ktmeng/mec huggingface dataset:
Topic: family

When the maid asks Sosicles to take an expensive bracelet to get it refurbished he tries to see what else he can get by asking if he should also take the “arm-lets I gave her”. The maid then tells him he never did such a thing. This motif is well applied. Plautus’ The Brothers Menaechmus is full of comedic motifs such as dirty humor, mistaken identities, asides, literal wordplay, and running gags that allow for a very humorous play. They are applied well and makes for an entertaining read.
Topic: family

“Mariam was five years old the first time she heard the word Harami. “Harami” is a derogatory term meaning outcast. A reader may comment that Mariam is made isolated as her only sin was being born outside of her parents’ marriage, thus bringing shame to the family name and being an undesirable asset to them. Mariam was raised by her Nana on her own and although Jalil does appear to show affection to Mariam, It can be argued that he never had the strength to accept her legally.
Topic: family

Women were considered as shameful beings who must be protected from the public eye. We can see these standards in the novel through the phrase “protecting a woman’s honour” although Taliban were known to publically humiliate and perform public executions. Hosseini has witnessed during his lifetime Afghanistan essentially revert back in time as before women had independence, now they do not; Hosseini has grown up around strong females, and having role models around him may have influenced his decision to write this novel. Conversely, In Pride and Prejudice women oppression is also significant In Charlotte and can be seen through the phrase “I’ve got no money and no prospects. I’m already a burden to my parents and I’m frightened”. The adjective “burden” reinforces the idea that societal expectations of women are already pre-determined by society and she feels that she has to conform to society through marriage. “Burden” carries negative connotations of pressure and being weighed down, suggesting that until women are married they are in no good interest for their family, Indicating that Charlotte is subservient compared to Mr. Collins. Alternatively, In Pride and Prejudice Charlotte can be seen as a key character who suffers from societal standards and inflicted by the oppression of women. This is reinforced from the conversation she has with Mr Collins; “I’ve got no money and no prospects. I’m already a burden to my parents and I’m frightened”. The adjective “burden” emphasises societal roles of females which are already pre-determined.
Topic: family

A reader may comment on the significance of “no money” as this could suggest that the society she has grown up in, she understands that having a lack of money and being a female you cannot excel in life. Marriage was seen more as an economic arrangement and making sure that the female has financial security as well as being able to increase the status of herself and her family. This could suggest that a female is viewed more like an asset than a human. These ideas portray the negative effects of societal expectations on females as they were only expected to be housebound and reliant on the male characters implying that these roles have already been set out by society. A reader may comment that Austen has shown these negative impacts of marriage to expose the flaws within society and the prejudice women had to endure.
Topic: family

On the other hand, it can be argued that Mariam and Rasheed share a relationship full of manipulation and guilt in A Thousand Splendid Suns. In the opening first few pages of the book Nana warns Mariam “Like a compass needle, that points north, a man’s accusing finger always finds a woman.” Hosseini may have done this to highlight the injustice women faced on a daily basis. As a reader we feel empathetic towards Mariam as no matter who is wrong and right, the woman is always given the unfair blame. The simile could also suggest that it is inevitable for a man to blame a women just like a compass will always point north. It can be suggested that the advice Nana gave to Mariam was proven true later throughout the novel as Mariam is blamed for being infertile, having a lack of education and any other matter which is outside of her control. A modern audience would see this as atypical for our society because Mariam and Rasheed were both involved in the act of having a child and therefore they both bear the responsibility of raising the child. However, this is flawed during the 1970’s as whilst men were dominant and could have multiple wives, women were expected to stay chaste and within the boundaries of their homes, this indicates the hopeless Afghan women would feel during the 1970’s. Hosseini may have done this to reflect the unfair treatment women in Afghanistan had to deal with. Furthermore, he may have wanted to raise awareness of what it is like to be an Afghan women and give women a voice where they have no voice in society.
Topic: family

