ktmeng/mec huggingface dataset:
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The million-dollar question is to find out what factors contribute to infant mortality in developing and underdeveloped countries. Let’s first look at what infant mortality is; the number of deaths among live born infants from birth to under the age of one. In underdeveloped nations knowledge and education should be imparted into women’s conscience for them to be fully aware of steps to be taken in childcare. Unlike developed nations, many African women do not have female education about the importance of breastfeeding for the first six months of a new born baby’s life, and that all the antibodies are transferred to the baby through breast feeding and knowledge of vaccinations. All these would help in the reduction of infant mortality and improve the health and quality for all people, Peck, (2003). There are also disturbing factors in the Sub-Saharan Africa; The transport system is not efficient thus it makes it difficult for some people to reach health services and all the delays involved upon reaching the health facilities.
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The mortality rate is high in Africa this is solely because Africans have high rate of poverty, malnutrition, and limited or no access to health care. The figures of the deaths are so high as indicated by (Appendix-Table 1). In order to reduce mortality rate underdeveloped nations require funding and intervention from organisations is crucial and paramount to reduce infant mortality. Given all the help from other governments especially the west is vital but there is need for collaborative unabated effort from the government in question, health officials worldwide and the African community (UNICEF,2006).
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The Infant Mortality Rate IMR works as a yardstick to determine whether a country is doing well economically and if a government has adequate or good living conditions. It’s an economic indicator, Cramer,(1997) It is IMR is the most accurate measure of how well a country or society is satisfying or fulfilling the needs of the people.(p.299 .Cramer).The African infant mortality rate exceeds that of Western countries by over 60%.These figures are used to measure the overall health of communities worldwide(Cramer ,1997). From the research conducted by African Leadership for Child survival (2002) reports that Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), constitutes about 38% of global neonatal deaths, with the highest new born death rate (34 deaths per 1000 live births in 2011). It was also estimated that half of the 10 million children under five years most of them die yearly in the world (an estimate of 1000 child death every hour). Most of these deaths originates from the Sub-Saharan Africa. This could be avoided given proper access to basic affordable health services. According to WHO ,2018 and UNICEF 2018 reports indicate that Sub-Saharan children have a life expectancy of 51 years but a tenth of which die in the first year of life. According to their research, 155 out of every 1000 children do not reach the age of five. Infant mortality rates (IMR) are usually frequent in the first month of life, with a neonatal mortality of 40 out of every 1000 births. WHO and UNICEF research shows that the main causes of the deaths is; neonatal causes(26%),child pneumonia(21%),malaria(18%),diarrhea(19%),HIV(6%),measles(5%) and accidents (2%).The research also states that for the IMR to be controllable it takes political sanity, transparency in directing resources for the cause and implementation of new strategies. According to UNICEF research neonatal deaths constitutes about approximately 30% of those deaths of under-five worldwide(1.1 million new born babies usually don’t make it surpass one month alive, the highest rate being in the Sub-Saharan Africa where 11% of the children die before they reach the age of five unlike developed nations which 16 time lower.
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The literature review identified that an extended research has been carried to establish the different social determinant affecting infant mortality and the injection of funds into reducing IMR using quantitative methods. As such the researcher identified a research gap; but no in-depth research was done to tackle the political corruption focusing on control, personalizing and embezzling government and international donor organisations’ funds. There is a deliberate lack to put in place healthcare system infrastructures that will benefit the rest of their population. As such the research Proposal question will thus address;
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Ethics: Many African governments have tried to improve the quality and quantity of modern health services for their people, NCBI, (2003), This was not the case during colonial era for it was the duty of the colonial masters. It is debatable that health expansion is evident, because if it was so we would be witnessing dwindling figures of infant mortality rate. Since education levels in many African countries has improved so should be access and utilization of health care facilities and child care. Other factors which improves the people’s wellbeing are technology and infrastructure developments such as roads which can facilitate food distribution, reduce effects of drought and provision of transportation to urban areas so as access to health services. Professional health care givers also play a pivotal role in determining children’s best interests. In most African culture it’s a norm to them not to seek medical attention thus even if the health facility is available some parents may disagree.
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This report has outlined on the effects of corruption on infant mortality rate in the Sub-Saharan Africa. The implications of the findings clearly show that if there was zero corruption there would be better health provisions and availability of healthcare givers, and if the funds meant for health facilities if channeled to the right tasks there would be greater improvements in the health sector. Thus, a reduction in the infant mortality. So, there is a clear indication that all this suffering, injustice, inequality, and denial of an individual’s legal basic right to health, is preventable.
