# Talk:Joint attention

This article on Joint Attention could be greatly expanded and covers very little information. 

Joint attention needs to be more clearly defined and cited with supporting material, whether or not an agreed upon definition of joint attention should also be included
Triadic skill is unclear and could be elaborated on further
Various models of Joint Attention need to be discussed.
Joint Attention and its role in infants should be elaborated. I suggest looking at this from a developmental perspective for parents to view. Including when joint attention occurs, how it occurs and things that parents can look for. Also, looking at various theories of development such as joint attention as part of communicative development or as a means to an end and other theories.
A section about joint attention and language would be beneficial, in particular looking at what role joint attention has in acquiring or learning language.
The section on Autism could be greatly increased and explained more clearly. This section could be very useful to parents in particular.
add a section on forms of joint attention?- hand over hand, eye gaze, listening?
Amae2 (talk) 22:06, 31 January 2012 (UTC)


##### Bibliography
Baldwin, D.A. (1995). Understanding the link between joint attention and language.  In C. Moore & P. J. Dunham (Eds.) Joint attention: Its origins and role in development (pp. 131-158). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Bruinsma, Y., Koegel, R. & Koegel, L. (2004). Joint attention and children with autism: A review of the literature. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 10, 169-175. 
Grossberg, S. & Vladusich, T. (2010). How do children learn to follow gaze, share joint attention, imitate their teachers, and use tools during social interactions?. Neural Networks, 23, 940-965. 
Kawai,N. (2011). Attentional shift by eye gaze requires joint attention: Eye gaze cues are unique to shift attention. Japanese Psychological Research, 53(3), 292-301. 
Kidwell, M. & Zimmerman, D. (2007). Joint attention as action. Journal of Pragmatics, 39, 592-611. 
Leavens, D. & Racine, T.(2009). Joint attention in apes and humans: Are humans unique?. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 16, 240-267. 
MacDonald, R., Anderson, J., Dube, W., Geckeler, A., Green, G., Holcomb, W., Mansfield, R. & Sanchez, J. (2006). Behavioural assessment of joint attention: A methodological report. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 27, 138-150. 
Meins, E., Fernyhough, C., Arnott, B., Vittorini, L., Turner, M., Leekman, S. & Parkinson, K. (2011). Individual difference in infant’s joint attention behaviours with moth and a new social partner. Infancy, 16(6), 587-610. 
Mundy,P., Sullivan, L.& Mastergeorge, A.(2009). A parallel and distributed-processing model of joint attention, social cognition and autism. Autism research, 2(1), 2-21. 
Mundy, P. & Gomes, A. (1998). Individual differences in joint attention skill development in the second year. Infant Behavior & Development, 21(3), 469-482.
Mundy, P. & Jarrold, W. (2010). Infant joint attention, neural networks and social cognition. Neural Networks, 23, 985-997. 
Osorio, A., Martins, C., Meins, E., Costa Martins, E. & Soares, I. (2011). Individual and relational contributions to parallel and joint attention in infancy. Infant Behavior & Development, 34, 515-524. 
Striano, T., & Stahl, D. (2005). Sensitivity to triadic attention in early infancy. Developmental Science, 8(4), 333-343.
Tasker, S. & Schmidt, L. (2007). The “dual usage problem” in explanations of “joint attention” and children’s socioemotional development: A reconceptualization. Developmental Review, 28, 263-288. 
Tomasello, M., & Farrar, J. (1986). Joint attention and early language. Child Development, 57, 1454-1463.
Williams, J., Waiter, G., Perra, O., Perrett, D. & Whiten, A. (2005). An fMRI study of joint attention experience. Neuroimage, 25, 133-140. 
Amae2 (talk) 20:15, 8 February 2012 (UTC)
Another potentially useful resource is:
Eilan, N.,  Hoerl, C., McCormack, T. and Roessler, J. (2005) Joint attention: Communication and other minds: Issues in philosophy and psychology. New York: Clarendon Press/Oxford University Press. 
Particularly this chapter:
Gomez, J-C (2005). Joint Attention and the Notion of Subject: Insights from Apes, Normal Children, and Children with Autism. In Joint attention: Communication and other minds: Issues in philosophy and psychology (pp.75-84). New York: Clarendon Press/Oxford University Press.
There are several copies of the book available through online access. There are also chapters on the mechanics of joint attention and its establishment as well as chapters on austism, pointing and the role of joint attention in language development. A good potential starting place. NadRose (talk) 04:54, 9 February 2012 (UTC)

In addition to the suggestions above this article would also benefit from further elaboration on how joint attention is established in both humans and non-human primates. Information on the establishment of joint attention between deaf persons and between hearing and deaf persons would also be beneficial. Particularly, information on the establishment of joint attention between hearing mothers and deaf infants. As with the section on Autism this could be of great use to parents. Furthermore, it would be beneficial to discuss the role of joint attention in both linguistic and social-emotional development. This article has potential to be useful to both parents and the general public if expanded to include the aspects listed above and agumented with citations.
NadRose  —Preceding undated comment added 23:41, 1 February 2012 (UTC). 

This article needs an introductory paragraph that explains the most important aspects of joint attention
The importance of joint attention to language acquisition should be discussed. This will also include a discussion of the impact that poor joint attention has on language development
The impact of blindness in infants related to joint attention should be discussed
Activities that encourages the process of joint attention should also be included

Bibliography
Akhtar N., & Gernsbacher M. A. (2008). On privilileging the role of gaze in infant social cognition.        Child Development Perspectives, 2(2), 59-65.
Bigelow A. E. (2003). The development of joint attention in blind infants. Development and Psychopathology, 15, 259-275. 
Bruce S. M. (2005). The impact of congenital deafblindness on the struggle to symbolism. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 52(3), 233-251.
Dice J. L. & Dove M. K. (2011). A Piagetian approach to infant referential behaviors. Infant Behavior & Development 34, 481-486. 
Scofield J. & Behrend D. A. (2011). Clarifying the role of joint attention in early word learning. First Language, 31(3), 326-341. 
Sebanz N., & Bekkering H., & Knoblich G. (2006). Joint action: bodies and minds moving together. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10(2), 70-76.
White P. J.& O’Reilly M., & Streusand W., & Levine A., & Sigafoos J., & Lancioni G., & Fragale C., & Pierce N., & Aguilar J. (2011). Best practices for teaching joint attention: A systematic review of the intervention literature. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 5(4), 1283-1295.   — Preceding unsigned comment added by LianneAnna (talk • contribs) 04:51, 9 February 2012 (UTC) 
LianneAnna (talk) 18:20, 3 February 2012 (UTC)

Here is what we talked about in class. 


