ktmeng/mec huggingface dataset:
Topic: immigration

“In 1991, 8.3% of children in two-parent families were likely to live in poverty; 19.6% of children living with father in single parent family; and 47.1% in single parent family headed by mother” (“Poverty in the United States,” 2012). That means that an average of 33.35% of children coming from a single parent family are likely to live in poverty compared to a mere 8.3% of children living in the traditional, two-parent, family. Another great factor leading to poverty is the level of education of the head of household. “Studies have shown that people who invest in their education or skills can expect higher incomes” (Iceland, 2006, p. 70-71). Obviously, income has
Topic: immigration

a direct correlation with poverty as it is in the essence of its definition. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, “the median earnings of household headed by individuals with less than a 9th grade education was $20,805 while households headed by high school graduates earned $40,456, households headed by holders of a bachelor’s degree earned $77,605, and families headed by individuals with professional degrees earned $100,00” (“Poverty in the United States,” 2012). In 2009, households headed by individuals age 15-24 averaged an income of $30,750 annually, while households headed by individuals age 25-34 averaged $50,188, and households with a head age 35-44 averaged $61,083 (“Poverty in the United States,” 2012). Along with this study, there were no indicators as to what the primary cause of this was; however, it’s possible that work experience and additional education may be factors. While this is more of a combination of a social and economic factor to poverty, it is more of a social one because it deals directly with the head of household.
Topic: immigration

The factor related to poverty to look at is race. In 2003, the poverty rate amongst African Americans in the United States was 24.4%, almost double the national poverty rate of 12.5% (Iceland, 2006, p. 81). This could be due to the oppressions of society through racial discrimination or profiling, or simply the effects of the oppression that once was- slavery and the racist discrimination of the early 20th century. “Poverty increases the risk of homelessness” (“Poverty,” 2012), and children who grow up in low income families have less of a chance to get a good education and attempt to better themselves and their income (“Poverty,” 2012). With this in mind, it makes sense that the African American community makes up a large majority of the poor in the United States. Their beginnings in this nation were the lowest, poorest conditions of anyone in that day. Many believe that they simply have not been able to
Topic: immigration

climb out of the hole they were placed in to when they were enslaved back in the 1700’s. “Another factor that contributes to higher poverty rates among African Americans is human-capital skills differentials. This refers to differences in average levels of education, quality of educational opportunities, and subsequent work experience. The gap in average levels of education has declined over the past few decades. Nevertheless, the quality of schooling received by children varies widely, and African Americans are more likely to attend inferior schools with fewer resources” (Iceland, 2006, P. 84).
Topic: immigration

Attendance to schools with fewer resources is a direct result of their economic situation, which causes the poor to stay poor in this case. Another example of race being a factor of poverty in the United States can be seen when observing the hispanic culture. In 2003, the Latino poverty rate was at 22.5%, just below that of the African American community (Iceland, 2006, p. 85). This is in large part due to immigration, as “immigrant families are at greater risk of poverty than nonimmigrant families” (Iceland, 2006, p. 85). Also, “in places with many immigrants, the competition for low-wage jobs also appears to drive down wages for these immigrants” (Iceland, 2006, p. 86). For as much as Americans focus on equal opportunity and not discriminating based upon race, it would appear that poverty does discriminate based upon race and does not provide all races with equal opportunities in the United States.
Topic: immigration

Obviously there are exceptions, and not everyone who grows up in poverty stays poor. Nonetheless, there is still a trend of minority races having higher poverty rates in the United States. “21% of all children in the United States live in poverty; about 46% of black children and 40% of Latino children live in poverty” (“Poverty in the United States,” 2012). Now that the factors leading to poverty and effects of them have been examined, it is time Running head: POVERTY IN THE UNITED STATES 6
Topic: immigration

to look at poverty from a world-wide perspective. Mahatma Gandhi said, “Poverty is the worst form of violence.” All across the world, this violence is real, and to many, a way of life. The poverty line is much lower in some other countries due to an uneven distribution of wealth. In the USA, the wealthy middle class brings the median up and causes the poverty threshold to be higher. However, different factors such as the level and trend of poverty and inequality amongst nations, along with considerable detail on the sources of market incomes and public policies are used to compare poverty levels from nation to nation (Smeeding, 2006, p. 69). With that said, absolute poverty is much more rampant in some other countries than it is in the United States.
Topic: immigration