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According to a survey by (Al Bulushi, et al., 2006), The impact of all this especially to the poor, who sorely is depended upon their governments to take care of them. In most countries the health sector is divided into public and private sectors, thus the public sector suffers because the physicians end up concentrating on the private practice. “Black market” in health is very common many African countries fail to curb it and its now rife. Corruption, bribery, widespread extortion and other illegal practices are left unabated. The black market which is a result of corrupt administrations and malfunctioning health systems and low salaries of health care giver further helps to erode the sanity of the health systems.
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According to a research by WHO (2018) states that it does not matter how much is invested if there is no balance among inputs, say the number of nurses per doctor. In the research made by WHO ,it thus outlines at least five indicators; health imbalances within the population, the level of population health, health system responsiveness(where the patient is supposed to be satisfied and efficiency of the system),distribution of the feedback in relation to class, and the distribution of health system’s financial burden within the population(the payer)
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Charlotte Yonge “the clever woman of the family” (1865) shows sympathy for the protagonist, Rachel desperate for an outlet for her energies and intelligence. Rachel’s hubristic attempts at independent actions end in near – apocalyptic tragedy, however, when a child dies under her care the novel ends with Rachel’s reform as she becomes engaged to a military man who promises to make her “a thorough wife and mother” and to whom she confesses that she was never a “clever woman”. After all, “I never thought you one,” he quietly returned.
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My delight is to read English novels, particularly those written by women. Miss Austin, Miss Ferrier, Charlotte Bronte, George Eliot, Mrs. Gaskell, and many others almost as remarkable, form a school which in the excellence, the profusion, and the contemporaneousness of its productions, resembles the crowd of dramatic poets of the great Athenian age.” This remarkable tribute of praise is justified by an examination of the work women have accomplished on this branch of literature. In no other sphere do they rise to the first rank. There has never been a female Shakespeare; but the famous French critic Scherer finds George Eliot the first of English novelists, and he is not alone in this judgement.
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The three Bronte sisters have a niche in literature all to themselves. They were Charlotte Bronte (1816 – 1855), Emily Bronte (1818-1848) and Anne Bronte (1820 – 1849). Charlotte Bronte’s ‘Jane Eyre’ occupies an important place in the history of English literature. The genius of Charlotte has given us a picture of miseries of “Lowood” School: the tragic fate of her sister Maria is told in her novel ‘Jane Eyre’ in the heartrending account of the consumptive girl Helen Burns, with her racking cough, dying in the cold fireless dormitory. It was during these school days that Charlotte heard the story of the man with the mad wife, who felt himself morally free to leave her and marry again; and this story suggested to her the idea of Rochester in the same novel. In the history of the second period of the school life of Bronte girls has been embodied in ‘Shirley’, and their third and last educational experience in Brussels furnished material for the two novels ‘Villette’ and ‘The Professor’.
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Charlotte Bronte only wrote these four novels. ‘The Professor’, though it was not published till after her death, is an earlier and cruder performance than the others. In ‘Jane Eyre’ the heroine is a governess, plain and homely, but fascinating; the hero is an improbable and unpleasant person who pursues his wooing in Byronic fashion; and the scene is laid in a terrible house where the upper side is used as an asylum for the mad life. The incidents are a dinner party, a country walk and a fire. Yet out of these unromantic materials Charlotte Bronte made a story which enthralled men like Lockhart, G. H. Lewis and Thackeray. Thus, she became the “daughter of debate,” discussed everywhere, and fretted and lionized when she visited London at the suggestion of her publishers. The best part of her book related to her school experiences. In all the Bronte writings there is scarcely anything good which cannot be traced back to incidents in their own lives. Their lives were hard, cheerless and full of suffering. There was little cause of laughter in their home, and in their books the want of mirth is a marked defect. Emily especially was full of gloom and harsh reserve. The story told in Shirley of the mad dog happened to her.
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Emily Bronte’s only novel ‘Wuthering Heights’ is a prime example of gothic romanticism from a woman’s point of view during this period of time, examining class, myth and gender. The book’s core theme is the destructive effect of jealousy and vengefulness both on the jealous and vengeful people and as well as on their communities. This novel in particular has violence, passion, the supernatural, heightened emotion and emotional distance, an unusual mix for any novel but particularly at this time. Of ‘Wuthering Heights’ Dante Rossetti said that “the action is laid in hell, only it seems places and people have English names there.” Of the three sisters Emily alone possessed the gift of poetry. Her verse includes a few pieces of rare excellence.