#### Introduction/Lead Paragraph
Explanation of what joint attention is, why it is interesting and why it is important


#### Joint Attention in Non-Humans
Discuss the extent that non-humans are capable of joint attention
Discuss how joint attention is unique in humans
The animals will be limited mostly to apes and monkeys because research on other animals is very limited  — Preceding unsigned comment added by LianneAnna (talk • contribs) 07:01, 28 February 2012 (UTC)
-Lianne  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Amae2 (talk • contribs) 18:30, 16 February 2012 (UTC) 
Add to the section already written about joint attention in chimps


#### Joint Attention in Humans
##### Forms of joint attention
(looking, touching, etc.)
not convinced this is necessary - Paula


##### Developmental stages and milestones in Joint attention
-include socio-emotional development (Nadia)

may need to define socio-emotional development: What is involved? Are there critical stages? etc.
proper establishment of joint attention can play a crucial role in developing normal social interactive abilities
failure to establish (or difficulties in establishing) joint attention can be associated with poorer social skills in later life
potential tie to psychopathology particularly internalization disorders
mothers rated their children as less socially competent when they were unable able to reliably establish joint attention
tie ins to effects of autism and deafness on joint attention establishment and the subsequent deficit in social skills which may result
NadRose (talk) 04:44, 1 March 2012 (UTC)


##### How Joint Attention influences Language
-Language Production (Lianne)

Relationship between joint attention and later vocabulary abilities due to the increased ability of the infant to learn correct labels
Discuss the benefits of joint attention training
Better joint attention skills reduces mislabeling
Timing of the mastery of joint attention and wordspurt
LianneAnna (talk) 07:17, 28 February 2012 (UTC)
-Comprehension (Alison)

need to talk about establishing reference
children's understanding of reference and how a child knows what mother is referring to
inter subjective awareness and joint attention (see Baldwin)
explain how a child "knows" that partner and self are both focused on object/etc.
explain how a child "knows" that that they are engaging mentally with another
how infants know what others have expeirienced (see Moll & Tomasello)Amae2 (talk) 18:47, 27 February 2012 (UTC)
-Communicative Intent (Alison)

how children use joint attention to communicate
grasping, pointing, setting reference etc.
how parents use joint attention to communicate
explain when parents and child are engaged in joint attention together to communicate (what it looks like, things to look for, what the child should look like etc)/ the role of interaction in joint attention (see Bruner)Amae2 (talk) 18:47, 27 February 2012 (UTC)
-Reading (parent to/with child)(Lianne)

Reading to children leads to a concentrated episodes of joint attention
Distractions are reduced during reading because the child and parent are focused on the same task
The chance of mislabeling an object will be diminished
LianneAnna (talk) 07:17, 28 February 2012 (UTC)


##### Theoretical Perspectives of Joint attention
-Learning of joint attention
-nativist
-ethological
(Nadia)


#### Neurological Studies and Joint Attention
(Alison)

fMRI studies/PET scans/ whatever can be found
studies on eye gaze and brain imaging in regards to Joint Attention
neural networks and joint attention
some research focuses on animals brains and joint attention- this may be included Amae2 (talk) 18:46, 27 February 2012 (UTC)
Amae2 (talk) 22:16, 14 February 2012 (UTC)

I think we should consider in the Joint attention in humans section changing the order of our sections. Perhaps putting comprehension first, then communicative intent, then language production and followed by reading. I think that it will make more sense and also have better flow. 
Amae2 (talk) 17:47, 29 February 2012 (UTC)
I agree that does make sense.
LianneAnna (talk) 05:59, 7 March 2012 (UTC)
I think that is a good idea in terms of ordering.Additionally, am I responsible for the entire section on theory? Not a problem if I am, just clairifying so as to not research and write aboutthe wrong thing.
NadRose (talk) 04:49, 1 March 2012 (UTC)
I think at this point, yes to doing the whole theoretical section...If it becomes to much then we can break it up between us. Amae2 (talk) 16:49, 4 March 2012 (UTC)
Is there any reason the domain general/domain specific argument should work its way into this article? Or have I just been reading too many of my class notes? If it's important I will attempt to work it in, but if not I'd really rather not go there NadRose (talk) 04:42, 10 March 2012 (UTC)

