ktmeng/mec huggingface dataset:
Topic: immigration

In current years there has been an increase, and a significant impact in the social landscape since the foreign-born population is increasing day by day. These not only affect old and young people that are struggling and seeking to live a better life but ultimately also affect society in general. Immigrant people experience many difficulties in their journey, and even more when they get to live in the United States. We need to take into account that each immigrant experience is different from each other, but two factors are always present and are an obstacle; discrimination and the U-curve theory.
Topic: immigration

The first factor; it is a behavior, it is the action of excluding, avoidance or distance oneself from other groups which according to Judith N, Martin and Thomas K. Nakayama in our book “Experiencing intercultural communication: An introduction” this is called discrimination. This term may be based on racism or any other “isms”; like sexism; related to a cultural group. The easy way to think about discrimination is that ‘power plus prejudices equal “isms” ‘(Martin & Nakayama, 2018).
Topic: immigration

The second factor that immigrants faced is related to the U-curve theory of adaptation. According to our book “Experiencing intercultural communication: An introduction” the authors stated that; “in this model, migrants go through three fairly predictable phases in adapting to the new culture situation.” (Martin & Nakayama. , 2018, p. 124). In the first phase, the immigrant experiences anticipation and excitement principally if the immigrant moved to the other culture voluntarily. On the second phase, we have the well-known culture shock where migrant experience a feeling of discomfort or disorientation because of the lack of familiar cues in the environment. During this period the person can also experience an identity crisis since we are no more exposed constantly to our original culture. The final phase is adaptation where progressively learn the customs and rules of the new culture. During this phase, the person would change many behaviors and actions but learning to maintain some aspects of their original culture (Martin & Nakayama. , 2018, pp. 124-125).
Topic: immigration

These phases can take months or even years, or even go back and forth or stay stuck in one phase. This is a gradual process. Immigration is a very broad topic we can relate to so many chapters in this book, but I think that the main point that we can relate to immigration is these two because it represents real problems that all immigrant experience across cultures. Communications is an important concept expose throughout our book. Explain further this concept and the different issues linked with it. What would be of life without communication? I cannot imagine. Our book defines communications as a “symbolic process whereby meaning is shared and negotiated” (Martin & Nakayama. , 2018, p. 39). Communication can be many things, and one of them is that it is symbolic meaning that all the gestures or words that we make essentially have not meaning in themselves so that they acquire the meaning and significance only when people agree with their meaning at least at some degree (Martin & Nakayama. , 2018, p. 39), an example of these is the different way of dressing or a word like car.
Topic: immigration

Communication involves a process of several components like a message, the people who communicate and a channel. Thanks to this we can say that communication is dynamic; in other words; it is an ongoing process because, for example, the persons who are communicating are at the same time the receivers and the senders. (Martin & Nakayama. , 2018, pp. 40-41). Since the same message can potentially have more than one meaning, communication involves negotiation and the sharing of the meaning of the words in that message and since communication is receiver-oriented the person who assigns meaning it is the one that determines the outcome of the situation. (Martin & Nakayama. , 2018, pp. 40-41). Communication do not need to be intentional. (Martin & Nakayama. , 2018, p. 41). On the other hand, communication can happen verbally or non-verbally. Both of them communicate meaning and are governed by rules. (Martin & Nakayama. , 2018, p. 174). Verbal means that you use words and the language which is very accurate most of the time.
Topic: immigration

Now nonverbal communication is another thing. Nonverbal communication is defined as “communication through means other than a language like a posture, eye movement, facial expressions, gestures or silence.” (Martin & Nakayama. , 2018, pp. 39, 173). This type of communication can reflect anxiety, depression, worried or even can predict if we are laying; which in some cultures are considered a crime and this is because the meaning of this kind of communication can vary across cultures and contexts. We can also add that since nonverbal communication act in the subconscious because of this sometimes is linked to the real truth. There is no doubt that communication plays an important role in our lives but also helps us develop a sense of identity. In our book the authors exposed that “Identity arises when communication messages are exchanges between person.” (Martin & Nakayama. , 2018, p. p.96).
Topic: immigration

Essentially, we can understand who we are because of our communications with others. Sometimes depending on whom we are talking to we can accentuate different identities. Another factor that can influence our identity is the development of new communication technology. (Martin & Nakayama. , 2018, p. 96) Paul J. Mayer said that “communication -the human connection- is the key to personal and career success.” And he was right effective communication can improve our experiences throughout life. The impact of communications is unimaginable.
Topic: immigration

