ktmeng/mec huggingface dataset:
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Among the common alcoholic beverages are: Chang’aa-Which is common among Samburu pastoralists living in northern Kenya and the whole of Kenya at large. In fact the word seems to have gained a national appeal in Kenya along with Busaa which are often used in Kisii among 10 the Gusii community. Others include: Palm wine (common along the Kenyan coast), banana beer (made from a fermented mixture of banana and sorghum flour) and Muratina (made from sugarcane and Muratina fruit-a fruit grown in Kenya).
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Among the Gusii community, the common alcoholic beverages used from times immemorial include Chang’aa and Busaa. Chang’aa is a distilled product resulting from malted millet, maize or sorghum alongside molasses the mixture of which has been fermented for a number of days, for instance a week. The fermented malted millet, maize or sorghum mixture in its crude state (nondistilled) produces Busaa. 2. 2. 1 Global Impact 2. 2. 1. 0 Health Alcohol has raised major attention on the international ground mainly due to its negative impacts in the society.
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Topping the list is the link between alcohol and its impact on health. It is important to note that alcohol on its own can cause a medical disorder known as alcoholism which was the pillar stone of this study. Studies indicate that alcoholism can arise in a genetic disorder which can be transferred to the offspring of the victim just like any other genetic disorders. It is estimated that 60 percent of those who become alcoholics are believed to have a genetic predisposition for it, Vallant, (as cited in Santrock, 2005).
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Hamgin and others (1999) also reported that there is a high frequency of alcoholics in first degree relatives of alcoholics. Research has shown that alcohol damages various organs in our bodies resulting to chronic diseases. Some of these organs include: 1. The Liver: Excessive consumption of alcohol results to liver cirrhosis and liver hepatitis. Hepatitis is the inflammation of the liver while liver cirrhosis is a liver ailment that interferes with the liver’s normal structure and function. Both diseases can be fatal 11 2.
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Blood: Excessive consumption of alcohol interferes with both the structure and function of blood. High quantities of alcohol damages red blood cells making them to become abnormally large as well as the destruction of white blood cells which results to low immunity whereas damaging of red blood cells may lead to cancer in extremities (NIAAA). The NIAAA in the United States of America suggests that a connection exists between heavy alcohol consumption and increased cancer risk. In fact 3. 56 percent cancer cases all over the world are related to alcohol drinking resulting to 3.
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5 percent of all cancer deaths. 3. Heart and circulatory system: Alcohol drinking affects these body systems causing such disease as heart attacks, stroke (which arises when a blood clot from the heart enters the circulatory system into the brain blocking blood circulation in the brain) Alcohol is also not good for pregnant women for it can lead to various birth disorders such as, Fetal Alcohol syndrome (FAS), Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD). These are permanent birth defects on off-springs of women who consume material alcohol during pregnancy (NIAAA).
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Other health implications include Sexual dysfunction and epilepsy and in extremities even causing death directly. Despite the numerous researches on the implications of alcohol on health, not much has been done on the frequency of such health implications on families affected by alcoholism. However, for an alcoholic it is important to note, perhaps not for his/her sake but for the children’s sake, that if they continue the path to alcoholism they are putting their children at the exposure to this disorder since comprehensive studies have shown that children of alcoholics’ show a three-to-four times risk of developing the disorder.
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Recent studies have proved that alcoholism is 40 to 60 percent attributed to genes, leaving 40 to 50 percent on environmental influences, Schuckit; Anthenelle Schuckit, (as cited in Schonbeck, 2004). Alcohol is not also good for the brain causing psychological harm in the long run with instances such 12 as depression and anxiety with as many as 25 percent of alcoholics presenting severe psychiatric disturbances. Alcohol effect reveals an overall sluggish brain activity (Revolution health, 2007). 2. 2. 1. 1 Safety Alcoholism has also raised eye blows in relation to its influence on safety in the society.
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Top on this list is road accidents. Indeed in most accidents grossly impaired judgment reduced reflex activity and reduced visual perception all play their part. In the United States 41 percent of all traffic fatalities are alcohol related. On average, alcohol related motor vehicle accidents occur after every 30 minutes injuring 500,000 Americans yearly with 30 percent of all Americans involved in such accidents at one time during their life time while 50 percent of such trauma cases end up dead, (www. niaaa. nih. gov).
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According to Santrock (2005), 60 percent of homicides involve use of alcohol by either the offender or victim and 20 percent of suicide cases involve use of alcohol by the victim, with 65 percent of aggressive instances against women involving the use of alcohol by the offender. Santrock also reports that alcohol increases instances of aggressiveness; to be precise alcoholics are more easily provoked when drunk than when they are sober to unleash harsh words, throw a punch or pull a trigger of a gun, Dougherty, Benelt & others; Fale-Steward, golden & Schumacher, (as cited in Santrock, 2005).
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According to Seto & Barbaree (as cited in Santrock, 2005), it is unfortunate that the people who are already prone to aggression are also the ones who are likely to drink and then become violent when they become intoxicated! People under the influence of alcohol, almost commit half of the rapes and other violent crimes, Abbey, Ross& McDuffie; Abbey & others, (as cited in Santrock, 2005). All these comprehensive research focuses on the impacts of alcoholism on the alcoholic’s safety but fails to shade light on the suffering which the family has to undergo as 13 a result.
