bleaching due to 0.4-degree increase in the water temperature, and has been confirmed by scientists that it, and its multibillion-dollar tourist industry, are expected to die by 2050. This would leave millions with no income and on the streets, as well as a huge loss on tax and Australia as a whole. If this was not bad enough, the oceans will soon start absorbing the greenhouse gasses that pollute our air and lead to ocean acidification. The trade of gasses between the water and the air will be the cause of large-scale winds and extreme weather conditions. This, in return, will effect infrastructure and instead of focusing on the problem, which is climate change, we will be preoccupied with fixing broken homes and mourning lost historical sites. Need I go on? This only further solidifies my point of needing to stop and exterminate our actions, which are factors to the worsening of our Earth’s overheating problems. We need to stand as a nation and embrace the fact that climate change is real and needs to be laid to rest for the sake of future generations, and the prosperity of our planet and us as a community and all its inhabitants.
Topic: global-warming

Our government has been coming up with future plans on halting global warming, but they are not being put into action nearly as quick as climate change is affecting us. The Gilliard government is conducting a plethora of idea, including the carbon tax which is hoped to reduce emission by 2021-2022. However, this would in return raise the cost of living and people are outraged by the mere proposal of it. What people don’t know, however, is that it’ll only raise the cost of living by $9.90 per week. If that is the price we need to pay to ensure for the best, if not the only future our children and grandchildren may have, then why moan about it? We finally have a chance to change our previous ways and better ourselves for the sake of everyone and everything. Why not take it? Although, even with the carbon tax in place, it wont be effective enough. This is why we all, as a community, a nation, and a planet, need to contribute to making out electricity usage more scarce and effectively reduce the amount of carbon we emit. Turning things off when you’re not using them, taking power cords out of the wall often, and using solar panels are just a few ways anyone can help with the sustainability of our planet. Not only will it reduce electricity usage, but also the amount of money we spend towards the companies who allow for excess gas emission. We need to realise this IS going to affect our future. Alternatively, if not ours, our children’s, grandchildren’s’, and so forth. If we want to be walking on eggshells while trying out methods to stop global warming, then so be it. Though it is not doing anything any favours until larger scale actions are taken.
Topic: global-warming

Although global warming is a real issue, some efforts from the general public are doing us more harm than good. Protests consisting of over fifty people strolling down the streets are not only halting public transport, but are also disturbing residents, causing trouble in the work forces they have abandoned to support the protests, and cause further trouble for our government as well as sceptics who will now degrade and think even lesser of supporters of this issue. Extremists are the sole reason non-believers have such a sour taste in their mouth when global warming is even mentioned. Alexandria Ocasio Cortez, a democrat who preaches the cheap lifestyle and the stop of global warming, said that ‘The world will end in 12 years if global warming isn’t stopped’, which is totally fabricated. Ludacris even. She had no proof, no
Topic: global-warming

Drawing a conclusion on this issue is difficult, though the degrading condition of Australia’s biggest tourist attraction, the expected extinction of massive races of fauna and flora, and the constant rise in temperature suggest that precautions have to be taken when dealing with this issue and the future of the next generations. Do we really want to be known as the generation who doomed their children by leaving behind an endoskeleton of what the world once was? Well, let me ask you this; why would the dumbest species on that perfect planet become dumb enough to continue to use the resources that destroy it?
Topic: global-warming

2.2 Urban mobility and its externalitiesMobility is the backbone of economic and social activities such as travel, production or energy supply. Each movement has a place of origin, a possible set of stopping places, a destination and a nature associated with physical attributes. Transport systems consisting of infrastructures, modes and stations are key components of individuals and institutions socio-economic lives that are often invisible to individuals or consumers. Urban mobility, specifically, road transport, has several major environmental externalities. First, greenhouse gas emissions and their effect from motorized private and public transportation are suffered globally, thus affecting not only a country but the entire planet.
Topic: global-warming