For example: in 2008, of the estimated 1.29 billion people living in absolute poverty, 400 million of them lived in India and 173 million lived in China. That’s almost half of the world’s poor living in just those two countries, while the United States hosted just 39.1 million. Everyone reacts to their circumstances in a different way. For example: “in Zimbabwe, a number of girls are turning to prostitution for food to survive” (“Poverty,” 2012). Some turn to violence or steal to get what they need to survive.
Topic: immigration

For many Children living in poverty, their lives are deemed a failure before they are ever given a chance to succeed. “Research has found that there is a high risk of educational underachievement for children who are from low-income housing circumstances” (“Poverty,” 2012). In some countries, young children can be seen begging in the streets for money. As Abraham Maslow showed in his hierarchy of needs, when people don’t have their basic needs- food, water, shelter, safety, comfort, etc.- it can be very difficult to focus on much more than those. For children living in absolute poverty, these are the very things that they seek after on a
Topic: immigration

Poverty rates are on the rise once again. It is everybody’s responsibility to do something about it. Give what can be given. Feed the homeless. Care for them. Provide the poor with an opportunity to better their lives. “Give a man a fish and you’ve fed him that day, teach a man to fish and he can eat for the rest of his life.” Sometimes all that needs to be given is a little bit of time and energy to reach out and attempt to better someone else’s circumstances. In this paper, poverty was defined, the causes and effects of poverty were examined, it was looked at from a world-wide perspective, and the long term effects of poverty in the United States were considered. People can never know what they are truly capable of until they truly apply themselves. Just because poverty has always been an issue in the world does not mean that it always has to be. Take it from a man who spent his life serving the poor and trying to better the world around him:
Topic: immigration

The term “Brain Drain” has come into limelight with the trend of educated and skilled people and workforce moving from one country to another to achieve career gains. The talent of such people as a result becomes available to the nation to which they relocate. The biggest disadvantage of brain drain is the depletion of talent from the native nation which may badly need their skills and talent. It is the migration of country’s intellect which may have otherwise served their motherland and contributed to its prosperity.
Topic: immigration

S.S.R. and Germany etc. began to make significant advancements in technology and scientific research attracting talent from foreign nations. Thus men of talent began migrating from less developed nations to these countries. The reasons of brain drain are many including the lack of opportunity, political instability, health risks and many more. Many students leave their native nations for scientific and technological courses which are not offered by their own country and settle out in the country of study owing to better career opportunities, lucrative remunerations, security of life and health all of which lack in their country of birth. Also they seek professional satisfaction in the country where they work and thus are ready to continue leaving their own nation. On the top of all this, the bureaucrats of the country fail to realize the potential and the worth of this intellect and thus they are unable to retain the cream of researchers and men withextra-ordinary talent. All these factors combined together trigger the process of brain drain. Brain drain for the nation from which the emigrants leave to settle into the nation that promises better work opportunities becomes brain gain for the latter.
Topic: immigration

Even countries like Europe were faced with the problem of brain drain until the introduction of green card that helped them gain more brains and compensated for the drained brains. At present, countries like India, Pakistan and Russia are the sufferers of this problem and losing their talent very rapidly. Unemployment, corrupt political systems, inappropriate and unsafe work and social life as well as poor compensation, prompts the skilled and trained people to leave their own countries and seek promising opportunities in developed nations where they get more success Under utilization of talent, inadequate professional tools, lack of growth and unsatisfactory living conditions are also key factors in the emigration of the skilled workforce from these nations. India loses around 3 percent of her skilled workforce including teachers, doctors, engineers, scientists etc. to developed nations like USA. Brain drain does more harm than is visible from an outer view. Besides depleting the natural supply of intellectual talent, it reduces the number of dynamic and innovative talent be it the academics or the booming entrepreneurs. The nations that lose the talent in turn have to depend upon foreign assistance for technical purposes. The technology slowly becomes the onus of the developed nations when they grow richer with more resources contributing to their progress.
Topic: immigration

Even the migration of medical practitioners who are highly trained to other developed nations makes the condition of health care in the native nations miserable. As a result, in case of emergencies and more complex treatments or surgeries, people from such countries have to bear expensive travel and cost of treatment and accommodation in nations that provide these facilities. As countries lose their talent, its progress slows down and also lacks the contribution of the highly skilled human force, which has left the nation. It leads to a scarcity of skilled resources which then began to charge high for their service to the nation and its countrymen. Poorer nations like Africa suffer the worst from this problem and thus its development remains hindered. The issue of brain drain is an international phenomenon and an outcome of the trend of globalization, but unlike other benefiting affects of it, brain drain has a negative
Topic: immigration

