ktmeng/mec huggingface dataset:
Topic: immigration

They play a huge role in developing the community, and thus contributing to the nation as a whole. They take up menial works, that lacks prestige, as most American adults in the workforce feel ashamed of. If mass deportation occurs, “most of the jobs they leave behind will be unskilled, such as farmworkers who pick produce, or construction workers in the housing sector. Additionally, California, Florida, Illinois, New York, New Jersey, and Texas will have the largest losses, as these six states contain the majority of unauthorized immigrants” (Severe). During the Trump campaign, he promised to have restrictions over the immigrants and assured the citizens and taxpayers of the United States that they will no longer suffer the insights and effects of the immigrants. As a result, he brought in strict policies and is propelling the congress to pass the budget for the wall between U.S. and Mexico, and is continuing to support the ideology of mass deportation. So, the question arises that how would the undocumented immigrants affect the U.S. economy? Is mass deportation a solution to this, or should they be made legal citizens of the United States? Policymakers and the Congress in the United States have been analyzing the benefit and the cost of illegal immigrants. Extremely important is the evaluation of its impact in the labor sector. Analysts estimates, “that between two and five million, out of 11.3 million undocumented immigrants, participates in the U.S. workforce” (Grossman 240). The American government is keen to put restrictions on the illegal immigrants, because they are afraid that they will take place of the growing American teens who has increasing rates of high school dropouts. More often, American high school dropouts look for a job, but due to the increasing population of the illegal immigrants who end up taking their job, feel insecure and unsafe in sharing the same place of work. It is assumed that because of enforced minimum-wage legislation, the wages paid to domestic undocumented workers are fixed at a level greater than the market clearing price, thereby creating unemployment.
Topic: immigration

The wages of both domestic skilled and immigrant labor are flexible and experts estimates that undocumented unskilled workers are earning less money in compared to the American adults working the same number of hours. Thus, the wages of immigrants can fall below the legal floor. More simply stated, the unskilled immigrants ends up taking the less prestigious job and are getting paid less than compared to what their skills are.People in the United States interprets the undocumented immigrants in two competing ways. One is the popular image of immigrants as culprits, powered by a handful of studies and advanced by those calling for restrictions on immigration. The other way is a common sense recognition of illegal immigrants as contributors to the U.S. economy, as estimated by many economists. Those calling for restrictions on immigration claims they pose a huge threat to the taxpayers. Those claiming argues that immigrants have a fiscal impact on the public sector, and estimates that immigrants consume more in public services, such as health care, infrastructure, education, thea they contribute in taxes. The popular image of immigrants have been such that people are not ready to believe the way economists have to think. “ Immigrants are generally understood to contribute more in taxes than they consume in public services” (Hing 78). They are proved to be more motivated to success, of young age and dynamic towards their work. They are a self-selected group saturated with work ethic, having a few children and come without any age factors, and thus producing more than what they consume. Of course one might not completely agree to the fact that all immigrants are motivational workers. But regardless of all the concerns, the fact is that most immigrants are young, of working age, and motivational workers towards success. Throughout its history, United States of America has been a land of immense opportunities. It is a dream of many to reside in this great nation. While some manage to do so, few of them reside illegally.
Topic: immigration

They secretly migrate to and reside, and the United States is held accounted for all their shortcomings. Regardless of laws, unauthorized immigrants continue to migrate to the United States. As a result, today, there reside millions of “illegal immigrants” with the benefit of free education, public services and most importantly, healthcare. People believe that America should not continue to take care of the expenses of these immigrants. They believe that these undocumented immigrants must not receive social security. But, most illegal immigrants pay federal and state taxes, live in areas where most Americans would not reside, and work at undesirable jobs with less prestige and relatively low wages. Thus, economists believe that there should not be any questions regarding the pivotal role of undocumented immigrants towards the U.S. economy. Illegal immigrants, when migrate to the U.S., realize that in order to generate a consistent income they must secure a job. Since, most possess unique and limited skills they are willing to take up jobs that most Americans reject. Employers in domestic service jobs, custodial and construction industries readily accept these skills, because the undocumented immigrants even accept lower wages. Employers in these industries are unwilling to pay Americans the appropriate wages to do these jobs when they can get twice as much labor from the undocumented immigrants at half the salary. Most believe that immigrants take up job, that the American citizens deserve. And statistically, “The Federal Reserve also has issued a report noting that of the 9.7 million jobs added to the U.S. economy between 1996 and 2012, 5.6 million of them were filled by foreign-born workers” (Porter 69). These inexperienced migrant workers, who are repeatedly paid lower wages, are not only take advantage of, but have become a blaming community for the American government. If anything goes wrong, government directly blames it to the undocumented immigrants community, and continue to prove that they impose a huge threat to the nation. Another major related problem to undocumented immigrants is free health care.
Topic: immigration