The idea that society is able to modify and manipulate gender roles depending on their perspective of women is supported in A Thousand Splendid Suns. Rasheed inflicts the words of the Taliban onto Mariam and by bringing in God, he makes his opinion sound factual. The Taliban are a group of extremists who have radical ideas of Islam, they twisted the words of God and the Holy Scriptures to suit their idyllic views. It can be argued that Rasheed is a product of the Taliban’s and imposes their views onto Mariam which can be seen when he states that ‘God has made our brains different. You are not able to think like we can’. This shows that Rasheed places himself on a pedestal above Mariam. Rasheed knows that Mariam has a strong faith and he uses religion as a malicious tool to make Mariam believe that she is inferior to Rasheed to ensure that she does not ever believe in woman empowerment. During the movement of the Taliban throughout Afghanistan, one of their main beliefs around women were that they must not be in power nor should they be equal to men, However the Qur’an teaches equality for all. A reader may comment that the reason that the oppression of women is like this is that the Taliban feared that if women become educated then this may cause men to lose their control and power in society which is why predominantly Afghan society restricted women of ever being exposed of knowledge at any time. A reader may note the significance of the advice that Babu gave to Laila “Marriage can wait. Education cannot” suggesting that Babu is ahead of his time and understands the importance of having an education, especially in societies where women are not valued or seen with an equal eye. In an interview, Hosseini explains that he wrote this novel to highlight the subjugation women faced by the Taliban and society on a daily basis, “I am from Afghanistan. And although it’s not my intention to educate people about Afghanistan, I do hope that in some ways this novel gives people a window into Afghanistan” It can be suggested that Hosseini has been able accomplish this because as a reader we feel empathetic towards Mariam and her life as we learn more about the background of women and the struggles they have faced in previous history and still today.
Topic: family

Austen presents mockery into the societal expectations of women during the 19th century. The use of satire in the opening lines of the novel implies that Austen does not believe in what society deems a woman’s stance to be in society; “It is a TRUTH universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife”. It can be seen in the phrase that the opinion, sounds more factually based. This may suggest that the perspective society had of women was that potential partners were not dependent on love, but were chosen depending on their wealth, status and appearance. This is later on proven true between Charlotte and Lucas whose marriage is perceived as more of an economic arrangement. The dehumanization of women could suggest that women were almost enslaved by men during this time period, as they had minimal freedom, and were expected to revolve around household chores. Moreover, the declarative “he is considered the rightful property of someone or other of their daughters” reinforces the societal expectations of females who are forced to marry as a business transaction. The objectification of females in the 19th century and the rapid engagements are often shown to be a key flaw of the failing marriages women had to suffer in.
Topic: family

It can be interpreted that Austen was progressive for her time and she may have opened the novel in this way as she was a firm believer of true love. She believed that women should marry for love and that marrying for motives such as wealth and status is no better than prostitution. This view is explored through Elizabeth who is challenged by Lady Catherine’s argument as she believes that Mr. Darcy is an unsuitable match. However, Elizabeth’s strength is shown by “He is a gentleman, I am a gentleman’s daughter, so far we are equal” women were expected to marry someone who can provide economical elevation instead of love. However, this view is challenged by Elizabeth as she does not care about money and does not believe that Mr. Darcy is superior to her. Alternatively, the reference to ‘gentleman’ implies women’s dependence on others as she addresses herself through a gentleman; a reader may comment that Elizabeth is aware of societal constraints however, exceeds these expectations as she attempts to have equal stance with a male character. On the contrary, in A Thousand Splendid Suns Rasheed overpowers Laila due to male dominance saturating the time period, this can be shown through the declarative threat “You try this again and I will find you · And, when I do, there’s isn’t a court in this godforsaken country that will hold me accountable for what I will do”, Rasheed’s character reinforces the idea of societal roles being pre-determined by society as Laila is unable to escape from him as she has nowhere to go. The independence of females is undermined by society as when Laila tries to subjugate Rasheed she is punished and cannot escape. The treatment of women within this passage would have been accepted within society as it reveals the oppression used by men during the time of war to frighten females into silence.
Topic: family

Thirty years ago in 1979, a gay couple in California became the first in the United States to jointly adopt a child. That was decades ago and the fight for equality for homosexual couples is on-going to this day. Homosexual couples have been struggling to adopt for decades, mainly due to the fact that gay marriage was illegal for a long time. But now that homosexual couples are able to wed, why is it still a struggle to add to their family through adoption? While the issue of marriage has been settled, same-sex couples who choose to have children still face a large amount of laws around the country that define who can become a parent.
Topic: family

There are several states which have passed laws against gay adoption based on religious freedom. These laws are based on religion, meaning that private adoption agencies are able to refuse to work with homosexual couples, including married homosexual couples, that wish to adopt through them if it conflicts with their religious beliefs. Deputy director and family law director at the National Center for Lesbian Rights, Cathy Sakimura said “You can be completely respected and protected as a family in one state and be a complete legal stranger to your children in another. To know that you could drive into another state and not be considered a parent anymore, that’s a pretty terrifying situation”. Judges have struggled with how to set a precedent for these cases, on one hand it is illegal discrimination to deny a homosexual couple the right to adopt but on the other hand the first amendment allows for freedom of religion. These agencies are refusing to work with homosexual couples for religious reasons so it is hard for judges to define the boundaries of this issue. Their argument is they do not feel comfortable placing a child in a home that goes against their religious beliefs but what happens to the child who cannot get adopted? Years of foster care and false hope of a family?
Topic: family

