ktmeng/mec huggingface dataset:
Topic: family

The bottom line is if you choose not to be there you’re given up that last chance you’ll ever have to be there for them. The normal stay in a nursing home is an average of just 2. 4 years. The average daily cost of a private room in a nursing home in the United States is $70,080 a year, or $192 a day. The average cost of a semi private room is $169 a day, or $61,685 a year. [ (Elder law answers website, 2008) ] Wow, now can you just see their life saving dwindling. I can say after being a nursing assistant employed in the nursing home setting for seventeen years now.
Topic: family

That I can tell you I’ve heard it endless times form my elderly residents in the nursing home, how they worked hard all their life and for what? To live out their golden years watching everything they worked for go to their care. Needless to say it’s heartbreaking for those who have to watch it and those experiencing it. It’s hard enough for them to except the care they now need. But really to watch their whole life savings disappear for the need to survive every day. On so many levels it’s completely wrong and not fair.
Topic: family

It’s hard to accept and realize that they’re hurting a lot more than you are and a lot more than their probably ever going to tell you they are. But they made great sacrifices and tremendous efforts to make your life relatively easy when you were growing up; the least they deserve now is to have a life that is comparably comfortable as they live out their golden years without having to watch their life’s work go down the drain. The average daily cost of keeping your elderly parent at home is far less than you would expect.
Topic: family

Adult day care and hospice are also options to help retain your elderly parent at home. Respite care is also available to you. They will send a trained person to care for your loved one so that you can run errands or take a vacation and have the break you may need [ (new york Life , October) ]. So with many options to help retain your loved one at home it’s easy to see the benefits of keeping them at home as long as possible once you have assessed the cost to do so. The daily average cost of keeping a loved one at home with a paid caregiver is an average of $96. 0 dollars a day and an average of $34,560 dollars a year [ (Kobrin, 2009) ].
Topic: family

Compared to a nursing home this is by far the cheaper option. But still with adding in the other options listed above this can be even cheaper if you do your research for your local area. By being head smart you can keep your elderly parent at home without watching everything they’ve worked for go down the drain. In ending choosing to keep your elderly parent at home is more than the right choice. In the long run it’s going to save them money and prolong their independence as long as possible.
Topic: family

This is also your chance to give back to them all that you can for everything they did to support and raise you. It’s your turn now to make that right choice. By keeping them at home they’ll be much happier and so will you. This is their golden years! So let them shine as there suppose to. Do this by keeping them at home and showing them the respect they completely deserve. In doing this you will be letting them keep their independence and the life that they’re use to for as long as possible.
Topic: family

This paper is depends upon an essay, The Color of Family Ties, from the book Rereading American. The essay, The Color of Family Ties, has brought on the contrast in the difference of race, class, gender and extended household involvement to Whites family, Blacks family and Latinos household to find their relationships between their kinships. The author has taken some information to explain the various act of those three races to do with their kin. From the authors’ research study we can see Blacks and Latinos more most likely to deal with kin or near kin and they get in touch with each other more regularly.
Topic: family

Motivation is the reason we get out of bed in the morning instead of sleeping all day. It is what drives us to get to work or the gym and work harder, smarter, and more efficiently than the day before. Motivation is the reason that great ideas are turned into great accomplishments. Motivation is what drives us to get things done! When a person plans or wants to do something, he or she has a motivation for that specific thing. In other words, when a person does something, that person has a reason why he or she should do that thing.
Topic: family

She has positively motivated me in many different ways, and I am glad to have a mother such as her. She has not only been my mother and helped me stay on the right path, but she has also been the best friend I have always counted upon. Even through the troubled and awkward during my first years in the United States, she was the person who motivated me to go back to school and study, because she believed that I have a bright future ahead of me. When I got my first job, she motivates me to buy a car, to go to work quicker and to be safety at night when I was coming from work.
Topic: family

My mother always motivates me to make choices, to be the boss of myself. She tells me to write down the advantages and the disadvantages of each choice on paper, and then consider the pros and cons carefully to make a final decision. However, after making a decision, she reminds me that I should be ready to face the consequences that my choice might bring forth. In other words, she wants me to be prepared to face the worst case scenario. She never forces me to do anything and I think this is why I am such an independent and self-managing person today.
Topic: family

In those families, children were taken-care by all members of the family. This has eventually changed in this century where now families live far from their relatives and even most of the children they do not know their grand parent (Clarke et al, 1998). This has made evil to increase in the society in that relatives can marry because they do not know one another’s origin. In the past, families consulted their grand parents during difficult time, but in this generation there is no respect between families and there grand parents.
Topic: family