Hello all, 
Great content. Thanks for all this work. Now I'll just jump to my suggestions regarding editing. They seem to have disappeared in the page redirect.
Why say "interactionally-achieved" can't we just say achieved? My guess is the group hasn't written the lead at all yet. This would be a good idea before the DYK submission.
I'm not sure how wise it is to start the article by a dispute about what it should be called. I'd just go with the dominant view and cite the appropriate source. A general reader isn't likely interested in what it isn't or who once called it something else. 
This sentence "Despite the variety of perspectives..." is confusing. There are weird cites in the middle of it and the punctuation is strange. Also, please use full words and no symbols" & is a symbol not a word. Also please type out joint attention, don't use an acronym for the key term in the article. Perhaps you could use find and replace.
The sense I get from this first bit is that some people think apes and humans are the same and some don't. Is that it? Does this warrant a heading "Theoretical Perspectives"? Can this information just be included in a lead paragraph that defines (positively) joint attention and desribes the relevance of the term to research in both populations. The dispute itself can likely be acknowledged under the section on non-human primates. 
Joint attention in humans
"both attend to some part of the world". I don't really think linking to world is helpful here. Nor do I think it is the right choice of word. Consider object or event in their environment. You may have inherited this from the original, but I'd change it. 
The second para is chat to each other and belongs on a talk page not on the article page. This needs to be removed post haste. And while you can keep track of the quote there, it will end up in your own words on the actual page. Right?
Bizarrely, most of the work that is on this article about humans falls under the non-humans heading. I have moved it, but perhaps not how you intend, so do have a look at the whole organization.
Joint attention in non-humans
adding references does not negate the need for punctuation. Please use periods to end sentences. Find out whether the wiki standard is before or after citations and then stick to it throughout.
Marentette (talk) 04:10, 12 March 2012 (UTC)
Here is the chunk from the article page that I deleted (I thought I put it here, but it disappeared). This is conversation between editors so belongs on the talk page, not the article page.
"In accordance with some prior research showing that infants engage in some joint attention skills (e.g. gaze follow) before the end of the first year (i.e. D’Entremont, 2000; Hood, Willen, & Driver, 1998), we found that many infants passed some triadic social tasks before 9 months of age." AND "the current research suggests that joint attention skills do not develop in an abrupt fashion and not at 9 months of age." [1] Unsure where this should fit but I thought it might be relevant NadRose (talk) 02:10, 10 March 2012 (UTC)Perhaps with my added section on stages of Joint Attention (at the bottom of the page), the whole thing would probably fit well right here at the end of this section. LianneAnna (talk) 03:11, 11 March 2012 (UTC) That sounds good to me. NadRose (talk) 05:36, 11 March 2012 (UTC)
Marentette (talk) 21:45, 11 March 2012 (UTC)
We are well into the page before we get to the definition. Shouldn't this come first? And be very attentive to the wording, this is likely the most critical piece of the article. Also there is quite a bit of redundancy between the first para under Joint Attention in Humans and the first para under Identifying Joint Attention. This should be collated into one piece. What does "under a description for that person" mean? Also, the bullet points are not grammatically parallel.
Possessive markers please!
I don't understand "can be identified using three stages". Is this the process a researcher/parent goes through to determine if a child is using joint attention? "and is moved" physically? to another location? On the whole the stages section doesn't inform me about anything. I don't see three different levels of attention and I don't see how they are stages of identification.
Comprehension - of what? "to extract information" from what? "provides children with a great deal of information" about what? The bit from Bruner needs interpretation. Explain the point, this is not friendly writing for a general reader. Perhaps a parent has been told their child is autistic and has trouble with joint attention. What do they need to know?
"By 14 months ... " this sentence is a fragment, it must be connected to the next to make sense. Fix it to maximize intelligibility, don't just remove the period in between!
complimentary (nice hat) // complementary (two things that fit together to make a whole) - I fixed it but please use them correctly.
Following Gaze I need some help about why this is not the same as joint attention... "At 6 months infants respond to shifting in gaze (whose?) by shifting their own gaze"
Re the many approaches to gaze following: which of these is key to joint attention? Is this material about gaze really a separate article? Is there already an article on Wikipedia that addresses this? The problem is that the general reader likely doesn't care. What do they need to know about gaze to understand joint attention? Give them that, and cite the appropriate resources. They probably don't need this much detail (though you do to write about it effectively).
This really summarizes the work that needs to happen in this whole section: get rid of the redundancy and the unnecessary detail. Think about how to present this clearly to a general reader. Put in the appropriate sources. Move to synthesis of the material for a general reader rather than trying to adequately represent the details of the things you read.
How is social referencing different than joint attention?
I removed the heading about reading. The intention to cover this is included on the talk page. I don't think we should leave place holders in the article itself.
I assume the language production part hasn't been added yet. I'm hoping it will show up quickly as at present there are only notes and not citations. Developmental Disabilities I would consider removing what you have now to the talk page until you have something much more substantial to say about autism and joint attention. I'm sure it is just there as a placeholder right now, but it gives the idea that the most relevant thing about this topic has to do with "parental psychopathology", which is nonsense. Until you are finished that section I'd just move it.
Stages: this is the second time I've seen this in the article. It makes more sense but I'm not sure why it is at this spot.
Here is my suggestion for re-organization: 
Lead: define and describe briefly why the skill of interest. Briefly outline the contents of the article
1.  Joint Attn in Humans

   -detailed definition and developmental progression
   -role of eye gaze
   -role of intention

Role of JA in language production 
Role of JA in socio-emotional dev't
significance of JA in development of children with disabilities (autism, deafness, blind) - but only if you have tight coherent things to say.
2. Joint Attn in non-human (primates?)
Right now things are scattered. I realize that you likely know that and may not have been ready for me to look, but now is when I can comment. Take what is useful, ignore what you already knew.
Paula Marentette (talk) 04:18, 12 March 2012 (UTC)

— Mr. Stradivarius ♫ 07:19, 12 March 2012 (UTC)

-Lead
-Definition Section

dyadic
triadic
shared gaze?
-Gaze
-Intention
-Humans

comprehension and language production
socio-emotianal
disabilities
-Non-humans
Amae2 (talk) 18:01, 13 March 2012 (UTC)
I rearranged a number of sections. Including some that you guys were in charge of because I didn't want to leave it as a complete mess (not trying to take over your pages). I also linked to joint attention from a couple of related language wiki pages. Does the new layout look alright?
LianneAnna (talk) 20:28, 13 March 2012 (UTC)
I'm going to add a see also section. 
LianneAnna (talk) 16:29, 14 March 2012 (UTC)
I think that a section on infant development and joint attention may be useful. Instead of having various developments spread throughout the article we could place it all together. It may be good for parents of autistic children so they can compare their child's development to what we have found in the research? I will start one in a sandbox. Amae2 (talk) 20:33, 14 March 2012 (UTC)
We also need to be careful to make sure that everything is being cited and citations are staying with what is moved. 
"The empirical approach to joint attention assumes that infants follow an adult's gaze because it is likely to lead something interesting. This approach assumes that another person's gaze is a cue for where rewarding events might occur. They believe that social learning leads to joint attention."- Has no citation.... But I would like to use if someone has it. Amae2 (talk) 21:10, 14 March 2012 (UTC)
What type opf joint attention do apes engage in? I was looking at the definition section and I think we should clairify and add it in.
NadRose (talk) 22:24, 14 March 2012 (UTC)
Additionally what do we mean by "The significance of this is that joint attention promotes and maintains dyadic exchanges and learning about the nature of social partners" ? NadRose (talk) 22:36, 14 March 2012 (UTC)
Wow, impressive work here people! This is in much better shape that a few days ago. 
I have made a few straightforward edits myself (possessive!) but will note a few things here that likely need your discussion (or your technical expertise, I thought I had sorted referencing but apparently I'm not there yet!)
Para 2 and 3 in Def'n of JA have a problem with referencing [1]. They aren't properly linked and when I tried to fix it I made it worse.
Paula Marentette (talk) 00:03, 15 March 2012 (UTC)

•I really like the new lead, I think it is both clear and inclusive of multiple species, which is important in this area. 
Gaze

in the first sentence it says "reference must be established" reference to what? Is it appropriate to add (assuming triadic attention) reference to an object? or to an object of interest?
I think the list of things required for following gaze is very clear now
I agree with Amae2 about citing "where rewarding things might occur" the theoretical issue that arises here is whether JA is instrumental (only useful when I get something out of it) which may be true for non-human primates, I'm not sure, but is certainly not true for human infants who use JA in a declarative manner (sharing an interesting thing with another is rewarding in itself). Not that I think this needs to be in the article (it would be great content for an article on pointing though).
Intention

I really like the second paragraph
Comprehension

I think that there is a way to highlight an article that doesn't exist but should (it shows up in red I think) and I think this should be done with pointing (the topic I would have done in PSY 301 if it were offered next year!) if you can figure out how.
Joint attention sets the deictic limits that govern joint attention reference. This sentence is not clear. It feels quite circular.
I like the point about multiple words, but I don't think anyone would call a chair a love seat or a sofa. I would take couch out of the list and put it where chair currently is.
The paragraph also moves back and forth between reference and intent. Put together the bits that go together. Determine if you are saying anything new about intent. If not, consider removing them. (Aren't they covered adequately in the above section?) If yes, be clear about what is new.
be clear why prediction is relevant. Perhaps an example?