Better and updated labs equipped with latest equipment can help retain more scientists and researchers leaving their country owing to lack of research opportunities. At an international level, the nations which gain these brains should promise to send equivalent talent to the nations losing their human resources. Good governance is also important as they decide the policies that govern the security and standard of living of its people. As discussed, some brain drain results from the stage of education only when individuals move to other nations offering better educational courses. If these individuals are offered better education opportunities in native countries, the emigration can be controlled at a preliminary level. Governments need to show commitment to support research while allowing them to carry on their experiments freely with much independence. To conclude there is a need to review the social, political and economic conditions in the nations suffering from phenomenon of brain drain to provide better security and work opportunities to the skilled resources in the native nation.
Topic: immigration

Brain Drain is a controversial topic whether in developing or already developed countries. Leaving one’s country for better opportunities, education, or even lifestyle is not always bad. Wanting to change and evolve to the better is not either. Contrary to the popular belief that brain drain is bad, there are some hidden benefits to what people call brain drain. Brain drain helps some immigrants to learn and explore new inventions and innovations abroad so that when, at least a small percentage of people, return they give back to their country. In addition, it also helps the emigrants’ homeland countries’ GDP through their remittances. Of course there is a negative side to Brain Drain as well.
Topic: immigration

The arguments that will be mentioned throughout might go against the popular view that brain drain is a dreadful phenomenon. One of the claims might be that all of the “good brains” could migrate and leave their countries instead of staying and working for and in their country, to help it improve economically and socially better than just leaving and sending money back through remittances. The reply to that would be: what if there is a very high unemployment rate where this person can’t find a job or he can find a job but he isn’t appreciated for his skills, ideas, and innovation, then his only option would be to travel somewhere else where he has better opportunities to improve his talents. Another point would be the assumption of developing countries remaining developing nations forever; they won’t be able to use those good brains in inventing and innovating new things.
Topic: immigration

The same reply would fit for this situation too; in addition to that they might return back and benefit their country even better than they would have if they did not leave in the first place. Some people leave their country and return to give back to it what it is missing. Immigrants go to other countries to learn, explore, and understand new things. They travel to gain experience and gain knowledge, and to learn more about other cultures as well. Brains who emigrate should also want to give back their country what it is missing to help it become better¸ even though the number of the people who return might be small. Just like in the article “Turkey benefits from Brain Drain” that talks about how Turkish Germans that are moving back from Germany are starting their own companies and making big profits out of it. As well as, they are so much happier than they ever were in Germany.
Topic: immigration

The writer then emphasizes the importance of the German “Brain Drain” on the Turkish economy, and how it’s helping in nourishing Turkey’s economy on the long run. That shows, at some cases, workers are coming back home to work or start their own businesses that benefit their countries. Or even help in developing his or her country by taking what they learned abroad and applying them in their own countries, therefore; contributing in developing their home lands. This is also known as “Brain Circulation”. An article by Menlick stresses on brain drain on a national scale, stating that Miami loses many artists to New York and Los Angeles. Menlick’s solution to this problem is to circulate instead of drain.
Topic: immigration

“The overriding concept I like is “brain circulation”. It’s not brain drain, it’s not brain gain, it’s brain circulation. So what I think Miami should do is bring people in and send people out” that way a country or a city will not be just stuck with what it has or what it has lost, it will lose people and it will gain in return to mingle the knowledge all around. Overall, even if immigrants don’t return back to their countries to contribute to it, they will still have the remittances they keep sending back to their homeland.
Topic: immigration

Homeland countries also benefit from Brain drain economically through remittances sent from the immigrants to their families who are still staying in their home ground. The amount of remittances send is very big, and they are that big to the extent that some are hidden, and not counted. Economists William Easterly and Yaw Nyarko wrote a paper in 2008 that hold “remittances to Africa are likely undercounted, but on average they are equivalent to 81 percent of the foreign aid (PDF) received by an individual country”. This shows that the economic benefits of remittances are being underrated through countries.
Topic: immigration

The equation of the calculation of the GDP shows that when the immigrant sends money to his or her family who live in their homelands, the family spends money (which goes into consumer spending) or they could even invest their money in banks for example (which goes into investor spending), therefore; an increase in the Gross Domestic Product should be a result from expenditures on consumer and investor goods, resulting in an overall growth of the GDP one way or another. Brain drain is an idea of the world emerging an economy from new technology and communication with the help of the influence of a large international agreement. This benefits both countries anyway, one for the remittances that are being sent back to the families. And the other for having a diverse community and having good brains that help improve the many different faculties and standards throughout the country.
Topic: immigration

