ktmeng/mec huggingface dataset:
Topic: abortion

“About 553,000 American girls aged 15 to 19 become pregnant each year, and most of these pregnancies are unplanned” (Etaugh and Bridges). I chose Juno because I was fascinated by the overall general concept of the movie that revolves around the pregnant teenage girl. Her teenage pregnancy during secondary school doesn’t sound like it would be very prominent, however most commentators and viewers evaluated it tremendously. My sister had discussed about Juno frequently, yet I would never found the opportunity to watch the movie until I got this assignment.
Topic: abortion

After being pregnant, Juno doesn’t get devastated or insists the world is ending like stereotypical pregnant teenagers are constantly represented in the media. Rather, she calls her closest companion who alludes her to a woman’s clinic for abortion. In spite of the fact that Juno makes the arrangement and strolls into the clinic without anyone else, she normally argues about the two choices. In the event that she has a abortion, she can return to high school with nobody other than herself, the child’s dad, and her closest companion realizing she was pregnant.
Topic: abortion

However, Juno picks, all alone, to keep the child. She could have kept the infant and turned into a high school mother, yet Juno recognizes her failure to bring the child up in her present circumstance. Benevolently, she chooses to give the child to a family who can’t have a kid individually, without requesting anything consequently aside from that these new parents love her child well. During the entire tribulation, Juno obviously shows her development, her quality, and the significance of decision. This film doesn’t favor one side for professional fetus removal or pro-life, yet rather hardens the possibility that a woman’s body is her own. The decision for an abortion is her own. The decision to leave the abortion clinic and keep the child is her own. The decision to give the child to another family to receive, is her own. These choices are Juno’s entitlement to make. Juno’s parents let her select, however they attempt their best to give her all that she requires for her pregnancy and keep her safe while meeting the adoptive parents.
Topic: abortion

All through the movie, Juno never neglects to remain consistent with herself. The audiences sees her stay consistent with her fashion sense that will dependably be outside the standard. Juno keeps her language and clever tongue, dependably breaks jokes, particularly when unseemly, and stays solid willed. She has a decent head on her shoulders and however generalizations talk about how inept it is for somebody to get pregnant in high school, the author relates it to the character of the general population rather than a dumb demonstration. Juno is canny and thoroughly considers all choices before settling on how to manage the infant.
Topic: abortion

Juno shows the issues a pregnant youngster manages, including the generalizations and suppositions others anticipate onto them. While getting her first ultrasound, Juno imagines she isn’t apprehensive and endeavors to remain unattached by covering her feeling with her run of the mill jests and jokes. The ultrasound expert pries into Juno’s life until Juno discloses to her that she’s giving the child away to another couple. “Oh thank goodness for that.” Promptly, the specialist makes a decision about Juno’s life despite the fact that she’d scarcely quite recently met her. The specialist accepted that the child must be in an ideal situation in another person’s hands despite the fact that Juno had her mom and closest companion, an unmistakable emotionally supportive network directly with her. The professional had no clue whether the new parents were positive or negative, however she consequently accepted she knew best for Juno and her infant.
Topic: abortion

The Doctrine of Double Effect (DDE) and the Doctrine of Doing and Allowing (DDA) both identify an agent’s method of contribution to a harmful consequence as being relevant in assessing the permissibility of the individual’s actions. In this paper, I shall first outline the DDE and DDA. I will then apply these doctrines to explain the permissibility of one’s actions in Thomson’s case of the ‘violinist’, and subsequently to a variant case of the ‘violinist’. Next, I shall reconstruct two separate cases of abortion and explain how the DDE and DDA can be applied to these scenarios.
Topic: abortion

Specifically, the DDE states that it is morally worse to inflict a harm that is intentional, than it is to inflict a harm that is foreseen, but in no way unintended or desired. In the paper, ‘The Problem of Abortion and the Doctrine of Double Effect’, Philipa Foot outlines two ways in which harm may be classified as intentional. According to Foot, harm is intentional if it is aimed as an end, in which harm is the intended goal, or if it is used as a means to an end, in which people are harmed in the process of achieving a goal (Foot, p.
Topic: abortion

The DDA is another, distinct, set of ethical principles, which predicate the moral distinction between doing versus allowing harm. Specifically, the DDA states that it is morally worse to harm someone than it is to allow them to be harmed. As Foot states, there are two ways in which we can allow someone to be harmed. Firstly, one can fail to prevent another from incurring harm, and secondly, one can remove a barrier that was preventing harm (Foot, p. 6).
Topic: abortion

