ktmeng/mec huggingface dataset:
Topic: family

the major causes of institutionalisation. Liu and Zhu (2009) noted that orphanhood is a generic categorization used mainly to describe a parental status as well as the socio-economic condition of children who have lost one or both parents due to various causes. According to UNICEF (2004) over 145 million children worldwide have lost one or both parents due to various causes. These orphans then continue to fall in vicious cycles despite the fact that the extended family has been incorporating them within their families. The extended family and communities are having a challenge of being weakened by the impact of HIV/AIDS hence children being forced to live under undesirable conditions. Children’s homes have therefore been put in place so as to accommodate orphans and vulnerable children so that they grew up in a loving family environment. Many people presume that most institutionalized children are orphans this is often not the case as some have their parents alive and most having some extended families, however their level of vulnerability qualifies them to live in institutions for safety purposes for as long as they can be categorised as in need of care as espoused in section 2 of the Children’s Protection Act (Chapter 5:06).
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and adult productivity. The same study shows that children in orphanages are uniquely vulnerable to the medical and psycho-social hazards of institutional care. Short term effects of institutionalization are that children risk contracting serious illnesses and developing language impairments while long term effects include children developing psychological problems like personality disorders. Sachiti (2011) further quotes Ford and Kroll (1995) who argue that examination of institutionalization reveals that even good institutions can harm children, leaving teens ill-prepared for the outside world. Furthermore, a research by Save The Children (SAVE) established that institutional care often causes serious and negative impacts on the development and rights of children, (Mulungeta, 2003). The second international conference on children and residential care held in Stockholm in May 2003 came up with a declaration (The Stockholm Declaration) indicating that the negative impact of institutional care should be prevented through the minimisation of the the use of institutions and resorting to the strengthening of community based approaches such as re-integration. Due to the unpopularity of children’s homes in Zimbabwe, residential care institutions continue to exists as islands with minimum interaction between institutionalized children and the surrounding communities. As a result, community members have developed mixed attitudes towards children raised in residential care institutions. This study therefore sets out to explore the nature of attitudes held by local communities against institutionalised children.
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Despite the clarion call from the government and child care practitioners through various policy pronouncements such as the National Orphan Care Policy prohibiting the institutionalisation of OVCs, orphans and vulnerable children continue to be admitted and raised in residential care institutions. This is in direct contradcition with the Zimbabwean culture of ‘ubuntu’ or ‘humwe’ which values the role of the extended family and the community in raising children. It sad to note that residential care institutions continue to exists as islands, without comprehensive interaction between institutionalised children and the surrounding communities. This phenomena has led communities to develop various unjustified attitudes towards institutionalized children. This phenomena is partly attributed to attitudes that are held by local communities towards children’s homes. Such negative attitudes have contributed to the stigmatization of orphans and other vulnerable children (OVC) which have created a barrier towards proper integration of institutionalised children into the mainstream society upon their discharge. Over the past years, the Department of Social Services has made frontic efforts by ensuring that institutionalised children are taken out of institutions and placed with foster parents in the wider communities during school holidays. This is meant to demonstrate that institutionalised children are humans too and are entitled to equal treatment like any other children in Zimbabwe. Paradoxically, there has been no change in terms of attitudes towards children living in institutions by the communities. This study is therefore aimed at evaluating the community’s attitudes towards institutionalised children.
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The research findings will contribute to existing literature related to childcare and protection in Zimbabwe, which will in turn be used by various stakeholders in crafting and implementing child care interventions which are sensitive to the needs of institutionalised children in Zimbabwe. The research is also expected to deepen the researcher’s understanding of the nature of relationship that exists between residential care institutions and the surrounding communities. According to Muguwe et al (2011:148), one of the reasons faced during the reintegration of institutionalised into the communities is the negative attitudes of community members towards children from institutions. Muguwe et al (2011) used a mixed methodology approach in which quantitative and qualitative data was triangulated. This study used a qualitative approach in a bid to achieve an in-depth and rigorous exploration of the nature of attitudes held by communities towards institutionalised children as well as successes and challenges of the process of re-integration of institutionalized children in Zimbabwe.
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The research will use principles and concepts derived from the General Systems Theory (GST). The General Systems theory (GST) was outlined by Ludwig von Bertalanffy in 1968. The general systems theory is a way of elaborating increasingly complex systems across a continuum that encompasses the person-in-environment (Anderson, Carter, & Lowe, 1999). Systems theory also enables us to understand the components and dynamics of client systems in order to interpret problems and develop balanced intervention strategies, with the goal of enhancing the “goodness of fit” between individuals and their environments. In the present research, the systems theory will help in the elaboration of the nature of relationship that exist residential care institutions and their wider surroundings and how this interaction contribute to attitude formation.
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There was a routine to it all: we knew that if you carefully played along you’d eventually be released, if not with your dignity, then at least with your skin” (Chariandy, 29). This quote proves that the police officers abuse their authority in the black community, looking upon all black men as potential suspects and treating them as such. Secondly, Michael and Francis are seen only as thieves and are misconceived by others due to their race.
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Due to her unfortunate circumstances, she has to casually explain that she is “just window shopping” to over attentive salespeople. Secondly, the boys’ economic and ethnic status contribute to their slow realization that they can never fully feel a part of the community that they have grown up in. In the text, Michael explains, “One morning, I peered with Francis into a newspaper box to read a headline about the latest terror and caught in the glass the reflection of our own faces” (16).
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Children of Men and Snowpiercer are two apocalyptic science fiction films that employ the biblical elements to talk about the destruction of the world. Children of Men and Snowpiercer both use the biblical elements to represent the idea of purging human’s sin and the symbol of Adam and Eve. However, the idea of God’s salvation is discussed in different senses in two films. In Children of Men, the protagonist is actually the representative of Jesus who successfully brings salvation to humans, while in Snowpiercer, Wilford is a god-like figure which brings destruction to human instead of salvation.