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Equally most of these research findings do not bring out clearly the frequency of such hazards among families of alcoholics’. 2. 2. 1. 2 Marriage Stability It is estimated that more than 40 percent of separated or divorced women were married to or live with a problem drinker with more than three fourths of non-fatal female victims of domestic violence having reported that the assailant had been drinking (www. alcohlics-info. com). According to Holden (1996) one in every three divorces are attributed to alcohol drinking.
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It is clear while alcohol seems to be a clear threat to stability in marriages it is unclear, on where exactly it impairs on marriage stability. 2. 2. 1. 3 Responsibility It is estimated that a bulk of 10 percent work force in the United Kingdom have problems due to alcohol (Holden, 1996). According to Velleman, alcohol affects the quality of parenting, although the aspects of quality of parenting are not well defined (as cited at www. alcoholandfamilies. org).
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At the prime of alcoholism the alcoholic manifests an utter disregard to everything, including shelter, family, food, and job. These occasional flights into oblivion are best described, ironically, as, ‘Drinking to get away from the problems’ caused by drinking (www. alcoholics-info. com). These studies indicate a clear link between alcoholism and the role it plays in the execution of responsibilities at large but fails to pin-point the particular impact of alcoholism on family responsibilities and the frequency of the items mentioned above in a family setting.
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Santrock (2005), acknowledges the fact that binge drinking, usually associated with high BAC, to be associated with class absences, physical injuries, trouble with police and unprotected sex all instances of neglect of responsibilities by children (college students) who are a unit of the family. 14 2. 2. 1. 4 Legal Implications There are at least fifty thousand recognized alcoholics in Victoria-Australia, with one-hundred thousand drunk and disorderly convictions each year (Wright, 1991). Drinking at inappropriate times can lead to legal proceedings such as Drinking and driving, beyond the legal set limits, or public disorder.
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According to NIAAA (1997) forty percent of assaults are alcohol related. About 3/4 of all prisoners in 1997 were involved in alcohol or drug abuse in some way leading to their current offence (United States Department of Justice Statistics, 1997). From research already conducted there seems to be a link between alcohol and crime but on the other side no studies exists on the frequency of legal situations encountered by alcoholics in a family setting or their families or challenges faced by such families when faced by such occurrences. 2. 2. 1.
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5 Withdrawal Unlike withdrawal from other drugs, withdrawal from alcohol differs most significantly from other drugs, since it can be directly fatal (NIAAA, 1997). For example it is extremely rare for heroin or cocaine withdrawal to be fatal. When people die from heroin or cocaine withdrawal they typically have serious underlying health problems which are made worse by the strain of acute withdrawal. An alcoholic however, who has no serious health, issues has a significant risk of dying from the direct effects of withdrawal if it is not properly managed.
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When alcohol is stopped, especially abruptly, the person’s nervous system suffers from great brain imbalances. This can result in symptoms that include anxiety, life threatening seizures, delirium tremens and hallucinations, shakes and possible heart failure. During withdrawal especially acute withdrawal symptoms tend to subside after 1 – 3 weeks. Less severe symptoms (e. g. insomnia and anxiety) may continue as part of a post withdrawal syndrome gradually improving with abstinence for a year or more.
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Withdrawal symptoms begin to subside as the body and central nervous system makes adaptations to reverse tolerance and restore 15 functions towards normal body functioning. It is evident that from completed research the habitual user experiences hangover (a combination of head ache, nausea, fatigue and depression) a situation which may be very challenging. According to Hamigan & others, (as cited in Thom, 2009) one in nine individuals who drink continue the path to alcoholism.
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However, according to Vallant, (as cited in Santrock, 2005) by the age of 65 a third of alcoholics are dead or in terrible shape; a third is still trying to bear addiction and a third is abstinent or drinking only socially. Vallant found the factors leading to successful withdrawal to be predicted by: 1. Having a strong negative experience with alcohol, for instance serious medical emergency 2. Finding a substitute depends, for instance meditation, exercise or overeating (which also has serious medical implications) 3. Developing a positive relationship such as a caring employer or a new marriage 4.
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Joining a support group such as Alcoholics anonymous (AA). Vallant acknowledges that more than 18 million patients currently need alcohol treatment and only one fourth ever get treatment for a number of reasons such as lack of availability of such facilities lack of adequate space, limited funding or because drinkers object to the treatment. These studies clearly depict the challenges facing withdrawal from the medical stand point. However, it is important to note that not much has been done on the impacts of withdrawal on the family set-up. 2. 2. 1. 6 Economy Alcohol also does no good for the economy.
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In 1989 it cost British industry 1. 7 billion United Kingdom pounds (Holden, 1996). According to a recent special report prepared for United States Congress by NIAAA, the impact of alcohol on society including violence, traffic accidents, lost work productivity and premature deaths, cost America in aggregate an estimated 188 billion United States dollars 16 annually. However, not much has been done on the impacts of alcohol on family economy and personal financial management and stability as separate from National or Global economic impacts. 2. 3 Continental Impact The continent Africa is characterized by poverty and unemployment.