To sum it all up, Brain drain has positive and negative effects. The negatives are that all of the “good brains” could migrate and leave their countries instead of helping it, developing countries will be developing nations forever, and it could kill innovation and invention. On the other hand, the positives outweigh the negatives. The positive points include loyal immigrants who leave and come back with new ideas and contributions to his or her country and Economic growth in the Gross Domestic Product especially through remittances. And as a solution for Brain Drain, Brain Circulation is the answer. The point is that it’s always good to try to change yourself to the better, and if it comes to immigrating, then do it!
Topic: immigration

A. Postcolonial Crises and Asian Economic Expansion, 1975–1990 I. Revolutions, Depressions, and Democratic Reform in Latin America 1. The success of the Cuban Revolution both energized the revolutionary left throughout Latin America and led the United States to organize its political and military allies in Latin America in a struggle to defeat communism. 2. In Brazil a coup in 1964 brought in a military government whose combination of dictatorship, use of death squads to eliminate opposition, and use of tax and tariff policies to encourage industrialization through import substitution came to be known as the “Brazilian Solution.
Topic: immigration

” Elements of the “Brazilian Solution” were applied in Chile byte government of Augusto Pinochet, whose CIA-assisted coup overthrew the socialist Allende government in 1973 and in Argentina by a military regime that seized power in1974. 3. Despite reverses in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina, revolutionary movements persisted elsewhere. In Nicaragua the Cuban-backed Sandinista movement overthrew the government of Anastasia Somoza and ruled until it was defeated in free elections in1990. In El Salvador the Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (FMLN) fought guerrilla war against the military regime until declining popular support in the 1990s led the rebels to negotiate an end to the armed conflict and transform themselves into a political party.
Topic: immigration

4. The military dictatorships established in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina all came to an end between 1983 and 1990. All three regimes were undermined by reports of kidnapping, torture, and corruption; the Argentine regime also suffered from its invasion of the Falkland Islands and consequent military defeat by Britain. 5. By the end of the 1980s oil-importing nations like Brazil were in economic trouble because they had borrowed heavily to pay the high oil prices engineered by OPEC.
Topic: immigration

The oil-exporting nations such as Mexico faced crises because they had borrowed heavily when oil prices were high and rising in the 1970s, but found themselves unable to keep up with their debt payments when the price of oil fell in the 1980s. 6. In 1991 Latin America was more dominated by the United States than it had been in1975. This may be seen in the United States’ use of military force to intervene in Grenada in 1983 and in Panama in 1989. II. Islamic Revolutions in Iran and Afghanistan
Topic: immigration

1. Crises in Iran and Afghanistan threatened to involve the superpowers; the United States reacted to these crises with restraint, but the Soviet Union took a bolder and ultimately disastrous course. 2. In Iran, American backing and the corruption and inefficiency of Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi’s regime stimulated popular resentment. In 1979 street demonstrations and strikes toppled the Shah and brought a Shi’ite cleric, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, to power. The overthrow of an ally and the establishment of an anti-western Islamic republic in Iran were blows to American prestige, but the United States was unable to do anything about it. 3. In the fall of 1980 Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein invaded Iran to topple the Islamic Republic. The United States supported Iran at first, but then in 1986 tilted toward Iraq. 4. The Soviet Union faced a more serious problem when it sent its army into Afghanistan in 1978 in order to support a newly established communist regime against a hodgepodge of local, religiously inspired guerilla bands that controlled much of the countryside. The Soviet Union’s struggle against the American-backed guerillas was so costly and caused so much domestic discontent that the Soviet leaders withdrew their troops in 1989 and left the rebel groups to fight with each other for control of Afghanistan. III. Asian Transformation
Topic: immigration

1. The Japanese economy grew at a faster rate than that of any other major developed country in the 1970s and 1980s, and Japanese average income outstripped that of the United States in the 1990s. This economic growth was associated with an industrial economy in which keiretsu (alliances of firms) received government assistance in the form of tariffs and import regulations that inhibited foreign competition. 2. The Japanese model of close cooperation between government and industry was imitated by a small number of Asian states, most notably by South Korea, in which four giant corporations led the way in developing heavy industries and consumer industries. Hong Kong and Singapore also developed modern industrial and commercial economies. All of these newly industrialized economies shared certain characteristics: discipline and hard-working labor forces, investment in education, high rates of personal savings, export strategies, government sponsorship and protection, and the ability to begin their
Topic: immigration

industrialization with the latest technology. 3. In China after 1978 the regime of Deng Xiaoping carried out successful economic reforms that allowed private enterprise and foreign investment to exist alongside the inefficient state-owned enterprises and which allowed individuals and families to contract agricultural land and farm it as they liked. At the same time, the command economy remained in place and China resisted political reform, notably when the Communist Party crushed the protests in Tiananmen Square in 1989. B. The End of the Bipolar World, 1989–1991
Topic: immigration

