ktmeng/mec huggingface dataset:
Topic: immigration

As well as this, knowledge-based services such as accountancy or stock broking also flourished due to the increased volume of trade. Globalisation, more specifically the spread of technology, has also changed the fundamentals of a ‘service’. The earlier definition of service comes from literature from the mid-to-late 20th century, but more recently services have begun to transcend the characteristics of being inseparable and perishable, allowed by technological advancements (OECD, 2000).
Topic: immigration

Shown in figure 1, the increase in employment in BS’s since 1980 is due to firms externalising and outsourcing work (Faulconbridge 2010), for example employing an accountant from a specialist accountancy firm rather than one in-house. Externalisation can be explained by the concept of the spatial division of expertise (Bryson &amp; Rusten 2006, cited in Daniels et al 2008), which exploits the theory of comparative advantage for knowledge and expertise, at a meso-scale. As such, the demand for BS’s has increased, pushing forward BS’s prominence in the UK economy.
Topic: immigration

Another impact is the widening of the North-South divide in England, observed at least as early as 1988 (Green 1988), during the Thatcher government’s implementation of neoliberalistic policies. Evidence for this is found in much literature (Martin, 2010; French et al 2010; Mackinnon ;amp; Cumbers, 2011; Bryson, 2008), arguing that the spatial shift to services in the UK has been uneven; growth in knowledge and capital intensive services have been concentrated in the South-East and London, whilst labour-intensive (and therefore likely to be lower-paid) services developed in the rest of the UK, in particular the North.
Topic: immigration

This spatial inequality of the UK service economy can be attributed to a number of globalisation factors, but one of importance was the already-established spatial division of expertise between London and the rest of the UK. London had been the capital of the ‘workshop of the world’, thus established as a centre of knowledge, so as global markets became more integrated, and with events such as the Big Bang, the size and scale at which London’s knowledge economy operated increased disproportionately relative to the rest of the UK’s.
Topic: immigration

Further to this, the divide is exacerbated by exposure to world market forces that results from liberalisation. The financial crisis of 2007 which started in the USA caused the collapse of Northern Rock, RBS, and HBOS, major banks whose headquarters were based in Newcastle and Edinburgh. French et al (2010) argued that their fates signalled the end of Edinburgh and Newcastle as regional financial centres, thus further eroding the spatial equality of types of services in the UK. Indeed, Newcastle is increasingly being known as being a location of choice for outsourcing call centres (Richardson et al 2000).
Topic: immigration

Exposure to world markets was mentioned when discussing spatial inequality caused by globalisation. But exposure has also meant an increased level of competition in the service sector as TNCs expand their operations. An example of this has been the inward foreign investment in the supermarket industry by firms such as Aldi since 1989, creating competition and adversely changing the market structure from the view of domestic firms. Aldi hoped to create 1500 new jobs from 2008-2013 (Wallop 2008), implying that inward foreign investment has brought positive impacts for service sector employment.
Topic: immigration

On the other hand there are some service industries for which increased competition has had very few positive impacts, notably the coastal tourism industry. Blackpool’s local economy is based heavily upon services related to tourism, but with the advancement of travel technology exposing this market to international competition, the tourism sector has declined considerably in recent years (Singleton 2009) along with its related industries. Figure [ 2 ]: Index of rise in Gross Weekly Real Earnings for full-time males 1978 – 2008 Source: Lansley (2009)
Topic: immigration

Inequality can also be found at a meso-scale, in particular, the increase in the difference between the highest paid and lowest paid workers. Figure 2 shows that the rate of increase at the 90th percentile in the male wage distribution has been far higher than that at the 10th percentile. Although figure 2 does not isolate service wages from other wages, this rising inequality is still significant as services made up almost 90% of the UK economy in 2008 (figure 1). Van Reenen &amp; Bell (2010) showed that the increase in the top end of the wage distribution has been mostly in financial services.
Topic: immigration

Much recent media coverage has indeed focussed on high bankers’ bonuses. The causes of this may be partially explained with by theories which do not fit in the context of globalisation, for example the decline of trade unions being responsible for lowering wages at the bottom of the wage distribution (Van Reenen ;amp; Bell 2010). However, in a globalisation context, offshoring plays a major role. Offshoring, as explained before, moves lower-skilled jobs to least-cost locations. This means that domestic labour supply is now competing with labour supply abroad. If labour can be supplied abroad for cheaper, the domestic price of labour (i. . UK wages) is depressed, thus explaining the low rate at which low-skilled wages are rising in the context of higher-skilled wages. Alternatively, domestic demand for unskilled labour has fallen, resulting in the lowering of unskilled wages (Slaughter ;amp; Swagel 1997) Furthermore, influxes of migrants, particularly from the EU, have contributed to the impacts on the labour market. Whilst skilled migrants help to tackle the UK skills shortage, unskilled migrants provide excess labour market supply; lowering unskilled wages and raising unemployment figures.
Topic: immigration