The term Gilded Age is used to refer to the time period in United States history, after the Civil War and Reconstruction, which lasted from the late 1860s until 1896. The term was first used by the famous American author Mark Twain but it entered the popular lexicon after the publishing of the book titled The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today (“The Gilded Age | Boundless US History”, 2019). The Gilded Age had a symbolic meaning as gilded items are made of cheaper metals but covered with a thin layer of gold, making them shine and seem more valuable than they actually are in reality.
Topic: immigration

This time period was similar as many people made huge fortunes using newly discovered technologies. The rich were making ostentatious displays of their riches while their poor workers starved and lived in disease-ridden tenement houses. There was rapid industrialization, mass immigration, corruption, and many other large scale changes. Society went through massive political, economic, technological, and social changes during the Gilded Age, and by its end; the United States had become a major industrial power and not soon afterward a world power.
Topic: immigration

These foreigners and other workers were unskilled workers performing routine and repetitive tasks on assembly lines that did not require much training, so they were not paid very well. They also had to work long hours, without overtime pay frequently in dangerous conditions. The owners of these factories were given many derogatory terms such as “robber barons” for their tendency to exploit their workers by paying them extremely low wages and to hire child labor (“The Gilded Age | Texas Gateway”, 2019). They were also lauded for their entrepreneurial skills and contribution to the economy by increasing productivity, enhancing the American industries, increasing employment and raising the country’s GDP.
Topic: immigration

Some of these financiers and industrialists termed “captains of industry” made unimaginable fortunes during the Gilded Age (“The Gilded Age | Boundless US History”, 2019). Andrew Carnegie owned U.S. Steel and companies involved in constructing bridges and railroads and also extracting and selling oil. J.P. Morgan was a successful financier and banker who reorganized the U.S. railways, bought the steel company from Carnegie and had interests in railroads, shipping, and steel. He was extremely successful due to his ability to monopolize entire industries. John D. Rockefeller invested in the oil industry, created a monopoly, and established Standard Oil (“The Gilded Age | Texas Gateway”, 2019).
Topic: immigration

This influx of immigrants and changes in society was not received positively by everyone as locals began to feel threatened by the strangers moving in in droves. The group that opposed immigrants and immigration and ostensibly supported the rights of American citizens called themselves nativists and they issued propaganda against the immigrants in the newspapers. The nativists caricatured the immigrants by picking up on their worst stereotypes and suggesting that they were “radicals and culturally inferior” and that their presence and actions would destroy American culture and important institutions (Henretta, Edwards & Self, 2018, p. 360).
Topic: immigration

The fact that there was a shortage of adequate, safe and clean housing in the cities meant that many workers had to live in overcrowded, unsanitary, unventilated, poorly lit tenement houses. These areas later on transformed into slums and ethnic ghettos (“The Gilded Age | Texas Gateway”, 2019). Many factory workers had to work for over 10 hours a day and six days a week in what would now be recognized as sweatshops. They earned very little and had no protection or security if they lost their job or became injured during the course of their work.
Topic: immigration

Many workers banded together for the first time to form labor unions, carry out labor strikes and negotiate with the factory owners. The Knights of Labor emerged in the 1880s and united workers in order to advance their interests and “counter the power of capitalists” (Henretta, Edwards & Self, 2018, p. 351). Big business owners were confronted and the workers demanded fewer working hours, decent pay and safer working conditions. They also fought against children working in factories and being paid less than adults (“The Gilded Age – History.com”, 2019).
Topic: immigration

Congress was under the control of the Senate and the robber barons often used financial bribes to corrupt political officials. Governments at local and state levels were controlled in this manner. The federal government was not much better either as it too was under the influence of big business. Eventually, Congress passed legislation like the Interstate Commerce Act and the Sherman Anti-Trust Act to counteract the excesses of big business and the social ills that were being caused by their greed for increasing profitability (“The Gilded Age | Texas Gateway”, 2019).
Topic: immigration

Blacks were not allowed to vote or serve on a jury and it was made more difficult for the African Americans who were educated and skilled, to progress economically and be seen as the social equals of Whites during this time period (“The Gilded Age | Boundless US History”, 2019). This type of racial discrimination was not restricted to just Blacks as the immigration of Chinese was also made illegal through the passing of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 (Henretta, Edwards & Self, 2018, p. 356).
Topic: immigration

American society progressed rapidly during the Gilded Age as technological advancements led to modernization and industrialization. The transport system and infrastructure was improved with new railway lines being laid, bridges and canals being built over waterways and rivers, moving within the city were made easier by the introduction of trolleys and trams, and roads were made more comfortable to ease journeys and the transport of goods (“The Gilded Age – History.com”, 2019). The Great Plains, which were considered a “worthless desert” in the past, were made more accessible through railroads and they became pivotal to the growth of the economy (Henretta, Edwards & Self, 2018, p. 315).
Topic: immigration

