ktmeng/mec huggingface dataset:
Topic: family

According to Ms. Mao, the family structure of the Chinese people is a strength as well as a weakness in terms of having personal space. New learning’s regarding this fact includes an appreciation of the Chinese family unit and the fact that the traditional relationships in the Chinese nuclear family unit extend far beyond the home. Research has shown that, “It is common for several generations to live together under one roof. After marriage, a woman traditionally leaves her parents’ home and becomes part of her husband’s family (www.everyculture.com, 2013). Although Ms. Mao never hinted that this was her particular plan to start a family, she did imply that she greatly respected Chinese family tradition. VI. New Learning’s Regarding the Effects of Racism & Gender inequality.
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I found it very interesting that neither of the interviewees had experienced direct or extreme racism while in the United States. This is partially because of a generally expected bias against Asians by Americans and partially due to some of my own experiences with racism as an African American man. This prompted research into the history of racism against Asian Americans and revealed the tragic story of Former Metro Detroit resident Vincent Chin. According to asian-nation.org, in 1989 Vincent was beaten to death by two White men (Ronald Ebens and Michael Nitz) who called him a “jap” (even though he was Chinese American) and blamed him and Japanese automakers for the current recession and the fact that they were about to lose their jobs. The judge in the case sentenced each man to 2 years’ probation and a $ 3700.00 fine.
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What we westerners would refer to as ‘gender issues’, the Chinese refer to as simply a way of life. A study has shown that, “Confucian values place women as strictly subordinate to men, and this was reflected in traditional society. Women had no rights and were treated as possessions, first of their father’s and later of their husbands” (everyculture.com). I must admit to wondering on several occasions why it was that the Asian women that I have seen walking with their spouses in public seemed so docile and subservient. Research of the importance of tradition and adherence to strict family order has given me a basic understanding of the Asian family structure. VII. Implications for Practice.
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A social worker entering into practice without the skills which would prepare him for working with ethnically diverse clients limits the range of assistance that he can provide. The implications of social work practice increase with such culturally diverse populations as Asian Americans. An effective social worker will have the knowledge of the different cultures, norms and values of the target populations that he will mostly like come into contact with. Based on the conceptual definition of eclectic which is, “one who uses a method or approach that is composed of elements drawn from various sources” (merriam-webster.com, 2013), research has shown that an effective social worker should incorporate different methods to meet the various needs of Asian American families. Understanding the communication patterns of Asian families and how they differ from those of western cultures can help bridge the gaps of difficulties in individual and group function.
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I have seen media portrayal of Asian Americans and all of the stereotypes that go along with them. In my lifetime I have heard everything from all Asians eat rice to all Asians know karate, kung Fu and can’t drive well. These are all just stereotypes and have absolutely no merit at all. However it has been somewhat difficult for me as a student and researcher until now to disprove these myths personally. Limited interactions with members of the Asian community due to a lack of opportunistic access have made in-depth research into behavioral patterns extremely difficult if not completely impossible. This assignment has allowed me to step into a world that has helped me to distinguish between two fascinatingly different cultures from my own. I look forward to working with members of the Chinese and Korean communities in the future as clients and professionals alike.
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Attention-getter: Whenever I look out from my window at home, nothing but memories come back to me. The house three doors down was the unsuspecting target of the foul balls we would hit when we use to play home run derby. Or my basketball hoop which held many world championships between me being the bulls and my friends being that year’s runner up. In the park across the street, I ended up blackmailing my neighbor, who was a few years older than me, into letting me play football with him and his friends.
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Initially video games consisted of a frog crossing a busy street or two paddles bouncing a ball between each other. Now games have started to border the line of excessive violence, enacting upon some of our deepest desires, but unable to express them due to laws that would be violated. In Grand Theft Auto, you run a round picking up jobs in an imaginary city. These jobs range from killing union workers to stealing pricy automobiles. In Conker’s Bad Fur day, you play as a playful cartoon squirrel that drinks beer and urinates on the enemy to defeat him.
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In the Journal of the American Medical Association, 90% of the games played today actually reward the player to injure another person and these were the games rated Teen. These types of gratuitous violence portrayed in video games transfer over into the everyday lives of these children. Studies of children exposed to violence have shown that they can become: “immune” or numb to the horror of violence, imitate the violence they see, and show more aggressive behavior the more they’re exposed to violence.