Mothers were not allowed to work outside home job a century ago; this was for the advantage of the children because they were raised in a good manner. Due to change in labor market in this generation the percentage of working women has increased. This has caused a situation where both parents are working and thus children’s are left to house workers, this is the reason why the young generations of this century are so evil because they do not have anybody to guide them. That is the new meaning of families today where they are so business oriented and they forget parental (Clarke et al, 1998).
Topic: family

Families of this century have become ant-technology in that they spend all their time on televisions, phones and in the social media. This is not only children only but also parents. Parents lack time to teach their kids good morals and they end up to be a problem in the society. The exposure of children to this social media has caused them to be introduced to evil things at a younger age. Due to lack of time between parents and children’s, there has been lack of unity in the today’s families (Clarke et al, 1998).
Topic: family

The concept of family has changed in the 21st century for worse and thus family has lost its position as a corner stone in the society. The evil that is in the society today is due to the failure of the family to stand in its position. Children are the most affected in this dramatic change of families, this is because when parents divorce children’s are the ones who suffer and when they lack morals due to their parent’s failure, they are still the ones who suffer.
Topic: family

Traditional families are the perfect way to bring up children. You can see nowadays, that the people who live in connected and cohesive families have stronger emotions, and they are living to care about someone. In fact I feel sorry for those children who don’t have their real families, or they might have families, but broken ones. It is too hard to live in this world without any family’s support, either emotionally or financially. I also blame the people who don’t know the real value of the families, or they do not care at all. Even if they are busy, or doing important things, they must give the family its rights, because there is nothing more important than the family. I praised the traditional families a lot, and I don’t want to be the judge between the traditional families and the other kinds.
Topic: family

The book of Lila Abu Lughod’s Veiled Sentiments is a valuable contribution to have a new and deeper understanding of Arab culture. The author gave a detailed analysis and interpretation of the “code of honor” of Bedouins community in Egypt. Lila Abu-Lughod studied the poetry of the tribes of Bedouin in northern Egypt known as the Awlad ‘Ali from October 1978 to May 1980 (Blake n. d. ). She observed the social context and how poetry is integrated into everyday situations. It begins as a puzzle from the emotional oral lyric poetry and later becomes a reflection of their social and gender structure.
Topic: family

One must fulfill his or her social responsibility. Women are always dependents who are under the protection of men. They are always subordinate to the men in the family. They remain in the world of women and maintain close emotional ties with sisters alone (Patai 1973: 30). On the other hand, men have the sole responsibility to lead and protect women. They are accountable to the safety of women. These roles must be obeyed to maintain social respect. Nevertheless, both men and women must be admired for strength, verbal skills, cleverness, and storytelling.
Topic: family

However, women can only express these qualities in situations of social equality when they are not required deference like being exposed outside Bedouin community (Abu-Lughod 1986: 239) People outside the confines of traditional Eastern culture communicate in a way that will directly express their thoughts. In the modern world of liberation, one can freely and readily express their individuality in any forms. Sometimes, this gift of freedom is being abused. However, people in Bedouin society especially women communicate in a very modest and conservative way that is proper according to set of norms and culture.
Topic: family

Yet, short songs and poems became the second mode of communication for Bedouins’. It is a beautiful outlet to express their profound emotions and realizations from the everyday experience. The oral lyric poem known as ghinawas violates the moral code (Abu-Lughod 2000: xvii). Young men, especially young women, express sentiments arising from interpersonal relationships through ghinawas. However, this kind of sentiments must be denied in the ordinary social interactions to maintain social responsibility.
Topic: family

There is a radical difference between the sentiments expressed in the ghinawas and those expressed about the same situations in ordinary conversations and social interactions (Abu-Lughod 2000: 31). Ghinawas usually express their veiled sentiments that talk about lost loves and pain. Women can only share their sentiments in their own world of silence where they are not permitted to lament in the presence of men. Women are expected to hide their emotions to themselves. She is not required to talk that may upset a situation. A woman must be strong to keep herself together for practical purposes. They are opposing forces and secondary in status.
Topic: family

Women’s emotions are not a social priority to be heard. Sharing any emotions makes them appear weak. Weakness in public may represent weakness against evil elements and temptations, and weakness for women will eventually lead to disrespect. Poetry as being depicted by Abu-Lughod is a women form of communication and adaptation in the male dominated system of power to reveal their core issues. Much of the book is about women living in within a patrilineal system, though it also discusses Bedouins’ social-organization-shaped manhood as well. As the main subject of the book, women are very significant as a symbolic mark of piety.
Topic: family

Veiling in this book means the act of placing over one’s face a part of the black semi-opaque cloth (tarha) that every married woman wraps around her head to cover her hair (Abu-Lughod 2000: xix). This distinctive and authentic practice of covering their faces is a demonstration of adhering to the moral system to gain social respect. Obedience gives them honor. Nevertheless, it must be observed that the distinctive practice of covering their faces is only for certain men and certain mixed sex situations within their culturally and ethnically distinct context (Abu-Lughod 2000: xx).
Topic: family