Most nations wonder why America’s healthcare cost increase steadily each year. American government believe that the increasing population of the undocumented immigrants, who receive free medicare, the cost of the overall healthcare increases and is taken out of the pocket from the taxpayers. One reason is also that Americans are paying for medical services provided to illegal immigrants. While many Americans without health insurance struggle to pay for medical care, many illegal immigrants do not share this concern. Even today, the American government faces challenges in sharing their opinion on whether the undocumented immigrants should receive social security? The debate is expected to rage over the U.S. government for the upcoming few years. Five decades after the end of World War II, the United States have seen numerous changes for racial and immigration policy, while the problem of inequality has endured. Immigration has had a very large impact on American society since the 1960s, and “most especially it has increased the diversity of the nonwhite population of the United States. In 1990 7.9% of the
Topic: immigration

was foreign born. The 19.8 million foreign-born people in the United States is the largest number in US history” (Waters and Eschbach 420). The undocumented immigrants who manage to get their backgrounds check, survive through the security check, and finally receive a token to stay in the United States, face number of challenges on their way after being announced as a U.S. citizen. Those illegal immigrants are officially U.S. citizens only on paper.
Topic: immigration

They still lack their rights and needs to survive on a seperate law framed by the government specially for those immigrants who are bound to become U.S. citizens legally. They continue to protest for their rights. One kind of these events took place on the streets of downtown Houston, on 01 May 2016. While Houston TV was unfolding the whole event live for their channel, they manage to capture an interview from an immigrant, Juan Ching. He was one of those furious protesters that had the loudest voice and was one of the lead protesters, according to the reports from Houston TV. When the reporter of Houston TV station, Jim Moore, asked him “Why did you come?”. Juan Ching replied “For work. I can earn as much in a month as I could in a year in Mexico . Besides, I get free health care, our Mexican children can go to school free, if I lose my job I will get Welfare, and someday I will have the Social Security. Nothing like that in Mexico!” (Juan Ching, Interview, Web. 2016). After that disappointing answer from Juan, he added that “I have a right to be here. I have a right to amnesty. I have the right to pursue happiness” (Juan Ching, Interview, Web. 2016). Hearing those annoyed statements from Juan, Jim Moore asked him “What rights are you talking about?”. Juan Ching anxiously replied “I just want my rights! Everyone has a right to live, work, and speak their native language wherever and whenever they please. That’s another thing we demand” (Juan Ching, Interview, Web. 2016). From this interview, that went viral over the news channel, the economists conclude that the laws regarding immigration requires immediate attention, and it requires some serious changes that would allow immigrants to reside in the United States, without any inequality and have their rights equal to the American citizens.
Topic: immigration

Thus, even after being an American citizen legally, immigrants face lack of opportunities and the respect from the community.Who deserves to be granted a U.S. citizenship? It is a question that former President Obama, current President Trump and the Congress are trying to answer. It’s an issue that the United States is grappling with since the country’s earliest days. The founding fathers of the constitution states “People who immigrated and spent years building lives in this country deserved citizenship” (Cohen). Today’s complex visa system and length wait times, which sometimes extends from 10 to 20 years, stray from these roots. For those who can outlast the lengthy wait for legal status and citizenship, another hurdle exists: processing visas, the cost of sponsorship, and any fines potentially levied on aspiring citizens. During the 18th century, there were no illegal immigrants in the United States. Experts believe, “For the estimated 11 million immigrants living in the United States illegally, a pathway to legal residency can be hard to come by” (Tiernan). The supreme court, in the past, have heard many hearings on whether the illegal immigrants be granted citizenship. In the eighteenth century, the United States faced a far more noxious threat than those who crossed a border without inspection. They were the British Loyalists, who had take up arms and ammunition to raise their voice against the American revolutionaries. Their actions were unforgivable, but they still sought citizenship, and made up approximately 20 percent of the population.
Topic: immigration