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Some children accept violence as a way to handle problems. Studies have also shown that the more realistic and repeated the exposure to violence, the greater the impact on children. For instance, a child in Kentucky ended up bringing a revolver to school and shot 8 students. Police ended up pin-pointing the source to the video games the child had been playing. The child ended up raking in more than 10,000 hours of a shoot em’ up style game that rewarded bonus points for headshots.
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Even if the games are not violent, another side effect that video games have on the health of children is with exercising. In a pediatrics journal, it states that 9 million kids are overweight, which is three times the amount it was in 1980. I am not stating that video games are the sole proprietor of this drastic increase, but for children, playing a video game usually takes precedent over exercising. With this increase in body mass, children have become more susceptible in acquiring what are usually known as adult diseases such as diabetes.
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In an Australian Geographic study, when asked what they wanted to do on a sunny day, only 32% of the children wanted to play outside. III. Video Games also have a negative impact on kids’ social skills and experiences. A. Another problem seen in children playing video games is there inability to communicate with their peers. Dr. Ricardo Salguero states that video games are an addictive behavior much like drug dependency. His results from a test on the dependency of video games concluded that 10% of the children,
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between 8 and 12 years old, playing video games on home consoles or computers, played for more than 4 hours a day – thus eliminating the socialization that would occur through standard outdoor activities like basketball. The more video games played, the more time it cuts away from relationships outside the ones made with characters in video games. Salguero then states that the earlier the child plays video games the worse the interactions the child has with other children are.
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Review: From the information compiled by psychiatrists and doctors, we can see the violence, obesity, and lack of social skills that has accumulated since the beginning of video games. That is why I can say video games have a negative effect on children. Parents need to be more aware, not just of the types of games their kids are playing, but of the amount of time they’re playing. Memorable final comment: And when you end up going home I want you to pay attention and listen for the growing silence so that you may physically observe the impact of video games.
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A gambler may go to the casino or go online to gamble with a fixed amount of money. According to the American Academy of Family Physicians, the increased access to gambling throughout the United States the problem of pathlological gambling is likely to increase in the future. Sponsored Links Pedialyte® For Children When it Comes to Rehydration, Other Household Beverages Can’t Compare. www. Pedialyte. com Function The gambler doesn’t want to lose, but when those losses occur, he doesn’t want others to know about it.
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In many cases, the addicted gambler’s family doesn’t find out about the problem until many months or years have gone by. The gambler may manipulate the family’s money for a while to make it look like all the funds are in tact. However, after a given period, that won’t be possible because the money will be gone. The gambler’s spouse or significant other may discover the shortfall in a routine examination of the accounts or the gambler may admit the problem when the guilt becomes overwhelming.
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Either way, trust has been destroyed in the relationship. Treatment Preventing a gambler from gambling is difficult, but if family members know about the problem and really want to help, they can practice tough love in order to prevent the gambler from doing more damage to himself and to the family. A support group like Gamblers Anonymous can also help. GA, modeled after Alcoholics Anonymous, uses 12 steps to increase self-awareness and identify character defects that can help the individual arrest his gambling problem.
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However, the compulsive gambler cannot be “cured. ” Identification The American Academy of Family Physicians has identified some of the behaviors associated with pathological gambling, which can help family members identify if a family member has a gambling problem. These behaviors include preoccupation with gambling; repeated failed efforts to control gambling; gambles to escape problems; lies to family members, therapists and others to conceal gambling losses and relies on others to provide money to relieve desperate financial situations.
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From these absurd, oftentimes ridiculous, and obviously arrogant words, the reader can conclude that the Duke was a controlling husband. Lines 50 onwards tell the reader that the Duke is looking for a new wife and the person whom he is showing the painting to, is the assistant or messenger of a Count whose daughter the Duke is eyeing as a prospective wife. The talk he would have later with the Count would be about the arrangement of his next marriage (My Last Duchess Discussion).
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The Duke represents the traditional male and his attitude towards his late wife mirrors the attitude and expectations of a patriarchal and Victorian society towards women in his monologue. The society of that time expected women to simply obey. She should only reserve her charms for her husband. She must not even try to be beautiful in her own painting. The mere act of being happy, pleasant to anyone regardless of rank and stature in life, and to love the simple pleasures in life as watching the sunset or riding a mule in the case of the Duchess, were all considered acts of unfaithfulness.
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In short, it was a sin to be naturally beautiful and to have a happy disposition. Men liked to control their wives. Being the only one who could open the curtain to reveal the painting of his beautiful and smiling late wife is symbolic of how this man would do anything to control his wife. If he couldn’t stop his wife from smiling at anyone when she was still alive, at least when she was dead and only lived through her painting the Duke could finally decide as to whom to share his wife’s smiles and charms.