Production

nice section on reading, but there are no citations. What about using Wolf's Proust and the Squid? She addresses this topic but you'd need to check that she specifically addresses joint attention.
Socio-emotional dev't

the first sent in second para needs a cite specific to JA in attachment.
there is a real debate about using the term deafness vs. hearing impaired or hearing disabilities. Hearing disabled is thought to be a "polite" by hearing people, but deaf people use the term deaf. Since you are linking to a page entitled Deafness, I would use the term deaf here rather than hearing disabled.
I think you also need to be careful here about deaf children. Their hearing mothers may struggle to engage them in joint attention, but this doesn't lead to a lifelong problem of communication for them, unlike the experiences of autistic children. I think with deaf children this is a problem of means (since Deaf mothers have no trouble engaging their deaf children in joint attention), not capacity where in autism it seems to be one of the underlying issues of the disorder. To be clear, I am not certain about the long term accuracy of the last sentence, particularly with respect to deaf children.
Disabilities

citations needed for the last few items in this section.
it would be nice to have a sentence referring to Deaf parents' ability to establish joint attention with deaf children
Paula Marentette (talk) 01:59, 15 March 2012 (UTC)
Primates

"Primates use a number of different cues to engage in shared focus including pointing, head movement and eye gaze." Whether primates point and whether they understand pointing is HIGHLY contentious in the literature. My understanding is they do not point in the wild for each other. They may use an extended hand for indication, but not an index finger pointing. Captive primates may come to understand human pointing as a significant signal. If you are going to saying anything about pointing you really need a verifiable source and a personal certainty that you are making a neutral statement.
My previous comments about the last paragraph stand. I think this needs reorganizing and a logic test. Also a check for neutrality.
Finally, as I'm sure you can see, there is a problem with reference #12!
This is looking very good, in my humble opinion. I hope that we get some experienced wikipedians by shortly to give some suggestions about what else is needed before GA submission. Thanks for all your work!
Paula Marentette (talk) 02:07, 15 March 2012 (UTC)
One more thing. I see that Mr. Stradivarius changed all the heading in Vocab Dev't to non caps. So I expect that is the standard we should use here too. I'll leave it to someone else as I am reviewing the other article now. Just putting the note here for reference. Paula Marentette (talk) 02:20, 15 March 2012 (UTC)
We are adding a section on infants and development. This will consist of what aspects of joint attention should be occurring at specific ages. LianneAnna (talk) 02:51, 15 March 2012 (UTC) + Amae2 + NadRose

I was unsure of where to put it in the article or what to title it but alas here it is. NadRose (talk) 20:14, 17 March 2012 (UTC)
Futherrmore if anyone knows how to make the entire table appear (as opposed to stopping at 9 months) please feel free to fix it. Thank you NadRose (talk) 20:18, 17 March 2012 (UTC)

Amae2 (talk) 21:11, 17 March 2012 (UTC)
I Would put it under Socio-Emotional Development and title it .....or something like that?Amae2 (talk) 21:16, 17 March 2012 (UTC)
I made some changes above with spelling and trying to create parallel grammatical structure. There is an editing issue in that some entries (9mos) appear twice. There are two copies of the table in the edit view but only one on the Talk page. Not sure about that. I agree with Amae2 re placement.
Paula Marentette (talk) 22:45, 17 March 2012 (UTC)
I believe that my references are now in order. I will now begin copy editing. Paula, are my comments on deaf infants under the disabilities section alright? I don't want it to sound accusatory of hearing parents and their deaf children. LianneAnna (talk) 00:29, 19 March 2012 (UTC)
There are a couple of sentences under definitions that require citations (I believe they are your articles Nadia). 
And is the second citation:  Peter Mundy, Lisa Sullivan, Ann M Mastergeorge, A parallel and distributed-processing model of joint attention, social cognition and autism. Autism research Volume: 2, Issue: 1, Pages: 2-21, 2009 left over from the original article, I don't think its formatted properly. 
Alison are you going to add a little more about JA and autism before we submit for good article status? 
LianneAnna (talk) 02:16, 19 March 2012 (UTC)
Table officially added. I'm not sure what you wanted me to do Lianne. Glad to fix it if only I knew what it was. I'll take one last shot at copy editing in the meantime.
NadRose (talk) 22:13, 19 March 2012 (UTC)

Here are my thoughts on the article as it stands. It looks very good and I think is ready for GA submission. I am hoping that will bring more wikipedians by so we can find out whether we have hit the mark in terms of format and level of coverage. 
A few thoughts:

Humans are primates, so I wonder if you prefer to use the section title JA in non-human primates? ✓
there are still weird ref codes [1?] and [1] in the definition of JA section.✓
"both individuals and others" I removed "both individuals" since you used the term others in the lead up to this list.
rogue reference in the socio-emotional section, I'd fix it but I can't see what is wrong with the formatting, although the ref itself is not complete. ✓
I wonder if you want to combine the bit about disabilities in the socio-emotional section with the very relevant material under disabilities. ✓
Consider this as way of integrating the two portions:
Furthermore, mothers who were unable to successfully establish regular joint attention with their child rated that infant lower on scales of social competence.[3] These judgements were made as early as 18 months of age. Deaf children of hearing parents or blind children of sighted parents may struggle to establish joint attention in the face of sensory loss. As a consequence these children are often rated as less socially competent than their peers by parents.</ref>Nowakowski, Matlida E. 2009</ref>
Joint attention in individuals with disabilities
Several studies have shown that problems with joint attention are associated with developmental processes. Deaf infant are able to engage in joint attention similarly to hearing infants, however, the time they spend engaged in joint attention is often reduced in deaf infants born to hearing parents. [3] Hearing parents of deaf infants are less likely to respond and expand on the initiations and communicative acts of their deaf infants.[3] Deaf infants of Deaf parents do not show reduced time spent in joint attention.[3] This suggests that auditory input is not critical to joint attention but that shared modes of communication and understanding are vital.[3] In blind infants, joint attention may be delayed compared to sighted infants.[4] Joint attention may be established by means of auditory input or feeling another person's hand on an object. 
Difficulties in establishing joint attention may partially account for differences in social abilities of children with developmental disorders (i.e. Autism).[2][26] ✓