An alternative explanation is the migrant division of labour (Wills et al 2010), where foreign-born workers are more likely to take lower-paid jobs in the UK because the wage is still higher than what they might get paid in their home country, so driving down wages of lower-paid jobs in general. At the other end of the scale, the highest-skilled wages are being pushed upwards disproportionately because as global markets become more integrated, the rate of increase in global demand for skilled labour outstrips that of the global supply of skilled labour.
Topic: immigration

Evidence for the concept of demand outstripping supply comes from Richardson (2009, p. 326): “… even in times of relatively high unemployment, employers frequently cite skills shortages as one of the business difficulties that they face”. In conclusion, explanations of impacts of globalisation on UK services tend to be constituent processes of globalisation which are inextricably linked: the exposure to world markets due to trade liberalisation, offshoring, technology, and migration, but the impacts they cause vary greatly.
Topic: immigration

Explanations may also rely on economic theory, for example, the impacts on the labour market. Exposure to world market forces, such as the current Eurozone crisis, may mean London’s position within the UK is compromised like Newcastle’s and Edinburgh’s was. Additionally, as shown by the contrast between supermarkets and tourism in the UK, impacts and their explanations are industry-specific. However, it must be realised that globalisation offers only partial explanation of the impacts discussed. Politics, economics, sociology as well as wider geography play a fundamental role – in particular, UK governments have played a vastly important role in shaping outcomes of globalisation.
Topic: immigration

After a while, the two bonded and where Walt helped him through manhood by toughening him up, providing dating advice and helping him get a job in construction. During this, Walt learned that Thao had tried to steal the car to be a part of the gang that he confronted earlier in the movie. Throughout the rest of the movie, the gang had harassed Thao by destroying his construction tools, conducted a drive-by shooting, sexual and physically assaulting Thao’s sister.
Topic: immigration

Historically, race has been utilized to differentiate individuals based on their biological and physical appearance. Traits including body shape, skin color and hair style were used to divide individuals into particular racial group (Machery and Faucher, 2005, pp. 1208). However, no empirical evidence exists to supports these classifications. This, in turn shows that differentiations are not rooted biologically or based on getting differences. Rather, the concept of race is explained through process of social construction. Through the lenses of social constructionism, it does not deny the evident physical differences in skin color and characteristics of individuals (Rothenberg, 2008, pp.
Topic: immigration

This in turn caused an effect of inequality, marginalization and unfair treatment towards particular groups. Asians, Blacks, Aboriginals, and Latinos are among the groups who are subjected to this form of treatment. Some examples include the justification of enslavement of black people, and the denial of access to Canada for non-white individuals. The success behind these social constructs is these divisions of race appear to be natural and a part of everyday lives rendering it to be invisible (Perry, 2011, pp. 16). Thus making it easy to be taken for granted (Perry, 2011, pp. 6). As Michael Omi and Howard Winant (1994) stated, Everyone learns some combination, some version, of the rules of racial classification, and of her own racial identity, often without obvious teaching or conscious inculcation. Thus we are inserted in a comprehensively racialized social structure. Race becomes ‘common sense’—a way of comprehending and being in the world. (as cited in Perry, 2011, pp. 16) Therefore individuals are aware of these divisions but choose to accept it as it has become a natural dynamic in society.
Topic: immigration

The concept of race is a social process that constructs differences creating divisions among individuals. Throughout time, the classification of certain groups has resulted in prejudice and stereotyping of particular racial groups. This is portrayed in one scene in Gran Torino when Walt was looking with scorn at Thao’s grandmother and said, “Why the hell do this chinks have to move in this neighborhood for? ” (Eastwood, 2009). The protagonist’s use of the word “chinks” shows the stereotypical label of the Asian community. Chinks” is used to refer to the epicanthic fold found in the inner angle of the eye (wisegeek, n. d. ). This use of this term is associated to the racialization of the Asian race because this difference in appearance was utilized to negatively identify members of this group. Other perceptions in the film include Walt’s snarky comments such as “aren’t Asians supposed to be smart? Or the assumption as the Hmong as “jungle people” (Eastwood, 2009). These stereotypical and prejudiced statements are seen extensively throughout the movie.
Topic: immigration

The irony of it is the statements reflect society’s views of the Asian identity. This leads to the notion that through the social process of differentiating groups based on racial traits and characteristics leads to the division of races with the effect of oppressing some. This, sequentially cause the stereotypical and prejudiced associations to be made. If society had not placed a meaning on physical appearance or characteristics, the racial assumption would not exist. Furthermore, if no classification were made towards these individuals, the Asian race will not exist.
Topic: immigration