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Through the painting done by a master, she has also became the expensive commodity that she should have been while living, but a role of which she never assumed because she stooped to being accessible to anyone, much to the disappointment of her husband, the Duke. Noble women should assume the position that their rank in society expected them to and this meant they should be unreachable in the eyes of commoners. They should not be easily pleased with trifle matters like favors from servants.
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Finally, the talk of arranging his new marriage with the father of his future bride suggests how women were not allowed to express an opinion even to the important topic of whom to spend the rest of their life with. Women were commodities traded upon by men and they have price tags called dowries. By showing the Count’s emissary the painting of his former wife and telling him why he didn’t like her conduct sends the message as to how he expects his next wife to behave. Otherwise, she might become another Last Duchess, another hidden painting in the house.
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There have been a lot of people who have made an impact in my life but the one person who has significantly influenced my values, beliefs, and my over-all growth as a person is my father, Jide Ayo-Vaughan. I have learned valuable lessons in life from my father, in particular, his hard working nature, intelligence and, most of all, selflessness. My father grew up in a poor family of five in a small town of Abeokuta, Nigeria. His family consisted of his father, mother, sister brother and himself.
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Although his family was very strict, they taught him that getting a good education should be his top priority as it would prepare him for the life ahead. True enough, my father applied this lesson in his life as he graduated from high school as one of the top students in his class. However, since his family was poor he was unable to attend college immediately. Instead, he worked as a clerk for two years and helped provide for his family, while also attending a community college on a part-time basis to gain some academic credits.
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After two years, he was able to save enough money and took up chemical engineering at the University of Lagos. He graduated number 2 in his class and eventually landed a great job at Exxon Mobil, and is now able to provide more for his family. Indeed, my father’s early life has inspired me to accomplish what he has done. Although I grew up under more fortunate circumstances as compared to my father, his experiences in life has taught me that I could accomplish anything that I want if I worked hard for it.
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More importantly, his struggles during his early life has also taught me to be more thankful for the current things I have in my life and to not look for things that I don’t have. The story of my father’s life made me feel blessed and at the same time motivated to emulate his diligence, perseverance, and work ethic. However, among all the lessons I have learned from him, the most important lesson he has taught me is to be selfless at all times. In everything my father does, whether it’s studying or working, he always does it for the sake of his family.
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He helps his family in Nigeria by paying for the college fees of his younger relatives and sending money to his relatives who are in need. However, the wonderful thing about his attitude is that despite the fact that he is having a hard time providing for his family, he never regrets doing anything for them and he always makes it a point to sacrifice his time and money just to provide for them. Even now that he has a family of his own, he still continues his acts of selflessness.
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Being a worker for an oil company, he is required to travel a lot and this has caused my family to move to different states and countries. However, when he was assigned to a position in Nigeria, he decided to move there by himself and leave me, my mother, and my siblings behind as he did not want his work to affect his children’s education. Although it was difficult for my father to work in a place where his family is far away from him, he made a great sacrifice so that my siblings and I could get a good education here in the US.
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Words are not simply enough to describe my admiration and my love for my father. Despite the odds stacked against him, he was able to emerge triumphant through his hard work and successfully raise a family. This is the reason why he has made such a significant impact in my life. My father showed me the value of getting a good education and also taught me that there isn’t a single thing I could not achieve in life if I put my mind and my heart to it. Furthermore, he set a wonderful example to me and my siblings by being selfless and sacrificing for the sake of others.
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I am truly blessed to have him as my father. I know that I may not have experienced the things he has experienced in life, but the values he has taught me will always serve as my guiding light as I grow up and face the real world. Not only has my father taught me to become a better person, but also a real person, which I believe is more important. One of my wishes in life is that when I grow up, I would be able to raise a wonderful family like my father did and also teach them the lessons he has taught me.
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‘Mother father deaf’ is the phrase commonly used within the Deaf community to refer to hearing children of deaf parents. These children grow up between two cultures, the Hearing and the Deaf, forever balancing the worlds of sound and silence, as a sense of self and family forms. Paul Preston is one of these children, and in this book he takes us to the place where Deaf and Hearing cultures meet, where families like his own embody the conflicts and resolutions of two often opposing world views.