Those who are against homosexual couples adopting believe that it is wrong for a child to have two same-sex parents, but isn’t it more wrong to keep a child in a foster home waiting to have a family? “In 2016, more than 65,000 children – whose mothers’ and fathers’ parental rights had been legally terminated – were waiting to be adopted” (Children’s Rights, 2019). The goal of adoption agencies is to place children in loving and capable homes, with homosexual couples being four times as likely to adopt than heterosexual couples, banning them from adopting would cause 65,000 children to become thousands more. Not only would it leave many more children awaiting adoption, the financial costs associated with with keeping a child in foster care would cost the country millions. “Banning homosexuals adoption and foster care would cost the country $87 to $130 million in lost child care, with individual states losing as much as $27 million” (Compton, 2016). By allowing homosexual couples to adopt and foster it is cutting the costs for the country tremendously while simultaneously giving a child a loving home. The adoption process is lengthy and dives deep into the stability of the potential home, the couples financials, and the history of both individuals. Homosexual couples go in to the process knowing all of this and meeting the required qualifications, so you can guarantee the child is going to a stable household that can provide for them. The intent of adoption agencies is to place children in the best homes but these companies restricting LGBTQ couples from adopting is restricting children from getting a family. “While states should work rapidly to find safe permanent homes for kids, on any given day children available for adoption have spent an average of nearly two years waiting to be adopted since their parental rights were terminated” (Children’s Rights, 2019).
Topic: family

If it were up to the child, I guarantee they would rather be adopted by two same-sex parents than to stay in the foster care system. Adoption is one of the only routes for homosexual couples so as they begin the process they actively choose and work hard to become parents, meaning homosexual parents can be more motivated, involved, and committed than some heterosexual parents. “Charlotte Patterson, a psychology professor at the University of Virginia is an expert in the psychology of sexual orientation. She and others have examined numerous child outcomes and have never reported that knowing the sexual orientation of a child’s parents can be used as a predictor of how that child will do. Instead, children of gay parents are subject to the same influences as children of heterosexual couples” (Johnson, 2013). Her work shows that children with same-sex parents are not going to be negatively affected by having two same-sex parents as opposed to two opposite-sex parents. According to data published by the Williams Institute at the UCLA School of Law, in 2011 the divorce rate for same-sex couples was 1.1% per year, while the divorce rate for straight couples was 2% per year. If the goal is to get children in to a stable home with two parents who love each other, homosexual couples are proving to have a better outcome with that. They are getting divorced at half the rate heterosexual couples are and can provide that level of stability for children that heterosexual couples are failing to do. Heterosexual couples, homosexual couples, adoption agencies and the government all have the same end goal in mind – to place children in loving and stable homes.
Topic: family

While a safe home, nurturing parents, and a solid socioeconomic status are requirements in providing a safe home to children it is believed by many that a mom and a dad are requirements as well. For a child to become a well-rounded person they should require a male and female role model, many assuming that comes from a mother and a father, which makes them against homosexual adoption. “God created two sexes—male and female—and that each sex has a unique role and gifting intended to benefit the other and the family” (Lombardo, 2014). People believe that God created a man and a women with the intent they it requires both to make a child and therefore it should be the job of a man and a woman to raise a child. Their religious beliefs are protected by the first amendment and if an adoption agency has a religious affiliation they are able to refuse to work with homosexuals who are trying to become parents, as it goes against their values and religious beliefs. If the government were to enforce a law that states no adoption agency can refuse to work with homosexuals, those adoption agencies could retaliate and decide to close. Which would leave the country with less adoption agencies and more children left in foster care waiting to be adopted. Lawyers for New Hope Family Services claims “Enforcing the anti-discrimination rule will not help a single child in need find a loving home. It will instead remove effective providers from the system, depriving vulnerable children of adoptive families” (Gershman, 2018).
Topic: family

