ktmeng/mec huggingface dataset:
Topic: racism

We are told that the Depression ‘had fallen heaviest on those people least able to bear it,’ and that ‘the rich had been hit hard too, but at least they had something left. ‘ Here we are told that the rich could bear the depression, but the common man suffered from it. She then says that the idea of the New Deal was that ‘all forces of the community should be directed to making life better for ordinary people. ‘ The New Deal was meant for all Americans to support the ordinary people in making their life better. By reading these sources we can see that these two people obviously disagree.
Topic: racism

This is because they come from different backgrounds. S B Fuller seems like a Republican and Frances Perkins seems like a Democrat. S B Fuller was angered that there had been so much investment in the common man after the depression. He felt that the people receiving it had not worked as hard as he had to make their money and that is why he believed that the common folk should not receive help. He believed that it was their own fault for not being rich and they should suffer for it. Source K provides a very different opinion. The author had worked on the New Deal and had very similar views of it as FDR did.
Topic: racism

She believed that everyone including the rich should help the common man. This is a much more socialist view than S B Fuller’s who would not give any support to the common man as he believed people were right to be in whatever position they were as it shows how hard they worked. In conclusion I believe the two different people disagree as they are from different political views. Also I believe they disagree as one is a self-made businessman who wants to retain his money and not offer support as he is stubborn and Frances Perkins believes in the New Deal and want to better everyone’s chance in life, not just the common man.
Topic: racism

Question 7 – Study the following interpretations of the effects of the New Deal. A) The New Deal helped many Americans and by doing this it gave them self-respect. It gave them confidence to lift the United States out of the depression. B) The New Deal wasted a lot of money; it made people dependent on the government and led to the government becoming too powerful. It did not solve America’s economic problems – the Second World War did that. Which interpretation is best supported by the evidence in the sources and your own knowledge of American history? Explain your answer. (10) Source B is the judgement of an American historian in 1945.
Topic: racism

It talks of the achievements of Roosevelt and his New Deal. ‘The rebuilding of the country,’ and ‘the development of the Dust Bowl. ‘ It also talks of the ‘restoration of self-confidence’ in Americans. All in all the first interpretation, ‘The New Deal helped many Americans and by doing this gave them self respect. It gave them confidence to lift the united states out of the depression,’ matches this source very well. Another source that supports this view is source F. Source H is a letter published by Roosevelt’s supporters as part of his election campaign in 1936. It is written by an old man. He says that ‘everything is all right now.
Topic: racism

The man you sent found our house and we went down to the bank with him. The bank agreed to let our loan go on for a while longer. ‘ In summary this source shows how things are good now and how the New Deal had helped America. It also gives us the impression that people are much more confident now. Source I is an excerpt from a popular song from 1936. It talks of how Roosevelt being elected leads to them not being neglected. If anything, it would support the first interpretation as it shows a positive view of FDR as he helped them which supports ‘the New Deal helped many Americans’ from the first interpretation.
Topic: racism

The only other source that supports this view is source K. Source K is written in a book by Frances Perkins in 1947. She was secretary of Labour in Roosevelt’s New Deal government in the 1930s. She talks of how the New Deal ‘meant that ordinary people would have a better chance in life. ‘ She also talks of how the rich had suffered, but they still had something left, but the poor were desperate to survive and Roosevelt helped them. She concludes by saying ‘the idea was that all the forces of the community should be directed to making life better for ordinary people. This source best fits the first interpretation as it slightly agrees that ‘the New Deal helped many Americans and by doing this it gave them self-respect. It gave them confidence to lift the United States out of the depression’ Source C is by an American historian writing in 1945.
Topic: racism

It talks of how, one in every four people depended on employment by the government, that ‘there was a national debt of 250 billion, compared to a pre-Roosevelt debt of 19 billion’, and that ‘the only result of this will be dictatorial government. These represent this part of the second interpretation, ‘The New Deal wasted a lot of money; it made people dependent on the government and led to the government becoming too powerful. ‘ It then supports the view in the interpretation that ‘it did not solve America’s economic problems – the Second World War did that,’ by saying that inflation had doubled prices, that ‘he had 11 million unemployed,’ that taxes and debts were rising and that ‘the war rescued him and he seized on it like a drowning man.
Topic: racism

By leading his country into war he was able to put every man and woman into work. ‘ Source D does not really relate to the interpretations but it does support, ‘it made people dependent on the government,’ and ‘it did not solve America’s economic problems. ‘ It does this by showing that there are poor looking people who are said to be queuing up for government relief. In summary it supports the second interpretation but only a part of it unlike sources B and C which fully supported their sources.
Topic: racism