The DDE and DDA can be applied to various scenarios to determine the permissibility of one’s actions when harm will be bestowed upon another individual. One such example is the hypothetical case of the ‘violinist’, presented by Judith Thomson in her paper ‘A Defense of Abortion’. As Thomson outlines in her example, a famous and unconscious violinist is found to have a fatal kidney illness. In an attempt to save the violinist, the Society of Music Lovers has scanned all medical records and determined that you are the only individual with the correct blood type to provide aid. Therefore, they kidnap you and while you are unconscious, they connect your circulatory system to that of the violinist so that his toxins may be filtered out by your kidneys. Upon waking up in the hospital, the doctors inform you, that unplugging the violinist will certainly kill him and to properly cure his illness you must remain connected for 9 months upon which he could be safely removed (Thomson, p. 48-49).
Topic: abortion

Both the DDE and DDA provide insight into the permissibility of unplugging oneself from the violinist when this action will inevitably result in his death. In the case of the DDE, the act of unplugging oneself would be viewed as the intended goal and the subsequent death of the violinist would be viewed as a foreseeable but unintended harm. Therefore, in light of the DDE, unplugging oneself from the violinist would be deemed permissible. The DDA would also consider the act of unplugging one-self as morally permissible, as removing one-self from the violinist, would be removing a barrier preventing harm (Foot, p. 6) and subsequently allowing the violinist to die as consequence of his original illness. Therefore, by unplugging the violinist one is allowing him to succumb to harm rather than directly causing it.
Topic: abortion

In a variant case of the ‘violinist’, all aspects of the Thomson’s case remain the same, however, to disconnect oneself from the violinist, one must now slit his throat. The DDE and DDA can once again be applied to address the permissibility of unplugging oneself in this variant case. In contrast to Thomson’s case, the DDE and DDA would both classify the act of unplugging oneself by slitting the violinist’s throat as impermissible. In the case of the DDE, slitting the violinist throat would be viewed as an intentional harm, as this action would be intended as a means of unplugging oneself. As for the DDA, unplugging oneself by slitting the violinist’s throat would be viewed as directly killing rather than allowing to die. Therefore the intention and contribution one makes in the violinist’s death by slitting his throat is impermissible in light of the two doctrines.
Topic: abortion

The applicability of DDE and DDA can be extended to the parallel topic of abortion if one grants the fetus the same moral status as a person. Foot does this in her paper, ‘The Problem of Abortion and the Doctrine of Double Effect’, where she discusses 2 procedures through which abortions can be accomplished. The first method of abortion outlined, is a hysterectomy, whereby the mother’s uterus is removed with the fetus inside. According to the DDE, performing a hysterectomy would be permissible as the intended action is the removal of the mother’s uterus and the subsequent death of the fetus is a foreseeable but unintended harm of performing the surgery. The DDA would also classify performing a hysterectomy as permissible as the fetus’s death would be viewed as a case of allowing to die due to the removal of a a barrier that was providing it sustenance.
Topic: abortion

To contrast this case, Foot then presents a second case of abortion called a craniotomy, whereby the fetus’s skull must be crushed in order to save its mother’s life during labor. In this case, Foot points out that the DDE would not condone this procedure and that the permissible course of action would be to allow the mother to die. This is because; in not performing the procedure we foresee the mother’s death but in no way intend or desire it, whereas directly crushing the fetus’s skull would be considered an intentional cause of its death. Similarly, the DDA would also classify craniotomy as impermissible as crushing the fetus’s skull would be considered a direct action of killing rather than allowing death to occur.
Topic: abortion

From the above examples, it is evident that using the DDE and DDA to assess the permissibility of abortion is heavily stringent upon the procedure through which abortion is performed. This sets up a moral hierarchy whereby allowing death, as in the case of a hysterectomy, is seen as morally superior to directly killing, as in the case of craniotomy. While it appears intuitive that there are differences in the permissibility of allowing one to die and directly killing, Frances Kamm demonstrates that in the case of abortion, allowing to die and killing may be viewed as morally equivalent. For this reason, using the DDE and DDA to determine the permissibility of abortion is not satisfactory. I will now outline Kamm’s solution and subsequently demonstrate how it is used to achieve the conclusion that abortion is permissible.
Topic: abortion

Relating to the mother-fetus relationship, it is well established that the fetus is dependent on its mother’s body for its survival. Kamm’s first argument is based on the premise that need alone does not confer a right for the fetus to have aid. As Kamm elaborates, ‘The efforts required in even a normal pregnancy, labor, and delivery are strenuous and risky, not merely inconvenient, and so they extend beyond what a woman is obligated to provide merely because it will save a fetus’s life’ (Kamm, p. 10).
Topic: abortion