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The destruction of two sinful cities represents an act of purifying sin. This biblical element is also demonstrated in Children of Men. In the movie, the world is full of crisis, including pollution, nuclear accidents, social division, and terrorist bombings, which are all created by human beings. All these human made crisis leads to human’s destruction. Although the world in the movie is not destroyed by fire like Sodom and Gomorrah, the world will be destroyed by human extinction because of severe human infertility. Those crisis signify human being’s sin as they are created out of human’s selfishness and cruelty. In this sense, this kind of destruction also represents the idea of purifying sin because the world in Children of Men is full of sin. In terms of Snowpiercer, the film actually employs the biblical story- ‘the ark of Noah’. In Genesis, the world will be destroyed by a great flood of water, which also indicates the act of cleansing human beings’ sin. In the film, the world is not destroyed by water but ice as human beings try to combat global warming through a science project. Destroying the nature is seen as a sin of human beings as it is actually created out of human’s selfishness. Therefore, the ice is a signifier of a great flood of water, signifying the cleansing of human’s sin.
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Vygotsky believed that all learning and ideas begin in the social world.?Central to his theory, he believes that children learn through the process of social collaboration with someone who is more knowledgeable than they are.?The Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?According to vygotsky, this is what a child cannot do on his/her own but can with minimum help from those older/more knowledgeable/more skilled.?Therefore, this proves that the presence of siblings is beneficial in a way that they are able to facilitate one another in social development. Elder siblings will act as facilitator in handling conflicts and will thus enhance social skills for his/her other younger siblings.
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Article A: Proof There’s Nothing Quite Like A Sibling Bond?It is the child’s “first peer interaction and the first opportunity to handle different aspects of long-term and intimate relationships”?Teach children how to resolve conflicts and manage friendships?Children with siblings are more “emotionally skilled” as they learn lessons from the fights and arguments with their siblings?When siblings “experience traumatic events together”, they are able to “put their differences aside and band together for strength and support” thus growing closer together as they grow up?As siblings age, their morale seems to be higher if their siblings are also still living
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Article B: How Parents Can Help Them Get On?Siblings teach one another about “comradeship and combat, loyalty and rivalry when to stand up for ourselves and when not to, how to share confidences and the wages of breaking them, selfishness and selflessness, mentoring (as well as) listening” ?Siblings that argued things out on their own did a better job in ending the fight and making up and devising rules that will prevent the same argument from occurring again?They are better in calibrating their argument techniques depending on the age of the family members they are fighting with
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Sibling Identity And Relationships; Brothers and Sisters?Older siblings plays a “crucial role in extending the physical, spatial horizon of (younger) siblings as well as (expands) their imaginative landscapes” (Edwards, Hadfield, Lucey& Mauthner, 2006)?When siblings go to certain places together, this establishes a “tangible relationship of dependence with the older” siblings (Edwards, et al·, 2006)
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Sibling Development; Implications For Mental Health Practitioners?Conflicts between siblings leads to “various positive skills including perspective taking, turn taking, negotiation, persuasion and compromise” (Caspi, 2011).?Sibling relationship may be a “powerful learning environment” . This is because “in comparison to peers, older siblings gave more guidance and positive feedback to younger siblings” and they “paid greater attention”to it. (Caspi, 2011).
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We can have someone to talk to besides our parents and teachers (Weisner, 1989 & Zukow-Goldring, 2002).?Social and emotional development-learn how to solve conflicts from a young age(Grusec & Hastings, 2015)?Good social skills, interact with people from a young ageOnly child?According to an analysis conducted, it is stated that most only child shows higher scores in terms of intelligence, educational outcomes and achievement motivation (Caspi, 2011).
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Self-esteem is linked to a belief in self-efficacy”( Petersen, 2015). Nondirective teaching, from beginning to end, is a creation of the students’ efforts. Students create their own action plans for development, they are intrinsically motivated to follow-through on the action plans, and subsequent sessions of nondirective questioning reveal to them that the progress they have made toward their goals is directly linked to their own efforts (Petersen, 2015)
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In today’s day and age, we know that the youth will be the future. This is why children’s safety is of utmost priority to all countries around the world. All want that which is best for their youth. However, progress has been slow. The FBI has stated that 2 of 3 sexual abuses are perpetrated against teenagers and children. All countries want the wellbeing of all their residents. China’s stance on things like these has been three-fold.
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do not stop children (aged 6-10) from using social media. This poses a threat to them as they cannot differentiate from known and unknown, and can fall prey to child abuse. Phishing is not a serious a problem in China and is being effectively handled with awareness programs. China’s crime rate is one of the lowest in the world. It has the lowest homicide rate with 0.62 per 100,000 residents, better than most countries.
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Additionally, those affected by cyber bullying can go into committing crimes, depression, drug abuse, suicide attempts. This has an overall negative effect on their security. Children are being taught on how to identify potential spam emails and malware. Online suicidal games have an impact on children, but because of the government’s efforts, it does not compromise their safety and security. Low crime rate means that children are more aware on how accept the social contract. Children in china are secure as the crime rate has decreased. Things which were feared in the past like rape, kidnapping, or murder, are now frowned upon by everyone. Lastly, drug abuse has been a major problem for quite a while now, but it is being effectively handled by the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, ensuring that through rehabilitation and completely removing the industry of illicit drugs, the youth is better grounded. In addition to this, parents are also keeping a keener eye on their kids to ensure their wellbeing.
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Solutions: Development and progress cannot exist without keeping an eye on the youth; they are the future that we must safeguard. Current solutions to cyberbullying include a legislative document published by Chinese Authorities safeguarding rights of minors and adolescents. No individual is allowed to abuse or bully any minor online. It goes on to state that no personal information of children can be collected o used without their proper consent. Failure to do so, would mean fines or closure. In the committee meeting, we would like to discuss how it can be regulated and how this can benefit adolescents and reduce cyberbullying. Juvenile crimes have rehabilitation centers in place to change their mindset, however this cannot be a long term solution to the entire population, which is huge. Additionally, funding from the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology has helped so far but it would be better to find alternate funds in solving substance abuse in China. The Drug war still persists in China; although this is being tackled, a lot of users are still unknown to us, so to truly know the extent of drug abuse laws would help us.
Topic: family