The Montreal police define a street gang as ‘a group of individuals, usually adolescents and/or young adults, who use the power of group intimidation in order to carry out, on a more or less regular basis, violent criminal acts’ (as cited in Chan and Mirchandani, pp. 116). Police documentation had identified five ethnic groups where street gangs originated (as cited in Chan and Mirchandani, 2002, pp. 117). Among the five is the Asiatic ethnic group (as cited in Chan and Mirchandani, 2002, pp. 117).
Topic: immigration

The process of police construct of race in terms of street gangs involves the process of racialization (as cited in Chan and Mirchandani, 2002, pp. 123). Robert Miles defines it as “a process of categorization through which social relations between people are structured by the signification of human biological characteristics in such a way as to define and constructs social collectivities” (as cited in Chan and Mirchandani, 2002, pp. 12). It is when negative characteristics, traits and behaviour are associated with particular groups (Jiwani, 2011, pp. 43).
Topic: immigration

This is due the perception and presumed differences of the group (Jiwani, 2011, pp. 43). In terms of the police construction of police, this can be seen through the provision of “Images of violence-prone ‘ethnic youth’ from war-torn countries (it is taken as given that the ‘ethnic youth’ in question are male) (as cited in Chan and Mirchandani, 2002, pp. 123). When compared to children in Quebec, Ontario, a police man stated “ ‘ Here in [Quebec] our kids are born with a hocky puck in their hand, but there [a country of origin of immigrants] they come into the world with a grenade in their hands” (Symons, 2002, pp. 18)”The culture belief portrays the racialization of the street gang issue (Symons, 2002, pp. 118). The ideology that street gangs originated from the upbringing in a war-torn country signifies street gangs as an immigration issue. As another police stated “‘They have guns there [in country of origin],’… ‘It’s part of their more’” (Symons, 2002, pp. 118). This is seen with the portrayal of the Hmong gang in Gran Torino. Earlier in the film, Sue had shared to Walt that the reason they resided in America and is to escape the violence that is occurring in their homeland (Eastwood, 2009).
Topic: immigration

By providing this background story of escaping a war torn country and the portrayal of young Asiatic gangs terrorizing the neighborhood, supports the racialization of Asiatic gang members. This has come from the social process of constructing that living a life in a war-torn country makes the individual a gang member. Since this living condition is associated with the Asian youth, these members are automatically perceived as a gang member. Other scenes in the film include the portrayal of the ethnic group Latinos as gang members, which are also identified as the patent of street gangs.
Topic: immigration

A key stereotype of Asians race is that of the mysterious, devious, fearsome Asian” (Zong and Perry, 2011, pp. 115). This consecutively marks the group as different and foreign which causes them to be feared and avoided. (Zong and Perry, 2011, pp. 115). Within society this is reflected through minorities and immigrants being “over police and under protected” by the criminal justice system (as cited in Chan and Mirchandani, 2002, pp. 69). Often times, during the legal process, immigrants are provided longer sentences and severe punishments compare to those who have lived in Canada for 20 years and more (Chan and Mirchandani, 2002, pp. 8). In terms of other minority groups, Blacks and Aboriginals are overrepresented in the correctional system ((Zong and Perry, 2011, pp. 115). Individuals in society are aware of these unfair treatments, but many still links
Topic: immigration

together. This is due to the belief and perception of immigrants and minorities as dangerous and different. It is important to note that these factors cannot be found when looking at the white population. This leads to the notion that “‘Canadians’ do not break the law, but racialized ‘immigrant groups do’” (Chan and Mirchandani, 2002, pp. 9). The portrayal of minority groups and immigrants in the film can be seen when no white individual is shown to be a criminal. The members of the street gangs were of Latino, Black and Asian descents. The white characters portrayed were successful businessmen, a hero and a priest. In fact, the protagonist was a Korean War veteran where he killed several men in battle. Instead of being convicted for his actions, he was provided a medal of honor. The portrayal of these scenes shows that white individuals do not commit crime and so cannot be identified as criminals.
Topic: immigration

Society had classified certain inviduals to be part of the Asian and Black race dividing them from the white population. Throughout various events and social processes the perception of Asian and Black race to be dangerous was constructed. This in turn had let these groups to be viewed as criminals. This is believed to be taken a significant effect due to unfair treatment and portrayal of minorities and immigrant in the criminal justice system. White as ‘powerful’ The notion of race as a social process has caused an effect where certain groups are marginalized.
Topic: immigration

Within the society, a white individual is the dominant and superior while others are oppressed, and inferior. This perception has led to the view of that the white population is powerful compared to the other racial groups. The portrayal of this can be seen with the protagonist of the film. Thao and the other gang members had gone to his house to attack him. During the fight, Walt comes out pointing a rifle towards the gang threatening them to get off his lawn and leave. By doing this, he earns the respect of Thao’s family and the Hmong community.
Topic: immigration