1. During the presidency of Ronald Reagan the Soviet Union’s economy was strained by the attempt to match massive U.S. spending on armaments, such as a space-based missile protection system. The Soviet Union’s obsolete industrial plants, its inefficient planned economy, its declining standard of living, and its unpopular war with Afghanistan fuel dean underground current of protest. 2. When Mikhail Gorbachev took over the leadership in 1985 he tried to address the problems of the Soviet Union by introducing a policy of political openness (glasnost) and economic reform (perestroika). II. The Collapse of the Socialist Bloc
Topic: immigration

1. Events in Eastern Europe were very important in forcing change on the Soviet Union. The activities of the Solidarity labor union in Poland, the emerging alliances between nationalist and religious opponents of the communist regimes, and the economic weakness of the communist states themselves led to the fall of communist governments across Eastern Europe in 1989 and to the reunification of Germany in 1990. 20. The weakness of the central government and the rise of nationalism led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union in September 1991. Ethnic and religious divisions also led to the dismemberment of Yugoslavia in 1991 and the division of the Czech Republic in 1992. III. The Persian Gulf War, 1990–1991
Topic: immigration

1. The population of Europe almost doubled between 1850 and 1914, and while some Europeans saw this as a blessing, Thomas Malthus argued that unchecked population growth would outstrip food production. In the years immediately following World War I Malthus’s views were dismissed as Europe and other industrial societies experienced demographic transition to lower fertility rates. 2. The demographic transition did not occur in the Third World, where some leaders actively promoted large families until the economic shocks of the 1970s and 1980sconvinced the governments of developing countries to abandon the pronatalist policy. 3. World population exploded in the twentieth century, with most of the growth taking place in the poorest nations due to high fertility rates and declining mortality rates. Tithe Industrialized Nations
Topic: immigration

1. In the developed industrial nations of Western Europe and Japan at the beginning of the twenty-first century, higher levels of female education and employment, the material values of consumer culture, and access to contraception and abortion have combined to produce low fertility levels. Low fertility levels combined with improved life expectancy will lead to an increasing number of retirees who will rely on a relatively smaller number of working adults to pay for their social services. 2. In Russia and the other former socialist nations, current birthrates are lower than death rates and life expectancy has declined. III.The Developing Nations
Topic: immigration

1. In the twenty-first century the industrialized nations will continue to fall behind the developing nations as a percentage of world population; at current rates, 95 percent of all future population growth will be in developing regions, particularly in Africa and in the Muslim countries. 2. In Asia, the populations of China and India continued to grow despite government efforts to reduce family size. It is not clear whether or not the nations of Asia, Africa, and Latin America will experience the demographic
Topic: immigration

1. Demographic pyramids generated by demographers illustrate the different age distributions in nations in different stages of economic development. 2. The developed nations face aging populations and will have to rely on immigration or increased use of technology (including robots) in order to maintain industrial and agricultural production at levels sufficient to support their relatively high standards of living and their generous social welfare programs. 3. The developing nations have relatively young and rapidly growing populations but face the problem of providing their people with education and jobs while struggling with shortages of investment capital and poor transportation and communications networks. D. Unequal Development and the Movement of Peoples
Topic: immigration

1. Migration from rural areas to urban centers in the developing world increased threefold from 1925 to 1950 and accelerated rapidly after 1950. 2. Migrants to the cities generally enjoyed higher incomes and better standards of living than they would have had in the countryside, but as the scale of rural to urban migration grew, these benefits became more elusive. Migration placed impossible burdens on basic services and led to burgeoning slums, shantytowns, and crime in the cities of the developing world. III. Global Migration
Topic: immigration

tensions in the host nations. Immigrants from the developing nations brought the host nations the same benefits that the migration of Europeans brought to the Americas a century before. 2. Immigrant communities in Europe and the United States are made up of young adults and tend to have fertility rates higher than the rates of the host populations. In the long run this will lead to increases in the Muslim population in Europe and in the Asian and Latin American populations in the United States, and to cultural conflicts over the definitions of citizenship and nationality. E. Technological and Environmental Change
Topic: immigration