the primate section looks much better now (except do consider my question about non-human primates in the title.
I have one additional point about your sources. Why don't you just cite what you read rather than cite something you didn't read and using "cited in"? This is really best left for sources that can't actually be retrieved (e.g., personal communication, an oral paper at a conference, things like that). If it is a book or article either get it or just cite what you read.
Other than addressing these few points, and possibly inserting the table, I'd say submit. You have all done great work. 
Paula Marentette (talk) 02:26, 19 March 2012 (UTC)

Although this is turning into a nice article, I don't recommend that you submit it for GA at this time.  Submitting it won't bring extra eyes to it, most likely -- it will probably sit in the queue for a few weeks, and then one reviewer will look at it, and probably reject it because it still has some pretty clear deficiencies.  I'm familiar with GA reviewing, and would be willing to give advice on bringing the article into line.  The first point that I see is that the article fails to answer the very first question that occurs to me, which is: Who first defined the term, when and where did this happen, and what was the motivation for the concept?  That ought to be covered in the lead.  Another thing missing is the fact that there is considerable evidence that dogs can have joint attention with humans -- they are actually much better at it than monkeys.  That's not a systematic review, just the first things that I notice. Looie496 (talk) 04:02, 19 March 2012 (UTC)
Looie496. Thank you for these suggestions. I will discuss with Neelix, our online ambassador, the best plan in terms of when to submit for GA review. Our rationale to do that soon is to get the actual feedback needed for further improvement before the end of term.
This article revision is part of the Wikipedia Canada Education Program and is being conducted by students for course credit. We appreciate receiving any further suggestions you have as soon as you can provide them. We are not familiar with GA review and would appreciate knowing about the other obvious deficits so we have as much time as possible to correct them before the end of term. For example, I never considered that information about the historical background of this concept would be desirable. The point about the dogs is well-taken. They are highly attuned to social interaction with humans though I have always thought about this in terms of social and cooperative engagement rather than specifically joint attention. We'll take another look at that.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Marentette (talk • contribs) 15:07, 19 March 2012 (UTC)
Here are some good refs for the question about dogs. I think the issue is that these researchers (many of whom are also involved with the primate research) don't discuss the dogs' capacities in terms of joint attention. I worry it would be original research for us to do so.

Kaminski, J., Schulz, L., & Tomasello, M. (2011). How dogs know when communication is intended for them. Developmental Science, 15(2), 222–232. This may still be embargoed, but I have a preprint if you need to borrow it.
Mersmann, Dorit, Tomasello, Michael, Call, Josep, Kaminski, Juliane & Taborsky, Michael. (2011). Simple mechanisms can explain social learning in domestic dogs (Canis familiaris). Ethology, 117, 675-690. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2011.01919.x
Pettersson, Helene, Kaminski, Juliane, Herrmann, Esther & Tomasello, Michael. (2011). Understanding of human communicative motives in domestic dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 133, 235-245. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2011.05.008
Udell, M. A. R., Dorey, N. R., & Wynne, C. D. L. 2008. Wolves outperform dogs in following human social cues. Animal Behaviour, 76, 1767-1773.2008-17110-004
Wynne, C. D. L., Udell, M. A. R., & Lord, K. A. 2008. Ontogeny's impact on human dog communication. Animal Behaviour, 76, e1-e4.2008-13674-002
Paula Marentette (talk) 17:09, 19 March 2012 (UTC)
I looked for some sources that speak to the history of Joint attention but I have not been able to access any of them online or through the library. Many are pointing towards the early work of Bruner particularly "Joint Attention: Its Origins and Role in Development By Chris Moore", or Bruner's original works. I am not sure where we want to look next, or how we could get some of these sources. In particular the one article I would really like to get would be Bruner, J. (1977), 'Early social interaction and language acquisition', in H.R Schaffer (ed.), Studies in Mother-Infant Interaction. New York: Academic Press, 271-89. The reference made to prediction in Comprehension is cited as coming from this source in the book I located it in. I have not been able to find an example or explanation elsewhere.  Amae2 (talk) 19:27, 19 March 2012 (UTC)
Amae2, the mother-infant interaction book is on its way. I should have it by Thursday, possibly Wed aft. Paula Marentette (talk) 20:49, 19 March 2012 (UTC)

You can read at least parts of the Moore book using Google Books.  In particular, this chapter by Bruner has an account of the history of the concept.  Let me also suggest to you that you try Google Scholar (scholar.google.com) when looking for sources, if you haven't tried it yet -- often you can locate freely available online versions of things.   This review (published online here) discusses joint attention for dogs as well as other nonhuman animals. Looie496 (talk) 22:14, 19 March 2012 (UTC)
Thank you Looie496, we greatly appreciate your input and advice.Amae2 (talk) 23:18, 19 March 2012 (UTC)
I activated the CitationBot that worked on the vocabulary development page and these are the results that I got, I am not sure if it finished, or worked...(my guess is that it didn't work like it did for them). I will ask the Bots operator to figure out what I should do. LianneAnna (talk) 05:01, 21 March 2012 (UTC)
Activated by LianneAnna
Expanding 'Joint attention'; will commit edits.
Revision #418
[00:00:00] Processing page 'Joint attention' — edit—history 

- switch to cite id format is supported.
* Looking for bare references... 
* Tidying reference tags... 
  - No duplicate references to combine.
  - No duplicate references to combine.
** No changes required.
# # # 