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Over the past decade, there has been tremendous interest in the processes in marriage, with a corresponding burgeoning of longitudinal studies on marriage. (Bradbury, 1998). Karney and Bradbury, in their 1995 review of the longitudinal research on marriage, included 115 studies consisting of 68 independent samples and more than 45,000 marriages. These studies give an in-depth understanding of when marital dissatisfaction sets in, how problems develop, and what leads to the consequence of marital dissolution.
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Several factors seem to account for this decline: commitment, conflict, and communication. In particular, husbands and wives low faith in the marriage at year 1 predicted both spouses long- term low marital satisfaction. Spouses with low faith at the start of the marriage may report low marital satisfaction 6 years later because they lack the motivation or the skill to engage in the kinds of relationship maintenance behaviors that foster high levels of satisfaction (e.g., being accommodating during conflict, managing jealousy, and being willing to sacrifice).
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The occurrence of conflict appears as another critical variable in the course of marital satisfaction. Conflict is inevitable in any intimate relationship. How it affects satisfaction depends on the extent to which couples engage in conflict or withdraw from it. There are usually short-term negative effects to engaging in conflict, but there are long-term positive effects. If conflict is not openly addressed but is avoided, there are issues that can be left unresolved and further fuel feeling of resentment and anger.
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In their longitudinal study of 33 couples, Noller and Feeney (1998) found that, during the first 2 years of marriage, less happy couples made concerted attempt to improve their relationships during the first yea of marriage, but gave up these efforts by the time of the third assessment in the study. Noller and Feeney suggested that these new behaviors to improve the relationship were not being reinforced by the partner and hence did not become an integral part of the behavior repertoire. In particular, destructive conflict behaviors such as coercion, manipulation, and avoidance were likely to have negative effects on relationships.
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Similarly, particular patterns of communication can have long-term effects on relationship satisfaction. In the Noller and Feeney study, communication behaviors predicted later satisfaction for wives only. Wives reports of negativity, disengagement, and destructive processes at Time 1 predicted lower satisfaction at Time 2. These destructive patterns of communication that cause problems later in relationships had developed before the couple became married. Although most of the couples in this study were not living together prior to marriage, it appears that their patterns of communication and resolving conflict were established before they even had to handle particular issues involved in living together in a marriage.
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Other researchers have also discovered that how couples behave prior to marriage indeed affects their satisfaction and stability during marriage. According to Lindhl et al. (1998), a variety of communication and conflict-related variables before marriage can predict who will stay married and who will divorce. In particular, they found that how couples communicate and regulate negative effect (anger, frustration, mistrust, and resentment) during conflict was significantly related to marital stability. The strategies that these couples used to handle conflict tended to improve over time. For example, the levels of withdrawal and verbal aggression decreased.
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They concluded that commitment is a central relationship-specific motive that promotes a wide range of prorelationship behaviors and enhances dyadic adjustment. Strong commitment to a marriage promotes greater willingness to accommodate. Accommodation is defined as behavior in which individuals forgo self-interested behavior for the good of a relationship, place greater value on prorelationship behavior, and recognize the interdependence of the partners. It is one of several specific mechanisms through which committed individuals sustain their relationships.
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Alternative models of relationship deterioration emphasize that particular personalities of the partners are root cause of marital happiness and distress. In these models, spouses view their partners, but not their own, personality as cause for marital disaffection. In particular, the partners with the personality trait of negative affectivity are more likely to be unhappy in their marriages. Negative affectivity reflects a tendency to be anxious and emotionally labile, to report distress or discomfort, to be introspective, and to dwell on one’s own and other people’s shortcomings.
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Husbands and wives high in negative affectivity tend to make more negative attributions for their partner’s behavior. In the Karney et al. study, there was a relation between husbands’ level of negative affectivity and their own and their wave’s marital satisfaction. On the positive side, a personality quality that is resulted to marital satisfaction is expressiveness, which is a communal orientation that includes being kind, gentle, aware of other’s feeling, warm, and emotional, and which might reduce conflict in relationships because one can respond constructively when one’s partners behaves poorly.
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It is apparent that many of these disaffected spouses suffered in silence. They were reluctant to admit marital problems to friends and family. because the majority of respondents had experienced marital doubts during the first year of the marriage, it may have been too embarrassing to these spouses to admit dissatisfaction so early in their marriages. In addition, there is a taboo in Western culture that discourages spouses from talking about their marriages. This so-called intermarital taboo states that married sposes cannot talk openly to each other about their marriages. Unfortunately, because of this taboo, couples do not have the chance to share with one another the stresses of married life and the possible ways to cope effectively with them.