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Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell is another important name among women novelists of the Victorian literature. Her famous novels include’ Mary Barton’, ‘Wives and Daughters’, ‘North and South’, ‘Cranford’. She used novel as an instrument of social reform. We think of Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell primarily as a novelist, but the virtue of ‘The life of Charlotte Bronte’ she is also one of the very small group of writers who have enriched literature with biographies of permanent worth. Description of last moments of last minutes of Charlotte Bronte is given in the beautiful biography written by her friend and fellow craftswoman Mrs. Gaskell. In her first novel Mary Barton (1848), Mrs. Gaskell presents a sociological study based on her experience of the conditions of the laboring classes in the new cities of the industrial North. In this novel, she tried to rouse sympathy on behalf of the workers and to show the evils which has grown up with a factory
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The form of the poem is free verse. This makes the poem flow naturally and acquire its own rhythm. In the poem, there is a struggle of freedom taking place. Thus, with the poem being free verse, it emphasizes the concept of freedom where there are no rules or regulations controlling the flow of the poem. Figuratively, this portrays what the black people are fighting for a South Africa where there are no discriminatory rules against specific races and where everybody is free.
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By listing these actions, the poet conveys the idea that these boys have no sense of racial pride and have no purpose in life. The words “You horde-water that sweep over black pastures”, insinuates that the boys are robbing their communities from achieving growth and moving forward (Serote 11). In addition, “You bloody bodies that dodge bullets” conveys how tough the black boys are (Serote 12). Even when they are wounded and bleeding to death, they still continue fighting. Evidently, black boys are reckless and attach no value to their lives. In the line, “Who’ve tasted the rape of mother’s and sisters” (Serote 13), the poet plays on the word “tasted”. The first interpretation is that the black boys have raped women in their communities who are the mothers and sisters of their fellow black brothers. However, it can also be that their black brothers have raped their mothers and sisters. It is obvious that these black boys are self-destructive and have no sense of being their brother’s keepers as they are hurting each other’s families.
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The tone of the poem starts off as very accusing. After every line where the poet calls them “you black boys” (lines 1,10 and 18), the poet’s tone is frank, and he attacks his fellow black brothers for all of the vulgar acts of crime that they have been committing. He shows distaste and disbelief that his very own people could hurt their community in such a way when they are already having to face racism from the apartheid government every day. On the other hand, after the words, “My brothers in the streets” (lines 5,13 and 21), Serote’s tone is more sympathetic and gentler as he states what his black brothers endure every day and how vicious the cycle of poverty is. In the last four stanzas of the poem, the Serote’s exclamation of “listen!” (line 20) indicates how exasperated he is for his black brothers to listen to what he is saying. He repeats “listen,” (line 22) again but with a gentler tone that shows how serious the issue is that he is addressing as well as how hopeless he has become.
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Intersectionality is the interconnected nature of social categorizing such as race, class and gender, regarded as creating overlapping and independent systems of discrimination or disadvantage; a theoretical approach based on such a premise (Oxford Dictionary). It is a framework for conceptualizing a person, group of people, or social problem as affected by a number of discriminations and disadvantages. In My Brothers in the Streets, the various identity markers of the people in the black community determines the type discrimination that they face. For instance, black women in the community face gender and race discrimination whereas the black men only face racism.
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Serote creates the image of young black boys during apartheid that has no racial pride, social consciousness or sense of purpose in life (Ndledla 16). Due to the workings of oppression during apartheid, these black boys have become self-destructive and have become violent within their own communities. They have surrendered moral and spiritual authority to oppression. In addition, it can be interpreted that the vulgar acts that these boys are committing is their way of protesting against the terrible apartheid system that has robbed them of their self-worth and prosperous futures. These acts are a cry for help.
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By naming the various aspects of the black boys’ lives, such as “holiday in jails” and “rest in hospitals” (Serote 6-7), the poet emphasizes how their lives have taken a wrong turn and how they’ve lost their sense of direction in life. The argument that the poet is trying to make is that the black boys have to be proud of their identity and reclaim their self-worth for transformation to be possible. Subsequently, the poet mentions the various crimes and injustices that these black boys have committed against people in their communities. Ultimately, Serote ends the poem off with the words “Listen, it’s black women who are crying” (lines 22-23). This is significant because he is stating that these boys are letting out their frustrations on their fellow black people and harming them in the process.
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Steve Biko’s definition of Black Consciousness is the realization of the black man of the need to rally together with his brothers around the fact that they are black, which is the cause of their oppression and work together to free themselves from the chains that tie them to everlasting enslavement (SAHO). In this poem, Serote is trying to open the black boys’ eyes to see Black Consciousness and work together to fight against the oppression of apartheid.