The court stated that, because the former Loyalists resided in the United States, while the states were debating and ratifying the Constitution, they were qualified for citizenship. This and later decisions showed how, over time, the country exercised reason and consent to create citizenship – even allowing the original sin of fighting against the formation of the nation to be forgiven. It was vital to the founders that the probationary period be brief and apply identically to all undocumented immigrants, irrational of race, ethnicity and color. While the first Congress of the United States had to protect our fragile young democracy from monarchs and kings, and people from conservative regimes, today legislators fear that immigrants are taking American jobs and violating immigration procedures. Ultimately, the founders recognized that they needed to avoid re-creating the circumstances that led us to rebel against the British in the first place: taxation without representation. Many people are afraid that naturalizing undocumented immigrants as permanent workers who have lived here for years will conquer our immigration laws. We might learn from the example of our founders, who conquered a far greater fear when they gave citizenship to former Loyalists and created rules for naturalizing new immigrants. Selling legal status only to people who can afford high fees and legal expenses doesn’t make our border-control and immigration laws stronger. It makes them unfair. When the issue of crossing the border from one nation to another country illegally came into the attention of the government, how can they not take action!
Topic: immigration

The Obama administration has strengthened immigration enforcement more than the George W. Bush administration did, reaching most of the goals laid out in a 2007 immigration bill. Despite this, United States citizens find themselves no closer to living in a country of political equals. And how could the 45th President of the United States, Donald J. Trump, would be out of the limelight? Donald Trump thought of the most innovative idea of securing the border between Houston, Texas and Mexico, covering a distance of 1,900 miles with a $33 Billion dollar wall. These wall will prevent the undocumented immigrants from Mexico to cross the border illegally. But it seems that congress are not sharing the same concern as Donald Trump. The congress are lacking behind in expressing their thoughts about this national debate. In the present situation, if an individual is caught crossing a border without proper documentation, they are kept into custody and are given a court date in order to prove their crime. The court date is set months from the actual date of the individual was kept in custody. For that amount of time, it is senseless and expensive to keep those immigrants. So the government releases them back into their nation and asks them to be back before the court date. But who wants to get themselves into dirt. Statistics believe that only 2% of those people have ever returned.
Topic: immigration

So, to complete this pothole, “President Trump issued a memorandum directing his administration to move quickly to bring an end to ‘catch and release,’ the practice by which immigrants presenting themselves at the border without authorization are released from detention while waiting for their cases to be processed” (Davis). After a wait for almost an year, the U.S. government took pace in order to sanction strict and unforgivable immigration laws, to prevent the immigrants to enter the nation without proper documentation. In 1980, illegal immigration in the United States was far from the overwhelming challenge it is today. A continually growing population of illegal immigrants, along with the federal government’s ineffective efforts to secure our borders, present significant national security and public safety threats to the United States. They also have a severely negative impact on the nation’s taxpayers at the local, state, and national levels. Illegal immigration costs Americans billions of dollars each year. Having said that, “the economic benefits of offering citizenship to undocumented immigrants are quite high” (Mayer). Economists documents that a country would enjoy significant economic gains by providing legal status to undocumented immigrants. They are the people that not only contribute to the growth of the economy and GDP through employment and paying of taxes but also through purchasing various products and creating demand for them.
Topic: immigration

These exchanges allows the government to increase their import and export business, and also benefit to the relations between nations. Thus, when they gain legal status, they afford to get an education that increases their work skills and abilities to get a better job; which translates into increased taxes and consumption rates. Consequently, according to center for American Progress, “the country’s GDP would enjoy a growth of 1.4 trillion dollars in ten years if they receive legal status” making it a worthy step to take (Raley and O’Brien). Thus, the government must show some respect and give them the treatment of dignity that they deserve, by providing them legal status and rights equal to the American citizen.States rely on undocumented immigrants so much that they should provide them legal status and bring them to light to continue the progress of the nation. The Department of labor estimates that more than seven million workers are unregistered immigrants. Numerous sectors of the U.S. primarily depend on them to provide services and assistance. Citizens also depend on them to maintain their treasuries and valuable artifacts. Therefore, it is accurate to say that without this community, the country would suffer appalling disadvantages.
Topic: immigration