Although one could argue that the mother has a special obligation to aid the fetus as she created the fetus and thus had a part in producing its need for her body, Kamm’s second argument states that a woman has no special obligation to render or continue supporting the fetus even if pregnancy was a foreseen consequence of her actions. As Kamm states, ‘intentionally and voluntarily creating a fetus let alone unintentionally becoming pregnant as a result of a voluntary act or of being raped does not by itself commit a woman to begin or to continue her support of the fetus.’ (Kamm, p. 11). Analogously, Kamm points out, if one invites a visitor into their house, the guest does not have a right to stay longer than the host wants him to or simply because the host brought him in. Taken together, these examples provide evidence that the mother does not have any special obligation to aid or continue aiding the fetus during pregnancy.
Topic: abortion

While Kamm argues that a fetus does not have a right to its mother’s body and a mother does not have a special obligation to provide support, one could argue that since the fetus is a person, it has a right to life and the negative right not to be harmed. To address this counterargument, Kamm first points out that harm must be gauged from a baseline, which in the case of abortion must represent the pre-conceived state and not the state of continued support since the fetus did not have a right to support in the first place. This forms the basis of Kamm’s third argument, ‘The fetus is not harmed relative to its pre-attachment prospects (and it is not worse off than it would have been if it had never been in the woman’s body)’, and thus, ‘Killing the fetus does not cause it to lose anything that the woman is morally responsible for its having and that it could retain independently of her’ (Kamm, p. 12). Taken together, this appears to demonstrate that abortion does not harm or forfeit the fetus’s its right to life, as it is not harmed or deprived of anything beyond what the mother is continuously providing and which she has no obligation to support in the first place.
Topic: abortion

Using the above arguments Kamm attempts to demonstrate that allowing to die and directly killing are morally equivalent in the case of abortion. Specifically she emphasizes that ‘If we let someone die, that person loses only what he would have had as a result of our help at that time; by contrast, when we actively kill someone he often loses what he would have had independently of us at that time’ (Kamm, p. 7). In the case of abortion, irrespective of the procedure performed, the fetus only loses what it had as a result of its mothers’ help during pregnancy. This appears to parallel the case of allowing to die and therefore suggests that abortion must be permissible irrespective of the method through which the procedure is performed. This counters the principles set forth by DDE and DDA and demonstrates that these doctrines cannot satisfactorily be applied to cases of abortion.
Topic: abortion

Methodologically, researchers used a sample of women who wanted abortions, comparing women who arrived just before the gestational age limit to women who arrived just after. By doing this, they were able to isolate the effects of receiving a wanted abortion, separate from need or desire to receive an abortion. This eliminates the confounding variables related to whether a pregnancy was unwanted, thus increasing the reliability and validity of the study. In this way, the researchers can be sure that economic hardship resulted from carrying the unwanted pregnancy to term rather than because they were denied an abortion.
Topic: abortion

Additionally, the researchers took into consideration many factors that may have affected the economic status of these women, including their household size, whether the women was living with adult family members, with a male partner or neither, household income of all adults living with the respondents etc. They assessed employment in terms of full time, part time and not employed and operationalised poverty as at or below 100% of that specific year’s US Census Bureau Federal Poverty Line (FPL). By controlling these variables, they were able to objectively study the link between abortion and poverty. Operationalising poverty ensured that the researchers properly assessed whether the participants could be deemed poor or not. This increases the reliability of the study.
Topic: abortion

Laura Antkowiak, NRL Research Assistant responded with aim to show that abortion is bad for the economy. She argued that pro abortionists show us the expenses and burden of raising a child on a mother and on economy via welfare but ignore the fact that children eventually grow into adults who ultimately benefit the economy. They work and pay taxes, or otherwise spend, save, invest, and innovate. Economists attest that even before these children reach adulthood, their very belonging to a large and growing population spurs economic growth.’ (Antkowiak par8) She outlined points to support her argument that abortion is harmful to our economy.
Topic: abortion

First, the idea that the less babies born results in fewer consumers, less demands for goods and services and less jobs. She supports this claim with a reference by Paul Samuelson who notes that a growing population leads to higher levels of spending and may therefore lower unemployment. She also highlights Author Lawrence F Roberge’s point linked to less consumerism. He explained that fewer children means fewer consumers of child-specific items e.g diapers, fewer jobs e.g for teachers paediatricians etc and a decline for industries which are geared towards the needs of children. She also quoted the economist Julian Simon who noted that in developed countries, children bring a positive return on the money invested in them about 35 years after their birth as well as increasing mobility, adaptability and productivity.
Topic: abortion