To show their gratitude, they showered him with gifts, meals and flowers. Through the remainder of the movie, Walt was shown to be a leader, influencer and hero. He was guiding Thao away from becoming a gang member by providing a job, teaching about manhood and purchasing items for him. He was also shown as a savior when he gave up his life so that Thao and his family can live a life without any gang violence. Within the racial context, the representation of Walt as the savior illustrates the ideology that white is powerful, whereas the Asian group is seen to be helpless, powerless and vulnerable. This leads back to the notion of social constructionism where the division of race had caused some groups to be in power and the others as powerless. In this case, the white group is seen to be of dominance while the Asian group is perceived to be inferior and vulnerable.
Topic: immigration

In other words, through social processes, the differences between racial groups were constructed and not from nature itself. However, through the development of division among groups, some were placed in a position of power while others in a minority position. Throughout time, the white group have become the dominant and powerful group over other racialized group. This, sequentially have led to several unfair treatment, marginalization, and oppression against this group. These effects have been portrayed in the film Gran Torino in regards to the racial group of the White and Asian.
Topic: immigration

Through social constructionism, prejudices and stereotypical terms have been used to identify the Asians groups. Secondly, the notion of Asian youth as gang members. Thirdly, the perception of Asian individuals as criminals. Lastly, the ideology of white power over Asian groups. These reflections of currents societal beliefs and perception towards the White and Asian groups originated from the process of social construction. In other words, the reason why it the racial groups of Asians and White exist is through social collectivities. If society did not place a meaning towards the differentiation among individuals, race would not exist, thus these assumptions would be of non-existent as well.
Topic: immigration

The Post-Civil War era of urbanization in the United States created a number of improvements and positive results that outweighed the negative aspects of the time. The country witnessed an increase in population, a better public school system, and increased social reform movements. During urbanization, the population of the United States rose. In 1860, none of America’s cities had a million citizens but by 1890, New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia all had more than one million inhabitants. With a population of approximately 3.
Topic: immigration

5 million people, New York became the second largest city in the world. A wave of immigration from Europe contributed to the increase in population. These “New Immigrants” came from eastern European nations such as Italy, Greece, and Poland. The increase in population allowed for the increase in other sections of society. As the population increased, the need for education also rose. The number of public high schools in America grew between the 1880s and the 1890s. The idea that a free government could not function successfully with uneducated and ignorant people became more widely accepted.
Topic: immigration

Colleges became increasingly necessary and schools designed for training teachers expanded. Education was greatly helped by the Morrill Act of 1862 which granted public lands to the states for support of education, many of which became state universities. Urbanization and the population boom allowed for education to greatly increase. The problems surrounding the immigrant and working class helped awaken a new social reform movement. Jane Adams was a college-educated reformer against war and poverty. In 1889, she established the Hull House as a settlement house to help immigrants.
Topic: immigration

More settlement houses were established and used as centers for activism and social reform. In 1893, the Hull House successfully lobbied for an Illinois anti-sweatshop law to protect women workers and prohibit child labor. Urbanization after the Civil War helped to reawaken the Social Reform movements in America. Urbanization helped the United States of America rebound after the Civil War. The Population boom, growing education, and social reforms were all beneficial results that changed the nation.
Topic: immigration

Though there were some negative aspects of urbanization, the good results outweighed the bad. Kaitlyn Lucas Ms. Rizzo AP United States History B February 10, 2014 Urbanization Cons The post-Civil War age of urbanization had terrible effects on the nation as a whole. The good aspects of urbanization were not worth the bad aspects that accompanied them. The United States of America faced new problems. Urbanization led to pollution and waste production, and a disturbance in rural America. People who lived in the country produced very little waste.
Topic: immigration

They used and renewed the resources at their disposal. Once urbanization began to pick up and new businesses such as Sears began to package things in throwaway bottles, boxes, bags, and cans, getting rid of waste became a problem. Pollution became a real problem in cities and sanitary facilities could not keep up with the waste produced by the booming population. The cities were filled with a permanent stench due to impure water, uncollected garbage, unwashed bodies, and animal droppings. Urbanization removed and replaced many jobs, particularly those in agriculture.
Topic: immigration

Farmers were drawn from their fields and moved to cities to work in factories. Rural America was declining and giving way to the rise of urban America. Local general stores were replaced by large chain department stores such as Macy’s. The era of urbanization increased the division between classes. The Wealthy lived in suburban mansions and the poor lived in dirty slums, many struggling to survive. Urbanization created mass waste production, and the decline in rural America. Any good that came out of post-Civil War urbanization, was overshadowed by the negative aspects of the time period.
Topic: immigration