The invention of the telegraph allowed for information to be communicated much faster and the establishment of the first transcontinental telegraph line in 1861 enabled messages to be sent across the sea to European countries (Field, 2009). The invention of electricity, the implementation of the electrical grid in large cities, and the ease of availability of light bulbs lit up the streets and the homes of the rich. The telephone enabled people to communicate in real-time. There were also improvements in sanitation with the city taking on the responsibility of garbage disposal and sewage. The quality of life of the average American improved dramatically.
Topic: immigration

Immigration can have economic and social consequences for example social fragmentation due to lack of social capital and lack of mutual trust among residents of a country and when the lack mutual trust among people of a country that means the disappearance of solidarity between the people of a country means that the country may have difficulty in promoting better society, better future. when we go back to history and see that all civilizations that were strong and rich were because the people were solidarity with each other so that they could build these civilizations that exist all over the world until today such as, for example, Ancient Egyptian civilization, Roman Civilization, Ancient Greek Civilization because solidarity aims at cohesion between different people within a group, class, nation or world.
Topic: immigration

Secondly, the migration of slaves from Africa to the United States was not good enough migration because there was no such kind of solidarity between the resident and immigration that came. This leads to racial discrimination that has continued to today in the United States and we see that through the United States elections when a person who is extremely racist against anyone who does not have a character background that wins the election, this means that those who had chosen him also have a kind of racism that existed earlier 300-500 years ago.
Topic: immigration

The stigma around the immigrants and how they are outsiders in this community is evidenced by our different accents. So, I was hesitant to speak to others without being scrutinized. So to cope up with this issue, I joined a bunch of clubs and Sports teams which helped me to interact with people and understand the language in a better way. I made myself more social and open, which helped me understand the language and the different communication methods found in various places. And I was able to do so because of the welcoming attitudes of my peers and their ability to move past my accent.
Topic: immigration

Moreover, cultural shock was the other problem I had to face. Many immigrants face this problem as soon as they arrive. The cultural differences have a huge impact and impression on people as many aspects are foreign to them. Adapting to new cultures is arduous as during the process you tend to leave your own culture behind. Indian culture is more traditional, whereas Canadian culture is more open and advanced. For instance, In Canada, it is more acceptable for girls to beat the heat by wearing short clothes such as tank tops and denim shorts. In India, such clothes are considered taboo. Likewise, culture shock had a great impact on me. Moreover, as a student, I had to adapt to a whole new education system and this impacts me both physically and mentally. So, to cope up with it I tried to introduce myself to cultural events and activities which are part of the culture. I joined the culture club in my school as they opened the doors to many different cultures from all around the world. Cultural events like Christmas, Halloween and Thanksgiving and their history was celebrated. And I too was to represent my culture using the same platform. I also joined the dance classes to learn new forms of dance. Therefore, all these events made me more comfortable towards the new culture rather than making me into an outcast.
Topic: immigration

Lastly, there was homesickness. Often when people move to new countries they feel nostalgic. They long for the countries they left behind. They remain attached to their memories and neighbourhoods they grew up in. They remember all the small details from their old life which makes it difficult for them to enjoy the things around them. However, there are multiple ways to cope with homesickness. I made myself overexposed to the areas that made me happy for example; I made new friends that share similar hobbies and backgrounds like me. I tried some local while still indulging in food from back home and I decorated my house with my own culture which made me feel like I still have a piece of my own culture with me.
Topic: immigration

Despite all those hurdles I still admired Canada for its tolerant and open-minded society. The right to dress as I choose is just one example of freedom. In Canada, young girls are encouraged to take up part-time jobs, focus on their education, and in short-stay out of the kitchen. Canada does not live in an era where women are told to go make a sandwich. India could not be more different in terms of women’s rights as in India, young girls just like me were told to look pretty, like glass dolls, and kept in small cages known as our houses.
Topic: immigration

When people move to new countries, it is apparent that they have to face challenges. Everything will not be perfect and it’ll be really difficult to adapt to the new environment. It takes time but once you face these hurdles and challenges, life will become better. Citizens of the country must also realize that these people have come from different walks of life which affects how they handle many situations. They should not be quick to react or cause any sort of harm to others as every culture is unique and must be respected in order for immigrants to accustom their values into a new lifestyle.
Topic: immigration