Immigrant individuals deserve to enjoy the very rights that the founding fathers fought for. Despite their entry through the breaking of the immigration law, they have spent time in the United States building their own house, paying taxes, and maintaining discipline by upholding the law. These individuals have demonstrated the qualities of honesty, cohesion, and a fruitful contribution to the national good. According to the founding fathers, “People who immigrated and spent years building lives in this country deserved citizenship” (Cohen). Legalization for all is essential to the success of a country. Legalization of eleven million immigrants in the United States will boost the economy while attempting to deteriorating them back denies them the essential rights introduced by the founding fathers. For all these multiple benefits that they offer, few disadvantages can be overlooked and neglected. Thus, undocumented immigrants benefit the U.S. economy in a positive way and have been an asset in contributing to the society as well as the nation.
Topic: immigration

Maria Dominguez was only nine years old when she was brought to the US from Mexico by her recently widowed mother, who poured her blood, sweat, and tears to provide Maria with a proper education. However, upon entering fourth grade, Maria was bullied and isolated at school before she was told to never come back by the public education system. In society today, youths without legal status have been denied public school enrollment, causing an unhealthy and biased learning environment while depriving them the opportunity to learn and thrive under US rulings.
Topic: immigration

Federal records show that more than half of immigrant children arrested had no family criminal records or even miniscule traffic offenses (Garcia). These increased enforcement actions not only fuel the stigma revolving immigrant children but foster an unhealthy learning environment questioning the right to education every child deserves under Supreme Court law. The social, emotional, and physical impact of blocking public education is palpable and is trickling down into American classrooms. As a country, we are stronger when we welcome to our classrooms our future researchers and leaders and scientists and teachers no matter where they come from.
Topic: immigration

And echoing the words of lawyers, the law is crystal clear; Supreme Court case Plyler v Doe proclaims states cannot constitutionally deny K-12 students a free public education on account of their immigration status. Even though the law was passed almost 40 years ago and even though many states have begun the chip away at the surface level, we have an obligation to all children, an obligation to provide them with a proper education and safe env. Educators and lawmakers around the country need to pass integration programs, helping integrate children into public education while local districts process the necessary residency and guardianship paperwork. This ensures that public schools will have no excuse to deny education to children of illegal immigrants as upon completion of paperwork, the children will be ready to transition into public education systems. Instituting these programs might be costly, but this is a cost we need to be willing to pay, as the cost of not educating at present time will raise the prices in the future. We cannot afford to make another mistake and turn our back on the next Maria Dominguez, who after countless struggles, is now a bilingual teacher in the city of Austin; we need to open our hearts while embracing the precedent set 40 years ago; we must implement change starting now.
Topic: immigration

A law that has banned sanctuary cities in Texas for immigrants. According to the America’s Voice, a sanctuary city is “There’s no single definition of what is a sanctuary city, but generally speaking, it’s a city that limits its cooperation with federal immigration enforcement agents in order to protect low-priority immigrants from deportation, while still turning over those who have committed serious crimes.” (Americas, and Voice). People and a few legislatures have voiced how having Senate Bill 4 will begin a train of untrustworthiness with the community.
Topic: immigration

It is important to understand how the bill works and what are your rights. Senate Bill 4 simply states that police officials of any kind are now obligated to confine any undocumented citizens roaming around causing harm to our communities. Once arrested, they are to be sent to a jail space. It is also important that it be known that officers cannot ask your status if say they pull you over for a plain traffic violation. Moving on, we will now look at the significance. The significance from this bill is to provide a safe environment for citizens and to push immigrants to want to achieve citizenship and contribute to the society.
Topic: immigration

Although it might be seen as a bad thing to have this bill in place, there are some benefits that can come out. For example, as said in the MySA newsletter website, they believe that the bill will make the communities in Texas safer because “This new law targets criminals, not those on whom criminals prey.” (Abbott). They shoot down the theory that racial profiling of any sorts or discrimination will not appear from this bill. The newsletter also states how officers are not allowed to randomly as anyone on the street for documentation. The officers have to have a legit reason for asking. Reading this about the bill might make others who are legal citizens feel safer when out and about. I believe these are a few of the important parts from the bill.
Topic: immigration