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Extensive research has shown that these factors are a contributory to the start of alcohol intake and consequently alcoholism. African countries have high reported cases of domestic violence which are largely attributed to consumption of alcohol. Since most of the drinking population is poor and they can’t afford ‘expensive and classy’ commercial brands, they have opted for the cheap non-hygienical local brews. The drinking population also spends most of their finances on alcohol leaving their families financially unstable hence their family economy is in a terrible state.
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Excessive alcohol consumption also causes serious negative effect on fertility in both men and women: decreasing testicular and ovarian size, interfering with sperm and egg production and viability, disrupting menstrual cycles, and reducing libido. When pregnancy is achieved reduced quality of sperm and egg may significantly and permanently affect the quality of life, pre and post-natal, of the child. A child born to an alcohol using woman has a great risk of being born with fetal alcohol syndrome, which causes distinctive cranial and facial defects, including a smaller head size, shortening of the eyelids, and a lowered brain capability.
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Developmental disabilities, heart defects, and behavioral problems are also more likely. There has been an outcry among women from Mombasa, a town in the Kenyan coast, that alcohol intake among their men folk is making them incapable of performing their conjugal duties. Alcohol consumption has also caused numerous health hazards within the continental standing similar to what is being experienced globally. Among such diseases common in Africa include: liver disease, physical injuries due to short 17
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term effects of alcohol leave alone the psychological ailments that the family of the alcoholic has to go through (Asenjo, 2009). It is however important to note that unlike in western countries, in Africa alcohol is more reserved to the male population. Women who drink are seen as a social vice associated with prostitution and immorality hence, as such alcohol has gained much prevalence among men and as such most alcoholics are men. It is ironical that since times immemorial women have always prepared the brew, but they give it to their male counterparts for consumption.
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These can be attributed to the fact that in most communities, alcohol consumption is regarded as a traditional artifact and as the saying goes, “Mwacha mila ni mtumwa “(A Swahili proverb which translates into, “He who abandons tradition is a foreigner”. Also this can be cited as a reason mainly responsible for low instances of withdrawal in the continent. Withdrawal, if any, is due to ones own efforts or in some instances pressure from a particular class in the community for instance, church or ones own family.
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It is, however, important to note that despite the ‘naked’ impacts (negative) caused by alcohol all over the continent, not much has been done to better understand the problem from a continental stand point and whatever presumptions that exists about alcoholism, are just mere generalizations, in that case, of what happens in the west to be applicable in Africa as well, which might not always be the case owing to the so obvious cultural and social difference 18 2. 4 Local Impact The devastating effects of alcohol and drugs on young people can be felt bare today.
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Research at the African Mental Health foundation says that in the last four years the use of alcohol and other drugs among young people has increased by a staggering 71 percent. In Kenya, unrecorded alcohol consumption is estimated to be 5. 0 litres of pure alcohol per capita for population older than 15 years for the years after 1995, estimated by a group of key alcohol experts (WHO, 2004). A 1997 to 1998 survey sponsored by the Economic ad Social Research council and The British Institute
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“Mcmaster Children’s Hospital is a caring for our future, one child at a time. ” It was distinguished as one of the hospitals who provided the best care for patients and is also awarded with Profiling Excellence in Family-Centered Care in 2008. Aside from receiving various awards and recognition for the quality of their services it is also one of the largest pediatric hospital in Canada and ranked second busiest in Ontario. It also has 40 pediatric clinics with diverse specialization which can treat illness of almost any kind.
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Another characteristic of Mcmaster that set it aside from other hospitals is that it does not surpassed the opinion of patients (the youth and the children) as well as their families in deciding for their welfare. Before deciding for a certain treatment and the like they consult first the concern people. As it is best for children it is also recommended for babies because of its newly installed intensive care units for neonatal. It best fits pregnant women for the superior caring of their unborn children because it can give thorough care to the pregnant women beginning from pre-natal stage to post-natal stage.
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As it advocates innovation, one may experience an extraordinary hospital treatment because of its innovative facilities. As it advocates quality service, a patients, clients, or visitors are surely to experience a comfortable stay in the hospital. The nurses and medical practitioners are all very accommodating and are very helpful in any way possible. For the families, the Mcmaster hospital is an absolute safe alternative haven for your children and relatives who happened to visit or to be confined in the hospital. All of the staff has proper identification and name tags, likewise, the patients, have identification bands.
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In case that someone needs assistance whether in rooms or bathrooms, call bells are available to inform nurses. As for the hospital’s organization, the structure is formal with moderate degree of bureaucracy. The decision making process is participative, with the patients, clients and residents as partner in decision making. Although, the Mcmaster organization is generally stable and the functions can be considered as highly effective and efficient there are also some improvement that can be done to the organization for superior achievement of goals and better-quality satisfaction of customers.
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It will serve as a tool in promoting a more secure environment. Even the staff is assigned to l00 patients; he/she will be able to enjoy a hassle free recording because of the automatic commands in computer that will speed up the process unlike the manual recording. The EMR will help decrease errors in medical recording. The medical attendants to patients’ time will be also increase because there is no longer need for checking on the time consuming paper records and correcting on the misreported patients information and diagnoses.
