ktmeng/mec huggingface dataset:
Topic: domestic-violence

However, in South Sudan 82% of women and 81% of men agreed that domestic violence against women ‘should be tolerated in order to keep the family together’. While domestic violence is illegal, it is socially accepted that a man discipline his wife and they are rarely charged with it as a crime. Women are expected to take the role as the care taker of the household. The conflict has increased these reproductive responsibilities of women which has further limited their access to education and other activities. The second leading reason girls do not go to school is due to increased care work. They bare the role of providing food and sanitized water for the household. They are expected to care for children, the elderly, and the sick.
Topic: domestic-violence

Due to the increased displacement of people being affected by the conflict, women are taking on extra care-taking responsibilities since the members of their house-holds have increased. Women are culturally and socially expected to refuse food in order to provide more for the rest of the family. However, they have little to none decision-making power in the private sector. Men and boy are identified as making the most decisions in the household and in their communities. Women will make a decision on behalf of a man’s absence. Political participation of women in South Sudan is relatively high in comparison to other African countries: it ranks in the top one-third. 28% of parliament seats are held by women.
Topic: domestic-violence

All the required readings in this course so far have been pertinent in the realm of gender-based violence. I believe it is safe to say a consensus of all the readings suggest IPV is a complex phenomenon encompassing a plethora of different cultural aspects, individual life experiences and socioeconomic influences. There is much discussion over what specific factors make an individual abusive, reasons why victims stay, potential resources for survivors, developmental factors for children exposed to IPV and best treatment for both victims and survivors.
Topic: domestic-violence

Both love stories, having become a cultural phenomenon, embody aspects deeply rooted in manipulation, psychological and physical violence and serve as examples of toxic behaviors within relationships. Some can argue these are merely fictitious stories, but the reality is our media is one of the most influential aspects of our society and these are the types of relationships that our youth see as role models. Exposure to domestic violence reinforces the behavior as acceptable for both male and female children. Boys often adopt these ideals and ways of thinking from these role models causing them to grow into men with a sense of entitlement.
Topic: domestic-violence

Through these influences, girls are taught this is an acceptable way to be treated. It teaches boys that using abusive behavior is how you treat girls and is an effective way to get what you want which becomes how they treat women as adults. It teaches girls that abuse is an acceptable way to be treated and reinforces the notion that when a boy likes you he is mean to you. Whose job is it to challenge these notions? The question of effective interventions to address the battle for power and control among abusers remains. This is not a new struggle; it has remained a cultural issue for decades and only small strides have been made. Change is an intentional and almost inevitable process. In that respect, cultures do not vanish on their own, but they do so in effect of particular policies and influences. We as a society give meaning to words and objects and these meanings haven’t always been there. The process of instilling gender roles and male privilege has become a self-fulfilling prophecy.
Topic: domestic-violence

This echoes Derrida’s theory of deconstruction, where a center is picked and everything else is excluded or marginalized and can help explain the underlying causes of domestic violence. Underlying principles create dualistic oppositions and install hierarchies where one term is viewed superior over the other. For example, if man is considered center, then woman is marginalized. A Saussurean ideology states these two opposites define each other and each has value because its opposite exists. The dominant group is rarely challenged in its power and often has the ability to go unexamined. It is only when these notions are challenged, and society actively works toward a paradigm shift in which these hierarchies are erased that a real change will be seen (Scott).
Topic: domestic-violence

Artists and organizations alike have taken it upon themselves to promote awareness of domestic violence and help reduce the negative stigma. An example includes the work of singer and songwriter Elliot Moss’ song “Without the Lights,” paired with interpretive dance choreographed by Phillip Chbeeb. This work depicts the effects of trauma and self-depreciation experienced by someone who has fallen victim by a controlling and abusive partner. The Unconventional Apology Project consists of survivors who had their photograph taken, were interviewed and ultimately were empowered by being able to tell their unique story. Another example is the Clothes Line Project, which serves as a visual representation of survivors and victims of domestic violence by publicly displaying an item of clothing for each survivor or victim participating in the project. Each clothing item is often representative of individual’s unique stories and different versions can be seen all over the country.
Topic: domestic-violence

It is certainly a positive and empowering gesture, however, projects such as these are often only seen during the month of October, which is Domestic Violence Awareness month and they do not reach the masses on as large of a scale as the influences mentioned above. More recently scholars such as Jackson Katz have shared their perspective on a solution to gender violence. Katz suggests IPV is more of a men’s issue than women’s issue and questions why so many men engage in violent and destructive behavior in this day and age.
Topic: domestic-violence