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Children are sensitive to anger and conflict even when adults other than their parents express it. Unresolved marital conflict is more predictive of child functioning than marital satisfaction alone; suggesting that the specific ways that husbands and wives resolve conflict may be related to child social and emotional functioning. Not at all marital conflict is detrimental to children, however. Exposure to low levels of marital conflict may provide one avenue for children to learn how to solve interpersonal problems effectively.
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Particular patterns of marital interaction have been found to be related to couples distress, the likelihood of divorce, and child behavior problems. Couples whose conflict is typified by mutually hostile exchanges, or one partner making demands while the other withdraws from further discussion, are less satisfied in their marriages and are at greater risk for divorce have proposed that children raised in families with high levels of marital conflict may become fearful that their parents are on the road to divorce and dissolution of important family relationships.
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Consequently, the child is motivated to reduce marital conflict by distracting the parent’s subsystem and decrease the conflict expressed in the marital subsystem. In this regard, the battling husband and wife are enlisted as cooperative mother and father, and the result is a temporary reduction in marital negative affect. Although there may be increased negative affect between parent and child, the system has retained its order and the subsystem of parent –child regulation temporarily overrides the marital subsystem and preserves the family as a whole.
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Externalizing problems in elementary-school-age boys have been found to be best predicted by a model of family stress (including marital satisfaction and divorce) mediated by negative maternal control and disciplinary interactions. In some cases, there is a cascading effect, where specific aspects of marital conflict spill over into parent-child interactions. When husbands withdrew in angry conflicts with their wives, the wives tended to be critical and intrusive with their children, which in turn were related to internalizing problems.
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“I Am Mordred” by Nancy Springer embodies the style of pre-destination. She interweaves the conflict of pre-destination and free-will in the main plot of the story that perpetuates till the end in one type or the other. There are specific secondary styles that overlap with the primary theme of pre-destination i. e. unnaturality, ambivalence in human nature and so on. Ms. Springer shows that Mordred is a prey to his fate. His patricide can not be represented as a simple vengeance as prediction plays a main part in bringing him to the altar of pre-destination.
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Mordred had dual feeling of love and hate toward his father. Mordred return to Camelot after the disclosure of truth but also realize that he has cravings for his father’s love. But fears of fulfilment of prophecy also haunt him. This starts a psychological conflict in his mind. Here Ms. Springer has manifested that Mordred was aware of his pre-destination and his fears about the prophetic realization his patricide were not a product of his imagination. Unnaturality is depicted through the bad birth of Mordred who is a product of incestuous love between King Arthur (his father) and his half sister Morgause.
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That is the reason that he became a victim to destiny who wanted to punish King Arthur for his unnatural act. So both victim and victimizer are punished for their unnatural origin and act respectively. Springer wants to manifest that divinity or nature has strict punitive measure for crime against natural law, committed consciously or unconsciously. For this purpose nature can even use the victim as tool of punishment. But Ms. Springer portrays Mordred’s character in a sympathetic way and illustrates that he is a misinterpreted character and tries to removes the notion about him as an innate and absolute evil.
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Although his origin is unnatural but attribution of absolute evilness is quite unfair. While conventional Arthurian myth implies the idea of Mordred being evil incarnate due to his unnatural conception, Springer plainly cast away this misconception and give a new thematic expression to theme of unnaturality. Nancy Springer has used the above-mentioned theme in a profound way that each theme is the natural outcome of the other. Each theme sustains the other till the fulfilment of the prophecy comes.
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The issues of women in prison are clouded with amazing stereotypes and silence. Women are the fastest growing sector of the prison population in the United States. Even more than men, most women are incarcerated for non-violent offenses. These women are often products of sexist and racist attitudes, and do not have marketable job skills. Economic survival for herself and her family often means prostitution, forging, petty theft or some kind of hustle. Once incarcerated, women have less access to education, job training programs, and other services than men.
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When released, women are more often shamed for having done time, and less likely to reach out for support. In the 1970s, two women sociologists, Rita Simon and Freda Adler, argued that the extent and nature of women’s criminality appeared to be changing. They predicted that women’s criminal behavior would continue to undergo dramatic changes until it closely resembled men’s. The increase in the frequency and seriousness of female criminality, they believed, would come in crimes traditionally associated with men.