Not only does lifestyle differ just based on if you’re born in the U.S. or not but it also depends on what part of the united states is being looked at. The people viewed will all have very different lifestyles which can be determined by a number of factors such as: financial status, ethnicity, physical appearance, and the environment where they grow up in. Typically a middle-class household in which two parental figures are present, one works while the other stays at home and their children go to school and get good marks is often what’s envisioned when thinking of a typical American family. While this could be true in some cases the majority is far from this white picket fence standard. Many families struggle financially or come from another country, and despite America claiming to be the land of opportunity, unemployment rates are nothing to brush off without a second glance.
Topic: immigration

Therefore it is of paramount importance that Social workers promote the welfare of asylum seekers in our country. However there are certain barriers to this, these include, cultural barriers (values, attitudes, lifestyle, religion, language), government policy which often opposes social work values, prioritising of need, inadequate resources, equality of opportunity in terms of employment e. g. someone who has a vocational degree in their own country may be denied access to employment. housing and some services. Therefore anti discriminatory practice and humanitarianism is vital within Social Work practice.
Topic: immigration

Thus I have a responsibility in being aware of all the issues effecting individuals who are in the need of the support of a Social Worker. My role is to adhere to enhancing an atmosphere of acceptance, tolerance and equality for all individuals no matter what their background. It is essential that Social Workers and those accountable for providing services and support to the most vulnerable in our society, do not lose sight of the fact that asylum seekers, regardless of their immigration status, are human beings, with fundamental and basic human rights, needs and aspirations.
Topic: immigration

Due to her status she is denied adequate housing, employment and finance. In referring to Hayes and Humphries (2004) it would appear that Social Work teams are far from clear and are uncertain in terms of their remit with regard to asylum seekers. It also appears that they are often not sure that asylum seekers are any part of their responsibility. Many Social Services departments have no particular policies or targets in relation to peoples subject to immigration controls. Families often depend on voluntary groups or local support groups whose continuing existence is precarious.
Topic: immigration

Currently, the Local Authority cares for unaccompanied asylum seekers, but politicians are debating to change these laws, which could mean that an unaccompanied asylum seeker might not be automatically cared for by the Local Authority. The implications for this could result in further trauma for young asylum seekers (Hayes and Humphries, 2004). With regard to the case study we are not aware of Isaac’s circumstances so I am left to assume that he has faced a number of dilemmas and difficulties in the UK, which in turn may add to the traumas he may have already experienced.
Topic: immigration

An additional loss may be the view of their anticipated future and life plans” (Richman, 1998; Tribe and Shackman, 1989) “There appears to be a body of literature claiming to show a correlation between becoming a refugee and psychological health difficulties. Given the considerable losses and associated changes which many refugees and asylum seekers experience this is perhaps inevitable. ” (Eisenbruch, 1991; Tribe, 1999b; Van der Veer, 1992) In adhering to social work core values I would want to support Isaac in helping him to adjust and overcome his issues.
Topic: immigration

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (see lecture notes) would be a basis from which to establish that Isaac’s fundamental needs are being met, these include warmth, food, shelter, clothing, emotional, self-esteem and aspirational needs. It is important that Isaac has access to all the services required to promote his welfare in order for him to reach his full potential including links with Racial Equality Council, Refugee First, NASS, an interpreter if needed and START. It was difficult to decide on which individual circumstance to choose as I believe each and every one of those issues have an urgency for support.
Topic: immigration

My decision to focus on asylum was based on a need to increase my knowledge on the subject and to consider my role as a Social Worker and my value base with regard to asylum seekers in the UK. It was also important to analyse the complexities and ambiguities associated with asylum and how this would impact upon my Social Work practice. Having researched the topic I believe that I have gained a broader understanding of the issues facing asylum seekers and my judgements are less ambiguous.
Topic: immigration

Knowing the difficulties and traumas experienced by asylum seekers and the barriers they face in gaining status in the UK, I have become more empathetic to the overall needs of asylum seekers and to how Isaac may be feeling. Previous to tackling this assignment I was perhaps unaware just how difficult it may be for many asylum seekers and I now have a greater appreciation of the importance of their overall well being and mental health. In the likely hood that I might encounter referrals for individuals who are seeking asylum, I believe I now have a deeper understanding of the support required.
Topic: immigration

It is evident however that, despite the Race Relations Act 1976, asylum seekers rights appear to fall short of equality of opportunity. Whilst the values underpinning Social Workers is of paramount importance it is apparent that Social Workers maybe powerless to fully implement and adhere to these principles. Due to the uncertainties with regard to the role of Social Workers and asylum seekers it would be important to ensure that Isaac was linked in to voluntary and statutory organisations such as NASS and Racial Equality Council.
Topic: immigration