He suggests we need more men who are already seen as leaders and who are in powerful roles to speak up against abusive behaviors. It is the same societal construct that produces men who abuse females which produces men who abuse other men or boys. Abuse thrives in silence and we need more men who are willing to consistently take a stand against this abuse. Hopefully taking this into consideration, we can implement more programs which lead to an overall change in perception of apparent entitlement and provides an opportunity for individuals to breakdown hierarchal stereotypes. I believe treating the underlying issue and root cause will be helpful in preventing future generations of abuse.
Topic: domestic-violence

The was the third most universally impactful televised moment of the last 50 years. Everybody in the united states had their eyes on the television watching the low speed police chase with Simpson or his trial being televised on national television. Simpson’s wife was murdered on June 12, 1994. A few days later Simpson became the lead suspect in the murder case and on June 17, 1994 when the police went to his house to arrest him, they found him on the road in a white ford bronco fleeing away.
Topic: domestic-violence

Just weeks before her murder Nicole Simpson had spoken to her friend saying, ‘Things are really bad between OJ and I, and he’s going to kill me, and he’s going to get away with it.’ After Nicole’s death there was a quick rise in domestic abuse awareness and reports because women finally saw what their situations could lead to. The rise in awareness and reports was instrumental in getting the Violence Against Women Act passed through Congress in 1994. That bill granted 1.6 billion dollars of funding over the next 6 years, and included provisions for mandatory arrests of abusers (Alter). Although what happened to Nicole was tragic it did do a world of good for other women that were in the same situation as her.
Topic: domestic-violence

Simpson committed a double homicide. This was not a fact at the time of the trial but is is now after the research put into the case. The reason Simpson was let off the hook was because of the sloppy work the forensics department working on the case did. Examples of these sloppy mistakes include: “placing blood evidence swatches inside plastic, instead of paper containers, where their DNA could degrade; collecting some blood evidence weeks after the crimes had been committed; walking around for hours with a vial of blood evidence instead of delivering it immediately to a laboratory for preservation, packaging and storing, and spilling Mr. Simpson’s blood in the very laboratory where, shortly after, other samples would be tested.” (Kolata). Simpson being freed of his crimes led to major regulation changes amongst forensics. Now when dealing with DNA the samples are sent to the lab immediately also, the chain of possession sheet is always kept with the evidence and is clearly and thoroughly filled out.
Topic: domestic-violence

Simpson is influential in how his crime affected millions due to the unpunished murder of his ex-wife, his actions shining light on domestic violence in america, and the messy trial changing how forensics is handled in the field. Simpson was an idol to america before his murder case with his heisman trophy and his hall of fame professional career. His domestic violence attacks, however tragic did shine light on the lethality and truth of domestic violence. Simpson walking out of the courthouse a free man put everyone in forensics to shame and with the shame came new regulations so another murderer will not go unpunished. Simpson is an awful person and should not be looked up to by anyone but the results of his actions did have a strong impact on America
Topic: domestic-violence

Domestic violence, an ongoing problem within many households, is an act of aggressive behavior typically involving the violent abuse of a spouse or partner. The perpetrators who engage in the violence leave long-lasting scars within the child’s memory, as their minds are developing. According to a statistic formulated by Hamby, Finkelhor, and Turner approximately 18% of children under the age of 18 years are exposed to physical domestic violence and about 16% are exposed to psychological domestic violence. This exposure can range from either watching the violent event, hearing the distressing sounds, direct involvement, and or experiencing the aftermath.
Topic: domestic-violence

These children often feel flooded with feelings of helplessness and anxiety from the initial chaos occurring within their home. Grych and Fincham devised the two stages of processing regarding the initial exposure to interparental conflict and how the child interprets the situation. Their two stages, known as primary processing and secondary processing, accounted for the in depth thought process a child experiences upon witnessing the conflict. They hypothesized that those individuals who don’t cope effectivity to the experience are more prone to the effects dealing with anxiety which can take a toll onto their behavior down the line.
Topic: domestic-violence

More or less, behavioral problems distinctively fall into two categories of internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Under the category of externalizing behaviors that occur in children, they tend to exhibit more aggressive behaviors and are more likely to engage in trouble within their schools and communities ranging from sudden outbursts to fights . They are susceptible to getting involved in behaviors that are not ideal due to the fact that they’ve been conditioned to think that acting out through a form of aggression is an acceptable concept as a means of solving problems. This conditioning of thought occurs from witnessing the violent behavior from their parent which physiologically makes it okay for them to follow their footsteps. Often times, the perpetrators of many households have been exposed to domestic violence while growing up which led to them falling into the continuous cycle of engaging in violent behavior.
Topic: domestic-violence