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Montessori philosophy interprets “discipline” (Montessori,1988) and “obedience” (Montessori, 1988) in a different way than any other philosophy does. This essay intends to discuss and define those two important factors in detail and explains the difference between them. ” Discipline” and “obedience” can only be discussed in combination with freedom in a prepared environment. Freedom not only allows the child to progress in his/her own pace, it also fosters the child’s emerging inner discipline.
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First they require the information about the difference between right and wrong. To attain that, the teacher has to set ground rules which the child is not allowed to break. The second component the child requires to find his/her inner discipline, is a prepared environment. The child needs to be able to explore and experiment within this environment. The environment should be maintained by the teacher. The third is to move freely within this environment to perfect their co-ordination skills. Control of movement is engrossed with the development of discipline.
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As soon as a child starts working independently, he/she starts to concentrate on a task. The child gets more and more interested in the task and therefore starts repeating it. The concentration spells become longer. This concentration then leads to a calmer and more controlled child. Through achieving self discipline the child has developed self-knowledge and self-possession. The teacher needs to make sure that each child is actually able to progress and develop their inner self through the activities he/she makes available.
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She/He also needs to be aware of the sensitive periods and the individuality. ” Discipline is, therefore, not a fact, but a way. ”(Montessori (1988), page 307) Obedience does have many meanings. In old time education most teachers used to impose their own will onto the child. Unfortunately you can still find it that way in many schools now. However Montessori is actually interpreting obedience in a very different way. She thinks that obedience is a basic characteristic of a human being. A child is choosing to obey when he/she is ready for it.
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Obedience itself is not formed, it needs to slowly develop. Through the development of will the child also progresses and develops own powers. Therefore it is important not to impose your own will onto the child. Will can be broken quickly, but it needs a long time to progress. Our aim is only to cultivate the child’s will and to prepare the right environment. Montessori found out that there are 3 levels of obedience. The first level is dictated by a force called “horme” (Montessori, 1988) . The child is only able to obey if he/she has reached the required developmental stage.
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Sometimes a child might be able to obey once but not again. That doesn’t mean that the child is disobedient; it only tells you that the child is not very confident within the required task. At this level obedience and disobedience is closely connected with each other. The second level is the fact that a child can always obey, if all the obstacles are removed. The child’s will can be directed by him/herself and also by somebody else. That doesn’t mean that he/she actually will obey all the time. It can happen that a child is disobedient, because it wants to test the boundaries.
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As soon as the boundaries are clear to the child it will most probably obey. The last and third level is given when a child obeys with joy and anxiety. Obedience becomes a prompt and natural reaction. Only through obedience is it possible to have a social life. (Montessori, 1988) Obedience and discipline are linked with each other. When the child got to a stage where he/she is able to concentrate over a longer period, he/she is going to start repeating activities . Therefore she/he builds up her control of movement and gains independence. This leads to self-discipline.
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The child starts to use his/her skills to perfect them, he/she takes responsibility for his/her own actions and is able to follow rules. After attaining self-discipline the child has got the power to obey. After achieving all those stages you can see a disciplined and obedient child through his/her own will power. (MCI Philosophy Module, 2003) “The freedom to develop one’s own powers is the cornerstone of Montessori education. ” (MCI Philosophy Module (2003), page 56) One of the first instincts of a child is to do things by him/herself. The child is only able to develop along the natural path if he/she is independent and free.
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Many people oppose to Montessori’s idea of freedom. They combine freedom with chaos and indiscipline. However Montessori believed the child can only reveal him/herself in a free environment. To establish freedom the child needs to be guided towards independence, will and discipline. First the child needs activities he/she can do by him/herself. Second the child needs activities which encourage him/her to achieve a goal through co-ordinated movements. This will help the child to develop his/her will. Third the child needs to be guided towards constructive work.
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This leads to the development of discipline. Fourth the child needs to understand the difference between right or wrong. Therefore the teacher has to set limits within the free environment. In a Montessori classroom the child is able to move around freely outside as well as inside. Free choice is a very important factor in Montessori philosophy. The child is allowed to choose what he/she likes to do. To give the child access to all activities it is necessary to have low cupboards. To ensure independency the activities need to have the `control of error` (Montessori, 1964).
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That means the child is able to figure out a way to do the activity properly without asking the teacher for help. However sometimes the child needs to have an introduction to certain activities by the teacher. Those introductions have to be clear and brief. It is also important for the teacher to find the right time to introduce an activity. Montessori classrooms do not have a timetable like other traditional nurseries have, so the child is not forced to join in on any group activities. To not encourage competition and humiliation there are no rewards and punishments within a Montessori classroom.