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Women’s new emancipation and assertiveness, women’s expanded economic opportunities, women’s new social roles, would lead to their more frequent and serious criminality (McClellan). Many of the largest increases for serious offenses are found in traditionally female crimes such as fraud, forgery, larceny/theft, and drug violations. Most of the increases in female property crime involve petty, unsophisticated offenses, e. g. , shoplifting, misuse of credit cards, passing bad checks, and welfare fraud–crimes related to the increasing feminization of poverty.
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The majority of women continue to be arrested for victimless crimes: for being drug addicts, for being intoxicated, for being prostitutes. Only 14 percent of those arrested for violent offenses are women. This rate has remained stable over time. Three out of four women arrested for violent offenses have committed simple assault. Women constitute approximately one-tenth of the arrests for robbery, and one-tenth of the arrests for murder and non-negligent manslaughter. Changes in women’s criminal behavior, like changes in women’s social roles, have been slow and predictable (Corrections Statistics).
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Currently over 95,000 women are incarcerated in U. S. prisons, another 70,000 in our jails. The women’s prison population in the U. S. has quadrupled since 1980, largely a result of a war on drugs that has translated into a war on women and the poor generally. African-American women have been hardest hit by this increase. They are 14. 5 percent of the women in the U. S. population, but they constitute 52. 2 percent of the women in prison (Corrections Statistics). Poor young women of color, most of whom are mothers, are locked in old overcrowded prisons, serving lengthy sentences for drug offenses and petty property crimes.
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Incarceration for women in the United States has come to mean enduring endless hours of boredom and idleness as women are systematically denied access to meaningful programs; months and years without visits from their children whose guardians cannot afford travel expenses; indignities, disrespect, and infantilization from the correctional staff. Women in prison are subject to an official system that carries the norm-enforcing patriarchal pattern of social control to absurd lengths. As night follows day, omnipresent surveillance elicits the behavior it is installed to control.
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Faced with implacable patriarchal authority, a female inmate’s seemingly irrational oppositional behavior becomes a means for re-establishing her nature, for resisting the alienation experienced when she is denied traditional expression of both her personal individuality and her collective responsibilities. Intensive surveillance of female inmates is an historical vestige in institutions of correction; it reflects the belief that women should conform to gender-based stereotypes stressing obedience, dependence, and deference.
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California has the highest population of female prisoners among U. S. states. Since mandatory-sentencing laws went into effect in the mid 1980’s, the California female prison population has skyrocketed. At the end of 1986, women in California’s prisons totaled 3,564. As of September 2000, the female population now numbers 11,091 – an increase of 311% in fourteen years (CDC Data). The vast majority of women sentenced under California’s two-strikes and three-strikes laws are for nonviolent crimes, particularly drug offenses.
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A 1999 study of women in the California prison system found that 71% of incarcerated women had experienced ongoing physical abuse prior to the age of 18 and that 62% experienced ongoing physical abuse after 18 years of age. The report also found that 41% of women incarcerated in California had experienced sexual abuse prior to the age of 18 and 41% experienced sexual abuse after 18 years of age. Such a background further inhibits the ability of female inmates to report or seek recourse in cases of abuse within the prison system. (Bloom, Owen)
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Prisons for women in California are on average 171% over their designed capacity, with two prisons almost 200% over capacity. The Federal women’s prison in Dublin is more than 128% over capacity (CDC Report). Valley State Penitentiary for Women (VSPW) and the adjacent Central California Women’s Facility (CCWF) together house almost 7,000 incarcerated women and is probably the largest women’s prison complex in the world. (AI Report) Women in California state prisons make only pennies an hour. Females incarcerated in federal prisons make a minimum of $5. 75 per month.
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Though inmates from the United States can sometimes make more money through Federal work programs, non-nationals are not permitted to make more than the base monthly amount. In California state prisons, women earn as little as $. 05 per hour. In the California prison system, visitation is a privilege not a right. Prisoners on death row and prisons in California serving life sentences without parole cannot receive unsupervised family visits. Family visits are also not permitted with common law relationships. Pregnant women in prison face unique problems.
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Stress, environmental and legal restrictions, unhealthy behavior, and weakened or nonexistent social support systems—all common among female inmates—have an even greater effect on pregnant inmates. Women in prison are placed outside the normal mothering experience in such ways (Huft et al): • Stress — incarcerated women experience higher than normal levels of stress. They have a higher incidence of complications during pregnancy, labor, and delivery. • Restricted environment — adaptation to pregnancy is limited by the prison environment.