Elsdon made a keen observation that boys are more likely to exhibit externalizing behaviors, while girls display more internalized behavior. Boys act out by attacking the abusive person because they want to serve as a protective figure towards their mother and their family members. According to psychologist Albert Bandura’s social learning theory, it explains how through various observations and reinforcements a child has the potential to display the same behavior in the future, resulting in the act of imitation. With the extended exposure to the violent act, the child grows up with that scene lingering in the back of their mind, which results in the imitation of behavior.
Topic: domestic-violence

Prolonged exposure can led to the child to feel endangered in their own home. To many children, home is far from the idealized safe haven from the outside world. Children who are exposed to violence in the home are denied their right to a safe and stable environment. They feel powerless with no one to turn to, which in turn provokes the desire to escape the environment. The children’s strong desire from a violent environment surfaces a new problem. In many cases, girls make an effort to escape from an abusive caretaker but unfortunately end up trapped into an abusive relationship. They remain in this cycle of violent behavior with no means of finding a way out. Ornduff and Monahan conducted a survey which revealed that the children felt more secure and happier in the shelters than they did in their violent homes where they were constantly placed under stressed.  Those children who were able to seek help from trusted adults were able to find a place where they can call home, away from the unwanted stress that comes with living in an abusive household.
Topic: domestic-violence

This can significantly minimize an individual’s psychological effects by giving them a way to cope with the event. Depending on the individual circumstances, the internalizing behaviors generally deal with fear, depression, anxiety and withdrawal from society and family. These behaviors are those that occurs within one’s self, generally not involving any physical involvement. Many authors such as Cummings have shown in studies conducted through experiments that children display an increased sensitivity to angry adult interactions and respond with feelings of sadness, fear, anger, and distress. Holden evaluated the negative emotions and associations made with family relationships regarding those children who witness interparental violence. Children begin to form these correlations as it becomes apparent to them their home isn’t a safest place to be in. Exposure can introduce a set of problems dealing with anxiety and depression.
Topic: domestic-violence

It’s a one-minute advertisement featuring a recording of a 911 call. The lady on the phone sounds shaken and possibly scared. It is revealed later in the video that she was unable to tell the operator what the problem was because in the room with her. She pretends like she’s just ordering a pizza and at first the operator is confused but he soon catches on to what she’s doing and begins to help her. The imagery in this commercial shows that paintings have been removed from the wall and broken, the bed is unmade, and there is a hole punched into the wall.
Topic: domestic-violence

While you aren’t directly shown how badly the girl has been beaten you see that the environment around her has been torn up and you can only imagine the damage that has been done to her. The imagery found in the commercial plays a crucial role in defining the purpose and argument. The imagery is what helps the viewer to understand that something bad has just happened without the help of the 911 call audio. Watching the commercial appeals to your emotions, it makes you feel bad for the woman it causes you to want to reach out and help her and make sure that no one ever has to experience abuse like that. It makes you feel sympathetic for her or maybe even empathetic if you’ve ever been in an abusive relationship or situation.
Topic: domestic-violence

The video can also show a strategy of getting help if your abuser is somewhere around you. It shows that the problem of domestic violence and other types of abuse are real problems and they really happen. Abuse, Domestic Violence, and sexual assault are not just something that you see happening in movies or television or that you hear about in the news. It’s a serious problem that kills people everyday but isn’t taken one hundred percent seriously. It shows a situation that could really happen in a regular person’s life.
Topic: domestic-violence

To show the reality of domestic violence here are some statistics from the NCADV. According to NCADV, on average almost 20 people per minute are physically abused or attacked by an intimate partner. Over the course of one year, this adds up to nearly 10 million women and men. Nearly 33% of women and 25% of men have been victims of some type physical abuse from an intimate partner during the course of their life. 25% of women and 1 in 7 men have been victims of severe physical abuse from an intimate partner in their lifetime. 1 in 7 women and 1 in 18 men have been stalked by an intimate partner to the point where they feared that they or someone in their circle would be attacked or killed. Intimate partner violence accounts for 15% of all violent crime. On a regular day, there are more than 20,000 phone calls made to domestic violence hotlines all over the nation. Only 34% of people who are injured by intimate partners receive medical care for their injuries.
Topic: domestic-violence

Sexual Assault, harassment and rape are also big problems. Nearly 1 in 5 women and 1 in 71 men in the United States have been raped. Almost half of female, 46.7%, and male, 44.9%, victims of rape in the United States were raped by someone they knew. Of these people, 45.4% of the female rape victims and 29% of the male rape victims were raped by an intimate partner.
Topic: domestic-violence