Teachers play an essential role in children’s social, cultural and economic development. They transmit and execute values that develop their creative thinking and interests. In the last decade, women have made a significant advancement in adapting the education sector as their field of career. This is due to the fact that women educators provide nurturing care in their pedagogical practices. Also, because they are biologically engineered by the universe to be better at raising young children. Moreover, women multi-tasking skills make them a strong fit in the educational setting as they do it from an early age at home while doing household works.
Topic: family

Another reason for women being better educators is their incredible patience due to empathic thinking when implementing any pedagogical practice. This thinking is highly valuable in creating trust, insight into what the child might be feeling, aiding to know why a child is reacting in a particular way in any situation and able to respond with informed decisions of leadership qualities. So, an emphateic women educator knows that each child has got diverse learning abilities in different areas of education. She is willing to educate these diverse group of learners through different kind of activities according to their behaviour to ensure that they learn the concepts of their respective subjects. She achieves this by using her knowledge, experiences and critical thinking to improve children’s learning in a subtle, but important ways.
Topic: family

This led me to the conclusion that unlike mommy, he prioritized me over his career. We often went to the park after school where I enjoyed my evenings. One evening, I fell off the jungle gym and hurt myself pretty bad. Blood gushed out of my forehead, nose and arms. Upon noticing this, daddy carried me in his arms and sprinted across the roads, taking me to the hospital in time. There, he held my head when I had my stitches. When it was bed time, he read me stories and we had small talks, after which I dozed off.
Topic: family