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Mandatory work, structured meal times, and lack of environ-mental stimulation may decrease the likelihood of individualized prenatal care. For instance, pregnant inmates receive standard clothing that often does not fit well. Alternatives for special clothing (e. g. , stockings and shoes) may be dictated by availability within the institution or by what family and friends are willing to supply. In addition, disciplinary action or other restrictions may interfere with the offender’s adaptation to pregnancy.
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• Altered social support systems — even if ideal opportunities for nutritional education and physical development are available during pregnancy, pregnant women will not take advantage of them if they do not receive support from their inmate peer groups. Limited health care facilities or staff sometimes warrants the immediate transfer of a pregnant inmate to a civilian hospital at the onset of labor. • Altered maternal roles—Maternal identity depends on rehearsal for the anticipated role after birth. Women in Federal prisons do not directly care for their infants after birth.
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Developing a maternal role therefore depends upon plans for placing the infant after birth. The inmate can place the infant either for adoption or for guardianship. Preparation for care includes teaching the mother decision-making skills. Counseling should emphasize developing an identity during pregnancy and strategies for coping with the loss of the infant. After the birth, the mother will need counseling in making or accepting the decision to place the infant for adoption or temporary guardianship. One of the major concerns of women in prison is their children.
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A large percentage of women in our criminal justice system are mothers. According to Amnesty International, 78% of women in state prisons are mothers (Impact on Children, 1999). Because there are fewer women in prison than men, there are fewer women’s facilities throughout the country. As a result, women are placed in prisons located miles away from their children and families (Chesney-Lind, 1998). Consequently, children spend less time visiting their mothers in these facilities. For children who resided in the same home as their mother prior to her incarceration, this is an extremely traumatic experience.
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Children whose parents are incarcerated are often placed in the care of other family members, in foster care or in juvenile homes. “Nationwide, 50% of the children in the juvenile justice system have a parent in prison” (Impact on Children, 1999). Very few children will go live with their father and the majority of children, approximately 60%, are taken in and cared for by their grandmothers. However, many of these grandmothers are financially unstable and do not have the means to support and satisfy all the needs of these children.
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As if this is not traumatic enough, children of incarcerated mothers face many other hardships. Along with being removed from the home they grew up in and their families, children face other unfamiliar challenges such as attending new schools and living in new homes in alien settings. These children may demonstrate a variety of emotional and psychological responses such as “hyperactivity, attention deficits, delinquency, and teenage pregnancy, withdrawal from social relationships or retreat in to denial” along with difficulty with intimacy and assertiveness, lack of trust in others, and poor academic performance.
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(Impact on Children, 1999). The vast majority of female prisoners in the United States are held in women-only facilities. About one-fifth of all female inmates are housed in co-ed facilities — that is, prisons that accommodate both male and female offenders. Interaction between male and female inmates at coed prisons is minimal and men and women share only certain vocational, technical, or educational resources and recreational facilities. Female inmates are housed in units that are entirely separate from units for male inmates during evening hours (Encarta).
Topic: family

The coed facilities present less problems than one would expect, a phenomenon attributed to the “softening” effect women have on male inmates. The living conditions at a women’s prison are somewhat more pleasant, but there is often a shortage of programs. Women’s prisons are usually less security-conscious. Neither the inmate code nor the hidden economy is well developed. Rather than form gangs, women tend to create pseudofamilies, in which they adopt various family roles — father, mother, daughter, sister — in a type of half serious, half play-acting set of relationships.
Topic: family

The controversy of single parenting is one of the major issues occurring in our modern society. As divorce and broken marriage increases, the product is the production of single parents in every community. Such situation does not only affect the couples, but most of all, the impact of the situation affect the children. Single parenting has proven vast influence and affliction in the development of a child, wherein at early stage the ideal family figure is shattered. Theoretical principles of parenting and models depicting the duties of ideal parenting are the essential concepts necessary in order to explain the most probable impact of such phenomena to the children.
Topic: family

Single-parent families include never-married mothers, some of whom choose to parent alone, and parents who are divorced, some of whom share the custody of their children. Single parents face special challenges encountered during the course of family building, especially on the ideal perspective. Most importantly, most of these single parents tend to have far few economic resources and a much lower standard of living. Unfortunately, most of the situational effects are received by the children; hence, they are the ones that suffer most in the absence of the other parent.