Abuse doesn’t just stop with physical harm and sexual assault, it can also lead to death. Even if you try to intervene and help you could end up dead. A study of intimate partner homicides showed that 20% of these victims were not the abuse victims themselves, but they were family members, friends, neighbors, people who intervened, law enforcement responders, or witnesses. Nearly 72% of all murder-suicides involve an intimate partner and 94% of the victims of these murder suicides are females.
Topic: domestic-violence

Commercials that truly have a meaning or purpose and bring awareness to problems are the best kinds of advertisements in my opinion. They aren’t just trying to get you to buy something because it’s cool or popular they want you to join or support a cause that is fighting to make the world a better place and this specific commercial does an amazing job of representing that. It showcases a real problem and advertises a way you can get involved and help. They aren’t advertising merchandise or some other type of product they are advertising a cause that needs support.
Topic: domestic-violence

How do you think could a person survive alone in this world without support? It might be possible but describing the life of that person, we can use nothing but grey colors and a feeling of despair. The feeling to have a partner is considered normal to every human being. Yet, when it comes to marriage, the greatest dilemma will appear owing to the fact that either marries the one you love or the choice of your family who is the people you loved.
Topic: domestic-violence

The amount of stress that occurs during this process, especially if you need to break up with someone, can be enormous. Arranged marriages help to take this problem away entirely. Families often work with one another when they come from a similar financial and social background. There is a desire to maintain the family culture and embrace the traditions of their ethnicity while still providing some freedoms for the couple to explore who they can become once the union is created. Because there is a certainty with most of these arrangements, couples have more time to get to know each other while pursuing interests that are personally important without the stress of wondering who might really be the right one for them.
Topic: domestic-violence

On the other hand, we acknowledge sometimes in arranged marriage there is no dating, premarital sex, living together, or even physical interaction. These factors tend to make one of the couples showing their true characters after went through all the dramas when nobody else watching them. They might be aggressive toward their partners which leads to abuse or the beginning of domestic violence. For example, sometimes the wives are treated like slaves and being punished for not doing their domestic work on time such as preparing everyday meals. This is because marry a person without knowing any details about his/her background might be risky or life-threatening. Thus, arranged marriage not always a good solution to end a bachelor/bachelorette phase of life.
Topic: domestic-violence

Arranged marriages often limit the choices that a couple has one selecting a life partner. The only way to change your life circumstances is to locate a family who is willing to let you “marry up.” Sometimes families even use the structure as a way to limit the outside influences of “undesired” genetics, cultures, or stereotypes from entering into their family structure. Imagine Muslim parents creating a marriage to prevent their son from marrying someone who practices Christian or Sikh parents choosing a partner because they fear that societal discrimination won’t permit individualism and you’ve got an idea of how severe this disadvantage can be.
Topic: domestic-violence

All relationships are not perfect, but all relationships are not safe. Intimate relationships that are formed by adults that were victims of child abuse, carry that emotion, anger, and resentment. They can be triggered at any giving time and not even realize what is happening. Believe it or not even people in relationships have been abused. “Domestic violence occurs when one person is in an intimate relationship or marriage tries to dominate and control of the other person” (Turley 117). Just like Child abuse, domestic violence is not always reported so the number of incidents that occur are not truly accurate.
Topic: domestic-violence

For example, in musical artist, Eve Johan Jeffers-Cooper, who goes by the stage name Eve “Love is Blind” music video? “The song is based on the real-life story of Eve’s best friend, Andrea” (Jeffers-Cooper and Andrea). The words tell a story about how she had so much hate for someone she didn’t know. All she knew was that her best friend was dating a guy that would constantly physically, verbally, and emotionally abuse her and she tried to do everything she could to help her.
Topic: domestic-violence

The feeling of being weak and not knowing how to stand on their own two feet makes them run back to what they know. Which is one thing that someone who isn’t or was abused will never know or understand. During the interview that Queen Latifah conducted with Eve and Andrea, Andrea talks about how it all started with verbal abuse and the threats to have her killed by people on the street. With that being said if not all most cases domestic violence against woman end in death. Domestic violence does not discriminate against men or women. You are will more than likely hear stories about woman as victims of abuse than men. One can only guess assume men don’t report being abused because of pride. The advice that all victims receive in these circumstances is often to leave immediately. As easy as it is to say, it’s not that easy for a victim of abuse to just leave. It takes time, strategic planning and knowing that they will be able to push through the start over process.
Topic: domestic-violence