End of output

  # # #

LianneAnna - Perhaps this bot can only effectively run on a citation list formatted as the one in Vocab Dev't? Thanks for trying.
Amae2 - the book by Moore is currently out to another user. Since the pages you need aren't on Google Books I've requested it but it could be two weeks or more.
Paula Marentette (talk) 15:19, 21 March 2012 (UTC)
Yes I think I may have to manually edit the citations, I am not sure, I left another message on his talk page (two other people left very speedy comments last time and I am hoping they will again). When I figure out how to run this Bot, ISBN's will be added by the Bot. I will comment here when I figure out how to run it because while it runs, I think we will want to avoid making changes to our citations (there seemed to be a slight problem with this on the Vocabulary development article). LianneAnna (talk) 16:50, 21 March 2012 (UTC)
Apparently the references need ISBN's now.....There is a banner in our reference section. Amae2 (talk) 16:11, 21 March 2012 (UTC)
LianneAnna and I think that the bot will add them. She has a plan for making it work. If not, we'll go the by hand route I guess. ISBN is only for books. I have no idea what a PMID is, but I suppose we'll find out soon! Perhaps it is like DOI. Paula Marentette (talk) 19:53, 21 March 2012 (UTC)

Although this wasn't submitted under "Culture, sociology and psychology" in the Good article section, it does fall under psychology and needs to follow WP:MEDRS, as stated in the Good article section for "Culture, sociology and psychology". Also, you should provide the PMID, DOI etc. for journal articles. This way the reviewer can check your sources. Thanks, MathewTownsend (talk) 16:42, 21 March 2012 (UTC)

This review is transcluded from Talk:Joint attention/GA1. The edit link for this section can be used to add comments to the review.
Reviewer: Canoe1967 (talk · contribs) 06:41, 4 April 2012 (UTC)
Looks fine. The lead may be a liitle long. You may consider moving some of the more detailed information in the lead to lower sections to further improve it.


### Dubious tag removed
Anyone who has seen a child interact with an adult doesn't proof that the sky is blue.--Canoe1967 (talk) 22:38, 4 April 2012 (UTC)


### Problems with article - it was not given a proper GA review
I have replaced the dubious tag. This uncited statement says a two month old infant is capable of "Engaging in dyadic joint attention and conversation-like exchanges with adults during which each is the focus of the other's attention and they take turns exchanging looks, noises and mouth movements." - Where does this information come from? The statement as worded is open to question.
Anyone who has seen a child interact with an adult doesn't need proof that the sky is blue.— Preceding unsigned comment added by Canoe1967 (talk • contribs) 
Developmental markers of joint attention in infancy
This section is open to  as the editor has combined several sources into one table, thus synthesizing the information. Not all statements in the table are cited.
Examples of possible problems in the article

Are the editors concerned that 19 of the citations refer to animal studies? And some of those citations source human behavior.
Humans are in the animal kingdom. It seems the article topic talks of both.— Preceding unsigned comment added by Canoe1967 (talk • contribs) 
Is the reviewer concerned that the statement that a two month old  is "Engaging in dyadic joint attention and conversation-like exchanges with adults during which each is the focus of the other's attention and they take turns exchanging looks, noises and mouth movements" is uncited?
Anyone who has seen a child interact with an adult doesn't need proof that the sky is blue.— Preceding unsigned comment added by Canoe1967 (talk • contribs) 
Is the reviewer concerned that  one of the other sources used in the article contradicts the time line presented at one point in the article.?[1]
Is the reviewer concerned that the passive voice is frequently used?
"Great apes such as orangutans and chimpanzees also show some understanding of joint attention." - so do dogs and other animals. This statement is misleading.Gaze Following and Joint Visual Attention in Nonhuman Animals
Misleading in what way? 'Understanding' is they key term. Those animals show understanding of JA, while other animals may just participate in it. Such as a dog looking or pawing a ball, and then looking at a master. This shows they want the master to acknowledge the ball.— Preceding unsigned comment added by Canoe1967 (talk • contribs) 
"Dyadic joint attention can be thought of as a conversation-like behavior that individuals engage in. This is especially true for human adults and infants who engage in this behavior starting at two months of age. - this is cited to an article on chimpanzees (16 citation go to this article).
The sky is still blue.— Preceding unsigned comment added by Canoe1967 (talk • contribs) 
Is there any indication that the nominator responded to the (minimal) suggestions that the reviewer made?
The lead only seemed that way to me. It does fit WP standards for a lead. I just believe in shorter leads as opposed to longer ones.— Preceding unsigned comment added by Canoe1967 (talk • contribs) 
The reference section needs copy editing.
Pointing needs disambig, so the reviewer didn't even check that.
I'm not saying this is a bad article. It's a psychology article that needs to have the sources evaluated by WP:MEDRS criteria. I'm saying that it was superficially evaluated by an editor with a total of 963 edits, who not familiar with the subject who says it looks good so it's a GA. That's my concern.

Do you assume that WP is the only text I have read and found errors in? And what makes you think I was not as thorough as other GAR. A short summary = a short read? Very bad assumption.— Preceding unsigned comment added by Canoe1967 (talk • contribs) 
I am considering submitting this article to Good Article Reassessment, as I don't think it was properly reviewed.
I would constitute that as disruptive editing, the same as I do the edits you reverted of mine that improved the article.--Canoe1967 (talk) 18:49, 5 April 2012 (UTC)
Regards,  MathewTownsend (talk) 17:58, 5 April 2012 (UTC)

The decision to initiate a reassessment does not require consensus. It is a decision that can be made by any individual editor. It is not disruptive editing. You are misinformed. The fact that this article is part of the Education Program means that GA reviews should be conducted correctly.  Regards,  MathewTownsend (talk) 21:46, 5 April 2012 (UTC)

This discussion is transcluded from Talk:Joint attention/GA2. The edit link for this section can be used to add comments to the reassessment.
GA review-see WP:WIAGA for  criteria (and here for what they are not)

Is it reasonably well written?
A. Prose: clear and concise, correct spelling and grammar:
Please see comments below.
Avoid statements in the passive voice: e.g. "Dyadic joint attention can be thought of as a conversation-like behavior that individuals engage in. This is especially true for human adults and infants who engage in this behavior starting at two months of age.
B. Complies with  MoS for lead, layout, words to watch, fiction, and list incorporation: 
Per lead, it does not summarize the article.
Everything in the lead must also appear in the article. The reason citations are not needed in the lead is that the material will be cited when it appears in the articles, so there is no need to cite it twice.
Is it factually accurate and verifiable?
A. Provides references to all sources: 

B. Provides in-line citations from reliable sources where necessary: 

C. No original research: 

Is it broad in its coverage?
A. Main aspects are addressed: 

B. Remains focused: 
Not clear what the topic is - joint attention in animals? or only chimpanzees and humans?
Does it follow the neutral point of view policy.
Fair representation without bias: 

Is it stable?
No edit wars, etc: 