Source E shows us Roosevelt wasting billions of American dollars with the new deal as it shows him pouring buckets worth of money into a ‘New Deal’ pump to make it work but not succeeding as it leaks. It also shows that the government has become too powerful as Roosevelt is pictured on the top of the hill doing whatever he wants with America’s money with the ‘taxpayer’ struggling behind him. In summary this source supports this part of the second interpretation, ‘the New Deal wasted a lot of money; it made people dependent on the government and led to the government becoming too powerful.
Topic: racism

It did not solve America’s economic problems. ‘ Source G is a cartoon, and is published in the mid 1930’s. It shows us how Roosevelt had used many remedies to heal Uncle Sam representing America but failing. This supports this part in the second interpretation, ‘the New Deal wasted a lot of money’ and ‘it did not solve America’s economic problems. ‘ The only other source that supports the second interpretation is source J which is written by S B Fuller, a self-made businessman speaking in 1980 and remembering the time of the New Deal.
Topic: racism

He talks of how when you support people you end up killing their initiative. ‘A dog you feed will not hunt. If you want a dog who hunts, you have to let him get hungry. ‘ This is a negative view of Roosevelt and does not really apply to our interpretations apart from slightly applying to the second interpretation. It does support the view that it made, ‘people dependent on the government. ‘ We can see from this that four sources agree with interpretation A, five sources agree with interpretation B and the remaining two sources don’t agree with either and this is all to varying extents of course.
Topic: racism

Therefore the sources show a majority that agree with interpretation B that, ‘The New Deal wasted a lot of money; it made people dependent on the government and led to the government becoming too powerful. It did not solve America’s economic problems – the Second World War did that. ‘ However my overall view is different. The main aims of the New Deal were the recovery of industry and agriculture, and to get people back to work. To a certain extent is did achieve these. There is no doubt that between 1933 and 1936 there was a degree of recovery as unemployment was reduced and businesses were revived.
Topic: racism

However in 1937 when the government began to spend less money on its schemes, production fell again and a second wave of depression hit. It was clear that continual injections of money were needed to prevent the situation getting any worse. Only in 1941 did the USA really become involved in the war and then the demand for American manufactured goods increased dramatically and the economy was lifted out of the depression. In the end Roosevelt had succeeded. He had done all he could to better the situation in America, and pouring money into helping them seemed to work.
Topic: racism

Roosevelt in my view had done a great job and we cannot really ask any more of him. He did as best a job he could, using his resources wisely, and in the end did what the majority of the population needed. So in conclusion after reading the sources and considering my own knowledge I have come to the conclusion that the first interpretation is right. Roosevelt did help many Americans and he did regain confidence amongst Americans which helped lift them out of the depression. The war was simply and aid to help America recover quicker.
Topic: racism

UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS IN BRATISLAVA Faculty of International Relations Multiculturalism in Society: The French Issue (assessed work) Table of Contents Introduction3 1 Definitions and different points of view on multiculturalism in the world4 2 Multicultural background of the French society5 2. 1 Socio-political regime in France6 2. 2French racism7 2. 3 Discrimination in French society8 3Challenges and crisis of multiculturalism in France10 Conclusion13 Bibliography14 Introduction
Topic: racism

The term itself emerged in the 1960s and 1970s in countries like Canada and Australia, and, to a lesser extent, Britain and the United States where the immigration rate was very high. However, the sheer presence of more than one culture within a specific society is not sufficient to define a society as multicultural. The vast majority of societies throughout the world history has included more than one culture, and from such a perspective the entire human history could easily fall within the scope of multiculturality.
Topic: racism

What is then required for a society to be considered multicultural is the normative (cultural, legal and insitutional) endorsement of such a reality and not only the existence of ethnic heterogeneity. When such a conceptual turn is made, the concept and the reality that this entry aims to outline come closer to what is meant by the term “multicultural“ which represents the cultural reality of mainly Western (North American, Australian and European) societies during the second half of the 20th century.
Topic: racism

Specifically in Canada and Australia the focus was much wider and from the start multiculturalism included constitutional and land issues and has been about the definition of the nation. This was partly because these countries had a continuous and recent history of ethnic communities created by migration usually from different parts of Europe, partly because there were unresolved legal questions to do with the entitlements and status of indigenous people in these countries, and eventually in the case of Canada, also because of the further issue of the rise of a nationalist and secessionist movement in French-speaking Quebec.
Topic: racism

In North America it can comprise discrete groups with territorial claims, such as the Native Peoples and the Quebecois, whereas in Europe, groups with such requirements, like the Slovaks or the Scots, are thought of as nations and multiculturalism refers rather to a post-immigration urban melange. In addition, while in North America, language-based ethnicity is seen as the major political challenge, in Western Europe, the conjunction of the terms “immigration“ and “culture“ now nearly always invokes the large newly-settled Muslim populations which collide with the original Christian civilisation.
Topic: racism