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In conclusion, the poem My Brothers in the Streets by Mongane Wally Serote is an excellent poem that illustrates how white people did not only bring injustice to the oppressed people’s lives, but how Apartheid caused black people to harm each other too. Serote used various techniques such as form, diction, design and tone to convey various messages such as Black Consciousness. Ultimately, the core message in the poem is that no one but themselves can liberate themselves culturally, spiritually, politically and economically.
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201). Authoritarian parents are more “I’m the boss” style which can come across cold to a child (Belsky,2016 p.201). Permissive style parenting has no clear cut rules essentially letting the child rule the roost (Belsky,2016 p.201). Rejecting-neglecting is viewed as the worst, a child is ignored, invalidated, and essentially have to look after themselves which is disheartening (Belsky,2016 p.201). A particular way a parent parents a child refers to their parenting style choice.
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Risk factors might include a parent’s mood being affected perhaps depression (Lazarus,n.d.). A child could feel lonely and left out by the parent not in the household of the parent that has custody. A child can have a broad spectrum of emotions regarding a divorce ranging from fear,sadness,anger and they may feel rejected(Teyber,2001,p.11).New relationships could rock the boat essentially if the parents are dating again it could upset the child profoundly. If one parent lets anything go and another parent is more strict and concise it could confuse the child and make them unsure of what their expectations are especially in joint custody cases.
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It used to be that the mom was often given custody because traditionally mothers are the nurturing type as opposed to men, however laws have been put in place now and joint custody is a more common practice (Belsky,2016 p.210). It can be a good choice to let a child weigh in on some decisions concerning custody (Belsky,2016 p.211). They do better when there is a relatively smooth transition (Belsky,2016 p. 209). Parental Alienation can make for a not so smooth transition, this occurs when parents who are divorced belittle,criticise, and slander their former spouse with every intention of turning the kid against them (Belsky,2016 p. 210). When divorced parents engage in parental Alienation, it is a malignant outcome for the child.(Belsky,2016,p.211).
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A large portion of Parenting experts think that staying together when things aren’t working and the parents can’t be civil to one another can only harm a child and in turn set the example for how they will parent when the time comes (Parker,2018). Although, Other researchers argue just the opposite that parents should stay together at all costs (Parker, 2018). If a child is being abused or maltreated in any sense of the word separation should be considered to protect the child (Parker,2018). Staying together for the kids isn’t appropriate in some instances.
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Plans to help a child through a divorce might include Starting a journal with the child about their feelings (if old enough), In any case, creating an atmosphere so that the child feels good about approaching you and confiding in you. There are many ways to coax a child and help them emotionally. Kids can pick up the elephant in the room, so it’s best to help the child not feel so bad and help yourself if you are distraught and need help so it’s not a contagion (counseling maybe). Make the child feel important by allowing them to make choices in their lives, even if it’s a simple choice. Help them to understand that it’s not their fault by validating their feelings and listening intently to the child’s needs (each child varies). Counseling for the child if the divorce was ugly if necessary, It has come to light that my nephew Clayton has Post traumatic Stress disorder from his dad abusing his mom (my sister in law). Abstaining from fights in front of the child, remembering they are little sponges soaking in everything. Encouraging the child to express themselves and not bottle up their emotions would be a big one because it could prove disastrous if the child was a ticking time bomb from pent up feelings not released. I don’t think it could hurt to find a hobby or extracurricular to keep the child focused not to mention it would benefit the child to be a part of a team! A child needs to feel loved and appreciated, just like we all do!
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For each boy there was baseline data that was collected until each of the boys had shown a consistent level of performance. The instructions for the baseline exam started with the three materials shown in the teacher presentation book in the first materials lesson. After the baseline phase the researchers implemented instructional procedures and behaviors that were found in the teacher’s guide. The procedures included following the script for the strand with some modifications; using something to signal the students responses; using correction procedures for non-responses or incorrect responses; requiring simultaneous student responses; and modeling correct responses and then asking the students to respond all together and then again individually.
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continued at each criterion until each of the boys had mastered each material before adding new instructions.E.As for results, each of the boys responded very quickly to treatment in a visual upward trend as well as they each quickly met criteria in each phase and had high PNDs. PNDs are calculated by dividing the number of intervention data points that surpasses the highest baseline data points by the total number of intervention phases data point and then multiplied by 100. The first boy, Kyle, his baseline performance was a 1.75. Across all of the phases, Kyle’s data were increasing through variables, especially during the first two phases. The PND calculated for Kyle was a score of 92% which suggests a highly effective treatment. As for Aidan, during his baseline, his performance was 0 correct responses which shows that his data trend was low and stable. Through the phases of his performance, Aidan’s data was increasing and generally stable. The PND that was calculated for Aidan was 95% which suggests a highly effective intervention. With Nico, his average performance for the baseline phase was also 0 correct responses and was low and stable, just like Aidan. Through all of the phases of Nico’s data collection, his trends were all increasing and stable. Nico’s PND that was calculated, resulted in a score of 90%. That score suggests that the treatment was effective to highly effective.