So while trying to fix one thing, a whole new problem could be created because of it. If a judge were to say adoption agencies nationwide have to enforce the anit-discrimination law they are contradicting themselves as they also enforce freedom of religion. There is a theory that children become their parents, so if their parents are homosexual they are more likely to be as well. Walter Schumm, Kansas State University researcher, concluded that “28 percent of the children (over age 17) of same-sex parents identify as gay with the figure dropping to 20 percent for children under age 17. The rate of homosexuality for children raised by heterosexual parents is just under four percent” (Muehlenberg, 2018). To provide the best home for children, should we be keeping them away from the influences homosexual parents will have on them?
Topic: family

The answer is no, we should be fighting harder to be inclusive of homosexual couples and allowing them to adopt should not even be a question. Those who believe a child needs a mom and a dad to have a male and female role model is wrong. Children have role models other than their parents and can get the influence of both genders anywhere, including school, work, friends, other family members, etc. it does not need to be from parents. Children with two parents are likely better off because they have parents that will accept them no matter what and will feel more comfortable expressing themselves and their feelings to their parents. The statics for children of gay parents being gay is higher not because the parents are making them be gay but because they feel more comfortable coming out to them knowing they will be accepted. I am friends with this boy named Bryce who was adopted from China as a baby by two men. He also has an older brother who was also adopted from China as a baby so they have both been raised by two men from birth. Bryce is gay but his brother is not and neither of them have ever been afraid to express themselves to their dads because they know they will be accepted by them. Bryce and his brother both attend college and have had great lives that they would not have had if they were not adopted by two men.
Topic: family

I have always believed homosexuals should have all the same rights that heterosexuals do, including the right to a family. I grew up with a very accepting family and attending a church that was all inclusive, including the LGBTQ community. I understand the argument of religion but I do not agree with it considering I was raised in a church that was accepting of homosexuals and believed God created all people equally and they should be treated that way. On the specific issue of homosexual adoption, I was really shaped by television and the media. Specifically watching shows like “The Fosters” where the children were raised by a lesbian couple and “Modern Family” where a gay couple adopted a daughter. Though these shows are fictional, they showed me that homosexual parents are a lot like heterosexual parents and can provide the same level of care to their children. I think it would be great to see adoption agencies provide more information to mother who are considering adoption for their baby and open their minds to the idea of same-sex parents for their baby. It might be a good start to have adoption agencies specifically for homosexual couples so everyone who comes there is accepting of homosexual adoption.
Topic: family

Embryo adoption, or embryo transfer, is a form of IVF (In vitro fertilization). IVFs are a type of assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) and were created to overcome infertility. Many parents choose adoption as an alternative after many unsuccessful attempts at fertility. According to the Center for Genetics and Society, IVF is an ART procedure in which sperm and eggs are joined outside the body, and the resulting embryo is transferred to a uterus in an effort to establish a pregnancy (Genetics and Society).
Topic: family

Embryo adoption has many of the same parts as traditional adoption, such as the matching process and adoption home study. However, a notable difference is the pregnancy experience. Parents using embryo adoption begin the journey nine months prior by adopting a frozen embryo donated by an “acceptable” couple (acceptability being varied from different organizations.) These prospective parents get the opportunity for the mother to carry her genetically unrelated, adopted child, while parents using traditional adoption have to trust the birth mother with prenatal care.
Topic: family

However, IVF is also growing popular among couples without fertility issues. In 2010, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) found that 7.4 million women in the U.S use infertility technology, but only 6.7 million American women aged 15-44 are reported to be infertile. As popularity of IVF technology grows, so does the amount of embryos held in storage. Many women who completely undergo IVF are left with extra embryos to use for future siblings, or as back-ups if the first cycle fails. These frozen embryos raise a lot of controversy on whether it’s morally suitable to allow potential life to stay in that form.
Topic: family

The Catholic Church’s 2008 Dignitas Personae speaks on the moral importance of respecting the dignity of all human beings, no matter the stage of development. The Vatican’s Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith debates that the conception of embryos outside marriage and other forms of assisted reproduction treatments do not respect that dignity. Timothy Murphy, Professor at the University of Illinois College of Medicine, argues against the congregation in support of the treatments. Murphy claims that respecting dignity is respecting a human’s best interest, and embryos cannot have any interests capable of being violated (Murphy, 2011). He favors the social/scientific contributions made possible by ARTs, and advocates those gains as being for human interest. Neither point of view has broken through in a legal sense, as little to no legislation regarding their state has been passed in the subsequent years since the growth of IVFs.
Topic: family