Most of the reported cases are a woman who was battered by a significant other. According to the National Coalition against Domestic Violence, “10 million Americans are victims of domestic violence annually” (NCADV). The NCADV also states that, “1 in 3 women and 1 in 4 men are victims of domestic violence during their lifetime” (NCADV). “76% of females are victims of domestic violence, while 24% are men” (NCADV). But, “only 1 in 7 women are severely injured because of abuse, and 1 in 18 men are also severely injured because of abuse” (NCADV). After collecting numerous amounts of data, it show that most domestic violence against females usually will occur between the ages of 18-24 and 25-34. “Since the Women’s Act was in 1994 was initiated, the number of incidents has declined by 67%” (NCADV). According to The Britannica Encyclopedia, in 1994, “President Bill Clinton initially signed the bill to call attention to domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, and stalking” (Ami Lynch).
Topic: domestic-violence

“It was initially enacted as title IV of the violent crime control and law enforcement act. This gave way for many other places to start programs to help the victims of abuse, such as, the office of violence against women” (Ami Lynch). These are just two of the many resolutions that were put in place to protect women who were abused by a significant other. Domestic Violence has been the cause of many different mental and emotional problems for many people, men and women included. Although no victim will ever get forget what happened to them, they will begin to heal with help being provided to them once it is sought out.
Topic: domestic-violence

Concussions and the results of multiple concussion in NFL players were studied in depth by Dr. Bennet Omalu who was an expert in the field of forensic neuropathology – the study of the brain to determine the cause of death. Dr. Omalu a native of Nigeria who was new to the United States was assigned the autopsy of Mike Webster a famous Pittsburg Steeler football player who played in the 1970s and 1980s winning many football championships. Dr. Omalus discovery during this autopsy would start the process of rattling the medical community and the NFL for many years to come.
Topic: domestic-violence

Today’s competitive nature of sports associations calls for athletes to be both physically and mentally aggressive and forceful. This aggressiveness explains why so many athletes are committing violent crimes because they usually have an aggressive mentality when they are off the field (Card, 2016). Athletes are expected by society to give flawless performances in the arenas and stadiums. The admirers have developed habituated to hard-hitting, highflying shows of activeness and fitness, and oftentimes an athlete’s achievement gains them a raised status in society with special treats that most people dream of having. Athletes feel that they should be shown certain respect by fans when not on the field as their careers get bigger and bigger and most of the athletes become angered when treated like any other person by their fans or people around them.
Topic: domestic-violence

The other cause of domestic violence from the NFL players could be a genetic disposition from the power that they feel they must impose. For instance, when a child is growing in an aggressive environment, that child integrates this violent attitude into its behaviors and applies this aggressive conduct to other aspects of their lifetime. Some people argue “I can get my way if I am aggressive”. An athlete’s perception and judgment of their environment are impacted by these aggressive attitudes and tendencies they have. An aggressive athlete develops disregard for the opponent(s) that their aggression is being aimed at because their judgment becomes clouded by aggression. Sports such as football reinforce their players to be aggressive but this aggression, in turn, leads some athletes to commit violent criminal acts out of rages such as beating up their women and assaults. One of the most common confusing methods of felonious action is violence by men against their family members.
Topic: domestic-violence

An athlete engages in aggressive and violent behavior when he indulges himself in alcohol and other drug s abuse which act on the brain mechanism. Most athletes abuse drugs to improve or enhance their athletic performance, deal with career challenges, cope with mental illness, treat physical injuries and cope up with stress (Brown, 2018). Abuse of drugs amongst the NFL players is common and is associated with severe long-standing effects, which include, overdose, arrests, and bans from a sport.
Topic: domestic-violence

Mike Webster grew up on a potato farm in Tomahawk, Wisconsin, barely survived a childhood of crippling poverty and regular beatings by his dad. (Concussion pg 93) Is this history of abuse part of Webster’s problem or is it what Dr. Omalu discovered during the autopsy and study of his brain? This question will never have a definite answer, however, Dr. Omalu is convinced that it is the brain injury that changed Mike Webster into “a crazy man”.
Topic: domestic-violence

During the autopsy of Mike Weber Dr. Omalu was surprised to see so much wear and tear to his body. His blocky forehead was one massive scar. Webster’s hands was huge as hams, the fingers mangled and twisted like the roots of a willow tree. His feet were cracked open and bent in places you never knew feet could bend. The skin on the thighs had been seared over and over again by the prongs of a Taser. (Concussion pg 92.) Dr. Omalu was intrigued with the possibility of what Mike Webster’s brain would look like if football battered his body this way what could it have done to his brain.
Topic: domestic-violence

Dr. Omalu placed the brain in a bucket of formaldehyde until the brain hardened enough to slice. Once he was able to get these slices he took the brain slices to the lab at University of Pittsburg where he had just finished his neuropathology training and knew the technicians and their particular expertise. Dr. Omalu picked Jonette Werley to assist him with the processing of the brain. Jonette Werley was to shave each block of the brain that Dr. Omalu brought to her into microscopic sliver, mount them onto glass slides and stain them with the antibodies requested by Dr. Omalu. The stains are to bring any unusual patters of cells into view. (Concussion pg108)
Topic: domestic-violence