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All and all the instructional procedures had to be modified based on each of the boy’s individual needs. The PND score for each of the boys were at least 90% which shows that DI was a highly effective intervention. This study also showed a functional relationship between identifying materials and DI through replication of skill increasing over at least three criterion changes for the three boys. A suggestion was that future studies with DI should use actual classroom teachers as instructors instead of the authors of the study.
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All through writing, there are a wide range of sorts of mother. There is the minding mother: the person who thinks about, ensures and directs her kid. At that point there is the careless mother: the person who does nothing to help her youngster, who just gets things done for her very own advantage. Despite what sort of mother a kid has, in any event there is a mother. There is a maternal figure whom the tyke will turn upward to for direction and support.
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His missing mother in King Lear has been the subject of many papers including Coppelia Kahn’s exposition “The Absent Mother in King Lear” and Myra Glaser Schutz’s article “The Great Unwritten Story: Mothers and Daughters in Shakespeare.” King Lear, Taming of the Shrew. The lives of a considerable lot of alternate characters, not simply the children’s, are seriously influenced on account of the missing mother.
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Regardless of her childhood without a mother, his most youthful little girl, Cordelia, has grown up to be a fair and adoring lady. The other two little girls, then again, have grown up to cheat and eager for power. Maybe with a mother in the image, the two more seasoned girls would have turned out in an unexpected way. Coppelia Khan notes, “both genders start to build up a feeling of self in connection to a mother-lady. However, a young lady’s feeling of femaleness emerges through her childish association with the mother. Since a mother was not there to demonstrate to her girls generally accepted methods to act and carry on like ladies, they had minimal decision however to emulate men’s example.
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Be that as it may, by what method can three ladies be brought up in a similar circumstance and turn out so in an unexpected way? One conceivable response to this inquiry is on the grounds that Cordelia is Lear’s most loved little girl. Lear’s inclination towards Cordelia is presumably what prompts Regan and Goneril’s character blemishes. Myra Glazer Schotz states, “concentrating on the ‘manly problem of sovereignty and parenthood,’ the Lear world presents us with little girls however predicates itself on the nonappearance of their mom, the nonattendance of a Queen, the nonattendance of a ladylike guideline to go about as emblematic and mental balance to male specialist” (Davidson 47). In spite of the fact that the Kent and the Fool are there to check Lear’s power, they don’t as much impact his better half would. Kent prompts against Cordelia’s expulsion yet is then himself expelled. Lear’s better half, the mother of his little girls, is most likely the special case who could have kept Cordelia’s expulsion.
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In King Lear a mother is referenced twice, the multiple times in a negative way. A reference in Act II, scene iv, when Lear says, “O! how this mother swells up toward my heart.” The word ‘mother’ in this announcement alludes to an ailment that felt like a kid in a mother’s belly. It is additionally similar to the suffocation of the mother (Muir 85). Mother is identified with the belly, the alleged seat of delirium. Another reference to a mother is made when Lear is chatting with Regan. He says, “I think you are [my child]; I recognize what reason I need to think so: if thou shouldst not be happy, I would separate from me from thy mother’s tomb, sepulchered an adultress” (King Lear. II.iv.136-139). Lear is disclosing to her that he realizes she is his genuine little girl and since he has given her his kingdom she should treat him better. As per Lear, the mother can without much of a stretch be rebuked for the negative way her girls, Regan and Goneril, have turned out.
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The occasions that happen because of Cordelia’s expulsion at the outset may have been maintained a strategic distance from. A mother may have possessed the capacity to reveal to Lear that he is being silly and ought not be so rushed to repudiate his most loved little girl. A maternal figure in this play may have made it feasible for Cordelia to take control of her dad’s position of royalty at the proper time, sparing numerous lives. A mother may have likewise spared each of the three of her girls from being executed toward the finish of the play. In spite of the fact that Goneril and Regan are both tricky youngsters who misuse their capacity, a mother could have kept them from causing their own deaths and the pointless passings of Lear, Gloucester and numerous others. Be that as it may, on the grounds that there is no mother, the occasions that occur will undoubtedly occur. This isn’t William Shakespeare’s solitary play in which the absence of a mother figure prompts ominous circumstances.