Consequently multiculturalism has had a much less popular reception in mainland Europe where the traditions have been deeply anchored and in some countries it has been the source of tensions between the immigrants and the aborigines. Some of the latters consider the current situation so serious that they predict the end of the European dominance, a balkanization[1] of heritage and legacy, and presumably the extinction of time-honored western traditions and values. Indubitably, one of those countries that have been severly stricken by social tensions ensuing from the multicultural society is France.
Topic: racism

It appears to be surrounded by problems concerning its immigrant population such as racism, discrimination and inefficient secular integration model even despite the fact that it has been one of the foundation members of the European Union that steadily stresses the virtues of multiculturalism with its motto “united in diversity“. Given the real living conditions and the position of minorities in the French society, France does not seem to be in tune with the above-mentionned political trends and to step onto the succesful path of multiculturalism and the integration of its foreign popoulation. Multicultural background of the French society Today`s ethnical and cultural structure of France is far away from the one France once had and most probably it will never regain its traditional image it had had before the “immigration wave“ in the second half of the 20th century. Since the beginnig of the 21st century France counts more than 4. 9 million immigrants who represent 8. 1% of the total French population and 2 millions of them are of the French nationality. The most numerous group of immigrants, 1. million people, are so-called “Maghrebins“ who originated from countries of the northern parts of Arab Africa such as Marocco, Algeria or Tunisia. Regarding the religious structure of the French society, 69% of the population are Roman Catholics, though only 10% claim themselves being practicing. Apart from Christians there is presently more than 5 million French Muslims of which 36% are worshippers and practicing. Finally, there are small Protestant and Jewish communities of about 1 million people and 500 000 people respectively who are part of the largest minorities living in France.
Topic: racism

If we consider the main criterion of multiculturalism the religious, ethnical or racial diversity of population in a country, based on the afforecited data we may assume that France is a multicultural country. On the other hand if the principal element of multiculturalism is the fact that the coexistence of each and every group takes place without grave problems and conflicts in everyday life, then it is not evident that France actually is a multicultural society right because of racism, dicrimination and malfunction of the French socio-political regime. 2. Socio-political regime in France The problem of an effective integration of immigrants into the French society is one of the principal subjects that the French politics has been dealing with since the 1980s when young French of Maghrebi origine, so-called Beurs[2], protested in public against their discrimination at the time when France was confronted with the first headscarf affair in 1989. For that purpose, the French conceived a socio-political regime of multiculturalism that would help immigrants to merge smoothly into the French society and resolve the occuring conflicts.
Topic: racism

The socio-political regime of multiculturalism in France is based on three different levels. The first one is the one of the immigrants. It guarantees them the right of cultural difference regarding their language, religion and customs. Meanwhile it requests that the immigrants respect the constitutional order of the receiving country and abandon such cultural practices that would infringe the French consitution, for instance forced marriage. The second level concerns indigenous French who are obliged to cease discriminating the immigrants in various domains of public life merely because of their origine.
Topic: racism

Alike the indigenous French are constrained to abandon their prejudices and stereotypes which practically means to be able to consider a French of foreign origine as any other citizen of the country. The third level of multiculturalism reflects the international context since the question of improvement of the integration of immigrants is not solely a French issue. As a member of the European Union, France is bound to implement European directives regarding this domain, primarily the Amsteram Treaty signed in 1997 which directly concerns the integration policy of mmigrants in all EU member states and condemns every discrimination based on race, ethnic origin, sex, religion belief, handicap or sexual orientation. Although the present socio-political regime is quite recent, the French integration model has been established in France much earlier. The roots of the French integration model derived from the 1905 law that promoted the principle of secularism which implied the exclusion of the Church and religion from the entire integration model as well as the protection by the state from any pressure from any religious group.
Topic: racism

Initially this law recognised the right of everyone to practice his or her own beliefs, including the wearing of religious signs. In theory the idea of secularism and consequently also the integration model were meant to eliminate religious disputes and to promote tolerance and acceptance of differences. However in the French reality it seems to do rather the opposite as it imposes some kind of obligatory atheism and forces one to forget or hide one’s religious beliefs. 2. 2French racism Official data suggest that one of the fields where the racism clearly rebounds is the employment.
Topic: racism

While the unemployment rate among French nationals stood at around 10% in 2000, it was about 20% among the foreign population. If one looks at the second generation of the immigrants, 26. 5% of university graduates of North African origin are unemployed, compared to 5% of graduates of French origin. Moreover, racism plays its role when choosing among candidates for work. According to SOS Racisme, a French campaigning group, CVs with an African name get far fewer positive answers than CVs with a typical French name.
Topic: racism