When people talk about an “underserved population,” the first thing that comes to mind could minorities. But there is more to an underserving population than a minority’s race or ethnicity, such as their skin color and cultural background. Because of these two factors, it can cause a red flag that we like to call racial profiling. A population that undergoes the most racial profiling in traffic stops are Latinos. Immigration in the United States, the authority held by law enforcement, and lack of perspective in the Latino community are all valid explanations for the racial profiling Latinos have faced.
Topic: immigration

The Fourth Amendment states that people have a right to be secured against unreasonable searches and seizure without probable cause. “Latinos pose a danger not because their conduct is illegal, but because of their purported status- they are illegal. Therefore, they are more in danger to being searched” (Carbado and Harris, 2011). This statement reflects that race can always be a probable factor when it comes to immigration laws which breaks the Fourth Amendment, though some may argue that is not the case.
Topic: immigration

United States v. Martinez-Fuerte was a huge national case that involved the approach to allow traffic stops and immigration checkpoints, specifically away from the Mexico border and does not violate the Fourth Amendment. Due to this case, a woman named Bonnie Castro was detained on the road with her child because of a license plate that read “PUREMEX,” which emphasizes her cultural background. The police searched her car for illegal drugs and found nothing, but instead cites her for driving without insurance (Mucheti, 2005). There is a clear comfort level to authorities when it comes to racially profiling someone based on their skin color, but also shows a lack of knowledge to other cultures. Repeated incidents can cause stereotypes and bias against Latinos in white America. Due to the cycle of these events we hear in the media or in neighborhoods, Latinos can undergo serious emotional, psychological, and physical trauma which can lead to negative emotions concerning law enforcement.
Topic: immigration

Social workers for the Hispanic population are an expanding necessity that requires the knowledge and a broad understanding of human diversity. The Council of Social Work Education provides guidelines for BSW and MSW curriculums indicating they shall “promote understanding, affirmation, and respect for people from diverse backgrounds” and should “emphasize the interlocking and complex nature of culture and personal identity, as well as related factors that many influence assessment, planning, intervention and research” (de Haymes and Kilty, 2007). This will create an effective practice not only for the Latino community, but also for people with diverse backgrounds.
Topic: immigration

Laws and policies have been put in place against immigrants, making it harder to receive any type of benefits. One event that sparked debate is an argument that Texas can refuse to give birth certificates to children of undocumented parents in 2016. According to the constitution, if you were born in the US, you are a citizen. The article takes place of a speaker named James Harrington, who is the founder of the Texas Civil Rights Project. He explains how families do not cross a border because they want, it’s because they are coming here for their lives (Refusal, 2016). The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1956 (PRWORA) denies social security, food stamps, and a 5-year ban of federal benefits to qualified immigrants who entered the U.S after August 1996 and can also deny or limit aid given.
Topic: immigration

Taking everything into account, the perspective towards the Latino community is an issue that law enforcement seems to struggle with. An interesting study conducted by Theodore and Habans (2016) stated that if legal or illegal immigrants continue to refrain from interactions with higher authority, this can have a negative implication in future generations with their encounters. Immigration in the United States from Latinos will continue to be an ongoing reason as to why they are a target for racial profiling. Law enforcers must find solutions to prevent racial profiling with minorities and engage in some change to their protocol in training that includes a gain of knowledge in the communities they are serving, without indicting Latinos and other minority groups of crime, stereotypes, and feeding them fear.
Topic: immigration

On your website, it says that you celebrate legal immigration, and I applaud you on that. As citizens of our country, we have to take any precautions necessary to protect ourselves and strengthening border control would help that. However, I noticed that nothing is being done to encourage immigrants to strive for citizenship. Our country is based on freedoms that others lack, and we should not be okay with people wasting years of their life to become a part of those freedoms.
Topic: immigration