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The Taming of the Shrew is another of Shakespeare’s plays that comes up short on a mother. The mother of Katherina and Bianca isn’t referenced in the play. Their dad, Baptista Minola, like the dads in both King Lear and Much Ado About Nothing, brings up the two little girls. Since there is just a single parent, there exists a battle for his friendship. A mother makes the harmony between the dad and the youngsters. Notwithstanding, in light of the fact that there is no mother in the play, the two little girls are looking for their dad’s fondness, and it creates the impression that Katherina feels that her dad demonstrates bias toward her sister, Bianca. At the point when Baptista goes into the room and separates the battle among Katherina and Bianca, Katherina inquires:
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Despite the fact that there isn’t any proof of a mother in this play neither Katherina nor Bianca will endure. Their dad is resolved to see them both cheerfully wedded. His explanation that Bianca can’t wed until Katherina does demonstrates that he does in fact cherish them similarly. On the off chance that Bianca as the more youthful and evidently better sister gets hitched first, Katherina will unavoidably turn into an old house keeper. She will never get hitched and in the long run she will kick the bucket alone. He sees that Bianca is getting all the engagement propositions however that there are no imminent spouses for Katherina. Her severe demeanor is like Regan and Goneril’s in King Lear; it creates the impression that they all have a negative frame of mind in light of the fact that their dad indicate more friendship towards their sisters.
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Katherina’s cruelty is the thing that shields her from getting propositions to be engaged. Her recognition that her dad favors her sister lights her displeasure towards men. Maybe if her mom was there to comfort her, she may have felt somewhat better. Any maternal figure’s love in this play would have changed her negative frame of mind. The vast majority of the characters in the play talk about her instead of to her. At the point when Baptista asks who needs to court his little girl, Katherina, Gremio says to Hortensio as an afterthought:
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The two men consider Katherina to be being mean, call her a villain and Tranio even says, “That vixen is unmistakable distraught or brilliant froward” (Taming. I.i.68). In any case, Baptista is resolved to see both of his girls wedded which is the reason he offers the substantial share. Without the help of a mother, Baptista attempts to ensure that his little girls are both dealt with.
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In both plays, King Lear, and Taming of the Shrew, we see the dad bringing up his little girls with no important notice of the mother. This conscious oversight of the mother deeply affects the characters in the plays. Regan and Goneril cause the unfortunate end in King Lear and Katherina is viewed just like the villain in Taming of the Shrew. Be that as it may, paying little heed to the missing mother, the girls in each play have grown up to be ladies. Every lady is disastrous not to have a mother in her life. A present mother could have kept a portion of the hardships her little girl faces.
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Day after day, mom would lie in that bed sick and yet somehow not one person seemed to care but a little girl of 6. I remember this! Mom tried to fight valiantly, but in the end, cancer beat her until there was no life left in her. In and out of the hospital, soon I became used to these hospital visits as if they were part of her life, at least in my world they were and the reason I never expected my mom to leave me when I was 8.
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My dad was an alcoholic to which all he cared about was drinking. He never shared a tear for my mom, and this lesson taught me to be even kinder as I grew into an adult. This was one of my valuable lessons of many; an angry, alcoholic father taught me. He had no time for a sick wife, child, and anything but alcohol. I loved him though, and I wanted him to show more concern for my mom, but he could care less.
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One day as I rushed home to see mom, she was not in her bed as she usually was. “Where was she”? I remember asking myself. When dad came home, he said she had gone to the hospital because she had gotten sick again. I felt so sad and went into my room and cried. I could not believe my mom had left me! In my 8-year-old mind, I believed I had been such a bad kid that my mom left me! When I finally came to rely on mom was sick and could not come back to me, I imagined she was locked in a room and would come soon as she was better. This was my belief to help me cope with my mom being gone. Mom was a strong lady, and I just knew she would make herself healthy one day and return.
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One day soon, after coming home from school, the feeling something terrible had happened was strong. I asked what was wrong and all I got was going to your room!. What could be wrong? I immediately thought it was my mom, and so I asked my grandmother if it was my mom. I was told that mom died and that was it, no hugs, no affection and never hearing it would be ok and that they were there for me. I felt so alone and lonely, afraid, scared, confused, and that I did something to hurt my mom. I had no one to explain to me that it was not my fault she had died. Did this mean mom was away and would return someday, left me, and did not want me anymore? I was not sure what death meant, but I knew it was not right.
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I felt so devastated, why couldn’t God believe me? Why is my mom not coming back to me? I was confused about being only 8 with no support system; I had no way of knowing this was permanent. Who loved me now?, how would anyone protect me against the angry, alcohol-induced father I knew. I had not long to realize, my grandmother was going to take me in and give me a kind of normal life. Grandmother was strict, loud, but she could be loving and kind. I truly believe even for the three short years, before she died with cancer and left me, she changed my life and molded me into the person I am today.