They do it for other Bedouin only. It is not a religious piety, but it is a form of social respectability. Honor for women is gained through honoring the given set of moral standards. Loss of honor results in loss of dignity and eventually leads to loss of self respect. A woman’s body is to remain hidden as it is believed by the Bedouins that women’s flesh can pollute the outer world. Bedouin society typically revolved around their strong honor codes and traditional system of justice (Lehman 2000). Culturally, honor for women is closely related to their sexuality.
Topic: family

Arabic Literature relates women to intense sexual excitability which supports the idea of segregation of a man and a woman to prevent engaging in immodest behavior (Blake n. d. ). Arabs assume that if a man and a woman are left alone together, they will easily engage in the temptation of intercourse. In Bedouin community, segregation is very strict. This will be manifested in ‘veiling’ for women. Veiling assumes an important role as a response against the weakness of flesh. Sex must only be consummated within marriage. Women outside marriage must be strong to protect their chastity.
Topic: family

Chapter four of Veiled Sentiments showed why sexual modesty is essential to keep women’s honor. Symbolism about to protect sexual modesty is found everywhere in Bedouins community. Married women are to wear a black veil and a red belt. The red belt symbolizes fertility and the black veil with the shameful act of incest. These are only some examples given in chapter four. In the Bedouin or Arab society, there are two kinds of honor: “ird and sharaf. ” Sharaf, which is usually for men, can be acquired, augmented, diminished, lost, and regained, while ‘ird’ is exclusively for women.
Topic: family

Although ‘ird’ involves virginity, it is also linked to the emotional aspect of a woman. Ird cannot be regained once lost. She is born with ird and grows up with it, and it is her duty to preserve it (Abu-Lughod 2000: 10) for honour. Sharaf for men extremely depends on protecting the ird of female relatives. Men and women have the sole obligation to protect a woman’s “ird for her father and mother” (Abu-Lughod 2000: 31). Protecting ird shapes the lives of women in Bedouin culture which is physically manifested through veiling and segregation.
Topic: family

Studying their culture will provide a better understanding of why sexual modesty for women is like an obsession for Bedouin’s community. Preserving a woman’s ird is not only to maintain a woman’s dignity but also to protect the name of the man involved in the family. An honorable man is one respected by his family and community, one who can put the family together, and one who can protect women inside the family. Physical manifestation of deference and modesty is highly important for Bedouins. Deference includes mode of dressing, humble posture, and bearing, downcast eyes, speaking with restraint, and discipline and veiling (Blake n.
Topic: family

d. ). Outward appearance is important to highlight individuality and status. It is not just symbolic to protect honor but also to respect outward appearance of honor. Acquiring honor will be justified externally. The social structure and gender roles given in Bedouin’s community are not a forced participation for men and women included in the community. Lila Abu-Lughod touched the topic whether it is worth for women to continue participate in a culture that perceives them as inferior individuals. Both men and women in the book fervently defend and respect the system.
Topic: family

The role of honor gives the community guide for justice. Harmony and peace will be attained through obeying the “code of honor” and “code of modesty. ” When one member of the community preserves his or her honor, there is no question of injustice. Honor will also encourage self-respect which is very important in Bedouins’ culture. Following their code of honor will eventually help preserve the culture itself. Bedouins’ traditions are still strong today. However, because of the strong influenced of science and technology and liberation of thoughts and ideas, the world is getting smaller.
Topic: family

Bedouins’ desire to be part of modernization motivates them to seek a higher standard of living. More and more tribes settled and assimilated down into a “normal life” in the Middle East and other parts of the world. Like any other culture, the traditional and nomadic lifestyle of the Bedouins may become just a tourist attraction and rarity. However, some of the descendants of Bedouins still take pride in their authentic culture. History and written accounts about their culture help the people be reminded of such romantic and beautiful culture.
Topic: family

“Half past Two” is about a young child who has done something naughty. His teacher punishes him by making him stay behind until half past two. However, being cross, she forgets he has not yet learnt to tell the time. Thus, his concept of time doesn’t yet include numerals. He knows he is punished but cannot understand why. During his detention, he recalls the time modules he knows in an attempt to figure out when will he be free again.
Topic: family

Thirdly, the two poets choose their words prudently. In “Half-past Two”, childish words such as “wicked” and “cross” helps us locate our imaginations within the setting of a primary school. In “Piano”, the positive word “cosy” evokes the warm and happy atmosphere when he was a child. On the other hand, negative words ‘betrays’ and ‘insidious’ convey that he is ashamed of his weakness.
Topic: family