Simon stated that “in the long run, the most important economic effect of population size and growth is the contribution of additional people to our stock of useful knowledge. This supports the idea that abortion robs us of the resources of over 40 million people. To further support this, Laura included a reference by economist, Jacqueline Kasun who showed that even poor children return 3.7 times what was spent on her and her mother in cash welfare and food, housing, and medical assistance in taxes.Antkowiak concluded by showing that rather than benefits, abortions have costs to our economy.These ideas can however be criticised using the idea that these 40 million individuals are not guaranteed to be useful to the economy.
Topic: abortion

Women who seek abortions do not always do so because of financial constraints. It could instead be that they do not want nor have the time to take care of a child. In such cases where the pregnancy is forced to be brought to terms, it is unlikely that many of these children, raised in homes where they feel unwanted and or are neglected, will grow up to be productive and fruitful adults.This criticism however, does not justify abortion since there are many couples who wish to adopt children. In such scenarios where love, care and effort is rendered, it is expected that children will grow up and more likely contribute positively to the economy.
Topic: abortion

The study by Foster et al showed the negative effects of being denied an abortion on the economic well being of women and society due to unemployment. However, these effects only lasted for approximately four years. The results showed women in the turnaway”birth group increased full-time employment relative to those in the near-limit group over time so that by 4 years, there was no statistically significant difference between groups (AJPH Research p.409) .The argument by Laura instead, shows the long term negative effect abortions have on the economy as society is denied millions of useful human resources. In conclusion therefore, Despite the criticism, Laura’s economic argument is still notably more significant than Foster’s as it depicts a more powerful effect on the economy.
Topic: abortion

Should abortion be legal? This topic has been debated for decades, but it is still strongly discussed recently. Many women have tried to abort the fetus or unborn baby because they think that it is not the time for them to be mothers. Similarly, they are too young to have babies. To deal with this problem, they have to abort the unborn babies. I have always supported the life of the unborn. Although I am personally against abortion, there are others who do not agree with me.
Topic: abortion

Sometimes, it is not the time for her to be a good mother because she is too young. Another point is that she does not want to have an unwanted baby. If a woman is raped, she sometimes becomes pregnant. She does not want to see that baby. With this situation, shouldn’t she have the right to abort the fetus? If I am in her situation, I will choose to abort the child that I do not want. In addition, some women will look at the child and only remember the pain that they experienced. Therefore, they should be allowed to abort the fetus in cases like that. Moreover, it is better for women to abort their child because it is very important to them. If they do not abort their children, they will die. Having the baby kill both of them, but having abortions can help the mother’s life.
Topic: abortion

Thirdly, having a lot of children can lead to over population and poverty. For the time being, there are millions of people who are living in the world. Hence, legal abortion is really interesting for people who want to live in a healthy life. Because of over population, there are a lot of problems that effect the world. It leads to pollution which is the major thing that causes global warming. Furthermore, it seems difficult for people to live together. Another point is that legal abortions can control poverty. To have a lot of children is very difficult for parents. They have to earn money in order to support their children. Some parents have to commit a crime though it is against the law, but because of their children they to do it. The society will be chaos. Though they try to do everything for money; still, it is not enough. As a result they will live in a terrible situation. Therefore, abortion should be legal, and poverty will be decreased.
Topic: abortion

However, some people say that legal abortions kill babies. They say that millions of babies are killed every year because of abortions. Others also say that it is against Buddhism. In Cambodia, most of the people are Buddhism; therefore, they think that killing a living thing is considered as sin. It means abortion kills baby; and mother will get sin if she aborts her child. These ideas are acceptable and interesting. Besides this, mother will either live in a terrible condition or die because of abortion. But when there is a legal law for abortion, mother will be safe with the taking care from experience doctors or nurses. Meanwhile, legal abortion does not mean to force women to abort their children; in contrast, it helps women how to understand the method to take care of their health and lives. I still strongly support legal abortion because if there is no legal abortion, women can also try to abort the fetus and there are no experts who can help them. Consequently, they will be more dangerous than there is no law for legal abortion. They do it illegally and without any experience; therefore, there are a lot of lives that will die. Legal abortion is not only important for women, but it is also important for the society and the world how to realize its advantages.
Topic: abortion

In conclusion, abortion should be legal because of many reasons. Mothers will be safe, and are happy to abort the child that they do not want to see. Many countries can reduce poverty and also are able to control over population. It is the ideal method that can help women, and countries all over the world. I am able to really determine that I agree with legal, but I know that abortion should not be legal in some cases. In order to make it more details how legal abortion important is, the government should tell mothers about the advantages of legal abortion and try to promote through all kinds of media.
Topic: abortion