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Men and women were born different with their own set of abilities and drawbacks. Men are thought to be masculine and bread-winners and women were there to support men in taking care of families and household. Many histories of the different countries have shown some similar trends of the expected roles of men and women. The status of woman in earlier days has acted as a barrier to take up a male-oriented jobs or task. However, with the change in time and modernization seeping in and improved conditions of woman in the society has encouraged and led to both the gender to perform the same roles.
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In the past, women were considered inferior to men. They were treated differently by limiting their chances to outshine their abilities. Women were looked down by the society as well as their families, “in earlier times, women were exploited through every possible means by the society. They suffered a lot of criticism, lacked freedom and stood nowhere next to men. They were even deprived of the basic birthrights of a human being” CITATION Sin14 l 1033 (Singh, 2014). As rightly pointed out by Singh in her journal, women for the most part in almost all the countries were taken advantage of.
Topic: family

The role of man as shown in the society as providing food and security for the family demanded them to work harder. They were given ample of opportunities to climb up the social ladder and prove their manhood. The extent of taking up the roles and standing on the expectations of the society for man became so troublesome that in the process, they burdened woman. For example, In India, the dowry system where the bride has to pay the groom and give him dowry became the cause of death of many women. This I believe is merely because of society’s assigned role to being a man. “Besides, while a large dowry raises the prestige of the bride among her affine, more importantly, a small one can make her life miserable and result in extreme torture and in many cases her murder (e.g. through burn injuries) or suicides CITATION Gee18 l 1033 (Dang, 2018). While agreeing with Geetika Dang in her research ‘Why Dowry Deaths Have Rise in India? I can say that woman have been and is at volatile state limiting them to perform better than man. They are consider as liabilities and someone one whose life should move in and around her husband and family.
Topic: family

In Bhutan, the education system that was prevailed in earlier times around 80’s till early 90’s was monastic education. Young boys were ordained as monks and learned Buddhist scripture. Hardly any girl got the chance or was allowed to enter to scared temples to learn. Even when the introduction of modern education began in 1920s, the opportunity to study was first given to men. The group of six men was sent to Kalimpong, India and study and when they came back they taught to Bhutanese children of forty students comprised of all males (VIII HISTORY BOOK). It was evident that girl was taken for granted. The belief in woman being a bearer of children and taking care of them hindered her to take up any roles and walk in shoulder to shoulder with man.
Topic: family

The prescribed roles of the gender from the society’s perspective played a huge role in limiting woman to carry out same roles but now with the change in time, people who make up the society have accepted women to compete with men. They have opened their minds and welcomed women in different sects of life. Both the gender is seen taking up the same roles and for the most part society seems to be fine with it. Women and men are equally important for a society to functions well. They are biological different but one cannot compare their abilities and potentials based on their gender. Al most all the countries have given equal platform for male and female to show their capabilities. Even a small country like Bhutan does not distinguish between male and female when it comes to perform their roles (CONSITUTION OF BHUTAN)
Topic: family

If I take the case of Bhutan, the progress of women taking up the roles just like men is seen increasing. Initially the political sect of the country was hugely dominated by the males. Hardly any female would show and run for the elections (EVIDENCE). This we can attribute to the notion of the people that they see woman as incompetent to take the decisions for the welfare of the country and the people. They are looked as someone who is juggled up between the assigned roles of women and a leader. What used to be man’s job is now welcoming woman. The increase in the participation on women in the politics shows that they are taking a same role as men. They are now seen as a leader and decision maker of the country.
Topic: family

Women should not be left behind in taking the responsibilities of men just because she is fragile or more emotional than men. There are woman who single handedly have taken care of children as well financial supported her family. There are women who have reached to the moon. Women have started excelling in the fields of sports and other areas. Women are seen fighting for their countries. Many women are holding high positions in big companies. It’s just the matter of considering equal and giving equal opportunities for woman to take up same role and man. Woman should take up man’s role as a challenge and they are capable of anything that is on their way.
Topic: family

What used to be male’s job such as in decision- making oriented jobs, for example politics are no longer limited to males only. Woman has made a mark by becoming ministers, local leader and party president. We had a woman minister for Ministry of Work and Human Settlements from 2013-2018 and now we have woman as Health Minister. Bhutan also had first female Party President. All these facts prove that women are equally shouldering the responsibilities of family by being employed.
Topic: family

It can rightly be said that in the past, man used to be sole bread winners. Woman stayed home and took care of family. Until 90s, Bhutan was an agrarian society; most of the heavy work was done by man. They traveled across the places to sell their products and earn income for the family. Bhutan’s geographical terrain could be one factor that attributed which made man an earner. This is because, the economy system of the country was barter system and people were required to walk for days to exchange their goods. Woman being considered as weak and fragile kept them at home and man walked to bring things for family. The culture so developed that woman became depended on man for basic needs.