Lastly, the mood of both poems is nostalgic and they both have the theme of childhood. The persona in “Half-past Two” is nostalgic about the long-lost childhood which is free from time constraints. It can easily be seen in the last stanza – “He escaped … to be born”. On the other hand, the persona in “Piano” is sad and crying for the time which will never come back after it is forever lost with his manhood “cast/Down in the flood of remembrance”.
Topic: family

The poem, “Piano”, has a nostalgic and wistful tone. Hearing the powerful music and soft song, the persona recalls his pleasant childhood memories. He reminisces that he sat ‘under the piano… pressing the small poised feet’ of his mother. However, in the last stanza, ‘my manhood is cast/Down in the flood of remembrance, I weep like a child for the past’. It appears that the persona is rather sentimental and melancholic. He is sad and crying for the time which will never come back after it is forever lost.
Topic: family

Nevertheless, I prefer “Half-past Two”, because it can fully depict the helplessness of the innocent child being kept in until half past two – a time completely unfamiliar to him. I also like the tone of the last stanza. It can trigger my deeper thoughts. It makes me realize that the land where “time hides tick-less waiting to be born” is a utopia where many people can temporarily forget all the stress and worries and relax.
Topic: family

Gillick competence is a term originating in England and is used in medical law to decide whether a child (16 years or younger) is able to consent to his or her own medical treatment, without the need for parental permission or knowledge. The standard is based on a decision of the House of Lords in the case Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority [1985] 3 All ER 402 (HL). The case is binding in England and Wales, and has been approved in Australia, Canada and New Zealand.
Topic: family

The House of Lords focussed on the issue of consent rather than a notion of ‘parental rights’ or parental powers. In fact, the court held that ‘parental rights’ did not exist, other than to safeguard the best interests of a minor. The majority held that in some circumstances a minor could consent to treatment, and that in these circumstances a parent had no power to veto treatment. Lord Scarman and Lord Fraser proposed slightly different tests (Lord Bridge agreed with both). Lord Scarman’s test is generally considered to be the test of ‘Gillick competency’.
Topic: family

He required that a child could consent if they fully understood the medical treatment that is proposed: “As a matter of Law the parental right to determine whether or not their minor child below the age of sixteen will have medical treatment terminates if and when the child achieves sufficient understanding and intelligence to understand fully what is proposed. ” Lord Scarman The ruling, holds particularly significant implications for the legal rights of minor children in England in that it is broader in scope than merely medical consent.
Topic: family

It lays down that the authority of parents to make decisions for their minor children is not absolute, but diminishes with the child’s evolving maturity; except in situations that are regulated otherwise by statute, the right to make a decision on any particular matter concerning the child shifts from the parent to the child when the child reaches sufficient maturity to be capable of making up his or her own mind on the matter requiring decision. [edit] Subsequent developments The decisions in Re R and Re W (especially Lord Donaldson) contradict the Gillick decision somewhat.
Topic: family

From these, and subsequent cases, it is suggested that although the parental right to veto treatment ends, parental powers do not ‘terminate’ as suggested by Lord Scarman in Gillick. However, these are only obiter statements and were made by a lower courts; therefore, they are not legally binding. However, the parens patriae jurisdiction of the court remains available allowing a court order to force treatment against a child’s (and parent’s) wishes. A child who is deemed “Gillick competent” is able to prevent their parents viewing their medical records.
Topic: family

As such, medical staff will not make a disclosure of medical records of a child who s deemed “Gillick competent” unless consent is manifest. In most jurisdictions the parent of an emancipated minor does not have the ability to consent to therapy, regardless of the Gillick test. Typical positions of emancipation arise when the minor is married (R v D [1984] AC 778, 791) or in the military. The nature of the standard remains uncertain. The courts have so far declined invitations to define rigidly “Gillick competence” and the individual doctor is free to make a decision, consulting peers if this may be helpful, as to whether that child is “Gillick competent”.
Topic: family

The Australian High Court gave specific and strong approval for the Gillick decision in ‘Marion’s Case’ 175 CLR 189. The Gillick competence doctrine is part of Australian law (see e. g. DoCS vY [1999] NSWSC 644). There is no express authority in Australia on Re R and Re W, so whether a parent’s right terminates is unclear. This lack of authority reflects that the reported cases have all involved minors who have been found to be incompetent, and that Australian courts will make decisions in the parens patriae jurisdiction regardless of Gillick competence.
Topic: family