Other people believe living with my mom would be the best option. After all, she did take care of me for five years, didn’t she? Going off for two years to pursue her career is not illegal, especially when men do it all the time. Some of my friends dads go to other countries for a year or two for job purposes and no one bats an eye. Also, I missed mommy, mostly when I reminisce our play time, our walks to the school and the yummy lunches she used to give me. Similar to every child when they are five, I too was closer to my mom. I miss that affection, warmth and attention that she accorded me with. Also, people say she earns much more than dad, so I will be getting the latest toys and maybe even going to exotic holiday locations if I get to live with her.
Topic: family

Children aged 2 to 4 years old choose their own interpretation of what they see rather than the actual view that is shown to others during the egocentric stage, which is the first phase of pre-operational stage (Piaget, 1967). This is evident when Ming snatched the toy from Sara without considering how she would have felt and when he yelled at her saying that the car belonged to him (Running Record, 10:05).
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According to Parten’s Classification of Play (1932), children aged 4 to 6 years old engage in cooperative play as they share, take turns, and allow others to be leaders of the group. However, they can be quite difficult when it comes to cooperating with their friends (Ministry of Social and Family Development, 2018). This can be seen when Ming snatched the toy and yelled at Sara when she wanted to borrow it from him (Running Record, 10:05). Also, he was unable to cooperate with Sam to come to a resolution on who to take on the respective roles for the “Police and Thief” game and ended up screaming and crying (Checklist, No:14). With more opportunities given to regulate his emotions through play, Ming will be able to better express his feelings, have more control over his behavior, experiment with decision making that will lead to fewer temper tantrums.
Topic: family

Description of activity: Since Ming loves to read, the teacher can read to the class the storybook “The Rainbow Fish”. Then, she can get the class to dramatise the story by getting them to role play the different characters which include “The Rainbow Fish” and the other fishes. Through this dramatisation, Ming will be able to understand and see the positive effects of sharing and the perspectives of the other fishes who admire the Rainbow Fish’s sparkling scales.
Topic: family

Description of activity: Child A will play the “Traffic Police” and face the wall. The other children will portray the different types of vehicles and will stand at the other side of the room, forming a straight starting line. When the “Traffic Police” shouts “Green!” the children will move forward. When the “Traffic Police” shouts “Red!” the children will stop while child A turns behind to see if everyone stopped moving. If any child is spotted moving, they can be sent back to the starting line. The winner is the first person to tap the “Traffic Police” without getting caught.
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She is awestruck at Labang’s strength and horns. Leon helps her on the cart and she sits on a bale of husk. They start their journey and Leon has the reins. After going a little further, Baldo takes the reins and takes a sudden route change into the rocky road of Waig and surrounding fields. Leon enquiries about the change of route and Baldo assure him that he is only following their father’s orders.
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Ashraf (2009), in a Philippine study using an exploratory design posits that women in most developing countries have restricted decision-making abilities that are as a result of differences in gender roles and family social hierarchy. Women’s inability to control their own sexual and reproductive health can lead to high fertility rates, frequent unwanted pregnancies and may increase the risk of complications during childbirth. This places women at an increased risk of maternal mortality. Power dynamics within the household can mean that women are unable to take control over their reproductive health, putting them at an increased risk of maternal death.
Topic: family

Klingberg-Allvin et al. (2012), in their qualitative analysis to identify and synthesize of the non-financial access barriers to maternal health services in Vietnam, conclude that the first and most important duty of a wife is to bear a son to continue with the family lineage and provide spiritual assertion. On the contrary, some other studies also found that women’s decision-making power within the family has only a weak or no effect on women’s maternal health. For instance, Simkhada, Vanteijlingen and Porter (2008), looked at factors affecting the utilization of antenatal care in developing countries.
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Fotso et al. (2009), while looking at the influence of women’s decision- making on maternal health among Nairobi women in Kenya concluded that, education, household wealth, demographic and health covariates had strong relationships with place of delivery but women’s decision making was rather a weak determinant. Even though researches on the influence of women’s decision-making on maternal health have been conducted in various countries, for instance, Mali, Philippines and Ethiopia, there was need for a study interrogating determinants of maternal health in Ainamoi Constituency due to variation in cultures hence the study employed ethnographic research design to establish the relationship between women’s decision-making power within the family among the Kipsigis and their utilization of maternal healthcare services.
Topic: family