Even more shocking is the fact that French employers have elaborated special abbreviation system: ‘BBR (Bleu Blanc Rouge or Blue White Red (the colours of the French flag), meaning French/white) and NBBR (Non Bleu Blanc Rouge or Not Blue White Red, meaning not French/white) indicating race in employers’ databases. Secondly, racism is also widespread around housing. The majority of the French immigrant population lives in so-called „cites“, which are characterised by high unemployment, poor-quality housing and neighbourhood infrastructure as well as difficult relations between the police and local inhabitants.
Topic: racism

The construction of these districts in the outskirts of big cities, Paris and Lyon in particular, took place in 1970s in order to help poor immigrants and their families with temporary housing. However, at the moment 81% of non-EU nationals reside in these areas. The immigrants’ children and grandchildren seem to be stuck there, since there is unwillingness and inaction on the part of the French government to improve and change the situation. Finally, there is racism in public perception and French attitudes towards its foreign population.
Topic: racism

For instance, in a recent poll, the proportion of respondents (49%) who held that immigrants were too different to be integrated into the French society was almost identical to the level of support (46%) expressed for repatriation in preference to integration. Since the early 1980s, it has become commonplace in France to claim that immigration is a threat to national identity. Various reasons are put forward to explain racism in France, with economic decline being the most obvious: the frustration and fear of poor white population are more easily directed towards migrants as scapegoats.
Topic: racism

One was the so-called “headscarf affair“, the other one concerned the discrimination of immigrants in many areas of public life in France. The headscarf affair of 1989 ensued from the exclusion of three young girls from their school for wearing the Muslim headscarf in class. This act was not only against the European Convention on Human Rights that recognises the individual’s right publicly to express religious belief, but it also undermined the ability of the French model to bring tolerance as opposed to the exclusion of certain parts of French society.
Topic: racism

This was equally proved in 2003 when the government passed the law banning conspicuous signs of religious adherence in public schools. The main argument against the Islamic headscarf in that case was that it meant the oppression of women by men, and was against the law of equality of women and men. Nevertheless, the interpretation of a religious symbol can have different meanings in different circumstances and it can also be the expression of a free belief and of a free choice or a means of protection against the pressure of males.
Topic: racism

For that reason the state has no right to interpret religious symbols whatsoever or to choose the meaning it thinks is the accurate one, since this will undoubtedly cause resistance and resentment among the community that does not want to be patronised as far as the understanding of their religion is concerned. Given the number of Muslims living in France and the fact that for the considerable part of its ethnic minority, religion is highly significant and deeply anchored in their everyday life, the disregard of the French integration model raised another wave of resentment and aggravated the social situation in France.
Topic: racism

What this does is even further division of the society into those inside the community and those outside it, because if one labels someone as different, he risks not only alienating him, but also provoking resentment and frustration. Furthermore, there has always been a bizarre tendency in France to integrate someone who was born and has lived all his life there into the French society. It appears extremely paradoxical to speak of the need to integrate people who have been an integral part of the social structure of the country for one, two or even three generations.
Topic: racism

The question is how to confront or to minimize particular conflicts, but not how to integrate those who are already inside social structures. The states do not create special policies to integrate each newly-born generation since it is the continuation of the previous generation that absorbs the latter’s experience and achievements. Thus, the whole idea of the need to integrate proves once more the inability of the French society and the government to accept its post-immigrant population, to treat them as French, as French who were born in France and have lived in the country all their lives.
Topic: racism

The problem with the French immigrant population is exacerbated even further by French society’s attempts to integrate them, thus not accepting them as equal citizens and emphasizing their differences. Whereas, in reality, it is not cultural differences that provoked youth riots in 2005 but rather it is anger and hopelessness, sadness and identity confusion, among people who believed their history books which were in raptures over “liberte, egalite et fraternite“. 3Challenges and crisis of multiculturalism in France
Topic: racism

Although many years have passed since the massive “immigration waves” flew into France, many reforms and laws have been worked out and approved in order to facilitate their integration and many steps have been undertaken to equalize the immigrants with the indigenous French, the reality still does not show the desired effects. On the contrary, it seems that the “ticking bomb”, like some discribe the unsustainable situation of numerous immigrants in France, is about to explode and it might bring along very serious aftermaths on the French society as well as on the European civilisation as a whole.
Topic: racism