It took months before Dr. Omalu was able to look at the slides and discover that all through Mike Webster’s brain were Tau tangles. Tau tangles were kind of like sludge, clogging up the works, killing healthy brain cells. In Mike Webster’s brain it was in the region of the brain responsible for mood, emotions, and executive functioning. This was why boxers went crazy and why Mike Webster went crazy to. (Concussion pg124)
Topic: domestic-violence

In 1997 the American Academy of Neurology established guidelines for concussed athletes returning to play. The ANA (American Academy of Neurology) stated that once you got one concussion, you were more likely to get another. After several concussions, it took less of a blow to cause the concussion and a longer period of time to recover. The ANA defined concussions into three grades of severity; from transient confusion a grade 1 to complete loss of consciousness as a grade 3. The ANA suggested that players with a grade 3 concussion not return to play until they were asymptomatic for one week and if another grade 3 concussion was suffered that they be withheld from play for at least one month. The NFL rejected these guidelines stating there was no research to support the finding of the ANA. The NFL trusting sources with no experience in the matter of the brain and brain injuries over neurologist and independent scientists that study brain injuries appalled Dr. Omalu.
Topic: domestic-violence

There has been a long battle with the NFL over concussions and brain injuries. In the middle of this battle Dr. Julian Bailes a neurosurgeon from Louisiana who had worked for a decade as the Steelers team doctor contaced Dr. Omalu. Dr. Bailes said that he had known Mike Webster well. (Concussion pg162) He knew brains and he knew concussions. He called to tell Dr. Omalu that he believed him and that he was studying concussions in his lab in West Virginia by concussion rates and examining the resulting damage to brain tissue. Dr. Bailes was chairing a study at the University of North Carolinas Center for the Study of Retired Athletes. His group had surveyed thousands of retired players, and in 2003 had found that players who had suffered multiple concussions were three times more likely to suffer clinical depression than the normal non athlete male of the same age. (Concussion pg163) When these findings were reported to the NFL they responded negatively. NFL found the study flawed and would not accept any information from the study.
Topic: domestic-violence

The reworded rules prohibit a player from launching himself off the ground and using his helmet to strike a player in a defenseless posture in the head or neck. The old rule only applied to receivers getting hit, but now it will apply to everyone. Also, new this season, when a player loses his helmet, the play is immediately whistled dead. And now, during field goal and extra-point attempts, the defense cannot position any player on the line directly across from the snapper, who’s considered to be in a defenseless position.
Topic: domestic-violence

I agree with the notion that the minimum age of marriage in Malaysia should be raised. There are a lot of bad impacts on the young bride compared to positive effects that trigger the society and authority to amend the current law regarding the legal age for marriage. According to Volgestein (2013), early marriage was used as an instrument to maximize fertility in the context of high mortality rates. Currently in Malaysia, the legal age for marriage is 16 years old. However, Datuk Seri Dr Wan Azizah Ismail is trying to amend the law where the legal age for marriage will be increased from 16 to 18 years old.
Topic: domestic-violence

A forced marriage differs from an arranged marriage where the arranged marriage will be done with the consent of both spouses to involve a third party in it while forced marriage does not. In this matter, it clearly can be seen that most underage marriages are forced marriage. This statement is strengthened by Miller’s (2015) explanation that child marriage could be claimed as forced marriage since they are minors and presumed unable of giving informed consent. She further explained that extreme involuntary marriage may include other things such as abduction, threats, rape, imprisonment, and even death.
Topic: domestic-violence

Forced marriage is the most horrible form of child abuse and is also a form of human rights and children’s rights violations (Miller, 2015). Forced marriage literally some kind of platform for sex slave, abuse, and gender inequalities. Most child marriages are between 12 years old girl with an older man that is old enough to be her father. The purpose to increase the minimum age for marriage is basically to end child marriage or young bride practice due to its lots of negative outcomes whether for short term or long term.
Topic: domestic-violence

The first reason on why such practice should not be happening anymore is it will affect the girl’s physical health badly. As far as we concern, young girl’s physical or body is not ready or suitable yet for any sexual activity. There is a common belief that child marriage will help in protecting young girls from any pre-marital sexual behavior where in reality it is not. According to Nour (2006), girls who are married tend to be infected with HIV more than girls who are not. Nour (2006) added that there is a hypothesis regarding this matter where a young girl may be physiologically more liable to HIV infection because her vagina is not yet well lined with protective cells and her cervix may be more easily eroded. Most young girls were infected with HIV due to sexual intercourse with their HIV infected husbands. Other than that, young girls in Kenya are under pressure to prove their fertility which leads to unprotected intercourse. This happened because as mentioned before, most young girls were married off to older men. Due to his age, he must have a lot of sexual activity with different partners that became the source of HIV infection. Since these girls are reliant on their husbands, they cannot request their husbands to do any HIV test (Nour, 2006).
Topic: domestic-violence