As a Social Worker I would want to oversee that Isaac’s needs were being met by working in partnership with those agencies. A priority would be to ensure that Isaac was empowered by promoting his self-determination through adequate provision and human rights. REFERENCES Banks, S. (2001) Ethics and Values in Social Work. 2e Hampshire: Palgrave Hayes, D. and Humphries, B. (2004) Social Work, Immigration and Asylum. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers Ltd Kohli, R. K. S. (2007) Social Work with Unaccompanied Asylum Seeking Children. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillian Temple, B.
Topic: immigration

and Moran, R. (2005) Learning to live together: Developing communities with dispersed refugee people seeking asylum. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation Brigadier, B. (1992) Stowaways by Sea: Illegal Immigrants, Refugees, Asylum Seekers. London: The Nautical Institute Robinson, V. , Anderson, R. , and Musterd, S. (2003) Spreading the ‘Burden’? : A review of policies to disperse asylum seekers and refugees. Bristol: the Policy Press Thompson, N. (2001) Anti-discriminatory practice. 3e Hampshire: Palgrave Tribe, R. and Raval, H. (2003) Working with Interpreters in Mental Health.
Topic: immigration

Multiculturalism “constructs a binary relation between ‘ethnic communities’ and ‘Australian society,’ as if the two were mutually exclusive, homogenous entities. ” It “pigeonholes ‘the migrant’ as permanently marginalized, forever ethnicised. ” (p. 153 Stratton and Ang in O’Regan, T. Critical Multiculturalism). Do you agree with this view of multiculturalism? What are the effects of this binary relation on those who are marginalized? Who benefits? How might the problem be solved? Discuss with reference to one or two issues considered in the course.
Topic: immigration

This act was devised in order to prohibit the immigration of ‘non-Europeans’ or ‘colored races’ and the only immigrants that were sanctioned to reach Australian shores where those of British descent. Stratton writes: The White Australian policy was, in the first instance, a nationalistic policy and reflects the new nation-state’s search for a national identity in a European culture and a British-based racial homogeneity (which inevitably implies the exclusion of racial/cultural Others). (1994, 141)
Topic: immigration

Through this period, Australia was constructed as a racist society that promoted the idea of a racially pure ‘national identity’ which was strictly based on Anglo-Saxon emigrants and subsequently excluded those of non-British descent. However, after World War II Australia was consequently placed in a vulnerable economic position and a viable solution to such a problem was the endorsement of mass immigration. The probability of such migration from the desired British states seemed doubtful so the Australian Government consequently turned to the people of Northern and Southern Europe.
Topic: immigration

Such a shift meant that the White Australian policy was neglected and consequently the Australian Government enacted the Assimilationist policy until the mid 1960’s. “The policy of assimilation… was an extension of the white Australian policy” (Hage, 1998, 82) in that this policy was enacted as to not disrupt the apparent homogeny within Australian society as all migrants were influenced by the government to reject the cultural traditions of their homeland and to embrace and become part of the ‘Australian way of life’.
Topic: immigration

Hage writes that the assimilation policy: “Explicitly required non-British migrants to adopt the language, the culture and the values that are part of this heritage and to relinquish the distinct cultural practices and attitudes of their home countries” (1998, 82). Such migration evidently collapsed the concept of a racially pure and unified nation and symbolized the next stage of government policy which was the movement toward multiculturalism, which came to fruition in the mid 1970’s. Castles writes: Mass immigration works against ideas of national unity…
Topic: immigration

the disintegration of a unitary ideology of the nation is epitomized in the move from official state policies of assimilation of culturally different ‘others’ to a multiculturalism which respects their differences. (1990, 102-103) While previous Australian policies such as assimilation and integration have been based on the premise that the immigrant will actively become part of a unitary ‘white’ Australian culture, multiculturalism alternatively advocated the ability for migrants to maintain their cultural heritage and position these within an Australian context.
Topic: immigration

Ultimately, the policy of multiculturalism is seen as a critical moment which shifted an Australian national identity from British influences, as such influences have been fundamental to the construction and development of government policies in Australia’s past. In Race Daze, Jon Stratton articulates the consequent dilemmas with the notion of multiculturalism, particularly in relation to the problematic way in which multiculturalism is constructed through an Anglo Celtic culture which marginalizes ‘ethnic cultures’ and also the idea that multiculturalism promotes the notion of culture as stable and fixed (1998, 206).
Topic: immigration

Stratton writes: “It is the core culture which is privileged while the marginal, ethnic cultures are formulated as ‘objectified spectacles’ for the members of the core culture” (1998, 209). The ‘core culture’, being that of predominantly Anglo-Celtic origin is empowered through multiculturalism who is advantaged by objectifying the ‘ethnic cultures’. A subsequent problem is the issue of ‘ethnicity’ which Walters and Crook write: One of the most common terms used to describe an ethnic group is minority group.
Topic: immigration