In fact some seats of a certain French civil war have already broken out with the rioting in the French capital and a number of cities all over France. “Bands of youths in cawls start by setting fire to parked cars, break shop windows with baseball bats, wreck public telephones and ransack cinemas, libraries and schools. When the police arrive on the scene, the rioters attack them with stones, knives and baseball bats. The police respond by firing tear-gas grenades and blank shots in the air. Sometimes the youths fire back with real bullets. This scene resembles to one of those in Western films rather than to the reality that happened in November 2005 in one of the underpriviledged suburbs of Paris, Clichy-sous-Bois. The question that immediately emerges is: What did go wrong in the French integration system? Did not it promise to assimilate all immigrants smoothly into the French society and provide them with the same standard of living as it does for the original Frenchmen? The response is to be found right in the “epicenters“ of the riots, the French suburbs.
Topic: racism

In Clichy itself, more than 80% of the inhabitants are Muslim immigrants or their children, mostly from Arab and black Africa. In other affected towns, the Muslim immigrant community accounts for 30% to 60% of the population. But these are not the figures that matter the most. The main problem consists in inequal chance, conditions and evaluation of work for the people from poor immigrant suburbs in comparison with the aboriginal white Frenchmen. The average unemployment in the affected areas is estimated at around 30% and when it comes to young potential workers it reaches 60%.
Topic: racism

Moreover, in these suburban towns, built in the 1950s in imitation of the Soviet social housing of the Stalinist era, people live in crammed conditions, sometimes several generations in a tiny apartment, and see “real French life” only on television. As a result, this discrimination and intolerance of the immigrants by the white population increases discontent, fosters apartheid and ends in hatred and violence. Another problem of these neglicted banlieus is the fact that more and more of its native French inhabitants leave for “calmer places,” which makes the assimilation still more difficult and create homogenous ghettoes.
Topic: racism

In some areas, it is even possible for an immigrant or his descendants to spend a whole life without ever encountering the need to speak French or to let alone familiarize himself with any aspect of the famous French culture. The result is often alienation which in turn gives the radical Islamists an opportunity to propagate their message of religious and cultural apartheid. Some of them are even calling, for the areas where Muslims form a majority of the population, to obtain the right to organize their social, cultural and educational life in accordance with their religious beliefs.
Topic: racism

In fact, in some parts of France, this system is already in place. In these areas, all women are obliged to wear the standardized Islamist “hijab” while most men grow their beards to the length prescribed by the sheiks. The radicals have managed to chase away French shopkeepers selling alcohol and pork products, forced “places of sin,” such as dancing halls, cinemas and theaters, to close down, and seized control of much of the local administration.
Topic: racism

It is now clear that a good portion of France’s Muslims not only refuse to assimilate into “the superior French culture,” but firmly believe that Islam offers the highest forms of life to which all mankind should aspire. In the end the image becomes even darker if one takes into account the constant decreasing birth-rate of the original population in Europe and in France which is in sharp contrast with the explosive growth of the Islamic population. According to some, one out of three babies born in France is now a Muslim. Around 70% of French prisoners are Muslims.
Topic: racism

Hundreds of Muslim ghettos are already de facto following sharia, not thr French law. And in twenty years one person out of four in France will be Muslim and almost certainly poor and angry. What are then the future prospects of the multicultural France? Is is really multiculturalism to be blamed for the disastrous situation that has turned out in France? Or are the Muslims responsible for it? Probably not really. The world has already started to discover that beneath the postcard surfaces of the Eiffel Tower and romantic restaurants, the country of arrogance was very sick.
Topic: racism

Slums and ghettoes in the banlieus, a racism against Arabs and foreigners that dare not speak its name, Muslim youngsters living a thug’s life of radical Islam, violence and drugs, widespread anti-Semitism, high rates of unemployment… Now all of this is actually the outcome of the “once-glorious” France that has been suffering from its self-centered materialist ideology and the complex of superiority for decades. In addition to that, recent opinion polls show that the French are officially the most anti-capitalist nation on earth and that France has ultimately chosen Socialism and Islam to follow.
Topic: racism

Some believe that France will quietly become a Muslim country, others are afraid of a civil war in the near future. All in all, for now there is only one thing unquestionable. France finds itself in an irreversible battle for preservation of its national culture and identity which it has been forming for more than fifteen hundred years. Even though the stake is high France does not seem, at least until for now, to wake up from the dream and defend its original values but rather risks to meet with still greater losses on its own side.
Topic: racism

At worst, in the apocalyptic scenario it will have to face the total extinction of the French culture in its proper homeland. Conclusion Undoubtedly, the current situation of the multiculturalism “a la francaise“ is not in an enviable position. The collision of two irreconcilable civilisations, the one of the East and the other of the West, that took place in France in the second half of the 20th century appears to have a long-term and painful sequel in the coming decades.
Topic: racism