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The child does not need rewards. He/She rewards him/herself with gaining knowledge and learning new skills. Punishment is humiliating and disrespectful to the child. It also doesn’t actually help towards the way of `normalisation` (Montessori, 1988). The child is able to sort out his/her own problems and conflicts within his/her social life. If a child does not want to share his/her activity with someone, it is not forced to do so. He/She can always speak and initiate activities with other children as long as the child is not disrupting the other children.
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Because there is no competition between the children it encourages them more to help each other. The mixed age groups within a Montessori setting are very helpful, as the younger children can observe the older children. That leads to independence from the teacher. Each child is able to progress at their own pace and is seen as an individual. It is very important for a child to be free to learn about his/her own abilities. Through that he/she gains self-knowledge and self confidence. This leads to self control and self control helps children to develop his/her inner discipline.
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However freedom does not mean free licence. There need to be certain boundaries within this environment to ensure safety and respect. (Lillard, 1972) Ground rules are important for children and teachers alike to enjoy a safe and comfortable environment. However there should be as few rules as possible to ensure the development of independence and to maintain the freedom of choice. Sometimes it is helpful to involve the children in deciding the basic rules. Safety is one of the most important factors of ground rules. The second factor is respect towards others and towards yourself.
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Teachers are the models of the rules which everybody will follow. The teacher needs to be very consistent and also work together with the other teachers/assistants in the classroom to maintain the set limits. Children do need boundaries otherwise they would not know what the teacher expects of them. However sometimes you need to repeat the rules, especially to the new children. (MCI Practical life Module, 2003) Overall Montessori philosophy wants to highlight the importance of the development of independence, discipline, obedience and freedom within a prepared environment.
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The child should only be guided not forced to progress in all areas within a favourable environment. It is therefore necessary that the teacher only influences the child indirectly. On the way of self realisation the child might not always choose the ideal path. Without the interference of the teacher the child will realise his/her own mistakes and will intend to make the right decision next time. Consequently the most favoured quote of Maria Montessori is: “Please help me to do it myself. ”
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According to section 338 and 338 B of Pakistan’s penal code, induced abortion (Isqat-Hamal and Isqat-e-Jnain) is strongly prohibited by the law, except in the case where mother’s life is in danger [1]. So, with the implications of the law there is a condition to give birth to every child, either it is the result of rape or fornication, adultery. After the birth of the child, he/she must be recognizing as bastard. An illegitimate child, who have no right to inherit from his putative father according to Hanfi law and has no right to inherit from his mother also, in Shia law [2].
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But, this is not the only matter about the right of inheritance, there are several matters related to his status in society. Like, to whom he or she consider as their child if the mother is married, who is responsible for his/her maintenance and nourishment, to whom he/she may consider as “Mehram” or “Na-Mehram” and could he get the religious and social status as the imam and judge among the Muslims? Through this research, I will examine the Islamic stance on the matter of illegitimate child in the perceptive of different school of thoughts.
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In the first chapter I would like to give the comprehensive introduction on the issue of the status and rights of illegitimate child, as discussing about illegitimacy, its causes, its relations with other issues and its effects on the individuals. And also discuss the law in Pakistan about illegitimate child, and what kind of problems relating to the issue in Pakistan. Illegitimacy of child is directly connected with the matter of parentage. There are two kinds of parentage, one is maternal lineage or maternity and second is paternal lineage or paternity.
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Maternity is established by the mother. Generally, it does not raise any doubt as the mother of the child except in the case of surrogate mother case[3]. In the Islamic sharia it is prohibited in case if surrogate mother is not married with the owner of the semen it means she should marry to the man of which semen is going to be use. But there will be a one question arise that to which of the two wives will be the child belong? Does it belong to the genetic mother (the first wife) or the biological mother (the second wife)[4]?
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But if the sperms do not belong to the husband than the child born is consider as a child of adultery or fornication and carry the status of illegitimate child. Paternal lineage or paternity is established by a father of a child and it is only legally established through marriage. In Islamic concept it can only established through valid marriage but can be break through different methods; by li’aan and by gestation period etc. Due to giving a short introduction, I can’t write here the details on these subjects. Chapter Two: Position of Illegitimate child in different views
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In the second chapter I would like to discuss the rights of illegitimate child and his status under the different school of thoughts of Islam. After getting a life an illegitimate child loosing some rights which any normal legitimate child can enjoy in Islamic society like right of inheritance, a relationship status of mahram with his/her sublings and kinships relations and equal social status in society. There are also matters concerning about his custody, his expenses of maintenance, and matter of his good nourishment, giving good education etc.