Every day, millions of people view or download software, multimedia or documents from the internet. Downloading documents from internet is very useful for everyone. That is why many people consider internet is the best place that they can download everything. They always spend time sitting in front of the internet and download everything they need. Moreover, they do not only view the files by themselves, but they also share the documents to their friends or relatives. The idea of sharing things to each other is really good. Therefore, downloading or sharing copyrighted material from the internet should be legal because it provides lots of advantages to people.
Topic: abortion

First, it saves time. Some people are very busy with their work or studies. They do not have enough time to download the documents as quickly as they need. As we know, downloading from some websites is very difficult because they are famous. Hence, people have to spend long time waiting for the documents that they need. However, if our friends or relatives can download and they can share us, so it is very easy and we spend only a short time copying the documents. Moreover, some students are really busy with their studies. They have a lot of homework and assignments to do, as well as they do not have time to go to libraries or internet coffee shops. They just ask their friends for copied sources.
Topic: abortion

Second, downloading and sharing the material to each other is saving money. We just spend money only one time to download things from the internet, and then we can share the documents to friends and relatives freely. Buying the original books is costly. If we do not have enough money, we find it hard to discover good resources to read. But if we can share the materials from the internet, it would be easier for us save up our money. Nowadays, students who are studying at university have to do a lot of research. The best resource is in the internet, but some resources are required to pay money. What happens if the students do not have enough money to pay? It will be difficult for them to conduct research and do a good assignment. If their friends can share them some resources, they will be able to do good assignments. As a result, they will get good marks with their studies.
Topic: abortion

Third, people have chance to transfer information and sources easily if they have the right to download or share the files legally. As far as I have known, internet is the place where fulfills of good information and resources. It is very easy for them to get new information which happens around the world. For instance, my lecturer always forward news, documents and files that related to my study and world news as well. If it is illegal to share documents to each other, my lecturer will not send any sources to me, and I will not get any new information that has happened all over the world. Another important point is that he wants to improve my listening skills because I am studying faculty of English. I have to improve my English, but I do not have any sources to help. Due to lack of resources, my teacher decided to share his listening practice book with CD to me. It is the last updated one because he just downloaded it from the internet. Additionally, this book is not available in the book shop in Cambodia. Therefore, if sharing is illegal, I will never have a chance to use such of that fabulous book.
Topic: abortion

On the other hand, the owners of the products or sources will be not happy because they lose their benefit. They spend time on creating their sources because they hope they can earn money to support themselves and also their family. What is the problem if they do not get money on what they create? They will stop create new things and there are no writers, authors, or inventors anymore because they do not want to spend time and energy getting nothing. This is really true that they will be devastated. However, they will be well known to other people all the around the world. Though they do not get money, at least they get fame. Fame is very important for everyone. One question has been asked why do writers, authors or inventors try to create new things? Because they want to gain fame, fame is more valuable than money. Totally, the more we use their materials the more they get successful in their careers. They will be absolutely delighted to see people using their resources and share to the other people.
Topic: abortion

Last but not least, it is a good idea to share things to each other. We are living on the same earth, so please do not be selfish to give something to someone else. Legal downloading and sharing materials from the internet is utterly important for us to save time and money, and it is completely useful to share resources from friends to friends or from teachers to students. Anyway, we should not think only our advantages, but we also have to think of other people. We should download the websites that allow us to download free but do not hack the websites that requires money. They also want to make their living by selling the materials that they have uploaded to the internet. They share us, and we have to help them back.
Topic: abortion

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, known as Mahatma Gandhi, was born in Porbandar, a coastal town in present-day Gujarat, India, on 2 October 1869. His father, Karamchand Gandhi (1822-1885), who belonged to the Hindu Modh community, was the diwan (Prime Minister) of the eponymous Porbander state, a small princely state in the Kathiawar Agency of British India. His grandfather’s name was Uttamchand Gandhi fondly called as Utta Gandhi. His mother, Putlibai, who came from the Hindu Pranami Vaishnava community, was Karamchand’s fourth wife, the first three wives having apparently died in childbirth. Growing up with a devout mother and the Jain traditions of the region, the young Mohandas absorbed early the influences that would play an important role in his adult life; these included compassion to sentient beings,
Topic: abortion