Compared to traditional adoption, embryo adoptive parents have legal rights and responsibility for the embryos prior to birth. This gets rid of the possibility that the genetic mother could change her mind and decide to keep and rear her child. Since embryo adoption has remained largely unregulated, private organizations have developed some guidelines of their own. These organizations have relied on the best interests standard, used in traditional adoption proceedings, to restrict potential parents whose adoption of an embryo, according to these organizations, would not be for the best of the frozen offspring (Batsedis, 2003). Under either contract or adoption law, private organizations may reject customers they deem to be “unacceptable” applicants, such as non-Christian or same-sex couples. Other restrictive qualities are income, age of the parents, citizenship, and more.
Topic: family

Income plays a large part into adoption, as the process, traditional or not, can get quite pricey. Basic IVF can be around $15,000 to $10,000, the average cost for one normal cycle being $12,000. Not included in the base price, are the likely potentials of multiple cycles and the certainty of medications which can be $1,500 to $3,000 per cycle (Gurevich, R). When compared to embryo adoption/transfer, the total cost can be just $2,500 to $4,000. A much lower cost means that prospective parents may be able to attempt an embryo transfer earlier, rather than delaying until they are able to finance more expensive fertility treatments with comparable success rates. A financial challenge with any form of IVF is that there is no guaranteed result of a live birth on the first take. This could mean that embryo adoptive parents may have to try more than once, sometimes with different embryo donors. Parents considering to adopt traditionally will still encounter financial obstacles as most parents prefer to adopt an infant and such adoptions are private and may cost between $30,000 and $34,000. By contrast, embryo adoption, risks and all, appears affordable and it’s technology has the potential to be more efficient than it’s current alternatives.
Topic: family

The technology used in these transfers is ever-evolving and improving, thusly are it’s success rates. In the United States, 263,577 ART cycles were performed, ending in 76,930 live born infants. Of those cycles, 65,840 were for banking purposes, and were not expected as a resulting pregnancy or birth at that time (Center of Disease Control’s 2016 Fertility Clinic Success Rates Report). While the usage of ART is rather uncommon compared to it’s potential demand, its use has skyrocketed over the past decade. Given that nearly 4 million infants are born annually in the U.S, this equates to nearly 2% of all infants born are being conceived using ART.
Topic: family

Even with all the precautions and successful results, ethical and social concerns arise when considering how this process could affect children as they grow. Couples who give birth using donated embryos go on to raise a child to whom they are not genetically related. A study by the Journal of Family Psychology presented findings of families with a child conceived through embryo donation. 17 IVF families with a 5 to 9 year old child were compared with 24 adoptive families. The ability of the adoptive parents and the adopted child’s social/emotional development were studied using standardized interviews and questions given to mothers and teachers. Children reared from embryo adoption were not at increased risk of psychological problems, and the families were generally functioning well. (MacCallum, F. & Keeley, S.) As assisted reproductive technologies are considerably new, information regarding mid and late life effects are unknown. Any adoptive alternative available comes with it’s own set of challenges, and it’s up to every potential couple to weigh these decisions themselves.
Topic: family

As a consumer think of a place you like to shop at because of the so-called great bargains, coupons, cash back and or discounts they offer. Commonly known as GameStop, Game Stop Corp is an American company that deals in video games, tablets, phones etc. With over 7, 117 retailer shops spread out throughout the US, Game Stop has established its headquarters in Grapevine, Texas. Research conducted on companies like Game Stop and JC Penney proves that customers enjoy and love it when their suppliers give them frequent discounts on their purchases.
Topic: family

The sale of preowned games- customers get to enjoy the opportunity of buying pre-owned games from Game Stop. This is an offer that one can rarely find in other game shops in the US. The above-mentioned techniques are some of the reason why Game Stop shops are always flowing with customers. The trick used here is keeping customers happy to maintain good sales rates. From your shopping experience explain if the discounts you received on your purchase you feel was a bargain deal or do you feel you overpaid.
Topic: family

Harsh economic times can be the cause of people depriving themselves of any kind of leisure. In the 21st century, the USA has experienced hard economic times a fact that has led many people to avoid luxury because they cannot afford it (Dewar, 2018). For example, PlayStation 4 costs about $400 to $500 when first introduced into the market. The thought of spending such a huge amount of money on a game just so that children can play, gets one thinking of how tough the economy has been on them.
Topic: family

A good number of people have bought the games and used them for a while. This means that a neighbor can go play at his friend’s place instead of spending a lot on buying something that they can already access. When the retailer offers discounts on such games, people feel motivated to purchase their own games instead of borrowing from their friends since they know that they will get the same games at cheaper prices. Through this, the company motivates its customers to keep coming back to the shop. A continuous flow of customers leads to the making of profits on a daily basis therefore by end month, Game Stop does not lose out on anything.
Topic: family