This implies not only that the ethnic group is often though not always, in a numerical minority but also that it is in some way subordinate to a dominant or majority group. (1993, 215) Through the notion of an ‘ethnic’ group as often referred to as a minority it may be seen how multiculturalism has in fact constructed a binary between the minority and the dominant group who are predominantly Anglo Celtic and who are seen to represent Australian society, a society that is based on the exclusion of such groups by producing ‘ethnics’ marginalization within it.
Topic: immigration

Migration produces both positive and negative effects for both the host country and home country and the immigrant and the natives. It is however aimed to be beneficial to the majority by implementing proper rules and laws regarding migration. Migration may weaken the home country of the migrants due to “brain drain” however, migration also alleviates the poverty during the period of their remittances. Unemployment will also decrease which will eventually diminish also the poverty related crimes. Successful emigrants invite and encourage others to join them.
Topic: immigration

Closing the doors for immigrants may sometimes result to illegal options which may not be a positive factor to both the host country and the immigrants. Developed countries with immigration policies tend to win the good relationship with the source countries and serves as a key to further trades. Hence, migrants can be considered as agents for development who strengthens the cooperation between the host and home countries. After thorough analysis, migration can be assessed to give all around beneficial effects both to the host and home countries.
Topic: immigration

This was further supported by a newly-released United Nations study which finds that international migration benefits not only the migrants and their family but also the host and home countries. This was disclosed by U. N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan in his speech to the 16th General Assembly, 88th meeting. He further commented that the study showed that some source countries like Malaysia and Thailand exhibits a significant economic growth making them attractive to the present migrants. In this era of globalization, migration will face new challenges and objectives.
Topic: immigration

There are countries which have existing concrete immigration policies. The United States, Canada and Australia are examples of traditional countries of immigration which categorize immigrants by place of birth allowing opportunity of comparing some aspects qualitatively and quantitatively. These countries together with Sweden and Israel, welcome immigrants with laws and measures facilitating a long term and permanent settlement though in case of Israel, they choose immigrants based on religion and culture. Human migration has taken a major participation in shaping and honing the present status of the population.
Topic: immigration

It allows the diffusion and combination of the structures, cultures, beliefs, ideas, principles, religion, and other traits which results to the modification of each others traits. (2005) Rejection of the integration, however, results to conflict that may cause decline of socio-cultural capital and values. The growing population and influx of immigrants faces debate regarding complex issues. In Europe, there is a growing concern on how the immigrants affect their culture and national identity which comes with common language, heritage and ethnicity.
Topic: immigration

Further queries have been raised whether or not to absorb the immigrants and allow them to participate in their national activities or to allow them to become their citizen without the thorough knowledge of their culture and heritage. During elections, opposition to immigration is always an issue in some countries like Britain, Switzerland, Denmark, Italy and Sweden. (Cohen, 2000) Immigrants in some countries are subjects of distrusts and fear. Opposition to immigrants often claims that immigrants have something to do with crimes and unemployment, if not low-wage jobs.
Topic: immigration

Based on the studies in Little Village conducted by the Harvard sociologist Robert J. Sampson, having high number of immigrants does not mean high number of crime. Though Little Village is poor, a relatively low incidence of violence is recorded. (Eval Press, 2006) This was further supported by other researchers though commented that the next generations or children of poor immigrants may not be as optimistic as their parents and may have a negative assumption that they will not be given fair chance of making a successful career and self development in the host country. Migrant workers, on the other hand, have to embrace the low wage, high-risk jobs.
Topic: immigration

In the host country, the corporations took advantage of the situation enabling them to lower the wages of the migrant workers. This is in effect resulted to the claim of the opposing party of migration that migrant workers cause the low wages that are prevailing. This coupled with the issue of competition between the migrant workers and the native workers. In July 1, 2003, the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Family put into force the human right protection to migrant workers whether documented or undocumented and eliminate exploitations of immigrants.(Addy, p. 22)
Topic: immigration

The family members can now use the remittances for their needs such as foods, shelter, education, investments and even sophisticated telecommunication gadgets to make the migrant worker nearer. The community as well as the government will be eased by the lowering of unemployment and the cash inflow diminishes poverty-related crimes. However, the government should address the increasing rate of “brain drain” as migration rate increases. The government should device a process to produce more professionals to augment the loss of the skilled and professional workers to migration.
Topic: immigration