Moreover, in some developing countries, parking is underpriced or even not-priced, the time spent searching for parking and excessive use of land for parking would contribute more to the urban heat island effect, and problems of drainage can be significant in urban areas REF _Ref3293980 r h * MERGEFORMAT Ћ[1]. Thus, transport system sustainability has become a key issue in future mobility vision.2.2.1 The link between transport and environmentTo understand the relationship between the transport and environment we have to understand the causes, the activities, the outputs and the results of a transport system ( REF _Ref6996575 h Figure 3).
Topic: global-warming

Due to global warming and other ill-effects of conventional energy sources, there is a need to produce energy by clean and environmental friendly ways. Fuel cell is one of the effective solution to produce energy without polluting the environment. There are various types of fuel cells viz. solid oxide, proton exchange membrane, alkaline fuel cells, etc. We are going to discuss more about solid oxide fuel cells. A solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is a device which generates electricity by using chemical energy stored in the fuel viz.
Topic: global-warming

hydrogen or hydrocarbons. SOFC consists of three parts ‘ electrolyte, anode and cathode. SOFCs have fuel flexibility, are low cost and have long-term stability. Operating temperature is the main disadvantage of the SOFC. To overcome this disadvantage, nanomaterials are used for electrolytes, anodes and cathodes of SOFC in order to improve their performance. Various fabrication and preparation methods are used to integrate different nanomaterials in the different parts of SOFCs. In this research, different fabrication methods along with their applications are discussed.
Topic: global-warming

The high use of fossil fuels like coal, gas and oil in last 100 years has increased the carbon dioxide and other poisonous gases emissions from power generation devices. This is considered to be an important factor for some of the environmental problems like global warming. The energy demand is always increasing and fossil fuels are depleting at faster rate. The power generation by using fossil fuels would not be sustainable. Thus, there is a need to find alternative or renewable energy sources that can meet this demand.
Topic: global-warming

The fuel cell is considered to be the one of the efficient and clean power generating device. Now, as we are considering fuel cells as replacement for the current power generating devices, the efficiency and durability of the fuel cells should be ideally equal or higher than those devices. To increase the efficiency and durability, different nanomaterials can be used in three different parts i.e. electrolyte, cathode and anode of fuel cells. Thus, in summary, there is need for better understanding of how these nanomaterials can be integrated on these parts in an efficient, fast and low cost ways. [1, 2, 4]
Topic: global-warming

The objective of the current study is to provide a comprehensive review of literatures related to the application and advantages of each fabrication method of SOFCs. The fabrication methods discussed in the current study are photolithography process, sintering process and infiltration process. These processes are used for fabrication of nanomaterials on electrolyte, anode and cathode respectively. In this research, the methods are discussed using one nanomaterial for each fabrication method. The nanomaterial used for photolithography is YSZ (yttrium stabilized zirconia) [1, 2], for sintering is NiO/YSZ [3, 5] and for infiltration is metal salt nitrate [4]. These materials would increase the power output and performance of SOFCs. Different nanomaterials can also be used other than the mentioned, for improving the performance. The long term goal of the research is to help the researchers to understand the impact of use of nanomaterials in SOFCs.
Topic: global-warming

The results of this research will be shared in a form of paper, power point and poster presentation. The results would primarily include the schematic diagrams of the fabrication methods. They would also include the preparation methods for a particular nanomaterial used in the fabrication. The results for nanomaterial in electrolyte would include tables and graphs related to performance of SOFCs with respect to crystalline sizes, temperature, durability and cell voltage. For anode, the results would include performance of fuel cells with respect to temperature and cell voltage. The results for cathode would include performance with respect to temperature. In summary, the performance and durability of SOFCs are expected to increase with addition of nanomaterials.
Topic: global-warming