Which of these two afforecited societies would eventually prevail and assume the dominant role on the French and most probably the whole European soil will show only the time. However for the multiculturalism it is not impossible that some troublesome times might arrive and could even result in another World War with appalling consequences. Bibliography ROBERT, P. : Le petit Robert – Dictionnaire de la langue francaise. Paris : Imprimerie Alsacienne Jean Didier. 1984. ISBN 2-85036-066-X TROTMAN, C. , J. : Multiculturalism: roots and realities. Indiana University Press. 2002. ISBN 0253340020
Topic: racism

KRIEGER, J. : The Oxford Companion to Politics of the World. Oxford University Press. 2001. ISBN 0-19-511739-5 ROBERTSON, R. , SCHOLTE, J. ,A. : Encyclopedia of Globalization. New York: MTM Publishing, Inc. 2007. ISBN 0-415-97314-7 DREGGER, S. : La France contemporaine (1997-2005) et le multiculturalisme: rapprochement vers une societe francaise multiculturelle et crise profonde du concept du multiculturalisme. GRIN Verlag. 2008. ISBN 364013544X POLISCANOVA, J. : What went wrong with multiculturalism in France? Global Politics Magazine. Online on: TAHERI, A. : Why Paris is burning.
Topic: racism

Catallaxyfiles. 2005. Online on: MILLIERE, G. : The French Disease. Front Page Magazine. 2006. Online on: GUITTA, O. : The unreported race riot in France. Dhimmi Watch. 2005. Online on: FJORDMAN: The Fall of France and the Multicultural World War. Global Politician. 2007. Online on: ———————– [1] Balkanization is a geopolitical term originally used to describe the process of fragmentation or division of a region or state into smaller regions or states that are often hostile or non-cooperative with each other. [2] Beurs is a designation of the 2nd generation of Maghrebi immigration
Topic: racism

1) Source B is not a reliable source when investigating the extent of discrimination black immigrants faced in trying to find work in 1956. The aim of the interview was to expose the ‘colour bar’ at British Railways, the company would not be willing to let the public know of any discrimination as they had already made a policy on a ‘no colour bar’, it could also effect business. The interview was taken in 1956, after The British Nationality Act in 1948 confirmed the right of Commonwealth citizens to come and settle in Britain, therefore meaning they also had the right to jobs.
Topic: racism

The source was quoted by an immigrant in 1949, so it was first hand and had not been passed on by different people. Source C supports what Miller is claiming with examples of notices, which makes the source more reliable. Source A does not say why it was quoted apart from it was published in a book 49 years later. From the source we can see that the black immigrants were limited to where they could stay and there was a lot of racism throughout landlords.
Topic: racism

Source C could be useful to a historian. The signs reading, ‘no coloureds etc’, support the idea of the ‘colour bar’. We can ensure it is reliable because it is a photograph and does not look in anyway set up. It does not reveal why it was taken. This source also supports the fact that only 15 out of 1000 white people would let a room to someone black. There was no law stating that landlords could not discriminate in this way. The immigrants in the photographs are looking at boards full of advertisements, nevertheless we are only given examples of two of them – we are unaware of any others, which could not be as discriminative as the two shown. There are only two immigrants in this photograph indicating there may not be a big problem to get housing, as was claimed at the time (because of the bombing during the war there was a housing shortage).
Topic: racism

3) I do not agree with the statement, ‘in the period 1949-1959 Black immigrants faced only discrimination and prejudice from whites.’ This is because there is evidence (including from sources) that show not all white people were racist at that time. Although source B is stating that black immigrants are not always welcome at certain work places because of their skin colour, this is the only source that agrees with the statement first made. When we look at source E, we can see that it is a white person that reassures the black immigrant, and that gave him, ‘comfort and hope’, also source D – although it is saying how landlords are able to discriminate freely, there are some that provided rooms to black immigrants.
Topic: racism

Source F supports my idea; it is saying that ‘it was acts of kindness by individual white people that kept many black people from going when life in Britain seemed particularly bleak.’ This account reveals that there were white people that wanted to help black immigrants settle in Britain and not go out of their way to make them feel unwelcome in any way. It is said that racial discrimination affected all areas of their lives, including finding work and accommodation – this is true, however the black immigrants must have been able to find somewhere to live and work, or they could not have afforded to live in Britain, and we have no evidence of mass numbers of immigrants living on the streets. Although they often did end up with low-status jobs it shows some people were willing to employ and pay them. Self-help groups were also set up to offer advice on accommodation and employment rights – which show that there were white people willing to help, disagreeing with the statement first made.
Topic: racism

At the first sight, and as far as the subject is concerned, the poem “Mort aux Chats” by Peter Porter is a prejudiced total enumeration of insults and accusations of cats, as generalization and no provision of any valid evidence are to be found. The narrator can clearly be distinguished from the poet, since the narrator’s words are satiric and his points exaggerated and ridiculous (“I blame my headache and my plants dying on to cats”). Creating a speaker, the poet makes the reader explore the ludicrousness and abstruseness of the thoughts expressed in the poem on his own.
Topic: racism