After my research, I see that your goal in terms of education improvement is to lessen the federal government’s involvement in what we learn. I was one of the 50 students who founded a project based learning class my freshman and sophomore year, so I was very intrigued by this idea. One thing we tried to focus less on were the requirements of what we had to learn, or the TEKS. This meant implementing passionate learning, rather than learning for a test and disregarding any information immediately after. If the responsibility of choosing what we learn became a state or local power, our parents and communities could help determine that. This would be one step closer to truly seeing what the children desire to learn and the best way to do so. If this was done, there may be difficulty with funding different programs or resources needed for this type of learning, so that’s where the government may need to step in. In the end, education is very important and deserves a great amount of attention and well thought out plans, one thing I found you lacking, at least on the internet.
Topic: immigration

Lastly, I really liked your attempts in making meaningful reforms to expand Health Savings Accounts, allow individuals to purchase insurance across state lines, and make healthcare more personal, portable, and affordable. I am not very educated on ObamaCare at all, so I cannot say I have anything against it, but I know you have been working to repeal it. Based on what I do know about the goals you have, it sounds fantastic, but it’s not very clear how to achieve it. At the moment, considering my lack of knowledge on the subject, I can tell this is something you are very passionate about, but I have no current opinion.
Topic: immigration

Followed by an analysis of two authors opposing articles of immigration and border policies and how those concepts might have been used to write their articles. Finally, an exploration of the economic aspect of immigration and how those ideas might be helpful to develop immigration policy factors as well as how credible the sources appear to be. As we begin to reflect on Daniel Kahneman’s theories of “availability heuristics,” in his book “Thinking, Fast and Slow,” he suggests that there are distinct concepts that factor how people use a mental shortcut when evaluating their thoughts on topics and decisions.
Topic: immigration

He describes the theory of frequency in an experiment using two columns of letters, and how many words each row that could be made with the given letters. The first row contains units of the alphabet that are less likely used in average words and with fewer vowels. Such as ‘X, Z’ The author explains that the letters in the second row are more familiar because they are in theory, used more regularly, such as ‘A, E.’ In his argument for this example, a person does not have to think in depth of exact stories to understand how often events related to that subject occur. The letters are more familiar at first glance, because they appear more frequently in certain situations, so debating which column may create more words comes from memory more easily. Now that we discussed “frequency,” this next section will reflect on circumstances that may interest the brain more so than how often an event happens. Kahneman suggests that one factor might be an impactful incident that could easily be brought to the awareness from memory. Other factors could be a sudden instance that heightens the mental shortcut of that specific topic, for the time being. Another factor may be individual examples of an event that happened to them, physical memorabilia such as pictures of a time that something personally happened to someone. This allows information to be obtained from the brain more than it would from someone else’s firsthand experiences.
Topic: immigration

Now that those factors are considered, Kahneman’s transition of theories is the reflection that humans urge to think of examples that come to mind easier. These examples are more representative in that perspective than what the situation may actually be, or as the author refers to this concept as ‘availability bias.’ The author suggests that avoiding the urge to use a variety of possible examples that may be judged to be something more than they actually are, in one perspective, is doable but could take too long or be too boring. According to Kahneman, a person should attempt to review their perspective and knowledge of a subject without logic by asking questions that reflect examples of how often something has happened and if that is causing their diligence of certain actions. After discussing the two concepts above, now the focus is on the third concept. According to Kahneman, how easily a person can think of examples of specific topics or methods plays a role in heuristics. It is not what the subject might be, but how easily someone can think of examples of that topic. According to Kahneman, people are more likely to measure how easy examples come to thought, rather than how often something happens in a ‘category.’ For example, people may be more likely to easily and effortlessly think of their answers relating to a subject, such as ‘how many car accidents occur during the 5 o’clock rush hour on the CA-91 freeway?’, rather than how frequently that event actually occurs. Kahneman’s next concept to consider suggests that a factor that could contribute to a mental shortcut is how prompt and assertive a person is when retrieving information without hesitation. Kahneman suggests this concept to be the ‘fluency.’
Topic: immigration

The experiment that Kahneman may relate a better a example of ease versus fluency might be people were asked to think of twelve times they have shown confidence and self-assurance without being too aggressive, as he describes of acting ‘assertively.’ To expand the experiment, the subjects were asked to explain how assertive they were in those situations. The experimenters measured this in two separate ways; how many examples of that subject they could think of, and how easily those thoughts came to mind. After the first few answers, the ability to describe their assertiveness decreased from when they first began to answer. This theory suggests the reason for this is because of the rate that the experimenters could think of examples. Kahneman’s theory of thinking without hesitation, implies that if a person has “high-fluency,” they may be able to answer with more situations of time where they acted a certain way, rather than someone who can think of a few examples at first, and then start to struggle to think of examples, or someone with “low-fluency.” Lastly, the theory of how smooth the examples come to mind show Kahneman’s concept of ease. After considering some concepts of Kahneman’s theories of “availability heuristics,” this section explores examples of how two opposing articles on immigration and border policies relate to his theories. This will focus on how the authors might have used these concepts to write their articles.
Topic: immigration