In this research paper, we will see how nanomaterials can be used by using fabrication methods for electrolyte, anode and cathode of SOFCs. Introducing these nanomaterials will increase performance and durability of SOFCs. But, there are some limitations of this research. We are going to see only limited number of fabrication methods for integration of nanomaterials in fuel cells and only one application of the nanomaterial used for electrolyte, anode and cathode. There might be several other fabrication methods and nanomaterials which are not covered in this research paper. Degradation of performance after a certain number of working hours of SOFCs should also be considered while doing future work. [6]
Topic: global-warming

Next is the most common issue that is deforestation. Deforestation is a human influence because human have been cutting down trees to produce papers, wood, build houses or more. If human continuing deforestation, carbon dioxide will concentrate in the atmosphere because trees can absorb carbon dioxide from atmosphere. Besides, human also release carbon dioxide when breathe. Therefore the amounts of millions of people breath have release carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. If human continue deforestation, human breathing that release carbon dioxide will stay at the atmosphere.
Topic: global-warming

First effect is polar ice caps melting. As the temperature increase, the ice at the North Pole will melt. Once the ice melt the first effect will be raise on sea levels because the melting glaciers become oceans. According to the National Snow and Ice Data Center “if the ice melted today the seas would rise about 230 feet”. It affects many low lying areas such as the Netherlands. In future, the Netherlands will be cover by water once the North Pole is melted. However, it is not going to happen so fast but the sea level will continue rise.
Topic: global-warming

Another way to reduce global warming is recycle. Recycle can reduce garbage by reusing plastic bags, bottles, papers or glass. For instance, when we buy foods, we can use our own containers instead of plastic bags. Another example is after finish drinking the water from the bottle; we can reuse it or use our own bottle. If all this is being reuse, human can reduce deforestation and help save environment. Besides, turn off electricity if unused. It can save thousands of carbon dioxide and buy product that have energy saving because it saves cost and save environment.
Topic: global-warming

Overall of this assignment, I have understood that our earth is “sick”. We humans need to “heal” the earth. Global Warming have causes many problem for human but we human who make global warming happens. Many people have died because of disease or disaster. It also affects the economics of the country. However, we need to be reduce the global warming by using less gasoline, recycle and human should help to reduce global warming instead of making the earth temperature increased. Our generation should start taking care of the earth because in the next generation they will suffer if we do not do reduce global warming. Therefore, global warming is a serious issue now. As a business student we are learning it because we need to understand the effect of climate change that will affect us when we have our business and we can start saving the earth.
Topic: global-warming

Many people believe that Global Warming is caused by humans burning fossil fuels and putting large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. This is not true; in fact global warming is caused by a natural climate cycle. This cycle has been happening before humans began to inhabit the Earth. So humans should be blamed for this natural process. Humans are responsible for 1% of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, so we are not to blame. We are facing global warming because from1940-1980 the Earth faced a global cooling.
Topic: global-warming

Now it is reversing and it is getting warmer, but eventually the temperature will even out and be back to normal. For example, the eruption of Mount Saint Helens actually cooled the Earth by 1 degree. Humans cause minimal damage to the environment, but nature on the other hand makes a massive impact. Carbon dioxide life span of 20 years and global warming can be reversed in 10- 20 year. If humans are the cause for global warming then the Earth would have been destroyed a long time ago.
Topic: global-warming

Because when humans are born they breathe and exhale carbon dioxide would not cause world destruction. It doesn’t happen that quickly, it takes many years to destroy the atmosphere. This process has taken almost 70-80 years to develop. Some scientists and humanitarians believe we caused this process, but it is natural and not caused by no other than Mother Nature. Humans only contribute less than 3% of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Even though it may seem like we contribute more to the environment, but we do not.
Topic: global-warming

We did not contribute much to the atmosphere to harm it in any way. So, we shouldn’t be blamed for the cause of global warming. Humans are not the cause for global warming so, we should not be blamed for it. Nature is taking its toll on Earth and humans are being blamed for it. Humans only cause 1% more per year more than last tear. Carbon dioxide has a life span of 20 years so, it will go away eventually. Humans do not cause these problems; it is nature doing its job, so we humans should not be blamed for it.
Topic: global-warming