In my view, the first-person narrator can be interpreted ambiguously. On the one hand, he seems to be significantly obsessed with the doctrine of National Socialism, since he uses “facts” German anti-Semites used to quote to justify their behaviour and attitude, however odd, incorrect, unreasonable or grotesque they were. The quote of the stab-in-the-back legend “they stabbed us in the back last time” provides evidence of this, since great parts of Germany’s population were of the opinion that Germany had lost the First World War not for military and economic reasons, but because of defeatism and treason to the Fatherland. Moreover, the word “Jew” was no longer permitted to be written with capital letters, as suggested in the utterance “They don’t deserve a capital C except at the beginning of a sentence.” Furthermore, Jewish art and artists were considered “degenerated”, which the narrator’s words “There have never been any great artists who were cats” imply.
Topic: racism

In addition, German National Socialists dreamt of “The Rule of (them) [..[ (that) should last a thousand years!”. The act of killing cats, or, as in this case, Jews, is also of religious significance to the narrator, moreover, it is almost a sacred calling to him (“When I dream of God, I see a Massacre of Cats”). Anti-Judaists state that the Jews are responsible for the death of Jesus Christ and that they have committed deicide, which is responsible for hatred and prejudice against Jews. The narrator could share their prejudice and therefore their hatred. Furthermore, the speaker seems to be sure of the death of cats, as he says: “There will be no more cats.”, just in the opening line, as if he was sure about it and as if their extermination was inevitable.
Topic: racism

He then goes on enumerating for what reasons he thinks cats must be eradicated. For this reason, he must have formed his opinion about cats beforehand, now wanting to convince the recipient, to bias him and his opinion. Hence, he uses methods that have been used for the purpose of propaganda, which is a specific type of message presentation, aimed at changing people’s understanding through deception and confusion, rather than persuasion and understanding, in Nazi Germany. The truly aggressive, sharp and violent title, “Mort aux Chats”, considering its meaning, gains a sense of sophistication and scholarliness through its translation into French, it moreover is euphemistic, since it makes a brutal slogan, an incitement to kill sound less immoral and cruel. Also, it is surrounded by a revolutionary flair, a sense of a great change in, an improvement of conditions. The influence and impact on the reader is furthermore increased through the imperative.
Topic: racism

Another example that supports the impression of propaganda is the anapher of the word “cats” in four of five successive lines, that is like pointing one’s finger at them, showing that they are guilty, insulting them not only with words but also with the help of repetition, that keeps the focus and the attention of the reader on them. In the whole poem, the word “cats” is repeated 13 times in fact. Using sharp, short sentences (“Cats spread infections”, “Cats pollute the air”), the narrator increases the urgency of his speech. As he goes on, he uses questions (“Why should they insist on their own language and religion, who needs to purr to make his point?”) and emphases (“Death to all cats! The Rule of Dogs shall last a thousand years!”) designed to move the reader and bias him in favour of the narrator. When saying: “I blame my headache and my plants dying on to cats. Our district is full of them, property values are falling.”, the narrator scapegoats the cats, assigning blame to them although they are not responsible, thus distracting attention from the need to fix the problem for which blame is being assigned. Although the ridiculousness of his blaming of the cats is obvious to the reader and hence ineffective, it is a method used in propaganda.
Topic: racism

On the other hand, it can be argued that this allusion to National Socialism and discrimination against the Jews serves a higher purpose, namely to practise social criticism and suggest that bias and prejudice will inevitably lead to racism and genocide, reinforced by bringing to mind all the cruelties associated with the persecution of Jews, that emerged from being prejudiced and intolerant. Evidence for this is provided when it says: “Perhaps they are all right in their own country but their traditions are alien to ours.” and “Our district is full of them, property values are falling.”, which can be heard frequently amongst the population and, although it does not indicate a particularly radical opinion, it can develop and accumulate, especially when supported by a radical government’s propaganda, to a radical position. If there is no prejudice beforehand, no racism can developed. Hence, prejudice is always the first step towards more violent views. Therefore, one should examine their thoughts and not generalize or accept information stated fact without proving it.
Topic: racism

The poem consists of one 36-lined stanza showing free verse, which creates a prosaic feel throughout the poem. The irregularity of free verse adds to the oddness, satire and absurdness of the narrator’s statements, such as “I blame my headache and my plants dying on to cats.”. Predominantly, the phrases finish with stressed syllables, though, which underlines the idea of different prejudiced, unexamined statements just being added without providing proof of it or an explanation, an example or a qualification, ending abruptly.
Topic: racism