Do you find their sales practices to be ethical and beneficial to the consumer or perhaps unethical and misleading? Game Stop is one of the few shops that try to uphold ethical principles when dealing with customers. Each time Game Stop offers discounts to its customers, the customers are fully are of what they are getting into. For example, the trade back strategy helps customers spend less in buying new games that they want while at the same time they get to dispose games that they no longer use. This is a deal that works in their best interest, they do not lose out on anything.
Topic: family

One scholar who voices opposition is Suzanne Kessler, a psychology professor at Purchase College, SUNY. In an article written in 1990, she presents and analyzes Money’s methods and their consequences. Kessler disagrees with the means by which he chooses a gender and his justifications for doing so. Since the publication of Kessler’s article, scientific evidence has emerged which disputes Money’s theories. In a July 2000 article, Dr. Chanika Phornphutkul of the Brown University Department of Pediatrics spotlights flaws in Money’s methods.
Topic: family

On-going research indicates that some of Money’s assumptions have proven fallacious and some of his techniques, questionable. Nonetheless, the 2000 American Academy of Pediatrics has been hesitant to retract its endorsement of Money’s methods. Through evaluation of Kessler’s ideas and Phornphutkul’s essays, I believe that the Board should suspend Money’s procedure and call for the drafting of new rules regarding infants with ambiguous genitalia.
Topic: family

Family counseling can be very beneficial to families when they encounter any traumatic encounter that may damage the relationships of the family, like the demise of a loved one, divorce, or financial hardship.  Additionally, it can be effectual in taking care of psychological fitness distresses that affect the family at large, like food issues, chronic illness, drug abuse, depression, or each day concerns such as behavioral issues in adolescents and kids, interpersonal conflict, or communication issues (이화자, 2016).
Topic: family

The systems of family counseling argue that the in-house forces of the arrangement of the unit of the  family can generate and maintain problematic conducts in the members of the family. All family counseling strategies are devised to assist families progress coping skills, problem-resolving, and communication, and improve their sense of relation to each other (Moore & Neiderhiser, 2014). The intention of this essay is to compare and contrast the Structural and the post-Milan family counseling strategies, especially their conjectures on the causes of family issues. The essay will seriously scrutinize, synthesize and assess arguments and concepts in the academic literature and present a coherent, persuasive case that both the Milan family counseling approach and the structural family therapy confront dysfunctionality in the construction of the family. Nonetheless, in the Milan approach, it is done with an enhanced participation of the counselor. The way transformation and growth take place in the structural family therapy model is disparate than in the Milan systemic family therapy strategy as it takes places by opening substitute patterns of relationships that can make over the configuration of the family. It further asserts the Structural counseling approach of alteration does not rule out other strategies of transformation and structural counselors can operate alongside other remedial strategies to modification as a component of a coordinated pack up of therapy.
Topic: family

The Milan or Post-Milan Systemic Conjecture was created by Mara Selvini Palazzoli out of frustration with the psychoanalytical family model (Nicholas, 2010). During Palazzoli’s misery with the psychoanalytic model, she started to formulate her strategy to the family. She led a group of eight psychiatrists in 1967 and turned to the ideas held by Watzlawick, Haley, and Bateson and established Milan’s Center for the Study of the Family. At the Center for the Study of the Family, they came up with the Milan systemic approach (Nicholas, 2010). The Milan Acquaintances did not utilize normative approaches or preconceived aims to the families of their clients (Nicholas 2010). As an alternative, the approach endeavors to expose the concealed power games by raising questions that make it possible for the family to investigate themselves (Nicholas, 2010). A Milan systemic counselor would not focus so much on endeavored solutions, rather would enquire about previous and current connections in the family. By so doing, the counselor would be striving to unearth a set-up of power authorities, habitually continuing across generations, which made up the game of the family (Nicholas, 2010).
Topic: family

In the Milan Approach, evaluation starts with a preliminary conjecture that is disconfirmed or confirmed in the preliminary session (Nicholas, 2010). The suppositions are usually founded on the assumption that the issue serves a defensive purpose for the family (Nicholas, 2010). Consequently, the queries created for the evaluation purpose are set up to investigate the family as a set of interlinked associations (Nicholas, 2010). The original Milan approach was exceedingly scripted. Families were counseled by female-male co-counselors and observed by other members of the counseling team. The customary format had five elements: preliminary session, the main session, the intercession, the intersession, and the post-session conversation (Nicholas, 2010).
Topic: family