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (2 October 1869- 30 January 1948) was the pre-eminent political and spiritual leader of India during the Indian independence movement. He was the pioneer of satyagraha-resistance to tyranny through mass civil disobedience, firmly founded upon ahimsa or total non-violence-which led India to independence and has inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. He is officially honoured in India as the Father of the Nation; his birthday, 2 October, is commemorated there as Gandhi Jayanti, a national holiday, and worldwide as the International Day of Non-Violence.
Topic: abortion

Gandhi first employed non-violent civil disobedience while an expatriate lawyer in South Africa, during the resident Indian community’s struggle for civil rights. After his return to India in 1915, he organized protests by peasants, farmers, and urban labourers concerning excessive land-tax and discrimination. After assuming leadership of the Indian National Congress in 1921, Gandhi led nationwide campaigns to ease poverty, expand women’s rights, build religious and ethnic amity, end untouchability, and increase economic self-reliance. Above all, he aimed to achieve Swaraj or the independence of India from foreign domination. Gandhi famously led his followers in the Non-cooperation movement that protested the campaigned against the British to Quit India. Gandhi spent a number of years in jail in both South Africa and India.
Topic: abortion

In 1915, Gandhi returned from South Africa to live in India. He spoke at the conventions of the Indian National Congress, but was primarily introduced to Indian issues, politics and the Indian people by Gopal Krishna Gokhale, a respected leader of the Congress Party at the time. Gandhi’s first major achievements came in 1918 with the Champaran agitation and Kheda Satyagraha, although in the latter it was indigo and other cash crops instead of the food crops necessary for their survival. Suppressed by the militias of the landlords (mostly British), they were given measly compensation, leaving them mired in extreme poverty. The villages were kept extremely dirty and unhygienic; and alcoholism, untouchability and purdah were rampant. Now in the throes of a devastating famine, the British levied a tax which they insisted on increasing. The situation was desperate. In Kheda in Gujarat, the problem was the same. Gandhi established an ashram there, organizing scores of his veteran supporters and fresh volunteers from the region. He organized a detailed study and survey of the villages, accounting for the atrocities and terrible episodes of suffering, including the general state of degenerate living. Building on the confidence of villagers, he began leading the clean-up of villages, building of schools and hospitals and encouraging the village leadership to undo and condemn many social evils, as accounted above.
Topic: abortion

But his main impact came when he was arrested by police on the charge of creating unrest and was ordered to leave the province. Hundreds of thousands of people protested and rallied outside the jail, police stations and courts demanding his release, which the court reluctantly granted. Gandhi led organized protests and strikes against the landlords who, with the guidance of the British government, signed an agreement granting the poor farmers of the region more compensation and control over farming, and cancellation of revenue hikes and its collection until the famine ended. It was during this agitation, that Gandhi was addressed by the people as Bapu (Father) and Mahatma (Great Soul). In Kheda, Sardar Patel represented the farmers in negotiations with the British, who suspended revenue collection and released all the prisoners. As a result, Gandhi’s fame spread all over the nation. He is also now called as “Father of the nation” in Indian.
Topic: abortion

Gandhi’s life and teachings inspired many who specifically referred to Gandhi as their mentor or who dedicated their lives to spreading Gandhi’s ideas. In Europe, Romain Rolland was the first to discuss Gandhi in his 1924 book Mahatma Gandhi, and Brazilian anarchist and feminist Maria Lacerda de Moura wrote about Gandhi in her work on pacifism. In 1931, notable European physicist Albert Einstein exchanged written letters with Gandhi, and called him “a role model for the generations to come” in a later writing about him. Lanza del Vasto went to India in 1936 intending to live with Gandhi; he later returned to Europe to spread Gandhi’s philosophy and founded the Community of the Ark in 1948 (modeled after Gandhi’s ashrams). Madeleine Slade (known as “Mirabehn”) was the daughter of a British admiral who spent much of her adult life in India as a devotee of Gandhi.
Topic: abortion

Obama at the Wakefield High School speech in Sept 2009, said that his biggest inspiration came from Mahatma Gandhi. It was when a question posed on him as ‘who was the one person, dead or alive, that he would choose to dine with?’ and his quick reply was ‘Gandhi!’. He continued and said that – “He’s somebody I find a lot of inspiration in. He inspired Dr. King with his message of nonviolence. He ended up doing so much and changed the world just by the power of his ethics”.
Topic: abortion

His non-violent movement has been well known to the world. He is the non-violent leader that everyone always reminds of him. He was the man who dared to do everything for his country and also the world to live peacefully. His non-violent theory is perfectly excellent, and many political leaders in the world take his idea to practice in order to lead their countries into a peaceful life. I admire him the most, and I hope all the countries around the world will take his non-violent theory to practice.
Topic: abortion