Topic: family

Dyad parenting plays an important role in the molding of the person’s identity and social concept. Each sex in parenthood contributes to the development of their children by either negative or positive reinforcements. In the case of single parent, the absence of the other parent greatly impairs the normal and ideal cycle of child development. Single-parent families usually conjure negative psychological, emotional, and identity needs among children especially if this situation occurs in the period of pre-adolescent
Topic: family

In this research, the primary subject to be discussed is the effects of single parenting in the child development. The research criteria shall involve the utilization of theoretical frameworks in aid of proving the latest and most detailed explanation of the said sing-panting impacts among children. Moreover, the study shall focus on the specific age group of 12 years old, which is primarily in the stage of pre-adolescent. The research shall utilize integrative analysis and critical data interpretation in order to provide the most accurate data implication in accordance to the study.
Topic: family

The study shall cover first the review of literature involving parenting theories and parental duty-oriented models in order to provide the best possible implication of the study. After which, the discussion shall utilize these theoretical principles in order to gather data and analytic supports of single parenting and child development. The next course of study shall employ the gathered data and utilize in integration and analysis of the proposed subject, which shall be stated in the section of discussion and analysis. Lastly, the study shall provide the conclusion of the over-all data gathered, analysis, integration, and data interpretation.
Topic: family

The purpose of this research paper is to analyze the most probable effects of single parenting in the age group of 12 years old, which belongs to the developmental phase of pre-adolescent group. The study can be utilized to support the possible acclaims of the pros and cons of single parenting, and even the social issues concerning the topic. Moreover, the research of such topic can greatly elaborate the effects of single parenting to this specific age group, and in the end, may aid in the formulation of the possible parental intervention in order to avoid possible familial conflicts.
Topic: family

The proportion of children living in sing-parent families has increased markedly around the world since 1960, and this increase has been especially significant in the United States. In fact, the United States has a higher proportion of single-parent households than that of any other developed country, The proportion of children in the United State living with only one parent increased from 9.1% in 1960 to 28% in 1997 (U.S Bureau of the Census, 1998) (Bornstein, 2002 p.109) while 6% to 12 % of all families in 1999. According to studies, almost 9% of children under age 18 live with a single parent (Bruess & Greenberg, 2004 p.117).
Topic: family

Although there are differences in the prevalence of single-parent families across ethnic groups, with nearly 47% of African American children are living in single-parent families. Such increase has greatly affected all groups of Americans. A wide range of research from sociologists and psychologists has shown that pre-adolescent children of single-parent families are more likely to have difficulties with emotional and psychological adjustment and with school performance and educational attainment, and they are also more likely to have behavioral adjustment problems.
Topic: family

In spite of all the difficulties that single parents face, many are highly successful in the childcare that they provide; hence, some pre-adolescent children still strives the normal course of development. However, children brought up in single parent families are still predicted to be at risk unless there are major social changes to provide more adequate support, and ways can be found for children to maintain satisfactory contact with their absent parents. The trend of dysfunctional parenting and broken relationships is likely to continue until training and help with relationships for children are given a higher priority by society (Polany, 2002 p.430).
Topic: family

Usually when we think of single-parent families, we think of them as being headed by women. Although this is generally true – about 82% of single-parent families are headed by women – the number of men heading such families is rising dramatically. In 1990, 14% of single families were headed by a man; in 1999, the comparable figure was 19%. Many single parents have the added responsibility of providing role models for their children of the opposite sex (Bruess & Greenberg, 2004 p.117).
Topic: family

Conceptual models of parent-adolescent relationships and theoretical principles of parenting vary in whether their primary focus is on the adolescent or on the relationship. The prevalent perspective for most of the last century was that pre-adolescents’ physical, cognitive, and social maturation produced inherently unstable relationships (Lerner & Steinberg, 2004 p.332). The theory of Erik Erikson’s psychosocial development particularly identifies pre-adolescent as a period of crisis, where the task is to sort out and establish an individual identity that is distinct from that which may have been established in this stage. Usually these children are self-conscious and perceive strangeness in their body due to pubertal and hormonal alterations. The age of group of 12-years-old is one of the most sensitive stage in the pubertal development cycle, which perceives great value in terms of the people’s outlook over them, social environment, and gender task roles (Cooper, p.51).
Topic: family

In social learning theory, the primary focus is given to learning experiences that occur through reciprocal social interactions. Social learning theory emphasizes the socializing influence of the family. Researchers have studied families by comparing those with and without situational impairments in order to examine behavior differences in the home environment. They have concluded that those with lesser familial conflicts produce lesser problematic behavior, while those with presently and evident familial difficulties, such as single parenting, produced behavioral alterations in the children (Condie 2003 p.114).