Over the past few decades scientist have been observing a warming trend in the over all temperature of the earth. Although the earth has been known to go through warm and cold periods, it seems that we humans are causing the earth to heat up this time. The greenhouse effect is causing the earth to go through this warming trend that we call global warming. The greenhouse effect is caused when the infrared radiation from the sun is absorbed in atmospheric gasses such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, ozone, and methane.
Topic: global-warming

All of these gasses escape slowly from the atmosphere, therefore the heat stays here longer in a short of warm airy blanket. Without the occurrence of the greenhouse effect scientist say that the earths average temperature would be around 30 degrees C. or 50 degrees F. There are many greenhouse gasses that can trap the infrared rays of the sun. Carbon dioxide can be released into the atmosphere in several ways, the bulk of it is produced by car exhaust, deforestation, and the burning of fossil fuels.
Topic: global-warming

CO2 is recycled through the earths atmosphere using the process photosynthesis, which makes most life on earth possible. Another greenhouse gas is methane and it is one of the most common gasses in the universe. methane is colorless odorless gas that is lighter than air and is produced by organic decay. Deposits of methane can usually be found in areas where lots of natural decay takes place, such as swamps, and land fills.
Topic: global-warming

In fact a cow can release up to a half pound of methane into the air everyday. Nitrous oxide is another colorless and greenhouse gas, however it does smell sweet. It is mostly used medically because it deadens pain, because of this it is called laughing gas. It is released naturally from oceans and by bacteria is soil. It is important to reduce our emissions because nitrous oxide we release today will still be trapped in the atmosphere 100 years from now. The set of greenhouse gasses are fluorocarbons, that is a general term for any group of synthetic organic compounds that have fluorine and carbon.
Topic: global-warming

These can be found in aerosol cans, refrigerators, and air conditioners. When fluorocarbons are released into the atmosphere they breakdown molecules of the earths ozone layer. The effects of global warming are also good for human beings, because it could increase food production. The most important factor in crop production is climate, and global warming would facilitate a better climate for the growth of more crops. It would also create much more space for businesses were there was once ice and harsh climate. Also without global warming the earth temperature would be about 30 degrees F. n average. With global warming there would be far fewer deaths from cold exposer. If global warming caused enough arctic melt then shippers would have many new shortcut routes to take from place to place. After glacier melt we would have access to many new mining areas. However global warming will also have some large negative effects. Such as health concerns, scientist predict that there will be many more deaths from diseases that are irritated by heat, including heart attacks and heatstroke. Another downside to global warming is the amount of flooding that will occur with coastal cities.
Topic: global-warming

Scientist have predicted that about a sixth of the country will be under water after global warming has taken full effect. The Maldive Islands are a nation of 1190 islands that are home to over 200,000 people. These islands are only 1. 5 meters above sea level and if global warming occurs then all of those people will have to be relocated. There are many things that we as human beings can do to help prevent global warming from happening. We can start to take advantage of all the different types of renewable energy instead of burning fossil fuels that pollute the atmosphere in multiple ways.
Topic: global-warming

There are many types of clean, efficient, renewable energy sources. There are many energy sources that the earth has provided for us that we need to take advantage of. We need to build more wind turbines, hydro electric plants, and solar power plants. Another way of producing clean energy include using fission through nuclear power to create a clean renewable energy source. Government can also be doing there part by funding research about global warming and raising awareness about how individuals can be doing there part to reduce pollution. In conclusion, Global warming is a very serious thing, it can affect the orld in many different ways. We just need to decide which effects help or harm the world the most and then make an educated choice as to which ones the earth can handle while taking the least amount of stress, and having the best long term effect. ————————————————————————————————————————————————————— Patrick Michaels, “The Satanic Gasses” Henry Willis, “Earths Future Climate” Fred Singer, “Hot Talk and Cold Science” Ronald Bailey, “Global Warming and Other Eco Myths”
Topic: global-warming