The Key Session: Clients are seen for around an hour. Counselors interview in a method that will let them test their preliminary conjecture regarding the family. There is the incorporation of the circular questioning since it is believed to be a useful method of offering the members of the family with fresh information concerning their circumstance that may be contributing to the sustainability of their issue. Additionally, the therapists endeavor to be impartial during the sessions by shunning comments that would appear as if they are siding with one person over the other members of the family (Milan & Keiley, 2000).
Topic: family

The intercession: The counselors get back to the counseling room to make constructive connotations by highlighting how the issue has continued to be sustained by the family’s inactions, underlying convictions, and actions. From there the counselors give a paradoxical intercession.  The dialogue is kept brief, and the counselors may choose to send a written communication at the conclusion of their session in some circumstances. Rituals are directive to involve the entire family in some conduct that break or exaggerate rules and family allegories (Milan & Keiley, 2000).
Topic: family

The Structural Family Counseling Conjecture is an approach of treatment founded on the systems theory that was established basically at the Philadelphia Child Guidance Clinic, under the stewardship of Salvador Minuchin in the 1960s. The approach was developed as an element of the advancing interest in general ways of conceptualizing human sorrow and association quandaries, and in operating curatively with those innate systems and associations perceived to bring about anguish.  The Structural family counseling model is underpinned by an obviously expressed form of family operation (Nicholas, 2010).
Topic: family

The approach’s distinctive characteristics are its stress on structural transformation as the key aim of psychoanalysis, which needs supremacy over the particulars of the personal transformation, and the attention given to the counselor as a dynamic instrument in the course of streamlining the family (Colapinto, 2011). The structural model was first outlined by the book Families of the Slums (1967). The approach became the most broadly practiced family systems therapy by the 1970 (Colapinto, 2011: Nicholas, 2010).  The structural family therapy conjecture assumes that everybody, being a family member, has an organizational formation and within that configuration is how the family connects with every member, via these interactions, the rules are created regarding the family and every person takes  up a role within this. Via this system, subsystems are created (Nicholas, 2010).  Warning signs come up when one member of the family encounters external pressures or when issues are sustained by the dysfunctional organization of the family (Nicholas, 2010).  Therefore, the aims of Structural therapy are bringing order and meaning to family relationships and also offers identification of the general organization that supports and sustains the interactions of the family (Colapinto, 2011). When the configuration of the relative group transforms, the spots of the associates in the grouping also alters; therefore, every individual’s encounter transformations and therein lies the prospective to assuage indicative agony.  The structural family counseling approach operates with the courses of response between situations and the persons engrossed, tracking how alterations made to the situations of people reaction into selections and decisions regarding further transformations (Colapinto, 2011).
Topic: family

The explanation above is a competency approach, encouraging individuals to search the limits of their acknowledged repertoires of reacting; assuming that associates of a family unit have the capability to invent and learn from less tapped intrapersonal and interpersonal resources. Ratification as a Structural counseling technique is viewed as essential to this approach of transforming i.e. cheering members of the family to issue solve and create different responses to one another in the comparative wellbeing of the remedial association. As such, intervention is advanced at three stages: challenging family conviction systems, challenging the structure of the family, and challenging indicative conduct. The treatment is founded on the principle of action before comprehension, and opposite of it, with the application of cognitive methods like reframing. The members of the family are heartened to consider beyond suggestive conducts and contemporary complaints and view their conduct and selections in the framework of family arrangement and practice and the interactions between the relatives grouping and other communal systems (Bobrow & Ray, 2004).
Topic: family

The Kennedy family comprises of the father Kennedy, 35 years old; the mother Carol, 33; Tessie, 7; and Evans, 4. The mother contacted a structural therapist and stated that Evans is very aggressive, screams for no apparent reason and throws toys at his sister. A day earlier he pushed Tessie and caused her to injure her nose. Carols sister Win, 28 years old, who is a school teacher and stays in the same compound, is convinced that Evans is hyperactive, and she organized for a neurological analysis. The test found nothing wrong with Kevin. The Kennedys run a bookstore.
Topic: family