In South Australia and New South Wales legislation clarifies the common law, establishing a Gillick-esque standard of competence but preserving concurrent consent between parent and child for the ages 14–16.  Confusion regarding Gillick competency On May 21 2009, confusion arose between Gillick competency, which identifies under-16s with the capacity to consent to their own treatment, and the Fraser guidelines, which are concerned only with contraception and focus on the desirability of parental involvement and the risks of unprotected sex in that area.
Topic: family

A persistent rumour arose that Victoria Gillick disliked having her name associated with the assessment of children’s capacity, although a recent editorial in the BMJ debunks this idea, quoting Victoria Gillick as saying that she “has never suggested to anyone, publicly or privately, that [she] disliked being associated with the term ‘Gillick competent’ “. [1] Fraser Guidelines It is lawful for doctors to provide contraceptive advice and treatment without parental consent providing certain criteria are met.
Topic: family

Although the judgement in the House of Lords referred specifically to doctors, it is considered to apply to other health professionals, including nurses. It may also be interpreted as covering youth workers and health promotion workers who may be giving contraceptive advice and condoms to young people under 16, but this has not been tested in court. If a person under the age of 18 refuses to consent to treatment, it is possible in some cases for their parents or the courts to overrule their decision. However, this right can be exercised only on the basis that the welfare of the young person is paramount. In this context, welfare does not simply mean their physical health.
Topic: family

The psychological effect of having the decision overruled would have to be taken into account and would normally be an option only when the young person was thought likely to suffer “grave and irreversible mental or physical harm”. Usually, when a parent wants to overrule a young person’s decision to refuse treatment, health professionals will apply to the courts for a final decision. An interesting aside about the Fraser guidelines is that many regard Lord Scarman’s judgment as the leading judgment in the case, but because Lord Fraser’s judgment was shorter and set out in more specific terms – and in that sense more accessible to health and welfare professionals – it is his judgment that has been reproduced as containing the core principles.
Topic: family

In this modern age, it is normal to find families that have two careers.  Careers are important to a family because these serve as the main source of financial support for the maintenance of a household.  Salaries earned from working provide for the payment of bills, as well as provide support for the basic needs for food, shelter and clothing.  There are two possible family settings in terms of careers in the family: a two-career family, wherein both parents are working, and a one-career family which has only one parent working, either the father or the mother.
Topic: family

On the other hand, two-career families generally have less time to spend with their children, because both are working during the day, and they come home tired and weary and have little energy left to tend to their growing children.  Some children from two-career families tend to spend time with friends because their parents are not at home to keep them company, and sadly, this may be a root cause for acquiring bad habits such as smoking and drugs.  Unfortunately, there are also some parents who unconsciously bring home the stress of the workplace, which affects their interactions with their children.
Topic: family

One-career families usually have the mother staying at home, and this is very beneficial to the children because they will always have someone to can go to once they reach home after school.  Homemakers have unlimited time to help their children with their homework and studies and other after-school activities, and it is also beneficial to the entire household if there is someone based in the house who is ready to provide food to members of the household who come home and are very hungry and tired.  However, there is also an unwritten hierarchy in a one-career family, and that is—the working parent is known as the breadwinner or the head of the household, and the other parent who stays at home is not considered to be of authority because he/she is not earning any money.
Topic: family

In this setting, the working parent appears to be the dominant person in the family, and he/she shows self-esteem over the non-working parent (Burke and Weir, 1976).  It is sad to know that some families have such structure, because it is actually also a full-time job to maintain a home, even harder to do than to work in an office.  In two-career families, both parents are regarded with equal authority and dominance, because both parents are earning for the family.  At the same time, both parents have self-esteem and regard themselves as achievers, as well as good providers.
Topic: family

Two-career and one-career family settings have both advantages and disadvantages.  The choice of career setting is based on each family’s needs and conditions.  If both parents feel that the family will have harmony if both are working, then they maintain such setting.  Or if the children are old enough and need not much supervision, a two-career setting is feasible.  However, if there is a child who is always sick or is disabled, a one-career family will be advantageous to this particular setting, so that the child can be well taken care of.  It is important to know that the number of careers in a family is generally a result of the family’s current needs and situation.
Topic: family

The two stories of Ernest Hemingway happened in a well kept café and an old bar where people spend time to unwind. Looking on both stories, it is tempting to create that the coffee shop could have been the old bar before and the old man may have been frequenting that place when he was younger.  Though it is impossible to even think that it is just but one place because it is of different story, the morale of both plays represent man’s search for happiness.
Topic: family

They were the old man, the older waiter, and the younger waiter who have a wife waiting in his home.  The two men are not in hurry because there is no reason for them to do so.  The old man in his deafness wished to calm his existence by the shadow of the leaves cast from the tree by an electrical post; it provides solace to hide his existence brought by the brightness of the place.  Clean must be the metaphor of order, which means that an uncommitted life is less hazardous, simple and nothing as the author narrates which means useless and for that reason, the old man is in despair despite of his money.
Topic: family