In this essay I am going to analyse the dramatic techniques that Arthur Millar uses in his 20th century drama called, ‘A View From The Bridge. ‘ The play is set in Brooklyn in the 1940’s when the Italians were immigrating to America to find work as they were poor and they needed to get away from Italy to find work to feed their families in Italy. Many of these immigrants entered America Illegally. The play is about a skilled docks worker in Brooklyn named Eddie Carbone.
Topic: immigration

The speech starts to develop tension because there are a lot of negative and violent words used. For example, Alfieri uses terms such as ‘Machine Gun. ‘ The effect of using a term like this is to create tension for the audience, as they now know that something bad is going to happen later on in the play. As the play progresses the audience realise that this is the only time when Alfieri uses negative and violent language. So his words take on a deeper meaning when the audience realises this. I am now going to look at Eddie’s language in the first act.
Topic: immigration

His speech is simple but at the start of the play his words are more vibrant towards Catherine as he tells he that she is “walking wavy. ” At the same time he also refers to her as a “Madonna. ” This gives the audience the idea that she is pure and she is a virgin and Eddie wants her to stay as she is. ” Listen, B. , she’ll be with a lot of plumbers? And sailors up and down the street? ” This illustrates Eddie’s feelings for Catherine and it can also mean that he does not want any other men looking at Catherine or marrying her.
Topic: immigration

Eddie’s dialogue changes when the cousins arrive. He uses working class American colloquial words, such as “Yiz have a nice trip? ” when he asks the cousins Marco and Rodolfo about their journey. Eddie wants to make it clear that he is the man of the house and that he is in charge. These expressions are only used in the first act when he is speaking to Marco and Rodolfo. This builds tension because the audience know that Eddie is going to start trouble with Marco and Rodolfo later on.
Topic: immigration

Introduction of IDs has been necessitated by the realization that, a lot of immigrants have been able to infiltrate the immigration and police departments and gained entry into the UK without undergoing the necessary verification process. This is worrying considering the fact that, verification not only minimizes the risk of terrorism but also prevents other illegal immigrants to UK such as child sex workers as well as illegal workers. The introduction of IDs is also aimed at preventing other forms of violence such as violent crime.
Topic: immigration

According to (LSE, 2005.89-134) lack of stringent and effective identification process has been found to encourage crime in that people are more likely to engage in crime on realization that it is hard to be caught. Identification cards are important in that they enable the government to plan more effectively. Accuracy in census can only be achieved if proper identification measures are put into place. For instance cases of ethnic discrimination have been blamed on poor census processes, which never come up with the actual number of ethnic minorities such as the blacks in a given community.
Topic: immigration

The sensitivity of the issue of issuance of the national identification cards in Britain can be evidenced in the way it took long for the parliament to agree on the issue. The introduction of identification cards in Britain for all citizens 16 years old and over is long overdue. The introduction of identity cards alongside passports will see the government increase effectiveness in the control of movement into and out of the country. It has been evident that, passport as an identification document had some clear disadvantages compared to a national identity card.
Topic: immigration

While passports are regarded by most people as a travelling document, the identification card will be regarded as solely meant for identification purposes with the UK. Identification cards will bear more details compared to the current passports something which signifies a greater role in accurate identification of the identity card holders. The introduction of the identity cards is also aimed at minimizing the widespread faking of passports. It is estimated that in Britain more than 50,000 passports are in possession of illegal holders.
Topic: immigration

The identification cards due in 2009 have improved security marks, which make it very hard for criminals and fraudsters to fake. If faked, from the look of the new identity cards, it will be easy to differentiate between fake and genuine identity cards. The mode of introduction is voluntary atleast upto the year 2010. This serves to accommodate the concerns of the opponents of the introduction of national identity cards who argue that, requirement to hold both a passport and a national identity card is an infringement of human rights as well as fundamental freedoms for the citizens.
Topic: immigration

Given the fact that, positive identification of criminals has been in the past found to impede investigations especially towards serious crimes, an improvement in the identification of criminals is highly welcome. As mentioned earlier, the identity cards have enhanced features which make it very hard to be faked and therefore chances that the new identification cards will solve the prevailing problem of mistaken identities are very high. Incidences of mistaken identities occasioned by ineffective identification documents and the over-reliance on passports have seen many people prosecuted for wrongs or crimes they never committed.
Topic: immigration

Therefore it becomes easy for offenders to escape and get away with claims or allegations of having been victims of faulty identification. Therefore, there is a need for proper identification cards, which can serve to authenticate claims of involvement of citizens in crime. Effective identification will see a downward surge of illegal immigration into the UK (Thomas, 2005. 12-68). Due to the faulty identification process used in the past many illegal immigrants have gained entry into UK and have not only settled here but they have also acquired jobs meant for Britons.
Topic: immigration