1. New technologies developed during World War II increased productivity, reduced labor requirements, and improved the flow of information when they were applied to industry in the postwar period. The application and development of technology was spurred by pent-up demand for consumer goods. 2. Improvements in existing technologies accounted for much of the world’s productivity increases during the 1950s and 1960s. The improvement and widespread application of the computer was particularly significant as it transformed office work and manufacturing. 3. Transnational corporations became the primary agents of these technological changes. In the post-World War II years transnational corporations with multinational ownership and management became increasingly powerful and were able to escape the controls imposed by national governments by shifting or threatening to shift production from one country to another. II. Conserving and Sharing Resources
Topic: immigration

1. In the 1960s, environmental activists and political leaders began warning about the environmental consequences of population growth, industrialization, and the expansion of agriculture onto marginal lands. Environmental degradation was a problem in both the developed and developing countries; it was especially severe in the former Soviet Union. In attempting to address environmental issues, the industrialized countries faced a contradiction between environmental protection and the desire to maintain rates of economic growth that depended on the profligate consumption of goods and resources. 2. In the developing world population growth led to extreme environmental pressure as forests were felled and
Topic: immigration

1. The governments of the United States, the European Community, and Japan took a number of initiatives to preserve and protect the environment in the 1970s. Environmental awareness spread by means of the media and grassroots political movements, and most nations in the developed world enforced strict antipollution laws and sponsored massive recycling efforts. 2. These efforts, many of them made possible by new technology, produced significant results. But in the developing world, population pressures and weak governments were major obstacles to effective environmental policies.
Topic: immigration

Brain Draining means the out flow of the human capital from home country to the forign country. There is increasing rate of brain draining from the last decards1 Brain Draining has many causes like unemployment, lack of Govt. support, low facilities in home country, desire for better urban life etc lead the people toward migration which is loss for home country if they will not return to their home country. The expression ‘brain-drain migration’ was popularized in the 1960s with the loss of skilled labor-power from a number of poor countries, notably India.
Topic: immigration

The migration of skilled workers out of a country The emigration of a significant proportion of a country’s highly skilled, highly educated professional population, usually to other countries offering better economic and social opportunity (for example, physicians leaving a developing country to practice medicine in a developed country). Permanent migration of skilled group of population from one country to anotherit is long term migration The migration of educated or talented people from less economically advanced areas to more economically advanced areas, especially to large cities or richer countriesdepletion or loss of intellectual and technical personnel A brain drain or human capital flight is an emigration of trained and talented individuals (“human capital”) to other nations or jurisdictions, due to conflicts, lack of opportunity or health hazards where they are living.
Topic: immigration

2- To receive education from elsewhere besides home country enable one to learn and gain vast exposure. 3- Some unemployed or underemployed can cause trouble in home country so the migrations become beneficial at this stage. 4- Some times the migration of skill from home country compensated by new skill arrival e.g. South African doctors’ move towards developed country replaced by Cuban doctors. 5- So other impacts if we consider i.e. remittances, inward investment, technology transfer, increased trade flows. Impacts of reducing the Brain Drain:-
Topic: immigration

1- 1-As some times brain drain is due to recruiting problem in home country so it is genuine problems which compel one to emigrate and to create hindrance in such situation create bad impacts. 2- Limits on migration from developing countries may be seen as a new form of “compassionate racism” in which the developed world restricts the opportunities of developing-country nationals. 3- Increasing wages, improving working conditions, and providing employment opportunities may be a far better approach than restricting mobility — and it is in supporting these efforts that developed countries might be most effective. Conclusion
Topic: immigration

1- The first is to devise methodologies for differentiating between brain drain and brain strain. 2- (Brain Strain is in which the net outflow of highly skilled workers from a particular sector in a country is very likely to obstacle economic development) 3- If the negative impact of brain drain over whelms the positive effects then there should be some methodology which locate information on vacancy rates in key sectors, differentiate among present and previous change e.g. teacher/1000 children, change in economy, and other reasons behind the migration experience of people who leaves home country. 4- Increase literacy in that area’s where emigration is not as important. 5- To gather all these information and data include both qualitative as well as quantitative model which is complex as it would be difficult to collect all information about inflow and outflow of people. 6- Hence to calculate the causes of brain drain in more important as compare to eradicate the brain drain.
Topic: immigration