One of the first theories associating to in-migration was classical assimilation, developed from the 1920s to 1960s. Classical assimilationist theory encourages the sloughing of a migrator ‘s place state civilization as they were seen as disadvantages ( Child 1943, Warner and Strole 1945, Wirth 1925/1956, cited in Zhou 1997 ) . Multiculturalism was partially reaction to and want to compensate the wrongs of classical assimilation and its oppression ( Joppke 1996 ) . Multiculturalism can be referred to as a paradigm of which the constituents are that people from “ cultural minorities ” should be encouraged to take part to the full in civic life as an “ cultural minority ” ( Faist 09 ) .
Topic: immigration

In a context of American multiculturalism, Portes and Rumbaut did a longitudinal survey from the early to mid 1990 ‘s on 2nd coevals immigrant young person from a assortment of groups, crossing Asiatic, Latin American and Caribbean states. From their findings they developed the theory of metameric assimilation. They theorised that because of assorted factors, groups either assimilated downwards into poorness, into the mainstream “ white ” in-between category, or upwards but within their cultural group.
Topic: immigration

The factors that influence these forms are plenty, but include socio-economic position before and after migration, location of abode in the new state ( for illustration, in a in-between category or hapless suburb or an interior metropolis with a concentration of co-ethnics ) , household composing, parents ‘ instruction and occupational position, presence of a strong cultural community, manner of response into the having state ( for illustration, welcoming or hostile both informally and institutionally ) and degrees of favoritism experienced. Different groups of immigrants have assimilated into the flights marked by Sublime portes and Rumbaut.
Topic: immigration

Sublime portes and Rumbaut define five types of socialization procedures and results which depend on how much the kids and parents prosecute in the place civilization and the civilization of the receiving society, which in these theoretical accounts is American society. They outline five manners of socialization that show the tensenesss or deficiency of across the coevals between parents and kids. These manners are non needfully inactive, but could alter over clip depending on the velocity at which imposts and linguistic communication are learned by kids and parents. The manners help to explicate why some groups or households end up taking the assorted waies defined in the metameric assimilation theory.
Topic: immigration

The first is harmonic socialization, where both the kids and the parents prosecute in and larn the imposts and linguistic communication of the receiving society and make non take part in the place civilization and cultural community. Consonant opposition to socialization is when the kids and parents involve themselves merely in their cultural community. There are two types of unresolved socialization, the first of which is when the kids engage and take up the imposts of American society but their parents remain stray in the cultural community. This creates parent kid struggle and instils frights in the parents that their civilization is non being carried frontward. The 2nd type of unresolved socialization is when kids take up the imposts of American society, and parents neither participate in American society or an cultural community and are hence marginalised. This state of affairs frequently leads to a function reversal where the kids, fluent in American imposts and English, come to keep more power in the household because of their cognition of the society compared to their parents. The 5th manner is the focal point of this paper: selective socialization. It is when both the kids and the parents learn the imposts and linguistic communication of American society and besides maintain the imposts and linguistic communication of the original civilization and a topographic point in the cultural community. This translates into the 2nd coevals kids being bi-cultural and ideally bi-lingual ( Portes and Rumbaut, 44-54 ) .
Topic: immigration

This procedure and result is the coveted 1 for many grounds. Sublime portes and Rumbaut found from their longitudinal survey that the saving of the place civilization and linguistic communication was repeatedly linked with higher self-pride, educational and occupational outlooks and accomplishments ( Portes and Rumbaut, 274-275 ) . It besides reduces parent-child struggle and maintains parental authorization. Besides, because it encourages cognition and appreciate of the place civilization it helps 2nd coevals kids to develop a confident individuality and develop the valuable accomplishments of bi-culturalism and bi-lingualism.
Topic: immigration

It is of import to indicate out that selective socialization is greatly hindered by a society which has strong anti-immigrant or pro-assimilationist sentiments. Anti-immigrant attitudes are likely to trip favoritism and racism, which non merely affects self-esteem, but besides promote reactive ethnicities. Reactive ethnicities form when a group or single signifiers an individuality in resistance to the mainstream civilization. Pro-assimilationist political orientations and policies are besides destructive because they encourage immigrants to cast their ain backgrounds, civilizations and linguistic communications, which foremost and foremost could do immigrants to abandon the cultural capital that they held from their place state, but besides it causes intergenerational struggle and a lessening in both kids and parental self-pride, all increasing the opportunities of downward mobility and marginalization, instead than existent assimilation ( Portes and Rumbaut pg 270- 273 ) . Converse to what hinders selective socialization, there are besides factors that enable it. Selective socialization flexible joints on supportive co-ethnic web. Cultural communities vary in their strengths and effectiveness across different immigrant groups, but they by and large provide societal capital which in bend can increase economic chances for members of a group, enforcement the norms of the place civilization, which in bend maintains parental authorization and it provides a protection from favoritism ( Portes and Rumbaut, 64, Zhou 2006 ) .
Topic: immigration