According to Global Health Council on Adolescent Youth as cited by Alanen (2016), not fully formed reproductive and immune systems of adolescent girls increase their risk for sexually transmitted infections and difficulties during pregnancy and childbirth. Girls aged 15 years and younger are five-times more likely to die during giving birth than women between the ages of 20 and 24 years old. Nour (2006) elaborated that one of the major reasons of death due to childbirth is obstructed labor. Obstructed labor is a result of a girl’s pelvis being too small to deliver a baby. The fetus’s head passes into the vagina, but its shoulders could not pass through the mother’s pelvic bones. If cesarean has not been done, both newborns and mothers could die. In other cases, only the mother survived.
Topic: domestic-violence

Physical health would always be followed by psychological health. It is important to know that child marriage does not only affect physically but it also affects mentally. According to Nour (2006), during childbirth, there is a possibility of young mothers to face fistulas. Fistulas happened due to the force from the fetus’s head on the vagina wall that causes tissue necrosis. This is because their bones are not fully ready for pregnancy and delivery. Fistulas will cause fecal or urinary incontinence and peroneal nerve palsy that lead to embarrassment and resulting depression. Other than that, “bride abduction” is a practice of marrying female adolescents without their approval in Kyrgyzstan. Some brides that were abducted are as young as 12 years old. In some cases, the bride will be brought to the abductor’s house and raped. The purpose of doing so was to make the girl feel humiliated of herself and unable to return to her parents’ house (Miller, 2015). According to Alanen (2016), some victims feeling extremely isolated and depressed that they decided to commit suicide at the end as an escape from the miserable life.
Topic: domestic-violence

The next premise to support my stance is child marriage promotes criminal activity and spousal violence. This is quite a serious matter that the authority and society to look into. In some parts of the country, there are customs about honor in marriage. According to Alanen (2016), when families migrate, their customs and belief migrate with them. Alanen (2016) added that there was an Iraqi immigrant woman that was detained for padlocked her 19 years old daughter to a bed and burned her face and chest just because she denied to marry a 38 years old man that her parents had set for her. Apart from that, there was also an Iraqi father that commit murder in the name of “honor killing” where he ran over his own daughter with a car because she fled the marriage arranged for her and be with the man that she wanted (Alanen, 2016). Girls who resist performing marriage has a high risk of being beaten and raped. Some families choose violence or even murder in order to punish girls who are perceived to have shamed themselves and dishonored their families by against their parents’ will to marry her off with their selected man. A lot of behavioral displays of forced marriage resemble indicators of domestic violence.
Topic: domestic-violence

According to Alanen (2016), a 12 years old girl named Reem opposed her father’s plan to force her into marriage with her 30 years old cousin. As a result, her father gagged her and tied her up, and even threatened to kill her for disobeying him. In another case, Aisha fled her forced marriage to run away from abuse and beatings. Unfortunately, she was being hunted down by her husband. When she has been found, her husband cut off her ear and nose as a penalty for running away. She died due to choking with her own blood. Some extreme families hiding their awful act under the name of ‘honor’ killing to legalize the murder.
Topic: domestic-violence

Other negative effects that will arise due to child marriage is it will affect the young bride’s education. Alanen (2016) mentioned that most married girls were excluded from school at an earlier age, lessening their capacity for independence and perpetuating a cycle of poverty. Usually, when girls marry at an early age, her education will be ended. According to Parsons, J., Edmeades, A., Kes, A., Petroni, S., Sexton, M., and Wodon, Q. (2015), girls who married early will be withdrawn from their social relations and support structure that schools offer. The earlier a girl gets married the lower her level of education would be. According to Dagne (1994), these young brides were denied many years of education and even on a primary level due to limitations in their life choices making. A young bride who has low education level will affect their rights to information regarding health and wellbeing towards her and her children. According to Boyle et al, (2006), as cited by Parsons, J. et al, (2015), education and knowledge about health are associated together and it could be used by the girls to encourage education and health of their children. Mothers who have a higher education would focus more on family resources on their children’s nutrition. Therefore, the children of young mothers who have lower education levels are more likely to not be well-nourished and immunized against child disease which could lead to death. Parsons, J. et al, (2015) added that girls whose mothers have had no or less education tend to be married off at an early age that will add to the cycle of poverty in subsequent generations.
Topic: domestic-violence