In a study by Mkhize 2014, the most common sources of knowledge about the use of Traditional Medicines in pregnancy were relatives (82.4%), showing the power of family influence. This finding is similar to other studies which found that older family members were the most common persons who recommended the use of herbal medicines during pregnancy. In this study, some participants reported that they did not know much about Traditional Medicine in pregnancy but were forced or coerced to take TM by a family member. In a study by Ngubeni, women stated that they were forced by mother in laws to use TM in pregnancy (Ethnic groups in South Africa, 2012).
Topic: family

The instance is an American playwright Tennessee Williams, play A Streetcar Named Desire; in the zone of Elysian fields, New Orleans, where Elysian fields refer to a place where the life is purely known as it is. Pure from classism and worries. Where the character Blanche, just gone by a road through two streetcars named Cemeteries and Desire incoming at Elysian Fields.In accordance with the relevance of the context. She went through a route of life (Desire), preceding death (Cemeteries), to heaven ( Elysian fields ).
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The first half of the account points to the realistic and enclosed life lead by the character Mr. Zero, who is being assaulted at home and abused by the boss, eventually, he kills his boss. In contrast to this the second half, depicts a strange danger in his eternal life. Where he exits with limitless chances and numberless selections. The one constant thing throughout the play is the character himself, and the journey he chooses from all that he has imagined.
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Public standing is the standard through which people are numbered, and so is Mr. zero numbered zero because he somewhat exactly is a zero. He is futureless. He is exactly the adding machine, whose life solely consists of just adding the numbers. He has an insensitive wife who has always been a fed up personality. He was bound to the routine and soul, was bottled up unless he murdered his boss and this was the time when he let his desires to be ruled.
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This first half is the refection of his empty, irritating, and meaningless life. It is difficult to understand what is wrong with Mr. zero. He is a racist, boring, and annoyingly complaining person and discriminates against the Jews. There is no way one can hate him because he is stuck in a small world, incapable of escape, he holds the burden of worthless responsibilities. He is drained with hatred and self-guilt, he walks down on the tapered streets to find his lost self, to make a choice, to let his bottled-up desires come true that in any possible way release him from the stress he has been in. There is no way one can hate him because before his implementation to do such an unexpected thing slow down harmonies. He is like an animal that has been raised in custody, completely unable of grasping instead of feeling detached from the original natural world.
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The second half assists to show that thou he is in Elysian fields given the absolute freedom, where he could be forever free, where he could find the true love of his life still at that point he chooses to be again the old adding machine. This scene highlights the unconnected issue of free will and no free will. But for sure interestingly suggests that it is the addictive drug for the isolated masse that attempt to lose oneself in the love. This play is referred to as those who temp to understand the condition of humanity in the 21st century.
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In the last scene of the play, Mr. zero is told that now he has to return to earth and has to do all again and is told about the blunt truths about his situations. According to the thought of the play writer, once a person is aware of its in different situations, he works upon to change it. But sadly many who are actually aware of their situation, never struggle to change it those are the once who will probably desire, that Mr. zero to lose his memory and as an ideal would lean to his innocence.
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The Elysium is also referenced in the native title Die Zauberflte (The Magic Flute), by an influential composer of the classical era Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. He has described what it feels to have the dream girl, the main idea is to live life as a wise man and to feel like one is in Elysium. The characters involved are a fine-looking prince, a princess who has been kidnapped, a troubled queen, and a faithful partner of the prince to create the fanciful imagination in the play the magic flute. There is a beautiful account for the beautiful description of the girl as he stated the fanciful of beauty the old and forehead as Elysium fields. Hairs referred to as garden lands, this unique performance of the Mozart is a combination of melody, mystic, fairy tale, and myth to convey the message of love, it concurs all. It is conducted by Thierry Fischer the music director of Utah Symphony.
Topic: family

As every single of our presence is an integral part of our society where we live and develop, we all should appreciate our family especially our mothers who make a big contribution for society by giving a birth to children and by raising children. Undoubtedly the desire for the golden middle, as the most favorable and harmonious state, is the goal of every woman. Engage in their own development, grow as a professional and earn well, while being a caring mother and a loving wife – this is the position that allows a woman to take place in all spheres.
Topic: family

Since the beginning of the twentieth century workforce of females increased from only 1.878 in 1965 grew rapidly and reached 2.729 in 2014 (numbers are given in 10.000 person %). If earlier only a man earned money in the family, then now the woman has the opportunity to work as well and receive salaries. Thus, a woman became less and less dependent on a man, and as a result, now we are faced with such a problem that a woman has to make a choice between a family and a career.
Topic: family