Topic: family

Although there are more men earning than women in Bhutan, yet women are gradually becoming bread- winners too. The shift from being a home maker to wage earner is seen. It is not only male who work and earn, we have women in different fields working and supporting their families. Of the 26,611 Civil Servants as on 31st December 2015, 9,228 are female Civil Servants constituting 34.68% of the total Civil Servant’s strength (Civil Servants Statistics , 2015). As per the report of Royal Civil Service Commission of Bhutan, the female enrolled in civil service has increased since 2002. In 2017, there were 10, 225 female civil servants (Civil Service Statistics , 2017 ). The data clearly shows that women are making their way as earners, yet in 2015, 65.32 % civil servants are males, thus making men an income generator for the family. These statistics though are based on real data provided by the government, but women working at homes and business women are not included. I know such woman who design clothes and does business online thus making her living. In villages, woman who have not got the opportunities to study also earn their living by working in the field of others, growing crops, collecting mushrooms from the forests and weaving clothes to support the family. They no longer are depended on their spouses for their expenditure. Now in most houses in Bhutan, you will either see both husband and wife taking up jobs or see woman working from home.
Topic: family

It is true that men are usually income generator for the family. There is no denying of it. I have seen many women going through difficult situation of giving up as the earner for the family. There are situations where wives have to give up their jobs because their partners are insecure or feeling inferior to their wives. In most cases, women are demanded to sacrifice for their family and partners. If a woman chooses to be a mother and has no one to take care of the child, woman has to give up her job to take care of child. All these obligations and working to secure one’s relationship has pulled back most women from being earner and leaving men as earner. Jagannathan in her article where she used the interviews of group of men about their status as well as their wives regarding who is earning and how they feel about their wives earning of Reid an associate professor at McMaster University in Canada clearly shows how insecure and unacceptable men are when it comes to wives earning. “I said to her, ‘if you take your job and net out all of the day care expenses and net out all of the extra tax that we have to pay because you work, we’d fundamentally be making the same amount of money between us,” said one husband whose wife worked full-time and contributed 30% of their family income. CITATION Jag18 l 1033 (Jagannathan, 2018)
Topic: family

In conclusion, both husband and wife feel the pain over losing the child, however, the couple is not being able to understand in what way they are expressing their sorrows, by the concept of “ambiguity”. Personally, I really enjoyed this piece of poem and agreed upon the reasons why the couple was isolated mentally, and physically. I believe, the wife was portrayed more “real” than her husband, knowing that a child’s loss can take over a person’s emotions.
Topic: family

Marriage is one of the oldest institutions in the world. It has been in practice for more that hundreds of years. But this sacred institution is changing; it is being redefine by millennials. The current marriage rate it at the lowest rate in a century and it’s dropping. Millennials have become the first generations in America history to view marriage as an option instead of a necessity. According to , millennials are 6 time more likely to never become a husband or wife when compare to silent generation and 23 time more likely to marry after the age of 35.
Topic: family

Skepticism toward marriage is another reason why millennials are getting married later that previous generation. In a poll done by, 15 percent of millennial has witnessed their parents getting divorce, 54 percent said they know at least one married couple who aren’t happy. These statistics have cause millennials to be afraid of marriage, afraid to getting divorce (especially male) or being in an unhappy marriage. According to, “This lack of formal commitment is a way to cope with the anxiety and uncertainty about finding making the ‘right’ decision on type of mate they want to have”. In previous generations, people are willing to get married then figure thing out but this generations (millennials) concern more about figuring things out first then get married. This skepticism about married is one of the reasons why 41 percent of millennials feel that cohabitation is better and more realistic/convenience than being tie (legally and economically) with another person and 21 percent think that marriage isn’t for them.
Topic: family

The last reason why millennials aren’t getting married at a later age that previous generation is because millennials want to have a stronger sense of identity before tying the knot. People in this generations have more career options than any previous generation and millennials are exploring as much options as possible to have a job that would make them happy and that would pay enough be able to make take care of a family. They also want to know who they really are, what are their strength, what are their weaknesses, makes them happy and what are the qualities they want their mate to have. only way to have answers for these questions is by having a lot of life of life experience. In the past person was jumping into marriage because they want to have someone they could depends on and continued their bloodline but, according to , most millennials view depending on someone is a sign of weakness and they more concern on being in a relationship with someone that have the same interest and values as them than continuing their bloodline. 63 percent of millennials would rather be in a