The tone in the poem changes from the beginning to the end. At first the narrator uses short, clear sentences and sounds rational as well as not emotionally engaged (“Cats spread infections”). As the poem goes on, the narrator uses longer sentences (“Perhaps they are all right in their own country but their traditions are alien to ours”), questions (“Why should they insist on their own language and religion, who needs to purr to make his point?”) and exclamations (“Death to all cats!”), as he becomes more and more obsessed, passionate and vehement. His own harangue has made him that aggressive and violent that he wishes “Death to all cats!”.
Topic: racism

Throughout the whole poem, the relationship between “cats”, and “dogs” is used as an extended metaphor, combined with a personification in some parts (“Why should they insist on their own language and religion”). Although frequently “cats” seem to represent Jews, as in “They don’t deserve a capital C”, for instance, more generally speaking they correspond to a minority the majority has prejudice against and directs all anger and blame on. “Cats” therefore perform the role of scapegoats. The use of animals instead of human beings makes the ridiculousness of the narrator’s ideas even more apparent. In the poem, the absence of a wide range of stylistic device underlines its prosaicity.
Topic: racism

Today in America there are many who assume that racism does not exist as it did in the forties, fifties, and sixties. Racism today is not as dangerous as it once was, but that does not mean that it does not hurt people just as much. There are many who think we have solved our racial problems and that African Americans live freely. However, there are many African Americans who work extremely hard to benefit society and all some people still see is their skin color.
Topic: racism

Malcolm X once said, “If you’re born in America with a black skin, you’re born in a prison.” From reading Lenita McClain’s “The Middle Class Black’s Burden” and Shelby Steele’s “On Being Black and Middle Class” the reader concludes that middle class blacks are judged unfairly by whites and other blacks through an examination of: white people thinking blacks cannot do an adequate job, lower class blacks who criticize middle and upper class blacks, and 3)victimization.
Topic: racism

Some might argue that blacks and whites are equal, but it is obvious through these essays that this is not so. If being stereotyped by some white people is not enough, many middle class blacks are ridiculed by many lower class blacks. It seems that some financially unstable African Americans consider middle and upper class African Americans to be ignorant of black culture. Discussing this issue, McClain says that some lower class blacks think, “We have forsaken the revolution, we are told, we have sold out.” Being treated in such a way must surely aggravate or maybe depress an African American who has worked tirelessly for their status. Steele says that many think, “…that the purest black was the poorest black.” Perhaps some lower class blacks have been taught, all their lives, that African Americans were supposed to be on the bottom of the financial scale, and now when they see their colleagues cracking that barrier, they become jealous and stoop to ridicule. Financial matters should not take precedence over culture. Just because one person is richer than another does not mean that the latter is any less culturally diverse. Everyone needs to stand together, be it white and black, black and black, or white and white.
Topic: racism

A person should not judged because of skin color or financial standing. A person should be judged on the content of his or her inner morals and character. Victimization has caused much sorrow in the lives of many African Americans. Many blacks are made to feel that there is no place of serenity. Many whites make them feel uncomfortable for earning money while at the same time many blacks make them feel the same way. Steele says, “…when it came to race we were now being asked to identify with images of lower class blacks and to see whites, middle class or other otherwise, as victimizers.” McClain adds, “I am a member of the black middle class who has had it with being patted on the head by white hands and slapped in the face by black hands for my success.”
Topic: racism

Many blacks today still fight for their rights, one of which is the right not to be victimized. Much to often blacks are judged unfairly by whites and other blacks. Sadly enough, many middle class blacks are forced to walk that fine line between wanting to succeed and being ridiculed for not remembering their heritage. In today’s society there needs to be less victimizing and more accepting. America is made up of different languages and cultures, and though we are different in heritage we need to unite as a country.
Topic: racism

What Boone and Yoast weren’t aware of was the School Board had not expected Boone make it out of the two week training camp at the start of the season. After defying those odds and uniting the squad at camp, the School Board angrily put Boone’s job on the line, saying if he lost one game he would be fired. From the very beginning of the movie until the state semifinal playoff game, Coach Boone’s job is not expected to last.
Topic: racism

By relinquishing some of his formal authority by accepting the assistant coaching job, coach Yoast put himself in a better position to lead. He was a role model for the white players who would eventually have to learn to swallow their pride by accepting lesser roles on the team. Coach Boone and Coach Yoast each had very unique styles of coaching which helped integrate the team. When needs weren’t being met by one coach, the other was there to offer the challenges and supports through their development. However, these benefits were not without consequence. At times, Boone articulated that Yoast was stepping on toes by babying the players, while Boone was trying to be very hard nosed with them.