Low fertility rate and aging society has been one of the main issues in many developed countries especially in Japan. This change in demography of Japanese society is referred to as population aging and the total population will fall by a third from 128 million in 2010 to 87 million in 2060. One of the scholars and economists at Tohoku University created a countdown to national extinction and according to its estimations, there is a high possibility that Japan might have one remaining child in the year of 4205. It seems that the desire not to have children does not seem to be an underlying factor in the birth rate. Many family also want to have children however most of them are giving up on motherhood was not a choice but rather an unavoidable outcome of the reality of contemporary life in Japan as it was hard to make a harmonization of work and life. According to the “The 13th birth trend basic investigation” of National Institute of Population and Social Security Research, we can see that working female employees make selection between either work or marriage/maternity/childrearing.
Topic: family

As even in 2000~2004 only 13.4% of female employees return back to their work after using a maternity leave while in contrast more than 40% of them quit their jobs. So, this figure also indicates that even though having a very accurate legal policies and government initiatives yet the percentage of women continuing their work before and after maternity has not changed during 1985~2005 period of time. (See diagram 1) This figures gives us an idea that some social challenges still remain and there is a lack of enforcement of legal policies which was created to promote a work life balance policy. One of them is a male-centered traditional Japanese-style workplace practices.
Topic: family

“In order to return for a well paid jobs, usually permanent workers should provide a “flexible” working schedule that suits the company’s convenience, which typically includes long working hours, unscheduled overtime, and business trips as well as frequent relocations.”” As a consequence the number of female employees who choose family over their career growth increase as they adjust with the husband’s schedule and takes all household responsibilities including childcare duties as well. Another evidence for this case is, the time spent on housework and childcare by Japanese wives are about 10 to 15 times that of husbands. According to JILPT “National Survey of Households with Children”: Outline of the National Survey of Households with Children (NSHC) in both periods (2012 and 2014) overall time spent on housework by husbands was significantly low with only about 30 minutes while in contrast wives even with regular employment status spent more than 150 minutes on a daily basis.
Topic: family

Another contributing factor for working mothers not being able to keep a work life balance (WLB) is due to the “Kindergarten Waiting List” which has been occurring especially in urban areas. As if working females’ child is on the waiting list, it make the situation difficult to continue to work because it means that they cannot rely on nursery school to take care of their child and they choose either to take longer maternity leaves or quitting job. This issue has been emerging especially in urban cities of Japan such as Tokyo, Yokohama, Osaka, Chiba and etc. According to the Japan Times news on April 12, 2018, more than 55,000 children (90% of them are the number of children 0~2 years) are waiting for nursery school places in Japan as lists grow for third straight year. Besides that, there is a strict point system and deadlines for application in order to be eligible to get an offer to a daycare. Points can be added or minimized depending on a variety of factors, such as health issues, employment, marital status and others. Having higher points can secure to be enrolled but not exactly in the following months, there still might be some months to wait. Among couple of day care institutions the most desirable one are public center which are municipally run, subsidized and monthly fees are based on annual income of parents. Other options are either private (partially subsidized) and completely private centers which are expensive to afford for everyone.
Topic: family

Another example of social challenges to have a harmonization of work and life for working mothers is mental pressure by their co-workers which constituted to the emergence of “matahara ????” a new Japanese terminology and widely spread among nation and it is an abbreviation of “Maternity” and “Harassment” words from English. In order to take preventive measures towards discrimination and harassment some actions and campaigns have launched in a national level. One of them is “Matahara net” which was founded by one of Japanese female who suffered from the same harassment. Main purpose of this organization is to raise the awareness, especially of those who are directly and indirectly causing this issue, to organize complaints from suffered females and to develop laws and to provide both emotional and social support for victims of this harassment. More precisely, due to this type of harassment there has been arising major problems linked to demotion, termination of employment, termination of contract or making them in a condition to choose the option of voluntary resignation. It also accompanied by the high risk of miscarriage and early birth.
Topic: family

According to Matahara net website there are two major reasons behind emergence of this issue. Firstly, it is a gender-based division of roles. Despite the fact that in the last decades how Japanese females also heavily got involved into the workforce and reaching a managerial, senior, CEO positions, yet traditional beliefs still exist in most Japanese families which is males play a role of main financial supporter of the family and females play a role of housewife by being responsible of both house chores and child care. Secondly, it is due to long working hours. Another factor which leads to the difficulty of WLB is irregular working hours.
Topic: family