According to IMF, the migration rate (from Pakistan to the EDC countries) of individuals with a tertiary education is 7.6 per cent, while for India it is about 2.7 per cent; these figures, however, fail to take into account the sizable flow of professionals from the subcontinent to Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates and therefore neglect an important component of the brain drain from the relevant source countries. The estimates show that there is an overall tendency for migration rates to be higher for highly educated individuals.
Topic: immigration

Another important implication of the brain drain is that investment in education in a developing country may not lead to faster economic growth if a large number of its highly educated people leave the country. Also, efforts to reduce specific skill shortages through improved educational opportunities may be largely futile unless measures are taken to offset existing incentives for highly educated people to emigrate. According to Zahlan; Zahlan’s analysis of recent trends of flows and certain emerging problems are given as follows. Zahlan concludes; The migration of High Level Manpower (HLM) in the late 1970s and 1980s had been estimated by him to be of the order of 100,000 annually. The bulk of these were Europeans migrating to USA in the 1970s and 1980s. Since then majority of brain drain is both to Europe and USA from the third world.
Topic: immigration

B.D cannot be stopped by nor it can be legislated against the right of individuals to move fro one country to another country. Some industrialized countries like America and Canada, whose immigration policies tend to be more restrictive. The case of Pakistan is not different a sizeable number of highly qualified professionals leaving the country. Major causes of B.D are opportunities in travel, aspiring workers .Pakistan was never able to match the pays and perks offered by industrial countries. Results:
Topic: immigration

So the brain drain literature is a branch of the migration literature which highlights the impact of migration when agents are not homogeneous. The large economy attract a small economy’s most able workers and the productivity externality is dependent upon the number of educated people and thus brain drain reduce the productivity in the original country. Writer sorted the immigration in two categories. 1-Effects of emigration for educated agents i.e. brain drain 2-Emigration for non educational agents i.e. a general emigration And it is clear that the effects of brain drain involve in one’s economy growth and thus growth depends upon human accumulation literature.
Topic: immigration

Writer model shows that wage per efficiency unit of labor in the world economy is always higher than in the small economy area. So capital and efficiency unit of labor contribute in the economy of one’s nation when educated worker migrates towards other nation. Hence the contribution margin of development rises. The conclusion of the article is that the human capital is without external cause and interaction between its accumulation decisions, growth and income distribution leads to the result that a brain drain either temporary or permanent, might increase the long run income level and income equality in a small open economy and in certain circumstances, may even be preferable to a non-selective “general” emigration.
Topic: immigration

London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT The problem of migration of medical specialist from developing countries to developed countries increasing day by day. There are various factors influencing such situation including both on national and personal level. At national level include poor remuneration, bad working atmosphere, political instability, lack of funds and poor facilities, no career development , discrimination between researchers involve in brain drain. While at personal level, security problem, and threat of violence (personal enmity) and wish to provide a good education for their children Solution of the problem:
Topic: immigration

As brain drain become a global problem so international organizations should address the preservation of the intellectual property of a nation, including health profession. These organizations international organizations, the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, the United Nations Development Programmed, the World Bank, the World Medical Association, and the Council of International Organizations of Medical Societies. A global perspective, agreed ethical principles between countries, and a systematic approach using the convening power of international organizations should be the way to address the problem of brain drain.
Topic: immigration

Brain drain is caused by “opportunities” either in getting better jobs or demand for higher education and skill provided by developed countries which attract most of the individual all around the world. The knowledge-intensive service industries and research centers include information, communication, finance, business, education and health draw in talented individuals worldwide through selective immigration policies, employment opportunities and targeted recruitment. To control the movement and distribution of global talent, developing countries should implement strategies that must include world class education opportunities, develop knowledge based research and development industries so that it would lower down the migration rate of highly educated individual who seek its better future in other countries.
Topic: immigration

Brazil, China and India offer these strategies in their own country to stop the brain drain. Brain drain is not only concerned with developing countries but a serious challenge for developed countries in which Australia, Canada, the Russian Federation and countries in the European Union have all encountered the threat that migration poses to Economic growth. Here writer has introduced the term “Brain Recirculation”. Brain Recirculation is the process to fill the deficits in human resources in industrialized countries like Canada and Australia. Demand of higher education from developed countries enhance the effect of brain drain in which most of the individual from the age of 15 to 45 migrate towards developed counties and then the migration of talented individual affect any country and is intensified by social and economic crises, developing countries face the greatest challenge. Strategies developed against brain drain:-
Topic: immigration