This can possibly be a cause for the high rates of unemployment given the fact that immigrants are a source of cheap labour and employees who get the opportunity may prefer to employ illegal immigrants as opposed to locals whose wages and salaries are usually higher than those of the immigrants. Conclusion The idea about introduction of national identity cards is a noble one given the fact that the government has taken all possible measures to make sure that the identification cards will only be used for the benefit of the citizens but not as a source of discriminatory treatment based on ethnicity, color, race, religion or social status.
Topic: immigration

Japanese Exclusion Act of 1924, also known as the Immigration Act of 1924, was one of the federal laws of the United States that limited the quantity of immigrants to United States from any country to a certain percentage of the total number of people from that country who were already living in the United States based on the 1890 Census. As for the case of Immigration Act of 1924, only two percent f the total number of people already living in United States from other country since 1890 can only be admitted (Historicaldocuments.
Topic: immigration

In fact, the Immigration Act of 1924 superseded the Emergency Quota of 1921, which required three percent of the total number of people already leaving in United States from other countries in 1910, in order to further intensify the lowering down of the total number of immigrants to the United States from other country. Specifically, the said law aimed to restrict Europeans especially those coming from the Eastern and Southern part of the said region including East Asians and Asian Indians among those regions that were restricted by the federal government of the United States from immigrating into their country.
Topic: immigration

But at the end of the day, the federal government stick to their stand and continued the implementation of Immigration Act of 1924. Furthermore, the main argument of the Japanese why they were protesting on the said act was the clear violation of United States on the Gentleman’s Agreement. Now, it was deemed that this clash between United States and Japan caused great tension between the two countries and this served as the ground for Japan to become an ally of Germans during World War II.
Topic: immigration

Still, the Chinese population in the country continues to grow mainly because of the high birth rates and Chinese immigration to Canada. From 1870 to 1920 around 25 million immigrants entered the United States wherein the Southeastern Europe provided nearly 3,500,000 immigrants between 1900 and1920. While Italy on the other hand, contributed to around 3,100,000 immigrants to the United States and Russia as well as Poland contributed to around 2,500,000 immigrants.
Topic: immigration

Moreover, there were more Japanese immigrants as compared to Mexico and France. In 1882, around 30,000 Chinese immigrants entered the United States brining the total of number of Chinese in US to 150,000. This is also the year where the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed by the government that limits the number of Chinese that can enter the United States based on a certain percentage. This Chinese Exclusion Act is effective after 10 years and will deem to be permanent until the twentieth century.
Topic: immigration

By 1908 to 1914, federal officials recorded 6,800,000 arrivals of foreign immigrants to the United States while on the other hand only 2,000,000 departures were accounted. Moreover, ninety two percent of the total number of people arrived to United States on 1910 said that they were about to join their friends and relatives that had been living in the United States plus the fact that almost ninety percent of all the immigrants settled either North or West while leaving a small percentage to drop into the South.
Topic: immigration

By 1910, foreign-born men and women comprised about 53 percent of the national industrial labor force and 75 percent of the populations in New York, Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland and Boston were made up of immigrants and their children. By 1916 in San Francisco, 75 percent of the total population regarded a foreign language as a primary tongue. Japanese Immigration to United States Japanese Immigrants to United States Started in 1880s when large number of farmers from Southern Japan moved to United States.
Topic: immigration

Trading jobs and services for votes, a powerful boss might claim the loyalty of thousands of followers. In return for their support at the polls, the boss provided jobs on the city’s payroll, found housing for new arrivals, and helped get schools, parks, and hospitals built in immigrant neighborhoods. The nation’s social conscience gradually awakened to the troubles of cities. Walter Rauschenbusch and Washington Gladden were Protestant clergymen who sought to apply the lessons of Christianity to the slums and factories.
Topic: immigration

The settlement houses became centers of women’s activism and of social reform. Florence Kelley was a lifelong battler for the welfare of women, children, blacks, and consumers. The pioneering work of Addams, Wald, and Kelley helped to create the trail that many women later followed into careers in the new profession of social work. The urban frontier opened new possibilities for women. The vast majority of working women were single due to the fact that society considered employment for wives and mothers taboo.
Topic: immigration

Ant foreignism, or nativism, arose in the 1880s with intensity. Nativists worried that the original Anglo-Saxon population would soon be outnumbered and outvoted. Nativists considered eastern and southern European immigrants inferior to themselves. They blamed the immigrants for the dreadful conditions of urban government, and unionists attacked the immigrants for their willingness to work for small wages. Among the antiforeigner organizations formed was the American Protective Association (APA). Created in 1887, it urged to vote against Roman Catholic candidates for office.
Topic: immigration