Although standards of working hours have been stated on LSA (Article 32) and there is exceptions to statutory working hours (LSA Article 36 (1)), on condition if there is a written agreement majority labor union or a majority representative in the place of business is concluded and its submission to the authorities is required, thus even the specified hours on the agreement goes beyond of statutory working hours, it is not considered as illegal. Hence, it has been one of the encouraging factor to have long working hours as long as it was concluded and notified in a written form regarding to LSA basic rules on working hours. On the other hand according to Act on Child Care leave Article 17, employer is not allowed to order overtime exceeding 24 hours per month or 150 hours per year (since for regular workers are allowed to work overtime for a maximum of 360 per year) for its employees whose children is not yet enrolled in elementary school. However this article is applicable only for those employees who have been working continuously for one year under the same employer.
Topic: family

However working mothers prefer to have a job where is no overtime when there is a condition by the employer to ask them to do overtime at any time. As for working mothers fixed working hours are more preferable since it is crucial for them to finish a work at a fixed time in order to be able to send and pick up their children from daycares at a fixed time. If working mothers cannot harmonize their work with their family especially raising a young children they might end up with voluntary resignation. In this case, Article 17 is still standing to be revised in order to meet employees particularly working mothers need.
Topic: family

Besides that, in 1995 more than 230,000 Japanese female workers quit their jobs in order to take care for their children as they were not able to keep a harmonization of work and life. If we take a look at the issue from company’s perspective, due to the high number of resignation of female workers because of pregnancy/maternity leave/child care leave, is being a big loss of qualified human capital and at the same time it is considered as a damage for the company’s budget. Moreover, management also has been changed; until hiring a new workforce as a replacement, burden has increased to their colleagues and it has been both time and financial demanding process for the company to hire a new employees.
Topic: family

Cerebral palsy (CP) is defined as a neurological disorder caused by a non-progressive brain injury or malfunction, while the child’s brain is under development. This condition persists for longer life and leads to disability throughout life. Common expressions of CP include but are not limited; The lack of coordination of the muscles when performing voluntary movements, strong or tight muscles and exaggerated awareness (flexibility), walking with a foot or leg pull, muscle tone, which is either very strict or very floppy , Excessive drift or difficulties swallowing or speaking and moving (vibrate) or random involuntary movements CP cases are considered to be higher in Africa than in Europe or United States; High incidence major contributor is athletic and newborn infections at birth.
Topic: family

The requirement for community service is to appear for 9 hours a week, that is 3 hours a day, 3 days a week. I reported to CPSK from Tuesday to Thursday from 9:00 am to 12:00, the first duty on arrival is cleaning the compound which may include sweeping the compound, washing the veranda, mopping the classes and some of the office and at times, the toilet area. Next, we would wash the vans if there was enough water, there are two vans used to transport the students to and from home and afterwards we would do any job that would be required of us. At midday, we would sign out for the day.
Topic: family

The Kenya Government believes that disability reduces in all areas of development and all should be an integral part of national planning. Therefore the government continued to create a competent environment for different players to include disability. Issues in their policies and programs. Nevertheless, the majority of people with disabilities live efforts are needed for policy makers to invisible and integrate their participation in the national development Initiative. It is noted that the person with disability is not a homogeneous group, but it is different in terms of the nature of their disability and, that Kenya has no accurate data Disability which policy makers can rely on.
Topic: family

Despite the lack of accurate data, Government and other stakeholders have tried to offer a wide range of services to disabled persons. Kenya has made several laws such as Kenya’s Constitution and 2010 Disability Act 2003, which outlines the minimum standards of access to public services By persons with disabilities. However, in many cases which is lacking, there is a framework of action to overcome it The barriers that violate these rights Public administrators and other public officials Barriers to the disabled while looking for public services. The problem is linked to one There is a lack of awareness among the public administrators about the needs of the people
Topic: family

Cerebral palsy is a real problem that affects us today. It is therefore important that more of society is made aware of the problem in order to alleviate cases of stigmatization and victimization. We all have a responsibility to be each other’s keeper and cerebral palsy society of Kenya has shown us that it is possible if we come together like the parents who came together to form CPSK. With continued help from partners, volunteers and the government, it is possible to create an environment in which persons living with cerebral palsy can lead a relatively normal life.
Topic: family

Teratogenic influences on the fetal brain caused by illicit drug use can be potentially deadly. We can state that children exposed to drug usage in utero can be victims of child abuse and maltreatment. The purpose of this research paper is to describe the effects of children who are born to mothers that are heavily addicted to drugs, and study how a child’s language is affected. Applying Bowlby’s theory of attachment I will uncover the struggles mothers face bonding with their children due to their use of illicit narcotics.
Topic: family