Pro-life advocates say that the right to life should always outweigh the right of an individual to equality or to control their own body. They raise arguments that abortion does not liberate women, but allows society not to cater to women’s needs. They say that what women need for equality is not free access to abortion but to be given what they need to survive financially and socially as mothers. Further they hold that foetus is not a part of woman’s body like liver, kidney, lungs.
Topic: abortion

First take a look at abortion from a Teleological point of view, it depends solely on consequences. Teleological theory is basically a Utilitarianism formulated by Jeremy and John Stuart Mill. This approach to morality and ethics hold that there is no universal basis for determining what is right. Main idea behind it is the principle of Utility. The principle focuses on the consequence of action, intentions are irrelevant, therefore breaking promise, lying, causing pain or killing someone may under certain circumstances be the right action and in other circumstances, wrong action.
Topic: abortion

Utalitarian theory does not mean that a woman is selfish on her decision of abortion. Let’s say a woman decides to have an abortion because she is not propared to have a child, she has no support: financial or emotional and she is still in school. The woman decides that it would be in her best interest to have abortion at this point. This woman can remain in school and not have to worry about bringing unplanned child, but just because this decision worked out well for her, was it the right decision ? Although this might seemed like a good decision, it still brings concerns and ethical dilemmas to our attention. Could she not have had child , found employment and stayed in school (as most people do)? Could she not have ultimately ended up being the happiest she has ever been because of this child coming into her life ?
Topic: abortion

Thomas Aquinas (1274-1275) was the proponent of Divine command theory. According to him the world is created by God. Whatever happens, happens with the will of God. Life is given and taken by him only. Human being doesn’t have any right to take anyone’s life. A woman who followed the Divine Command theory might have done things differently in the same situation. She might not have based her decision on self interest, nor on consequences, but rather on something higher like God. God has given her this child to birth and care for. This also face criticism like how can we base a life altering decision on the belief that there is a higher power, God ?
Topic: abortion

Immaneul Kant (1725-1805) is the leading proponent of Deontological Approach in decision making.. He formulated a System of Duties: Perfect duties and Imperfect duties. Perfect duties are to be followed in all circusmstances. In Perfect duties he mentions ‘Not to kill an innocent person’. Taking the pregnant woman’s case in this context, There is a Person inside her womb. From the time of conception in the womb, the child is, not just another part of the mother’s tissue, but a saparate person. Abortion means killing of that Person. This faces critism that at the time of conceiving there is a just formation of cell having few tissues. Cells are created and destroyed continuously in our body.
Topic: abortion

Both of these situations determine very different viewpoints, but how do we know which theory can be considered ethically moral ? There are many possible reasons a woman might choose to have an abortion, for example: to avoid interruption of life goals, the pregnancy is a result of rape, or to prevent birth of abnormal or diseased child, just to name a few. It is also obvious why some may consider abortion to be morally problematic, whether the reasons are based on religion, and the values of life. The truth is that each one of us is forced to decide how we feel about abortion, as we are with any ethical issue. So, the question remains, Pro-life or Pro-choice ?
Topic: abortion

I personally feel that a woman should have the right to choose when it comes to abortion, but I will contradict myself under certain circumstances. In certain scenarios, the choice of abortion can be justified , but what about those who are just pure careless ? What about those who act carelessly because they know in the back of their minds that they have another alternative if something go unplanned ? For example: there are many teens that become pregnant because of carelessness in practicing safe sex. If these young girls knew that if they became pregnant, they had no option but to keep the child, would they be more careful ? Or would the number of teens who become pregnant remain the same ? I believe it would decrease..
Topic: abortion

Utilitarian approach of Teleological theory allows us to consider the Utility of child, it allows us to have second chance (abortion) should we make mistake or put health of ourselves at risk and kill unborn child. Divine Command theory does the exact opposite, it opens our eyes to new life, it leads us to believe that morality is based on God and the child was given to us by God. It also allows us to believe if our child had a deformity or disease, that it was meant to be and it is what makes our child special. It perceive us to believe that abortion would be wrong because the child was sent to us for a reason. So can abortion be ethical ? In my opinion, yes it can. It can be ethical when the choice is not being taken for granted.
Topic: abortion

Abortion is one of the most disputable issues discussed all over the world today. Several decades ago abortion was considered only a social issue, but now situation has changed and it has also a political and ethical context. The issue of abortion does not become an important ethical issue as long as modern medicine has not provided its relative safety, and only now, in recent decades, the issue has inflamed a sharp public controversy. Thus, the main aim of this paper is to discuss pro-choice view on abortion.
Topic: abortion