It is of import to speak about the relationship between individuality and immigrant integrating into a society. The relationship is clearly shown in in Portes and Rumbaut ‘s longitudinal survey. This survey used 2nd coevals migrators ‘ self-identification labels as an index of how incorporate they felt themselves to be i.e. how much they identified with American civilization and how much they identified with their parents ‘ civilization. The self-identities were linked to assorted manners of socialization, for illustration the individuality of “ American ” was linked to an assimilated individuality, whereas identifying by parents ‘ national beginning, for illustration “ Filipino ” was linked to a possible reactive individuality. ( Portes and Rumbaut, 160 ) . Identities are influence by many factors including state of parents ‘ beginning, gender, economic position, household construction, linguistic communication, phenotype, race, ethnicity, self-esteem and experiences of favoritism. ( Portes and Rumbaut, 147 – 191 ) . This is non an thorough list of the factors that Portes and Rumbaut give for impacting individuality and individuality formation, but as discussed subsequently in my paper, it has been criticised for losing out some of import factors, and hence for non recognizing the complexness of individuality.
Topic: immigration

Looking closer and further into individualities gives insight into the grounds why people do or do n’t experience incorporate or make or make n’t incorporate into the existent constructions of the society. Additionally, by get downing with an single, we might be able to derive apprehension of a group. I will now look at four instance surveies which show the strengths and failings of selective socialization. Three of these instance surveies look at single individualities and one of them looks at an institutional illustration of selective socialization and it ‘s relation to individuality formation. These instance surveies will demo the strengths and failings of selective socialization.
Topic: immigration

Based on these two dimensions, there are four manners of socialization: assimilation, separation, marginalization and integrating. I will concentrate on integrating, which occurs when there is involvement and engagement with both the place civilization and the wider having society. Berry asserts that these manners, although experienced in somewhat different ways, are fundamentally cosmopolitan manners that are experienced in changing grades by all immigrant groups. Subsequently in the paper, there is much unfavorable judgment of this false simpleness.
Topic: immigration

I draw a analogue between these psychological manners of socialization to the more sociological consonant and unresolved manners of socialization outlined by Sublime portes and Rumbaut, with integrating being based on the same rules as selective socialization, and being recommended as the ideal manner frontward for an immigrant. Subsequently in this paper, I will sketch an article about individuality that criticises the psychological theoretical accounts for non recognizing the complexnesss of individuality and socialization and for presuming that they are additive, straight-forward procedures with a finished result. Despite the fact that selective socialization takes into history more complexnesss than the above theory, there unfavorable judgments of both theories are similar. I assert that a unfavorable judgment of the psychological manners, is besides basically a unfavorable judgment of selective socialization, and hence exposes its failings, which is the end of this paper.
Topic: immigration

In her article “ Committed to Ethnicity, Committed to America: How Second Generation Indian Americans ‘ Ethnic Boundaries Further their Americanization ” , Dhingra discusses US born Indian Americans and shows how these immigrants are utilizing selective socialization to incorporate. They are taking what they like most from each of their civilizations and utilizing it in a positive manner. For her survey, she conducted interviews with 2nd coevals Indian Americans who were an equal sum of work forces and adult females, between the ages of 22-33, all in white-collar professions and populating in Dallas, Texas.
Topic: immigration

Asserting their individuality allows them to encompass the American ideal of individuality and personal freedom. Having grown up in the United States they are adept with mainstream American norms and with an assured cultural individuality they can freely and comfortably interact in mainstream American infinites ‘while staying proud of their distinguishable manner of life ‘ ( Dhingra 2008 ) . By asseverating their individuality like this they are pro actively incorporating whilst assisting to normalize their civilization to the mainstream and open up duologues with equals that could interrupt down biass and diminish cultural distances.
Topic: immigration

As Americans they besides felt they had guaranteed rights to freedom of faith and cultural diverseness, which allowed them to show their ethnicities and to pattern them by fall ining ethnically based associations. By appreciating and encompassing these rights, they are heedfully taking portion in one of the basiss of American civilization and political orientation, which are the above mentioned civil autonomies of personal freedoms. Many topics in her survey did acknowledge that they recognised there were bounds to the look of ethnicity, as portion of the model of civil autonomies is that one can show and pattern personal freedoms merely to the extent that they do n’t enforce on others ‘ personal freedoms. Some felt, that the freedom allowed to cultural groups was smaller than that given to the mainstream civilization, but however, they to the full appreciated these civil autonomies, and felt basically, that they had the ‘American right to be Indian ‘ ( Dhingra 2008 ) .