Does it contain images to illustrate the topic?
A. Images are copyright tagged, and non-free images have fair use rationales: 

B. Images are provided where possible and appropriate, with suitable captions: 

Overall:
Pass or Fail: 

I will be completing this in the next few days. I don't anticipate any serious problems but I do want to do an adequate review according to GA review criteria.  Regards,  MathewTownsend (talk) 20:58, 5 April 2012 (UTC)
The following are examples only and not a complete review of all problems.
lede
(example of combining information from different sources, resulting in some confusion to the reader)

(first sentence) "Joint attention is the shared focus of two individuals on an object."
Source: "In our daily lives, a great deal of information is communicated by means of following another individual's gaze to specific objects and events. This behavioral sequence is called gaze following or joint attention. Gaze following/joint attention is characterized by one individual (X) following the direction of the attention of another individual (Y) attention to an object (Z) (an object of joint focus; Emery 2000)." etc. page 155 of 2006 book on chimpanzees. Following is additional discussion of differences between "gazing", "joint attention" and "shared attention" over which there is some disagreement among researchers.
(second sentence) "It is achieved when one individual alerts another to an object by means of eye-gazing, pointing or other verbal or non-verbal indication."
Source: "Joint attention and children with autism: A review of the literature" a 2004 journal article, adds additional elements not in the source for the first sentence.
(third sentence) "In this situation the individual who points is "initiating joint attention" and the individual who looks to the object is "responding to joint attention".
Source: Striano, T.; Stahl, D (2005). "Sensitivity to triadic attention in early infancy". Developmental Science.
Suggestion: Stick with one source that explains what is meant by "joint attention"; avoid combining sentences using different sources discussing slightly different topics or looking at the subject from different angles. The lede should be a clear summary of the article content and doesn't usually need citations, as everything in the lede will be covered in the article.
Definitions of joint attention
"The definition of joint attention is important in order to determine if children are engaging in age-appropriate joint attention and to determine if apes are capable of engaging in joint attention." - why are apes mentioned here. Is this article on humans or on the capacity of other animals for joint attention. (Elsewhere there is evidence that dogs, for example, are capable of joint attention (depending on the definition of "joint attention".)
"Dyadic joint attention is a conversation-like behavior that individuals engage in." - clumsy wording
This whole section is a mixture of children, adults, apes, humans in no particular order.
"There is a debate in contemporary psychology as to the psychological significance of joint attention." After defining various terms as if they are agreed upon definitions, then "controversy" is introduced. Controversy is interspersed with flat statements that sound like fact.
(Chimpanzees seem to be used interchangeably with apes throughout the article.)
"A vocal minority maintain that joint attention is always a means to an end (i.e., that "pure communication" in the infancy period of humans is a myth), and therefore joint attention by apes and humans reflects shared psychological processes" - I don't understand what this means.
Suggestion: Clarify the topic and stick to it.
Gaze
Is this humans, apes, or both?
Intention
Humans only or what?
Joint attention in humans
So the preceding was not necessarily human?
(skipping over a bunch)
Developmental markers of joint attention in infancy
What is the source for this table? Some of it is unsourced, while a variety of other sources are used. Is this Original research? Or is this a synthesis of different sources into an original combination.
Suggestion: Need one source for table.
General
Is this article about all animals, about humans, apes and chimpanzees, or humans, apes, chimpanzees and primates, or what? The way the article is organized now, it swings back and forth.
Sources
Some of the sources are fine. Some it is difficult to tell if they are primary sources or what. It would be better to stick to reliable secondary sources and avoid the confusion of so many references to slightly different topics than the article is focusing on.
I hope you find these suggestions helpful. Please feel free to provide feedback or ask me questions.
MathewTownsend (talk) 00:20, 6 April 2012 (UTC)

I will put this review on hold for seven days. Let me know if you need more time.  MathewTownsend (talk) 11:03, 6 April 2012 (UTC)
MathewTownsend,
Thank you, we will indeed need the whole week to respond to these comments. Students don't return to campus until Tuesday. Classes end at the end of next week, so we will really focus our efforts over those few days.
I am thinking hard about OR (a rule I understand quite well) and synthesis. I'll reflect a bit more before I respond to your concerns about the table.
It is the case that the literature reviewed in books on chimpanzees or other great apes is relevant to the literature on human children, since that is the comparator for great apes. It is in these books that people are most clear about definitions that apply across species. Hence their frequency in the reference list.
As a class we struggled with whether to split this article into two. We thought we should start by just expanding the stub, which integrated across species. We can certainly do further work to be more precise about which claims apply to which species. I am not sure who decides, or how one decides to split an article. We would appreciate any advice. 
Paula Marentette (talk) 20:04, 6 April 2012 (UTC)

reply
I certainly don't want to pressure you. So take your time.
However, I question the statement that "It is the case that the literature reviewed in books on chimpanzees or other great apes is relevant to the literature on human children, since that is the comparator for great apes. It is in these books that people are most clear about definitions that apply across species. Hence their frequency in the reference list."
I don't think this is productive thinking for the article.
There are plenty of references that apply to humans only, I believe. Someone mentioned to me recently that penis is the only article that doesn't have a separate article for humans!
Again I suggest that Object permanence is a good model in that it is focused on humans, and mentions animals (all animals) in another section.
comment - example
The table Developmental markers of joint attention in infancy
This looks like it is a combination of 5 different sources. Is there any one source that supports this, or are you combining the views of several authors into one table?
What is the isbn for Goswami, Usha (2008)Cognitive Development: The Learning Brain. New York, NY? Sources must have enough information that the reader can track them down.  MathewTownsend (talk) 20:52, 11 April 2012 (UTC)
Also, please my response to your comments on my talk page.[2] Another editor added there that Wikipedia:SYNTH is the problem.  MathewTownsend (talk) 23:27, 11 April 2012 (UTC)
comment on lead (lede)
Be sure to follow WP:LEAD. Everything appearing in the lead must also appear in the article with citations in the article rather than the lead. The lead must be a summary of the article that can stand on its own. That is, if a reader gets no further than the lead, they will still have an overview of the article and a summary of the main points.  MathewTownsend (talk) 17:23, 12 April 2012 (UTC)
We have made many edits to the article in response to the GA Reassessment above. It is ready for another review. We have 