First of all it is necessary to answer the question what an abortion is? Abortion is the termination of a pregnancy by the removal or expulsion from the uterus of a fetus or embryo, resulting in or caused by its death. Observing this topic we can see that there are many different points of views around this question and there are, apparently, three main positions on the issue of abortion. At one extreme we see the supporters of “preserving life” (people who have pro-life position) who would ban abortions in all circumstances: they believe that the government may not encourage the destruction of the embryo or fetus, legalizing abortion.
Topic: abortion

At the other extreme are advocates of “free choice” (pro-choice position): they believe that the law should not restrict the freedom of choice for the mother, because all pregnant women should have the opportunity to request an abortion. Intermediate position is occupied by those who believe abortion is permissible only in certain cases (for example, when the pregnancy is dangerous for the mother’s life or was the result of rape or incest), as well as those who believe that it should not be the main method of birth control.
Topic: abortion

In this part we are going to concern our attention on pro-choice abortion and according to Colker, we see that “Pro-choice abortion is the belief that women have the right to choose to abort a baby from their body. The “pro-choice” view is that a baby does not have human rights within the mother’s womb. The people of the United States never voted on or supported this pro-choice position. Actually, it was the U.S. Supreme Court that “legalized” abortion as a result of Roe vs. Wade on January 22, 1973.” (Colker, 1992). Analyzing contemporary situation it becomes obvious that movement for the legalization of abortion in recent years has also become a well-organized and politically active force: it is supported by a series of specially created organizations nationwide, and tens of major religious groups.
Topic: abortion

Advocates of abortion rights typically originate from the fact that the government should not intervene in the privacy of women deciding for them the fate of a pregnancy. They believe that every woman should have a choice – to abort or not, at the same time, they stress that such choice does not force anyone to a particular decision. In addition, it is noted that no one should be required by law to risk own health, and yet at the complete prohibition of abortion, many pregnant women are exposed to the dangers of childbearing and childbirth, as well as unsafe criminal abortions.
Topic: abortion

What supporters of pro-choice position have to say about how to deal with the right to self-actualization of the fetus, with its right to life, with its right to the pursuit of happiness? Pro-choice supporters proceed from the concept of social development of personality. Since the fetus has no idea about own future, about own personality, then it can not be self-consciousness. Once there is no consciousness, then the concept of consent to it is not applicable. (Jelen & Wilcox, 2003). Are these arguments are more persuasive than the arguments against abortion? Nobody can definitely say “yes” or “no”, because there is no one single view on this issue in contemporary society.
Topic: abortion

Thinking about different points of view on pro-life and pro-choice abortion Levitt & Dubner stated that pro-choice position allows to control criminal situation in the country. They explained that decades of research indicate that children from disadvantaged backgrounds are much more likely to become criminals than others. (Levitt & Dubner, 2005). Thus, abortions allow to control criminal situation in the country due to their distance effect, because years later, these unborn children are not replenished the ranks of criminals and crime stopped.
Topic: abortion

Debating this topic and looking at the problem from ethical and psychological side we should remember about the situation that the woman, who decided to make abortion, found herself in psychological crisis, and sometimes she is also found herself in a great despair, but we can contradict to above mentioned women other pregnant woman who wait for their babies and are full of happiness and excitement that in the nearest future they will become mothers and will see their little babies. There are many different people, and different situations, but there is one variable – child’s lifeâ€¦ It is necessary to think deeply about how it can happen that a child for one woman – is a great grief and they are willing to pay money for child’s death, but for others – child’s birth is so good that they go to any expenses to have a baby. It is a description of dual character of one situation around child’s lifeâ€¦
Topic: abortion

Taking into consideration all the above stated it is possible to conclude that in discussing the moral aspects of abortion we usually used many arguments in favor of one or another position. Whatever our personal view, it is important to be able to recognize the ways of argumentation in ethical reasoning, which in reality is not as logical as it might seem at first glance. It is necessary to remember that every human child should be wanted, nurtured, loved and cherished. In such a way birth control and abortion are the part of necessary policy in this direction. Choices in this case should belong to the pregnant woman, and only her wish to save or not to save a child should be the main argument in pro-choice position.
Topic: abortion

Choosing to abort a fetus could help prevent future issues from occurring in a child’s life. If a woman were to have an unwanted baby, she may abuse or neglect this child emotionally and physically. This will not only take a toll on the child’s life, but it may result in the government taking away the child as well. Whether you are a young, inexperienced teenager or an experienced adult, you are conscious of the decision you are making and the consequences of an abortion.