Organized labor was quick to show its negative attitude towards immigrants. Immigrants were frequently used as strike-breakers. In 1882, Congress passed the first restrictive law against immigrants. It forced paupers, criminals, and convicts back to their home countries. In 1885, Congress prohibited the importation of foreign workers under contract-usually for substandard wages. Federal laws were later enacted that were made to keep the undesirables out of America. In 1882, Congress barred the Chinese completely from immigrating to the United States (Chinese Exclusion Act).
Topic: immigration

He contributed to adapting the old-time religion to the facts of city life. The Moody Bible Institute was founded in Chicago in 1889 to carry out his work. Roman Catholic and Jewish faiths were gaining enormous strength from the New Immigration. By 1890, there were over 150 religious denominations in the United States. The Church of Christ, Scientist was founded in 1879 by Mary Baker Eddy who preached that the true practice of Christianity heals sickness.
Topic: immigration

During this time period, public education and the idea of tax-supported elementary schools and high schools were gathering strength. Teacher-training schools, called “normal schools”, experienced great expansion after the Civil War. The New Immigration in the 1880s and 1890s brought new strength to the private Catholic parochial schools, which were fast becoming a major part of the nation’s educational structure. Public schools excluded millions of adults. Crowded cities generally provided better educational facilities than the old one-room rural schoolhouses.
Topic: immigration

Washington avoided the issue of social equality. George Washington Carver taught and researched at Tuskegee Institute in 1896. He became an internationally famous agricultural chemist. Black leaders, including Dr. W.E.B. Du Bois, attacked Booker T. Washington because Washington condemned the black race to manual labor and perpetual inferiority. Du Bois helped to form the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1910.
Topic: immigration

The Morrill Act of 1862, passed after the Southern states had seceded, provided a generous grant of the public lands to the states for support of education. The Hatch Act of 1887 extended the Morrill Act and provided federal funds for the establishment of agricultural experiment stations in connection with the land-grant colleges. Millionaires and tycoons donated generously to the educational system. Johns Hopkins University, founded in 1876, maintained the nation’s first high-grade graduate school.
Topic: immigration

The Library of Congress was founded in 1897 from the donations of Andrew Carnegie. The invention of the Linotype in 1885 increased the production of texts. Joseph Pulitzer was a leader in the techniques of sensationalism in St. Louis. William Randolph Hearst built up a chain of newspapers beginning with the San Francisco Examiner in 1887. The Associated Press, founded in the 1840s, was gaining strength and wealth.
Topic: immigration

Started in 1865 by Edwin L. Godkin, it crusaded militantly for civil-service reform, honesty in government, and a moderate tariff. Henry George, another journalistic author, wrote the book Progress and Poverty in 1879, which attempted to solve the association of progress with poverty. According to George, the pressure of growing population on a fixed supply of land unjustifiably pushed up property values, showering unearned profits on owners of land. He supported a single tax. Edward Bellamy wrote the socialistic novel, Looking Backward, in which the year 2000 contained nationalized big business to serve the public interest.
Topic: immigration

In novel writing, the romantic sentiment of a youthful era was giving way to the crude human comedy and drama of the world. In 1899, feminist Kate Chopin wrote about adultery, suicide, and women’s ambitions in The Awakening. Mark Twain was a journalist, humorist, satirist, and opponent of social injustice. He recaptured the limits of realism and humor in the authentic American dialect. Bret Harte was also an author of the West, writing in California of gold-rush stories. William Dean Howells became the editor in chief of the prestigious Boston-based Atlantic Monthly.
Topic: immigration

Urban life launched the era of divorce. People in the cities were having fewer children because more children would mean more mouths to feed. Women were growing more independent in the urban environment. Feminist Charlotte Perkins Gilman called upon women to abandon their dependent status and contribute to the larger life of the community through productive involvement in the economy. XVIII. In 1890, the National American Woman Suffrage Association was founded. The re-born suffrage movement and other women’s organization excluded black women. Ida B. Wells helped to launch the black women’s club movement, which led to the establishment of the National Association of Colored Women in 1896.
Topic: immigration

The United States has been seen as a country living its proverbial “American Dream”. To the outside world it may seem that The United States has everything: wealth, freedom and democracy. Yet this dream was built on many tumultuous occasions that include the upheavals of industrialization, urbanization and the Great Depression. How have these aspects affected the economy and the faith of the American people? Furthermore the questions of various economic recessions have led up to appears to be a stable financial base.
Topic: immigration

We look at how the United States has developed its economy and the numerous legislative procedures that have aided it in becoming what the world knows as the Breadbasket of the World. We pay special attention to the 1873 Economic Panic (along with several others); American industry; the Progressive era and Roosevelt’s ‘New Deal’. The 1873 Economic Panic was not the first time America had seen, but it was the first recession they saw after the Civil War. It began on the 18 September 1873, the day a large financial banking institution closed its doors to the public and declared bankruptcy (Precious Metals News, 2008).
Topic: immigration