The man in the Hills wanted a woman but not a child.  Reading the two narratives meant that children are very important factors in strengthening marital relationship between spouses and if societies are really interested in making people happy, family issues like divorce must have been given less importance than in providing more support for the education of marriage.  Those who believed in divorce are naturally not in favor of marriage and this leads to a decline in family life or values of life itself.  Divorce admittedly is one of man’s most painful human experiences, makes life patterns difficult for children because of having two households that makes living very uneconomical too.
Topic: family

Undoubtedly, Hemmingway represented the younger waiter as the man who has confidence and youth even if he’s quite a brute when he treats the equally dignified men mentioned in the story.  Dignified in such a way that they are straight men but aren’t lucky enough to find a woman of their dreams.  The younger man exudes life and said to himself that “I am all confidence (Hemingway “A Clean, Well Lighted Place”)” for which the other man agree by saying he has everything meaning that he is a complete man.  Among the three characters, it is the younger waiter who is able to reach the point of having experienced a happy existence.
Topic: family

The hills represent the reproductive faculty of a woman, her unique role of becoming a mother.  The man in the story is against it because in his belief children are not an important business in their relationship.  Child rearing for him is a very uncomfortable arrangement and getting an abortion is the easiest way to remove that obstacle.  He even commented that it is what everybody is doing so there is nothing wrong with it in which the young woman did not agree by saying she does not care about her self.
Topic: family

The man in the story has a mistaken view about mutual love; he insists that Jig is only his most important possession and nothing more.  He could not care even if she lets him realized how much her pregnancy mean to her that“ they’re lovely hills, and they really do not look like white elephants (Hemingway “Hills Like White Elephants”).” The man admitted that he completely doesn’t care about the baby that Jig carries in her womb.   The man refuses to father her child and that frustrates her to the point of wanting to scream even in public.  She can not believe what she hears despite the man kept saying “I’d do anything for you. (Hemingway “Hills Like White Elephants”)”
Topic: family

Even in these modern times, motherhood which is a gift to everywoman is being denied whenever she is not capable of raising a child even economically. Our present society do not stand by her side to assist her fulfill her gravest responsibility when she is most in need of it.  Unlikely, a society who calls themselves civilized but at the same time prevents her women the dignity of motherhood when it promotes and legalized abortion cannot be truly called a well developed human society for even in the animal kingdom, these irrational creatures knows how to take care of its young.
Topic: family

CHAPTER ONE 1. 0 Introduction 1. 1 Introduction This chapter contains the background of the problem, statement of the problem, purpose of the study, objectives of the study, research questions, justification of the study, limitations of the study, the scope of the study and the conceptual framework. 1. 2 Background to the Problem Seventy percent of Kenyan families are affected by alcoholism (Simiyu, 2006). Man has, over time, indeed come to acknowledge the fact that alcoholism is indeed destructive to the human race.
Topic: family

1. 2. 1 Family Welfare The Macmillan dictionary (2002) defines a family as a group of people who live together and are all related to one another, usually consisting of parents and children. It also defines welfare as the health and happiness of people. The definition of family welfare adopted in this study encompassed physical and psychological health, finances, employment, social life and relationships Velleman, (as cited at www.alcoholandfamilies. org).
Topic: family

Family welfare was characterized by economy, health and safety, legal proceedings, marriage stability, responsibilities, and withdrawal. The Macmillan dictionary (2002) defines economy as the careful use of money, products or time that very little is wasted. Family economy in this study was characterized by the amount of money spent on alcohol, investment ventures and savings in respect to individual’s income. The dictionary definition of health is the condition of your body especially whether or not you are ill. Safety on the other hand refers to the fact that a thing is safe.
Topic: family

For purpose of this study health and safety was characterized by instances of alcohol related illness or disorders, domestic violence both on women and children attributable to alcohol, accidents or any other act done which exposed the individual to harm as a result of the influence of alcohol on the person (Alcoholic) or on the family, and psychological state. 2 Responsibility is defined by the Macmillan dictionary (2002), as a state of being in charge of someone or something and of making sure that they do or what happens to them is right or satisfactory.
Topic: family

In the study responsibility was characterized by instances of family roles of individuals (for example paying school fees by the parents), good physical and psychological availability for the family, work problems due to alcohol and its consequent negative impacts (Alcoholism). Marriage stability is a situation where marriage can raise up beyond the challenges which can lead to its break-up (Akem, 2009). For purpose of this study marriage stability was characterized by instances of divorce, separation, quarrels and disagreements.
Topic: family