In recent years, the climate on Earth has changed significantly: some countries suffer from anomalous heat, others from too harsh and snowy winters, unusual for those places. Ecologists unanimously talk about global climate alterations which cause global warming. These alterations include an increase in the average annual global temperature causing melting of glaciers, and an increase in the level of the World Ocean. There is also an unbalance of all natural systems, which leads to a change in the regime of precipitation, temperature anomalies and an increase in the frequency of extreme events such as hurricanes, floods, and droughts.
Topic: global-warming

In conformity with scientists, in 2015 the average temperature of the planet increased by 1 ° C.  This indicator was exceeded for the first time in modern history. Scientists agree that a human activity such as the burning of oil, gas, and coal leads to a greenhouse effect that causes an increase in average temperature. It makes topic global warming especially relevant. Experts note that the most significant increase in greenhouse gases emissions over the past 30 years has been observed between 2000 and 2010.
Topic: global-warming

Global warming can be a reason of disappearance of animals. Some scientists believe that we are in the middle of the sixth in the history of the Earth mass extinction of species. And this time this process is caused by human actions. If we are unable to reduce global warming, many ecosystems, species of living beings that are included in them, will become less diverse and rich. There are forecasts of extinction of up to 30-40% of plant and animal species, as their habitat will change faster than they can adapt to these alterations.
Topic: global-warming

The UN experts warn that global warming actually affects yields, especially in the underdeveloped countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America, which can lead to food problems. In conformity with scientists, by 2080 the number of people facing the threat of hunger can increase by 600 million persons. Another important consequence of climate change may be a shortage of drinking water. In regions with arid climate (Central Asia, the Mediterranean, South Africa, Australia, etc.), the situation will be further aggravated by the reduction of rainfall.
Topic: global-warming

In Chapter Thirteen of the book “The city in History”, Lewis Mumford gave an idea of the main features of an ideal city. In this chapter, Mumford speaks of palatial buildings, museums, art galleries, theaters, hotels, academies, pleasure/amusement gardens, zoological gardens, parks, cathedrals or places for worship, places for producing, selling and consumption and suburban areas for private residences. An ideal city should also have separate traffic streets from pedestrian ways. These above-mentioned features are found in most cities of the world today, specifically the thriving and prosperous ones.
Topic: global-warming

The city of my dreams is neither too big nor too small. (Jenna) It is clean, there aren’t any cigarette butts, chewing gums, papers or dog dirt on the floor.( Angélique /Marjorie) It is Green, ecological (Stéphanie): there are less traffic and pollution because people use alternative means of transport (Gamzé/ Maria) and the cars run with solar energy. The houses are equipped with solar panels too to protect the Earth (Fanny/Stephanie) People recycle their wastes (Gamze ) The environment is respected (Jenna) &the scenery is pleasant because the huge sky scrappers & tower blocks have been replaced by detached houses. (Marjorie/Sabrina) The city is built with recycled materials to fight global warming (Fanny) In this ideal town People are happy & safe, they can have walks in the streets & gardens even at night.
Topic: global-warming

The pavements are large enough for parents with buggies and accessible for disabled people (Vanessa). Car Parks are free (Maria). You can borrow free bikes or take a stylish cheap taxi. (Anthony) Drivers respect pedestrians and don’t insult other drivers. Everybody is civilised & smiles (Angélique/ Sabrina) You can go shopping in low cost stores (Angélique). There are many activities & services for everyone: for children and elderly people .
Topic: global-warming

Drama groups and artists perform in the street and a music festival regularly takes place for everyone’s Greatest pleasure. (Fanny) Criminals & delinquents are supervised by cameras. In case of a problem the police or the firemen are there immediately (Vanessa) No Poverty in this ideal town.There aren’t any homeless & beggars. Charities accommodate them in decent buildings. Students no longer sleep in cars or squats. (Marjorie /Mrs Lombrana) The rents are not excessively high, everybody can afford buying a home.(Mrs Lombrana) The ideal town looks like Bordeau (Marvin), Monaco (Jenna ) , London (Anthony)
Topic: global-warming