As we know, married girls are typically out of schools this happened due to the lack of ability to make decisions on whether she should continue her studies or otherwise that caused limitation to their learning, mathematical ability, and financial skills. Child marriage places a girl entirely under the control of her husband and in-laws that became a barrier for her to voice out her opinions regarding her life plans (Parsons, J. et al, 2015). Other than that, married girls also lack the ability to speak up to her husband about sexual activity, contraceptive use or family planning. In some other cases, some girls are incapable to stand against the mentally and physically violence by her husband and in-laws that she had to go through (Parsons, J. et al, 2015). This is an outbreak from the lack of access to education that occurred from child marriage. The ability to contribute in life decision making and education are indirectly related together. If the girl did not has to go through child marriage, she would has the option to pursue her studies and her life plans that could drag her far from unhealthy marriage. When a girl who is well educated, she could plan her family economy in a better way and raised her children with full of knowledge.
Topic: domestic-violence

In a nutshell, I stand with my stance that the minimum age of marriage should be set higher in an attempt to stop Malaysian from performing child marriage. For instance, the case in Gua Musang, Kelantan where an 11 years old girl marry a 41 years old man (Bernama, 2018). Child marriage brings more negative effects than positive effects that urge me to stand with my stance that 16 years old as minimum age should be amended and raised to 18 years old.
Topic: domestic-violence

Divorce makes everyone involved agonized, that means if divorce papers were given unexpectedly and poorly decided it will extremely affect everyone in the family, including the children, parents on both sides, siblings, in-laws, nieces, nephews and especially the couple. Deciding whether to accept the divorce or not is still a very difficult decision to make. In the Philippines, divorce is not legalized mainly because of religion. We were colonized by the Spaniards for 333 years, during their conquest they introduced us to Catholicism.
Topic: domestic-violence

Despite that, the lower house still endorsed the final version of bill 7303 otherwise known as the Absolute Divorce Act of 2018. The current divorce law has come a long way, introducing divorce in the Philippines with House Bill No. 1799 otherwise known as Divorce Bill. Though the late bill does not cover the nullity and annulment of marriage. According to the Explanatory Note attached “The present laws relating to separation of couples and termination of marriage are inadequate to respond to the myriad causes of failed marriages.
Topic: domestic-violence

Legal separation, on the other hand, while covering problems during a marriage, does not put an end to a marriage. This bill will allow individuals to be free of their unhappy and most are abusive marriages and this bill will also give guidelines for settling concerns as well as the custody of the children if there is any “. The current bill defines absolute divorce in the SEC. 4 as “the separation between married couples that is total and final where the husband and wife return to their status of being single with the right to contract marriage again”. It has gained many praises from Filipinos who’s been waiting for such a law to be proposed. In fact, in the poll conducted by the Social Weather Station revealed that 53% of the Philippine citizens declared themselves in favor of legalizing divorce. In a country that is so religious, most of us would agree that divorce is a sin against the natural law and the teachings of the church. But disregarding religion, divorce is a great solution for anyone that has been through a very abusive relationship with their partner. If the government approved annulment then why not approve divorce, where divorce acts like annulment but much better.
Topic: domestic-violence

The grant of absolute divorce is affordable and inexpensive than filing an annulment. Sec. 3 no. 4 of the House Bill No. 7303 states that “the option of absolute divorce is a pro-woman legislation because in most cases, it is the wife who is entitled to a divorce as a liberation from an abusive relationship and to help her regain dignity and self-esteem” which is true, in most circumstances woman has the most cases to be abused having a divorce law that is pro-woman is a great help to get out of those bad circumstances. An annulment does not cover that case. Also, filing an annulment because of domestics or marital abuse is not approved, this is why the current divorce bill is better than annulment for it approves the nullity of marriage if they have been domestically abused it may be committed in the form of physical violence, psychological and emotional violence, sexual violence or economic abuse.
Topic: domestic-violence

Senator Risa Hontiveros, the author of Senate Bill 2134 or Divorce Act of 2018, during an interview with GMA News said “while the State continues to recognize the sanctity of family life and endeavors to protect and strengthen the family, it is also duty-bound to promote and protect the well-being of its citizens”. “It is a duty that should extend to circumstances whereby this well-being is being compromised by the inability to break free from irremediably broken marriages and start anew in a healthier family and living arrangements,” she said in the explanatory note. She further said that, based on studies, it is not divorce that creates well-being issues for children but bearing witness to their parents’ troubled marriage. “Under Senate Bill 2134, filed in December 2018, divorce is defined as the legal termination of a marriage by a court in a legal proceeding, requiring a petition or complaint for divorce by one party, which will have the effect of returning both parties to the status of being single, including the right to remarry.