In order to check the knowledge of people about BRAIN DRAINING(loss of human capital in home country). A questionnaire was presented to the purposive sample of students. The questionnaire was interviewed by the researchers themselves in different cities of Pakistan. The data were collected within the time span of one month during the working hours (9AM to 5PM) . The 200 students were contacted in University, from which 150 questionnaires were usable. This questionnaire helps the researcher to get the primary data from the respondent and researchers make sure that respondent are well known about Brain Draining.
Topic: immigration

The population of the study was consisted of 150 students of different Universities. The name of the Universties where researches visited were The University of Punjab Gujranwala Campus, Gift University Gujranwala , GC University Lahore.For collecting the data the researchers used the cluster sampling technique (Area wise). For this purpose the researcher made two clusters of Gujranwala city and Lahore city consisted of The University of Punjab Gujranwala Campus,Gift University Gujranwala , GC University Lahore
Topic: immigration

Skill shortage , Loss of home country,Desire for better urban life, Higher qualification, trend,Prestige, Unemloyment are +velly related to Brain Draining are positively related because need of people are not fulfil in home country so that people flight out to foreign country. Commitment level is negatively related, if people will commited to their job and their country they will not flight out and provided services to their own country.
Topic: immigration

Skill shortage , Loss of home country,Desire for better urban life, Higher qualification, trend,Prestige, Unemloyment are +velly related to Brain Draining are positively related because need of people are not fulfil in home country so that people flight out to foreign country. Commitment level is negatively related, if people will commited to their job and their country they will not flight out and provided services to their own country. Govt suport is negitively related , if Govt provide suport to educted & skilled people they will provide benefit to their own country. Job opportunities are negatively related , if high job opportunities in home country there will be low level of Brain Draining. Patriotism is negatively related, if people are patriotic then they will prefer to live in their own country.
Topic: immigration

Do you think braun drain may depend on the individual`s own will, means to say his or her own commitment Modren educational system and better opportunity for higher qualification in foreign countries is main reason of brain drain What is probability that if highly educted and skilled people lead their own country,poverty and curroption is eradicated? If you get a chance to settel abroad which country would you want to prefer If you get a chance to settel abroad what would be the reason behind it? If you are provided an ideal life abroad will you leave your home country? Are you satisfied with present rate of Brain Draining?
Topic: immigration

The end of the war of 1812 brought a large amount of pride to the Americans. From then on came about the transportation revolution which brought about many changes. The major shift from an agrarian to an industrial economy introduced various changes not just in politics but at the lives of many americans. The beginning of the market revolution marked the ending of the Federalist presence in the government while introducing a variety of modifications to the jeffersonian-republican party. These economical and political changes gave about notable chances in the status of labor, the class structure ultimately affecting the lives of american families.
Topic: immigration

The introduction to the Irish and German immigrants gave rise to wage jobs from skilled jobs which erupted many notable riots from the residents around New England. The waged workers were regarded as “wage slaves” by many riots due to them having a job that consumed most of their time as well as because of the unstable wages. These eventually led up to the creation of various workingmen parties. The most notable change that occurred during the 1820s was the rise of the new middle class which included doctors and teachers just to name a few.
Topic: immigration

The most affected thing during the market revolution was perhaps the life of american families. The role of the wife and the children changed to a certain point. The wife was expected to provide emotional and spiritual to the husband and her children and caring this being what the cult of domesticity promoted. The increasing economic gap between the rich and the poor prevented excessive breeding this being due to the economic burden that children were viewed as. This led to the increase of child labor in industrial factories and mills.
Topic: immigration

The market revolution brought many changes with it these heavily influencing the status of labor, the class structure ultimately impacting american families. The shift from an agrarian republic brought changes such as waged jobs while introducing a great influx of immigrants. The widening gap between the rich and the poor were in it’s part negative but in it’s part was positive when it came to education. The life of american families was perhaps the most affected with the introduction of the cult of domesticity and the ideals that reform movements engraved on married women.
Topic: immigration

The immigration problem in America has been dividing the document and undocumented people, in the book Just Like Us, by Helen Thorpe, she tells the story of four Mexican – American girls who live in Denver Colorado. Marisela and Yadira, were born in Mexico and are undocumented while Clara was born in Mexico too it is a permanent resident, and Elissa is a U.S citizen. They are best friend and their relationship it is not affected by their immigration status until they graduated from high school and they have to face the challenge of looking for new ways to pay for their college education.