The intelligent, charismatic Al Gore travels the world sharing his compelling and cautionary story of the threat the earth and all of its creatures face in global warming. In 2006, this story was made into a motion picture, titled An Inconvenient Truth. The rhetorical devices used in this film are the key element that Gore uses to grab the viewer’s attention and make them truly understand what this threat means and its potential effects on Earth. Gore uses ethos, logos, and pathos to make the film intriguing and captivating so that the viewer is absorbed in the film and can comprehend the information that Gore is trying to convey.
Topic: global-warming

Gore brings up the fact that he was the democratic presidential candidate in the 2000 presidential election against George Bush. He briefly mentions in a scoffing manner the fact that he was declared the winner of the election, before the decision was taken back and Bush was confirmed as the president weeks later. The fact that he was very close to winning a presidential election adds to the reverence the audience possesses for him. Gore has also been a vice president and a member of congress for several years, giving him experience in positions of power and the authority to instruct the public on the issues of global warming and how to prevent the issues from progressing.
Topic: global-warming

Pathos is a very common element in Gore’s An Inconvenient Truth. Gore explains the way his son was in a near-fatal car accident and the death of his sister to lung cancer. Both of these incidents create sympathy in the viewer for Gore. This sympathy that talking about these delicate subjects create causes the viewer to be more willing to listen to Gore and help him fight global warming. Pathos is also used when Gore is discussing topics such as hurricane Katrina and other natural disasters. Clips are shown of confused, hurt people and their destroyed towns while somber music plays in the background and Gore continues to explain how these natural disasters were caused by global warming.
Topic: global-warming

The effects that these harsh images, paired with mournful music, are drastic on the human conscience. Our morality is challenged and we cannot help but feel the need to help these people in danger. Gore uses these elements to get people worked up about this issue. When shown the real life effects global warming can have on humans, people seem to understand how large this threat truly is. Another way Gore uses pathos is when he is using diagrams and charts to show the effects of global warming over time. The charts he uses take up the entire stage, and when Gore stands next to them, it allows the viewer to see how drastic the changes that have occurred really are.
Topic: global-warming

Logos, lastly, is also used by Gore in the film. He not only uses expert opinions to support his case, such as scientists agreeing that global warming is real and a problem, but he also uses colorful, interactive, and large charts. Later, he shows how natural disasters that occurred all over the world hit world records for size and frequency, proving his point that global warming is real. Also, he makes a point to mention that temperature highs have all happened recently, which he believes is due to global warming. All of the logos in the film is used reasonably and cause the viewers to understand Gore’s stand point, and possibly agree with or believe it.
Topic: global-warming

” and I thought that it showed very well how dangerous it is to eat fast-food on regular basis. It affects your body and I don’t think many people know that. How could they know it if they aren’t going to read studies on how dangerous it is. Not many people have the time, or want to make time, to read a study. It is more fun and effective when you van watch it in a documentary, because an image is worth more than a thousand words.
Topic: global-warming

No one is safe from the harsh effects of global warming. But if there is one species which suffers the most, they are the polar bears who can only survive under extremely cold climate. Although their actual population is hard to determine, they are believed to be around 20,000 to 25, 000 found throughout the Arctic Ocean and adjacent seas (World Wildlife Organization). Polar bears’ habitat is almost covered by sea ice all year round (Great Bear Organization). The area is said to have a fragile ecosystem, requiring longer time to change and to recover when disrupted or damaged.
Topic: global-warming

However, research shows that the Arctic is most likely to be ice free between 2013 and 2040 for the first time in history. The region has been experiencing thinning of the polar ice cap due to warming of temperatures. With the melting of the ice comes the destruction of the life of the species which thrives in the Arctic. Polar bears, seals, including endangered species like walruses and whales, are forced to retreat to environment less suitable for their make up.
Topic: global-warming