Withdrawal is to no longer take part in something or stop someone from taking part (Macmillan 2002). The definition of withdrawal adopted for this study was helping the person to get rid of his/her body off alcohol as well as the harmful physical effects of alcohol, Schuckit & mace, (as cited at www. answers. com) Withdrawal in this study was characterized by attempted instances to stop alcohol consumption by either the individual or third party efforts and the respective challenges posed by the same. 1. 2.
Topic: family

2 Alcoholism Unmasked Up-to 50 percent of murders involves alcohol, and three or more people die in Britain due to alcohol (Holden, 1996). Approximately fourteen million people in the United States of America are alcoholics, alcohol being the third leading killer in the United States, killing twenty thousand people and injuring 1. 5 million due to drunk drivers, Drink, (as cited in Katherine, 2009). Drink also reported that 65 percent of the aggressive attacks against women involve use of alcohol by the offender with more than 60 percent of the homicides involving the use of alcohol by either the offender or the victim.
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According to Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) alcohol abuse affects 70 percent of families in Kenya. 3 In November 2001, over 140 people died and scores of others lost their sight after consuming an illegal laced drink. In June 2005 illegal brew laced with industrial alcohol caused the deaths of 49 people and more than 174 people were hospitalized after drinking the home made Kwona-Mbee, literally ‘see the way ahead’, brew containing methanol a toxic wood alcohol added to the concoction to give it more kick (Simiyu, 2006).
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According to a study carried out by WHO (2004) involving 188 patients evaluated after motor vehicle crashes in all hospitals located in Eldoret found out that 23. 4 percent were blood alcohol concentration (BAC) positive and 12. 2 percent were intoxicated. This research work indicates the impacts of alcoholism on health and safety of the alcoholic, but they fail to mention the impacts of this disorder in the family setting. Holden (1996), states that alcohol does no good for the economy, costing the British industry 1. 7 British billion pounds.
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There thus existed need to establish a clear link between family economy and alcoholism. About a third of alcoholics recover whether they are in treatment program or not, Vallant, (as cited in Santrock, 2005). Studies from the national institute on alcohol abuse and alcoholism (NIAAA) in United States of America indicate that of all drugs, withdrawal from alcohol differs most significantly. This is so because it can be directly fatal, with an alcoholic having no serious situations having a significant risk of dying from the direct effect of withdrawal if not managed properly.
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This established the need to investigate how withdrawal as an aspect of family welfare is affected by alcoholism. One in three divorces is due to behavioral problems linked to drinking (Holden, 1996). In Kenya, most domestic misunderstandings are attributed to alcohol, (Simiyu, 2006). The study, therefore sought to find out the impact of alcohol on marriage stability. 4 1. 3 Statement of the Problem Research has shown that alcohol indeed has major impacts on the life of its victims. Indeed no man is an island; hence an alcoholic does not live in isolation.
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It is therefore expected that whereas alcohol is not good for the drunkard, it is also not good for the family of the drinker. It robs them the morally upright person that they looked up to. What might be the various aspects of the family that might be affected by having an alcoholic in the family? According to Cork, (as cited at www. alcoholandfamilies. org), researchers have often shown much concern for the alcoholic, while overlooking his/her family. There was therefore need to determine the various aspects of the family that were affected by having an alcoholic in the family.
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1. 4 Purpose of the Study The purpose of the study was to investigate and establish the nature of relationship that existed between alcoholism and various aspects of family welfare of reforming alcoholics in Suneka division, using case study research design with a view of bringing to the light the intensity of alcoholism in our society. Alcoholism was characterised by frequent drinking, drinking five or more days per week. Family welfare was characterised by family health and safety, family economy, responsibility, marriage stability, instances of legal proceedings and withdrawal.
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1. 5 Research Objectives The research sought to establish the impacts of alcoholism on family welfare by specifically finding out: 1. The challenges posed by the negative impacts of alcoholism on family economy. 2. The challenges posed by the negative impacts of alcoholism on marriage stability. 3. The challenges posed by the negative impacts of alcoholism on family health and safety. 5 4. Problems associated with withdrawal from alcoholism. 5. The impacts and frequency of alcoholism influence on legal proceedings perpetrated against alcoholics within the family.
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6. The link between alcoholism and neglect of responsibilities. 1. 6 Research Questions In order to establish the kind of relationship that existed between alcoholism and family welfare, the research was guided by the following research questions: 1. What are the challenges posed by the negative impacts of alcoholism on family economy? 2. What are the challenges posed by the negative impacts of alcoholism on marriage stability? 3. What are the challenges posed by the negative impacts of alcoholism on family health and safety? 4.