Maternal substance abuse provides negative outcomes for both mother and child (Parolin, M., & Simonelli, A. 2016). There are an innumerable amount of risk factors that can affect a child’s development. Once conceived, a mother can unwilling be referred to child protective services. According to preclinical studies, it has been determined that neurobiological pathways can actually compromise a mothers ability to parent and understand an infant’s behavioral cues and expressions (Rutherford H, Williams S, Moy S, Mayes L, Johns J.
Topic: family

Attachment theories focus on early childhood development and how it reflects and play a major role later in life. Maternal substance abuse throws a wrench into that and negatively influences a child’s development and speech. Recent studies show a high increase with maternal substance abuse with infants born to drug-dependent mothers, which affect 400,000 mothers annually in the United States (2008, National Survey on Drug Use and Health). In order to understand why mothers are using drugs, we have to take into consideration their environmental factors as well as their socioeconomic status. Are women in higher income household less likely to use drugs more than their counterparts, which would include lower income mothers that have the least access to medical care? Do the stress of a new child and financial situations put a strain on a mother, which then leads to her drugs usage to counter those feelings? There a multitude of reasons why any mother would choose to use illicit drugs whilst pregnant. The underlying reality is that the effects of drug use can lead to poor nutrition, small birth rate, and even more detrimental, stillbirth.
Topic: family

Attitudes and behaviors of drug-abusing mothers include dysfunctional features. These features include ignoring a child after childbirth, harbor feelings of anger and disdain, threatening disciplinary methods and also lack of supervision and control (Dore MM. 1998). A Seattle study was performed in July 1991 through December 1993, which studied the performance of children whose mothers abused alcohol and drugs and examined the research using Bayley Scales of Infant Development (Kartin, 2018). Participants of this study were told that in three years they would be interviewed and evaluated to see how the children grew developmentally.
Topic: family

The results show that within a three-year span it took to collect information from the mothers that were enrolled, eighty-one children were available in total. Twenty-three of the children out of twenty-eight were in the HRC group which contained 82 percent. Thirty out of the thirty-four children were lumped into the CRC group, which contained 88 percent, and thirty-one children were in the control group. The HRC group contained hospital recruits that reported the use of alcohol. The CRC group was the community group, which analyzed illicit drug effects, and the control group was a substitute group that was used to indicate if they mixed both alcohol and drugs together.
Topic: family

What can be comprised from this study was that children which were born preterm early in their gestational age, was not different from the child that was born full term to mothers that abused both alcohol and illicit drugs such as heroin, cocaine, and marijuana (Kartin, 2018). Maternal demographics played no substantial role in mothers who abused drugs. Despite everything, developmental abilities were below par and children suffered low-performance skills when it came to motor, mental and behavioral skills (Kartin, 2018).
Topic: family

Within this article, the main goal is to evaluate the quality of attachment to children who were born in at-risk populations. The style of childcare was closely studied to see the effects of the mother-infant bond. Addiction is perceived to be an attachment disorder. Drugs are used as a compensating factor to fill a fix for what we think we may need. Drugs can be used to manage anxiety, fear, and even regulate our emotions. We typically see in drug using mothers that the innate need for that fix that comes from drug usage result in attachment disruptions in infancy and thereafter into early childhood. Insecure model attachments discovered that parents with mental health disorders are more likely to be at risk of using and developing insecure attachments with their infants.
Topic: family

Attachment patterns were investigated within a group of women who abused their children and on the latter mothers who were affected by mental disorders (Schneider-Rosen K, Braunwald KG, Carlson V 1985). This longitudinal research focused on children who were at risk from parental conditions such as medical, social, and psychiatric, as well as alcoholism and substance abuse usage (Greenberg, Speltz, and DeKleyn 1993). It was found that psychopathological conditions could, in fact, impede the way a mother takes care of her infant, which then in turns severs the bond between parent and child. This research implies that regardless of mental abilities when substance and alcohol use is added to the mix, it can make it extremely difficult to execute your duties as a parent, which can also have lasting effects when a child grows. Researchers also take into account the severity of prenatal exposure to drugs in utero. Bergin and McCollough 2009), reports that insecure attachments can be predicted in cases where prenatal substance exposure in cases where mothers have a lack of health care and social assistance. With this information presented disorganized attachment is amongst groups of children within at-risk populations. Meta-analysis groups have proven to see patterns of insecurity and avoidance in children categorized in disorganized attachments. Cassibba R, Sette G, Bakermans-Kranenburg M, van IJzendoorn M, Eur Psychol (2013).