Further, scientists fear that large amounts of melted ice enter the North Atlantic and disrupt the global current pattern. The melting of the Arctic ice also entails smaller hunting area for polar bears. Seals are their favorite and they cannot track them where the sea is unfrozen. They also eat plants, including berries, roots, and kelp, but none of these can satisfy their calorie requirement. Their body needs large amount of fats from marine animals for they are active year-round.
Topic: global-warming

Reduction in Arctic sea ice can lead to 67 percent loss of the entire polar bear population in 50 years (Bear Planet Organization). Though polar bears are exposed to other risks such as pollution, oil and gas exploration, legal and illegal hunting, global warming remains the biggest threat to their survival. They experience malnutrition and starvation due to habitat loss. Melting ice force them to shore before they have acquired enough fat reserves to survive the period of scarce food during the late summer and early fall.
Topic: global-warming

Thining ice are surface hard to walk on because they deform more easily which makes it more difficult for them to hunt for food. They also need to swim wider gaps between ice which further used up their energy and sometimes lead to drowning. Malnourished female polar bears result to lower reproductive rates and lower survival rates among cubs and juvenilles (Rosing, 2006). Thining ice make it hard for adult females to find mates. And when they do find one, the hard quest starts for a suitable maternity dens.
Topic: global-warming

Underground dens have tendencies to collapse or have low insulative power to provide heat for newly born cubs. Dens built on multi-year ice may experience movement that may result in longer distances for mothers and young cubs to walk when they return to seal-hunting areas. There is also a risk of disease-causing bacteria and parasites to flourish more readily in a warmer climate. In Western Huson Bay, ice breaks up earlier than it did 30 years ago during late spring season which shortens the hunting season for polar nears (National Wildlife Organization).
Topic: global-warming

Their population declined by 22 percent from 1987 to 2004 and their body condition is much different, weighing 60kg lighter in 2004 than in 1980 when likely pregnant female polar bears weigh around 290kg. In 2005, Alaska recorded four drowned polar bears who made longer swim than they normally do when hunting for food. Alaska also documented higher mortality rates among polar bear cubs and different denning sites for pregnant polar bears. Photos and videos of polar bears’ struggle are everywhere.
Topic: global-warming

In 2008, US Department of the Interior listed Polar Bears as threatened species under the Endangered Species Act and melting of the sea ice in the Arctic as the biggest danger to their survival (The Humane Society of the United States). They are the only species aside from elkhorn coral and staghorn coral to be put on the said list. However, the decision was reversed following the commercial and scientific data that they are increasing in numbers in the past 30 years.
Topic: global-warming

As it currently stands, the US Fish and Wildlife Service consider polar bears as threatened species meaning anytime their habitat will vanish and their status will change to endangered before they ultimately become extinct. In Canada, polar bears were recommended by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada to be placed under the list of “species of special concern”. This list allows for a management plan to be written in five years, which was criticized by World Wide Fund for Nature as being too long to make a substantive impact to habitat loss from climate change.
Topic: global-warming

The clearing of tropical forests across the Earth has been occurring on a large scale for many years. This process, known as deforestation, involves the cutting down, burning, and damaging of forests. If the current rate of deforestation continues, the world’s rain forests will vanish soon, causing unknown effects on global climate and eliminating the majority of plant and animal species on the planet. It would also change the water and oxygen levels dramatically, which would increase the global warming.
Topic: global-warming

These plants could save the lives of millions of people all over the world, but are lost as a result of the destruction of the rainforests. Secondly, the Amazon rainforest is sometimes called the “lung of the world” because its production of over 1/4 of the world’s oxygen makes it possible for us to breathe. The faster we eliminate forests, the closer we get to our own impending doom. Obviously, this behaviour is suicidal, and must be stopped.
Topic: global-warming

Deforestation can cause many societal and environmental problems which can make our lives on earth even more challenging. Some of these challenges include: loss of biodiversity, the destruction of forest- based societies and climatic disruption. According to the 1992 United Nations Earth Summit in Rio Janeiro, biodiversity may be defined as, “the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are a part.