attended to the prose: in particular edited for passive voice, focused on words to watch for, rewritten the lead
carefully reviewed for problems of OR and SYNTH. This article is not proposing a new understanding of joint attention, nor synthesizing articles to create a new position. The article reflects a wide body of research on this topic and reports information for which there is widespread agreement.
we have removed the table, as per Wiki policy on tables.
we have reorganized the article to separate discussion of joint attention in humans and in non-human animals. We have separated out reference sources so that appropriate sources are used for each section.
Do we need to resubmit for GA review or can we continue the Reassessment started above?
Thank you for your work on this review.
Paula Marentette (talk) 19:16, 12 April 2012 (UTC)

reply
I could pass it, or I could fail it and you could resubmit it.
The article is much much improved. It still needs a little work though.
Everything in the lead must also be expanded upon in the article, where the citations can be provided also. The lead now is good, but the article is more disjointed.
Where do you get a definition for "gaze", as I've looked around and can't find one that fits your use of the word. So it would be good if you'd define it in the article.
Does eye contact play a role?
What information does cross-sectional analysis give? What information did Scaife and Bruner provide?
Definitions of joint attention seems disjointed. It should expand on the information. It also gets into gaze, when the whole next section is on gaze. Is gaze part of the definition of joint attention?
The sections that follow seem like they should be subsections of Definitions of joint attention - Are there varying "definitions" of joint attention (to justify the plural "definitions"?
Perhaps after "Definition", there could be a section called "Importance" or "Importance in development" in which you could describe the importance of joint attention in development of language, relationships etc.
Intention, reference could stand some expansion/explaining? There needs to be a sequence, a flow to the information you're presenting.
How does joint attention play a role in the development of theory of mind?
Really, you are quite close to having a good article. It just needs some focus and flow, so the reader can follow.
MathewTownsend (talk) 20:45, 12 April 2012 (UTC)
There are comments below here on the talk page, but I can't seem to find get below them in the edit box, so I'll keep writing in the middle of the page...

We have made a few edits following these comments, but are now in exam period. I don't know that students will have time to work on this article right away. I would suggest you can go ahead and reassess now. IF the article passes, that would be great. It has come a long way from its state in early January! If it isn't GA quality yet, then perhaps they'll be able to revisit after the term, as I imagine that the further changes needed would be fairly minimal. Thank you for your support in this review process. Paula Marentette (talk) 17:44, 17 April 2012 (UTC)
Reevaluation after fixes

1. Well written?:  Pass
2. Factually accurate?:  Pass
3. Broad in coverage?:  Pass
4. Neutral point of view?:  Pass
5. Article stability?:  Pass
6. Images?:  Pass
Very good job!  MathewTownsend (talk) 17:48, 18 April 2012 (UTC)
Response to Good Article Reassessment (please do not divide up the page with headers)
Is the reviewer concerned that  one of the other sources used in the article contradicts the time line presented at one point in the article.?[3]

Could you please clarify what you mean by this comment? Are you referring to the table?
In addition, some domesticated animals such as dogs and horses show some ability to follow gaze. {{cite journal |last1=Itakura |first1=S. |title=Gaze Following and Joint Visual Attention in Nonhuman Animals |journal=? |year=? |pages=?|isbn=?|

I was going to add a comment on joint attention (gaze following) in domesticated animals...however, is this a published article? I am unsure if this an article that is suitable to make reference to if it is not published and peer edited.
"Dyadic joint attention can be thought[by whom?] of as a conversation-like behavior that individuals engage in. This is especially true for human adults and infants who engage in this behavior starting at two months of age. - this is cited to an article on chimpanzees (16 citation go to this article).

The article on chimpanzees consists of sections on human infants, chimpanzee infants and comparisons between the two groups. Comments on joint attention are based on sections on joint attention in infants.
If we remove the citations from the lede paragraph would that reduce the confusion? I used information from different sources in order to make the lede paragraph as explanatory as possible. Very basic sources that describe the general concept of joint attention didn't provide the details I was looking for and more specific articles didn't provide a description that was general enough to serve as the only source for the lede paragraph. This is why I chose to use multiple references for the lede. 

Comments on this would be appreciated
This whole section is a mixture of children, adults, apes, humans in no particular order.

This section is organized by definition ie. triadic attention, dyadic attention in descending order of complexity.
Should we consider deleting part of the section on the definition controversy? Especially that relating to "means to an end" and "psychological significance".
Humans and non-human layout

Currently the definitions applies to both, then there are separate sections for humans and non-humans. If we want to use the same layout as Object permanence then we might consider removing the Joint attention in non-humans header.
Sources

We wanted to use numerous sources for this article to provide a thorough review of this topic, some of these articles on slightly different topics are included to provide details that are not part of other articles, despite their similar topics.
Comments on how to make the referencing less confusing for readers would be appreciated.
LianneAnna (talk) 02:15, 10 April 2012 (UTC)

Reply
"* We wanted to use numerous sources for this article to provide a thorough review of this topic, some of these articles on slightly different topics are included to provide details that are not part of other articles, despite their similar topics." - That is called synthesis and is considered original research. Please read verifiability and reliable sources. Please read carefully the comments I've already made above. I don't want to keep repeating myself. (You can't make up your own article by combining dispersant sources.) No, sources not published in a reliable source can't be used. Again, please read verifiability and reliable sources. MathewTownsend (talk) 03:27, 10 April 2012 (UTC)

This article has recently been edited by students as part of their course work for a university course.  As part of the quality metrics for the education program, we would like to determine what level of burden is placed on Wikipedia's editors by student coursework.
If you are an editor of this article who spent time correcting edits to it made by the students, please tell us how much time you spent on cleaning up the article.  Please note that we are asking you to estimate only the negative effects of the students' work.  If the students added good material but you spent time formatting it or making it conform to the manual of style, or copyediting it, then the material added was still a net benefit, and the work you did improved it further.  If on the other hand the students added material that had to be removed, or removed good material which you had to replace, please let us know how much time you had to spend making those corrections. This includes time you may have spent posting to the students' talk pages, or to Wikipedia noticeboards, or working with them on IRC, or any other time you spent which was required to fix problems created by the students' edits. Any work you did as a Wikipedia Ambassador for that student's class should not be counted.
Please rate the amount of time spent as follows:

0 -No unproductive work to clean up
1 - A few minutes of work needed
2 - Between a few minutes and half an hour of work needed
3 - Half an hour to an hour of work needed
4 - More than an hour of work needed
Please also add any comments you feel may be helpful. We welcome ratings from multiple editors on the same article. Add your input here. Thanks! -- LiAnna Davis (WMF) (talk) 20:38, 27 May 2012 (UTC)