When the family together with Win gets into the therapist’s room for the first interview, Evans and Tessie (who has a patch on her nose) run directly to the toys; the counselor follows them and begins her joining by inquiring about Tessie’s condition. She finds out that the lesion is not grave and also that Win intervenes frequently in her dialogue with the children; correcting or adding to the information offered by Evans and Tessie. It turns out that Evans pushed Tessie while playing, and then Tessie hit a counter corner. As the counselor leaves them, the kids quickly organize themselves to play. Evans does not, and will not show any of the conventional signs of hyperactivity. The psychotherapist proceeds to investigate the family structure and to reframe the issue.
Topic: family

After spending more than 18 sessions with the Kennedy’s they all come to agree that what really creating the friction is individual differences and circumstances. Win does not like Evans because he teases her that she is lonely, which is true, while Tessie comforts her. The mother sides with Win because she is her sister while the father sides with ‘his son’. All the family needed to do is to search the boundaries of their acknowledged repertoires of reacting. Indeed when the Kennedys utilized their capability to invent and learn from less tapped intrapersonal and interpersonal resources as advised by the therapist, the family issue was not there anymore.
Topic: family

Both the Structural family therapy and the Milan family counseling approach challenge dysfunctionality in the structure of the family. Nevertheless, in the Milan model, it is done with more participation from the counselor. The way change and growth take place in the structural family therapy model are dissimilar than in the Milan systemic family therapy strategy as it takes places by opening  substitute patterns of relations that can transform the family configuration. It is not an issue of establishing new arrangements but of stimulating dormant ones (Nicholas, 2010). Clients are evaluated by amalgamation with the family to construct an union and then setting the system of the family in motion via the utilizations of endorsements, in-session conversations that allow the counselor to study how the members of the family relate (Nicholas, 2010). The Structural counseling approach of transformation does not keep out other approaches of alteration, and structural counselors can operate together with other restorative models to transform as a component of a coordinated unit of care.
Topic: family

Family-systems-founded intercessions are getting wide utilization in community-founded services for a wide diversity of clients and a broad range of problems. In spite of some dissimilarities in approaches and techniques, systemic strategies focus on direct evaluation and change to enhance personal and relational well-being and resilience.  Medical practitioners with a family systems course increasingly integrate elements of numerous approaches, and most view family members, couples, and individuals in varied combinations depending on specific circumstances.  The Internet and cell phones provide new possibilities for family involvement and contact. Counselors increasingly utilize their systemic perspective to collaborate with justice, healthcare, schools and other huger systems. Growing numbers of family counselors work with minority and low-income families and at-threat youth. Multicultural strategies address the intersections of culture, gender, class, and race in the clinical practice. Counselors tackle the concerns of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) clients (Herdt & Koff, 2000), refugee and immigrant families (Falicov, 2007), and others suffering prejudice and marginalization in the broader society.  Family counselor work to advance institutional changes and social policy required for families and their members to thrive (Milan & Keiley, 2000).
Topic: family

The common question, “When is family therapy indicated?” needs reconceptualization.  Family counseling is the practice of a systemic orientation, guided by the assumption than a person’s problems can be best understood and altered in their relational and social context. Positive transformations in stressful transactions will facilitate individual transformation and growth.  A systemic view can improve all forms of intervention, from cognitive-behavioral to biomedical model strategies. Family consultations can facilitate collaboration, engagement, and the constructing of family resources by direct contact with crucial members in the kin network. For example, foster care is facilitated when crucial members of the family are engaged, like a family council, to discuss placement options and collaborate in decision making and ways of supporting the experience o the kids (Minuchin et al., 2006).
Topic: family

In systemic intercession strategies, counselors aim to advance change directly with noteworthy members of the family, during or outside sessions. Therapy may selectively aim at particular issues and include those members most critical for issue solving. More intensive family counseling may be required in cases of complex, multiple, or entrenched hardships (Beels, 2002). With the recognition that complicated biopsychosocial problems are usually not resolved by a single strategy, combined modalities are repeatedly indicated. For serious psychological illness, studies illustrate the combined effectiveness of psychotropic interventions with group, family, and individual strategies, as earlier noted. Therapy approaches for sexual abuse, violence, and substance abuse also needs a multimodality strategy. Careful timing, planning, and focus are also crucial (Chung, 2011; Paz Pruitt, 2007).
Topic: family

Finally, knowledge bases and practice strategies are informed and enhanced via the contributions of research on therapeutic processes and family processes. Both Structural and Manila family therapy approaches are of value. Provided the wide diversity of families and their challenges, no single model fits all. Most imperative, at the center of the therapeutic endeavor, is the therapists’ common humanity and compassionate association with the families that they serve, supporting their best potential and positive endeavors (Fraser, 2003; Parker & Molteni, 2017).