The first article is ‘The Case for Getting Rid of Borders–Completely’ by Alex Tabarrok. In this article, Tabarrok is arguing that all people should be able to move spontaneously throughout the world without any limitation. He also mentions that borders force people into a life of poverty in their countries, and when they do escape their country, they are forced into detention centers fighting for a chance to unrestricted and “breathe freely.” Tabarrok might have a friend or family that has gone through this or has known of someone and that may change how easily detention centers come to mind because it may be a factor of frequency. Kahneman’s theory of judging a topic on danger and advantage without worrying about the possible severity of potential repercussions, plays factor in this authors argument. In this case, the author is focused on the benefit, rather than potential risks that may come from opening the borders. In contrast of this article, is the discussion of how Brian Lonergan’s article, “Borders are Cruel—Not Compassionate” may also relate to Kahneman’s theories. This author is arguing that borders should remain closed at all costs because of the potential threat of elevated crime. The author uses examples of how sanctuary cities have While it was mentioned above that the author argues the benefit rather than the risk, this author does the opposite. Instead of the benefit, he argues his views of the risks that may come to be an issue. This author might use Kahneman’s concept that suggests there might be exaggeration that something worse could happen than what actually will happen.
Topic: immigration

He refers to this concept as a “probability neglect.” Lonergan appears to think about all that could go wrong, when the chances of that may be more unlikely than likely. Lonergan might live or know family that lives in sanctuary cities and uses that to let examples of how dangerous they might be, come to mind. In both arguments, the authors might have used what the media has portrayed in the news in various news stories over a certain period, when coming up with their argument. This may be due to how often a situation happens that forces their judgement to be moved more so by emotion and the urge to think of examples about those topics in a more judgmental way. Kahneman refers to this as an “availability cascade.” In Tabarrok’s case, he may have watched the news stories on immigrants being sent to detention centers often and this will cause the author to have thoughts of detention centers come to mind and form an opinion based on those stories. Instead of seeing the stories of Lonergan may be influenced by the media’s stories about terrorism and crime, this likely alters the authors perspective on immigration because it’s in their mind more often. The global factors of immigration, considering all factors of an area, such as the opinion on how immigrants may be ‘stealing’ native-born jobs. According to a thirteen-year study done at the Economic Policy Institute, Heidi Shierholz suggests that immigration supports US-born citizens to increase their wages, by “0.4%.” The Bureau of Labor Statistics credibility provided a study that showing the study between foreign and native-born men and women ages 16 and higher and how the percentage of how likely an immigrant is in that current occupation versus a native born. For all the jobs, such as, service, construction, maintenance, and transportation, the study implies that the immigrants are “more likely” to have jobs in these fields. Now we will discuss what factors may need to be considered in using this global factor to make judgments on immigration and jobs. In the article ‘Open Borders are Cruel, Not Compassionate,’ the author argues that sanctuary cities are to blame for the crime rate but could some of these cities have a better economy than a regular city? Is it possible that immigrants may improve cultural growth in job fields because of the diversity? Could someone that witnessed more immigrants in a job field, be more likely to think that immigrants are taking jobs versus someone who may not witness as many immigrants in their state? If a company has had a job opening for the better half of six months, and the immigrant is qualified for the job duty, could they still be taking that job away from a native-born citizen? Is it possible that a job that a company fires a native-born citizen for, then hires an immigrant to replace them be considered as taking their jobs away from them? If a company is American based, could this affect immigrants from getting that job? Would it still be considered as an outsider taking jobs if it is a field like a computer science if the foreign citizen may be likely to be qualified in than a native?
Topic: immigration