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There are some kinds of understandings in the society that an illegitimate person cannot become Imam of muslims or cannot become a qazi or judge in the society due to his rebellious nature until he prove his self very virtuous personality among the muslims. As Nasir Makrim Shirazi writes in his book ‘Philosophy of Islamic law’. “According to the law of inheritance, like the other physical effects, inner qualities and thinking of the mother and father is also transferred to the children in the same way the special traits of the parents are transferred to the children like the color of eyes, hairs etc.
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As for the question about social posts for illegitimate persons, it is a logical precaution for the protection of social good on the basis of whatever is said above about their psychological state. Islam gives much importance to persons who are supposed to take these social posts, for acquiring the confidence of the people. Therefore those families which have some defects or whose past is not praiseworthy have been deprived of posts that require spiritual purity. ”[5] And he writes more; Like the ill parents, illegitimate children are also prepared to break the laws and fall into crime if their training and studies are not provided in the right environment and healthy intentions.
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And I give some examples from other countries. What are the changes happened there after changing the laws about status and rights of illegitimate child. And I also develop my argument for the equal rights for illegitimate child and also for the woman who is being raped and become the mother of an illegitimate child. Here I write my argument in short. If one man and one woman give birth to two children, one born in under the conditions of valid marriage and he consider as a legitimate child, and other child is born in illicit, illegal relationship and considering as an illegitimate child.
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My question is that why can’t be there equal rights for both Childs? If the both children have inherit some traits genetically from their parents, that can be some kinds of genetic diseases, then why can’t both have the right of inheritance from their parents property etc. As Nasir Makrim Sharizi writes in his book philosophy of Islamic laws on the importance of inheritance, “In reality inheritance is the base for a person’s future and makes the personality of an individual and prepares the ground for them for their good or bad fortune. [7]
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One thing more I would like to discuss here that if the logic given by Nasir Makrim Sharazi is valid that children inherit some traits from their parents, and from sinful and lawbreaker parents, their children inherit sinfully and lawbreaker nature. Then it means that the children from same parents inherit same traits whatever their parents have. So it means that the legitimate children from same parents should be keep away from their parents and also do not giving them other rights, and they will be treated as other illegitimate children those who are from same parents.
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Because, the parents of both kind of children are one , so both kind of children inherit same bad traits of their parents, and both got rebellious nature and polluted souls then they both will be treated equally. But it does not happen and illegitimate children are treated discriminately, which is truly wrong to the essence of justice. At one side in Islamic ethics the good nourishment of children is considering as an obligatory moral action, and on the other hand the factors which can play supportive roles in the better nourishment of illegitimate child are prevented and forbidden to him/her.
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Throughout the thesis I used analytical method to understand all the theoretical problems relating to the issue of illegitimate child which I am concerned. I will examine whether the current existing Islamic stance on the issue of illegitimate child is fulfilling the all conditions of justice or not. For covering the all dimensions, I will do library research. And also do some hinds of fieldwork, for getting the statistics of infant mortality in Pakistan, rapes, abortions, register cases of adultery and fornication, for strengthening my argument.
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Because of it is an religious matter, so I would like to give notes from original or basic source books of religion Islam as like from the Holy Quran, and six books of hadith collection of Sunni Islam known as Saha Sitta(Sahih-al-Bukhari, Sahih Muslim, Sunan-al-Sughra, Sunan abu Dawood, Jami-al-Tirmidhi, Sunan ibn Majah) and four books of hadith collection of Shia Islam(Kitab-al-Kafi, Man-la-Yadduruhu, Tahdhib-al-Ahkam, Al-Istibsar) with two more their authentic and most reliable collection books which are Bihar-al-Anwar and Wasail-al-Shia.
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According to the study that was done by the University of Michigan institute for social research, the effects of watching such programs are the same for both male and female. The issue of violent programs on the TVs has been there for a long time. There are numerous programs that contain violent scenes such as murders and rapes that are commonly considered as inappropriate for the adolescents. According to the study, an average child watches TV for about 27 hours per week which can also be calculated as 11 hours per day.
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In this regard, a child will have watched about 8000 murders and about 100,000 acts of violence on TV before completed his/her elementary education. Most of the violent acts contain gunplay, destructions, invasions and other criminalized acts. This brought about the question as to whether the violence on TVs is bad for children or not and whether it should be banned. (Black, & Jennings, 1995) Restriction to banning of violence programs on TV There is a big conflict among the people who advocate for the banning of programs that contain violence on TVs.
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The reason why the violence in televisions programs receives many critics is because some of the children confuse the acted programs with reality and end up imitating what they see on TVs. When a child see a great deal being struck, they think that its right to imitate what the actor is doing on TV of which is against what their parents want them to get from the program. Example, a child may commit an act of crime and when asked the reason for doing so, would respond that he saw it on the TV. In some other cases, the societies tend to react more in the issues where children are involved.
Topic: family