Jay Cooke and Company were in fact the first of many institutions that were to close. There had been a boom in the railway industry and many financial institution including Cooke and Company had invested in it. It appeared that the business itself was expanding while the cash that it needed was dwindling (Precious Metal News, 2008). Financial institutions plowed their money into the railway production and suddenly realized that they had overextended themselves and had to close their doors (PMN, 2008).
Topic: immigration

The tension this caused between banks, the public and employees lasted a full 6 years after the Panic had apparently ended. Troops were employed to control the rioting masses and although it lasted so long to be rewarded with a new wave of economic growth in the 1920’s (Precious Metals News, 2008). As an independent country, the United States found its industry dominated by the railways, gold and oil in a re-birth after the Civil War. The Great Depression was different to the Panic in that it was a global issue.
Topic: immigration

This recession occurred for ten years between 1929-1939 (Precious Metals News, 2008). Prior to the Great Depression, a great deal of political and economic growth occurred, and the situation was volatile (VanGiezen & Schwenk, 2003). Ironically, the greatest growth occurred after the first World War and ended in 1929. the country had seen an increase in urban populations and had weathered both international crises and civil crises but was perhaps unprepared for the dip the worlds economy would see (VanGiezen & Schwenk, 2003).
Topic: immigration

Employment had also seen an increase both in acquisition and in remuneration between 1913 and 1925 (VanGiezen and Schwenk, 2003). “The Great Depression, a long and severe period of economic decline, affected the United States and the entire industrialized world. ”(VanGiezen & Schwenk, 2003). So there had clearly been a huge impact on social structure and economy in the 1920’s with many people earning much more than they had before the war. The stock market fell between 1929 and 1932 by 90% a stark contrast to previous years and uncannily similar to the 1873 Panic (VanGiezen & Schwenk, 2003).
Topic: immigration

It is not known what precisely caused the Great Depression, but it is hypothesised that governmental mis-management was partly to blame and the Wall Street Crash was seen at the beginning of the huge decline (Precious Metal News, 2008). The financial explanation was that the governments monetary policy was fixated on the contraction of the money supply as an attempt to stop inflation but that the actual problem in the economy was deflation (Precious Metal News, 2008). The strength of the economy prior to the Wall Street Crash was largely thanks to the Progressive Movement in what was later termed the Progressive Era.
Topic: immigration

Taking place between 1900 and 1918 the Movement had followers from both the Democratic and Republican parties and strove for economic and social reform (Rutgers, 2004). It began as a reaction to immigration and industrialization and the period 1900-1910 showed an influx of eastern European immigrants that were by all intents and purposes, cheap labor (Rutgers, 2004). The rapid and extensive growth of industry supported this influx and the urban areas became more and more populated.
Topic: immigration

There followed exploitation of immigrants and the Progressive movement members fought to have these conditions to be alleviated. The Progressive members came from the upper class or middle class strata of society and at times t was motivated by religious conviction and at other times for personal gain. To an extent the Progressive movement wished to emancipate these workers and seek a fairer method of dealing with industrial workers (Rutgers, 2004). It would make sense that the emancipation that was to ensue was to cause a financial deficit among employers.
Topic: immigration

The Progressive era also wanted to make society more democratic, giving rights to anyone who would be an American citizen, including the immigrants (The Library of Congress, 2008). The 1920’s ushered in the New era which was dominated by the automobile which changed lives for ever and dominated industry (Library of Congress, 2008). Following the first World War Franklyn D Roosevelt promised the United States a New Deal, which basically saw the reformation of financial institutions and the banking environments.
Topic: immigration

The New Deal lasted 6 years and greatly helped those who had been irreversibly affected by the depression (Library of Congress, 2008). The New Deal gave the government power in the banking industry and therefore a right to involve itself in the affairs of the financial industry. It also helped those who were migrant workers and those previously down-trodden during the Progressive Era (Library of Congress, 2008). Some historical data shows urbanization through industry in around 1900 shows and intersection where agriculture declined and more people were employed in urban areas (Sukkoo, 2004: 20).
Topic: immigration

Despite this it was still known as the breadbasket of the world given the amount of food it produced on large scale farming operations. Even during the depression, America still produced a large amount of agricultural products which helped to feed many nations (Diagram) (Sukkoo, 2004: 20-22). The Steam Engine is seen as a contributing factor to this advance in the world market, research done by Kim Sukkoo believes that water-powered firms faired better in urban areas and that while it did not contribute to urbanization it did contribute to the agricultural sector (Sukkoo, 2004: Abstract).