Are specialized immigrant doctors and immigrants that work in construction viewed equally as immigrants that may be stealing jobs? In a field like construction or landscaping where immigrant employees may be more prominent, are Americans having a challenging time getting a job in that field and that is why there might not be as many native-born citizens? Is it possible that if an immigrant potentially suggests a referral in a company for another immigrant they know could this cause people to think immigrants may be stealing jobs because an immigrant is bringing their friends into that company? If an immigrant dominates a specific job field more than a native-born, does that impact the opinion of immigrants stealing jobs? These may be considered when making an opinion on the global factor of whether immigrants are “stealing” jobs or not. The reflection of “global factors” and the examples of evidence bring this to the credibility of the sources mentioned. From the first article ‘Immigration and Wages,’ the author Heidi Shierholz shows many qualities that support her research to appear credible. She currently works as the chief economist for the United States Department of Labor. She also has worked as a senior economist and director of policy at the Economic Policy Institute. She is known for other notable publications, such as the ‘ongoing research analysis’ called ‘The State of Working America’ at Cornell University Press in New York.
Topic: immigration

Another notable publication from Shierholz has been featured in the Washington and Huffington posts, and her research and publications have been cited on many news and media platforms, such as ABC, CNN, NBC, and CBS. She originally was born in Oklahoma, but she moved to Iowa to obtain a bachelor’s in mathematics at Grinnell College and a Masters of statistics at Iowa State University. Shierholz received a Ph.D. in economics at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Shierholz appears to use well-known credible sources such as the Current Population Survey Census over the course of thirteen years to develop credible studies. The second source is statistics directly from the United States government, The Bureau of Labor Statistics. This source appears to be credible because the only information on the website is the statistics of each study done, there is no additional information, other than strictly statistics. This appears credible because there are no potentially biased opinions. The United Stated Department of Labor, Bureau Labor Statistics claim they have been researching job statistics for over 130 years and have over 2,000 employees focused on researching the labor statistics. The credibility expands because they used other studies, combined with other government statistics from The United States Census Bureau “Current Population Survey.” This combined research of may be helpful in assessing credible information about immigration and native-born workers because the two Bureau’s could take the experiments and combine information for the best result.
Topic: immigration

To begin, President Barack Obama once said, “What makes someone American isn’t just blood or birth but allegiance to our founding principles and faith in the idea that anyone- can write the next chapter of our story.” America is built on immigration, it’s one of our founding principles. Obama has also stated “Unless you’re a Native American, you came from someplace else.” Being an American doesn’t mean that you have to be born here or it is not by blood but it’s having the belief that our country is a place of freedom and equality.
Topic: immigration

to gain help and better their lives. In the book “Enrique’s Journey” by Sonia Nazario, the author describes the crisis with immigration and how people are challenging death to get into America for a better life. Currently the United States is experiencing the largest wave of immigration within this country’s history and are transforming the country. Nazario states, “ Each year, an estimated 700,000 immigrants enter the United States illegally. Since 2000. Nearly a million additional immigrants annually, on average, have arrived legally, or become legal residents” (xiii). This wave is different than the ones for the country’s past. Nazario begins to describe that typically before parents came to America and left their children, often it was the father who left the children with the mother. Now in recent times, the increase of divorce in Latin America has changed and many mothers are now being left without the means to provide food to their hungry children and raise them. Which is creating the new parallel of single mother of working outside of the home and in America there has become an insatiable need for cheap labor and domestic workers. The single mother in Latin America are starting to migrate north and filling the need that America has, leaving their children with family or friends. Single mothers from Latin America are becoming nannies or maides, often in places of the greatest needs such as Washington, D.C. or Los Angeles, California, where the need for the domestic workers has doubled recently. Nazario also states, “82 percent of live-in nannies and one in four house cleaners are mothers who still have at least one child in their home country, and 85 percent of all immigrant children who eventually end up in the United States spent at least some time separated from a parent in the course of migration to the United States” (xiv). This is creating a concern among Americans while some believe that immigrants are not need and their presence are deemed as bad or good depending on the view but in reality they are filling the jobs that many Americans will not do. Many people are dehumanizing and demonizing the immigrant but immigrants are just trying to seek the help they need. On the other hand they are also gaining jobs that will help provide for their families back home to escape the growing poverty in the violent home countries. America is now beginning to change with this new wave of immigration and providing jobs to the mothers that need help.