Children tends to blame what they watched on TV for anything they do including acts of crime and irrespective issues like using abusive languages, stealing and harming others. It’s also believed that most children do differentiate between what is and acting on the TV but pretends to know as an excuse of committing offences. (Medved et al, 1998) Supporting the banning of violence programs on TV Those who strongly support these are parents whose children are exposed to these violent programs. So many individuals, groups and organizations have complained to various TV stations regarding the programs they air.
Topic: family

According to the polls that were done in Canada in 1993, it showed that 72% of the Canadians believe that TV stations air programs that contain excessive violence. The more the TV station programs are watched, the more the critics the station receives. Like NBC and CBS, being the most viewed stations, they receive more critics than any other station because their programs are watched more. Most of these violent programs are watched on their cable networks and not on their respective networks.
Topic: family

On the other hand, TV stations claim that there are other issues that affect children more than violence. They claim that sex, alcoholism and use of drugs shown on TVs affect children more than violence and they are the one that should be more limited than violence. TVs also advocate that limiting violence on the shows would not have much impact than limiting sex and alcoholism. (David, 1981) In any state or country in the world, the respective government has an authority and power to force any TV station to edit and regulate the amount of violence in a given program that is being aired.
Topic: family

Even though it has power, they have no right to force any network to cancel such programs as that would be violating their freedom. Nowadays, most networks are adjusting what they air as they would not want to go against the society. The world has positioned itself in a better politically and that has contributed to the adjustment of marching the media and society. When the society demands that some things must be eliminated from the shows like sex, violence, drugs and alcoholism from the eyes and ears of children.
Topic: family