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What are the problems associated with withdrawal from alcoholism? 5. What is the impact and frequency of alcoholism on legal proceedings perpetrated against alcoholics within the family? 6. What is the link between alcoholism and neglect of responsibilities? 1. 7 Significance of the Study The findings of the research sought to help: 1. Site out the impact of alcoholism in the local context which will act as an eye opener to the stakeholders concerned for instance the Ministry of Health, Human rights activists and the entire NGO community to see the need to help the affected parties. 2.
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Occasion, as a result, setting up of appropriate programs to help curb the menace caused by alcoholism, for instance setting up a rehabilitation centre. 3. Alcoholics see the need to stop taking alcohol, having realized the pain they inflict on their families. 6 1. 8 Limitations of the Study The study was based on a sample size of 30 respondents drawn from an accessible population which consists of individuals from Suneka community in Kisii south district. Owing to scarcity of resources, precautions should therefore be taken while generalizing findings of this research to other localities.
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This may be majorly due to environmental and social factors that may factor in to invalidate the findings. 1. 9 The Scope of the Study The study primarily focused on the impact of alcoholism on family welfare, a case study of Suneka division, Kisii south district, Nyanza province in Kenya. The study was based on a sample of 30 respondents and was conducted between the months of February and March 2009. 7 1. 10 Conceptual Framework ALCOHOLISM FAMILY WELFARE FAMILY HEALTH AND SAFETY MARRIAGE STABILITY FAMILY ECONOMY ALCOHOLISM RESPONSIBILITY WITHDRAWAL LEGAL IMPLICATIONS Fig.
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1. 0 A conceptual framework on the relationship between alcoholism and family welfare. The study sought to find out the relationship that existed between alcoholism and components of family welfare namely: family health and safety, marriage stability, family economy, withdrawal, and the legal implications. 8 CHAPTER TWO 2. 0 Literature Review 2. 1 Introduction This chapter contains past studies in relation to alcohol and alcoholism. It has also highlighted the historical background.
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It particularly focuses on the impacts of alcoholism on the economy, health and safety, legal implications, marriage stability, withdrawal and responsibilities which were the pillars of this study right from the global, continental and local point of view. It also contains the critical review and the summary. 2. 2 Past Studies This section will shade light on the historical background of alcoholism, researched impacts, and the global, continental and local implications here in Kenya. 2. 2. 0 Historical Background The word alcoholism was first introduced by a Swedish physician Magnus Huss (1849) to mean poisoning by alcohol.
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It was later mentioned in France by M. Gabriel (1866) in his medical dissertation. This marked the evolution of the word alcoholism (as cited at www. asnwers. com/library/psychoanalysisdictionary). The most rigorous definition of an alcoholic (a person suffering from alcoholism) is the one provide by Pierre Fouquet, “An Alcoholic is any man or woman who has lost the ability to do without alcohol. ” The production of alcohol dates back, to around 1400-1600 BC (Before Christ), in the Munainus region between black and Caspian seas.
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Commercial production of alcohol was well underway by 1500 BC, Court Wright, (as cited at www. asnwers. com/library). Alcohol is probably the oldest drug known to humanity. It was easy for the primitive people to discover that fruits and juices left to stand in warm places easily fermented to form alcoholic mixtures. Alcohol production is mainly founded on yeast cells, which in presence of warmth and 9 water continue to grow by using up the sugar until the sugar is finished or alcohol content kills them.
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Alcohol is a deadly poison and in high enough quantities, it kills all living things including the yeast cells that produce it, Weil & Rosen, (as cited at www. alcoholicsanonymous. org)! It was initially believed (Sigmund Freud, Karl Abraham, Sandor Ferenczi) that alcohol does not create symptoms but only promotes them, removing inhibitions and destroying sublimation (Descombey, 2002). The theory of alcoholism (1905d) is summarized in terms of predominance among men, beginning at the onset of puberty, Sigmund, (as cited at www. answers. com/ library).
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Magnus the Swedish professor of medicine distinguishes between two types of alcoholism that is, Acute alcoholism, which is due to temporary effects of alcohol taken within a short period of time- drunkenness and intoxication; Chronic alcoholism, which is a condition caused by habitual use of alcoholic beverages in poisonous amounts over a long period of time. Prior to the nineteenth century, alcoholism was seen as a moral weakness or criminal, rather than an illness. The new, “Disease” approach to alcoholism was started in America perpetrated by the, “Alcoholism movement.
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” It consisted of Alcoholics Anonymous (A self help group, setup in 1935), National committee for Education on alcoholism (later The National Council on Alcoholism) and the YALE, centre for alcohol studies. The, “Alcoholism movement” Quickly spread to Britain and subsequently to the rest of the world (Heather & Robertson, 1997). According to WHO (2004) In Africa, for instance, alcohol related beverages are very predominant among ethnic groups branded in different names passed from one generation to another.