The programs that are aired on the television should match what the viewers’ wants. Though the parents have the responsibility to play on this, they should be blocking the programs they don’t want their children watch. This is because they have no power to dictate what should be aired or broadcasted by any given station. Most stations have adopted a trend of having programs with no violence during the day and airing other programs late at night to serve both kinds of people in the society. (Carter et al 2003) How violent TV shows impact children
Topic: family

Younger children are the most affected by the TV violence because they spend most of their time watching. Children between the age of 2 and 5 spend about 28 hours every week watching TVs. The number of hours reduces as the age goes up. At a normal life span, a man would have watched for 10 uninterrupted years, day and night without a break viewing thing and programs that he has no control of and are not of his choice. According to the research that was done US news, 91% of the people interviewed revealed that TV violent programs contributes to real life violence.
Topic: family

It also showed that, most of the crime that happens in America is steered by media and only small percentage has power to control it. Generally, the TV presenters and other parties concerned have the overall right to decide what to be aired. The society has no say on what amount of violence should be portrayed on the TV. There is a grate need to evaluate what children are exposed to and what consequence this could have on the children. There is a need for the parents to decide what their children should watch on the TV as failure to this, there seems to be no other person who could help in this.
Topic: family

According to psychological research, children are less sensitive to pain and suffering of others or even to the world around them. More so, they tend to act aggressively and would harm others without any worry. The more children are exposed to violence, the more they become less bothered to violence in real life. Children, who watch violent shows are likely to disobey, are rude and in most cases they keep on harassing their mates. (Tristani, 2002)
Topic: family

Throughout society there are many different sociological approaches to health and ill health. Within society there are many different perspectives towards whom the responsibility for health falls upon and also what defines people as ill? Your health is defined by the general condition of your body and mind. An illness is defined by an impairment of normal physical or mental function. To help explain the different sociological approaches to health and ill health I will be referring to the case study of Aziz and Tamsela.
Topic: family

Aziz and Tamsela have four young children; Tamsela’s elderly parents also live with them in their three bedroomed houses in a deprived and depressing area of London. Their house is in desperate need of repair; it is damp and due to this is very expensive to heat in the winter months. Aziz and Tamsela are both currently unemployed. The family also has very ill health; during the winter the children generally seem to have constant colds.
Topic: family

Parsons saw it as one of the key functions of the family to care for the sick and other dependant members of the family group. The individual also has responsibilities that are involved in the sick role; taking all reasonable steps to get better and seeking to resume their normal place in society as soon as possible and to cooperate with medical professionals, particularly doctors and their staff. Functionalists view that illness has social consequences; the ill cannot work and need to be cared for.
Topic: family

They believe that where ever possible illness must be quickly dealt with in order for society to function effectively. In the instance of Aziz and Tamsela, the functionalists view contradicts their situation as they are in ill health and are not working; therefore they are stopping the effective function of society. In order to comply with the functionalists view they would need to seek help themselves and ensure their return to health in order to be able to start working and contributing to society as in their current situation they are draining society.
Topic: family

Another approach to health and ill health would be the Marxists approach. Marxists believe that the definitions of health and illness and the health and social care system provided are in place to serve the interests of the more powerful dominant classes. Doctors are seen as agents who ensure that people go back to work as soon as possible, working in the interests of their employers rather than working in the patient’s best interests. Their job is to ensure that the employer has a healthy workforce. However the government still allow these companies to make money from the products that effectively cause ill health such as tobacco and junk food.
Topic: family

Factories and firms also continue to produce toxic waste and large amounts of pollution which can also cause ill health. Marxists regard levels of ill health to be linked to the differences in social class, for example there is a higher level of illness and lower life expectancy in areas of poverty, high unemployment and environmental pollution. Marxists believe that the government do not consider enough the reasons for ill health; they believe that rather than treating patients each time they become ill that the government should look into the reasons they are continually becoming ill.
Topic: family

With people needing to be treated by the NHS constantly this costs the government lots of money which the Marxist believe is funded by the most advantaged in society. The case study of Aziz and Tamsela supports this, as they live in a deprived area of London, in a damp house, they live in poverty and all have ill health, therefore supporting the Marxists view. Their care and ill health is costing society, however if they lived in a better area in a better house they may not become ill as often and may be able to recover and work. In this case the action would be to make sure they are fit and well unable to return to work and benefit their employer however a bigger solution would involve seeking a long term problem to their illnesses.
Topic: family

Another approach to be considered is the interactionalist or social action approach. Interactionism is more concerned with the issues of health and illness. They look at; the process which lead a person to define themselves as ill, people with the same complaint vary with symptoms and also vary as to whether they will seek professional help. Also the interaction between the professionals and the patient in agreeing how ill they are and also the discussion between the professional and the patient about the impact of their illness and how much their illness limits them.
Topic: family

They also consider the impact of illness on people self-image and their relationships if they are labelled as ill. Interactionists do not look at the structures and institutions or the reasons people become ill but the complex relationships between people, their friends and family and their links with the professional services. They believe that these relationships have as much influence as medical diagnosis on whether a person declares themselves as ill. In relation the Aziz and Tamsela, it is possible that they declare themselves as ill and declare their children as ill as their parents both suffer from serious illnesses.