teachers replaced by holograms. sounds like something from a science fiction movie or t. v show. what would happen if holographic teachers could be sent into you? the reality is, the technology exists right now to bring live holograms from one location and beam it into any location in the world. thanks to teaching college math blog for sharing. musion describes it as, “ a high definition holographic video projection system allowing spectacular three - dimensional moving images to appear within a live stage setting. live or virtual stage presenters can appear alongside and interact with virtual images of humans or animated characters … ” “ the musion® eyeliner™ system utilises the current generation of high - definition technology and integrates it into a visual ecosystem that enables hd media to fully realise its potential within the blossoming digital ecosystem. eyeliner™ requires only a single camera shoot, single projector playback and does not require any special audience props, such as the use of 3d glasses. yet, the audience viewing eyeliner™ are always left awestruck by the startling realism of our 3d virtual shows. when using musion® eyeliner™, your imagination is the only limit. ” awestruck is right. so, what are the implications and applications of this technology for education? teachers can now teach from any location on the globe and beam themselves into any other location on the globe with this technology. experts on different subject matter could be made available for lectures right in the classroom, interacting live with the students. teachers would be able to enter a classroom and interact with students, teachers, and administrators from across, campus, across town, or across the globe. distance is dead! tear down these four walls! what are the applications for this technology in education? in what ways could / will this technology impact education in the future? how might we begin to prepare our schools and districts for such a change? what changes in thinking might have to occur for this technology to be utilized effectively? in what ways will the technology impact the infrastructure of the school? ( i. e. ; telepresence labs, classroom, boardrooms, etc. ) how can this technology be leveraged to provide greater learning opportunities for our students? in what ways might parents and community react to such technology being utilized in education? what sorts of systems, vendors, and educational business might arise out the use of such a technology? at what point would this technology become a “ must have ” rather than a novel idea?


a new study from the wake forest baptist medical center suggests that north carolina agricultural workers who are exposed to pesticides also may be affected by wage violations. thomas a. arcury, ph. d., one of the study ’ s authors and professor and vice chair for research in the center ’ s department of family and community medicine, spoke to ehs today to discuss the study and its implications. according to the study, “ wages, wage violations and pesticide safety experienced by migrant farmworkers in north carolina, ” migrant farm workers face “ a myriad of problems ” including poverty, food insecurity, pesticide exposure, occupational hazards, lack of health care and more. limited safety regulations are available to protect these workers. “ this is a work force that needs to be protected, ” said arcury, who also is the director of the center for worker health at wake forest baptist medical center. “ it is vulnerable for many reasons, one of which because it ’ s poor, another because it ’ s a dangerous industry. we need to do something so it ’ s safe for them. ” the study focused on 300 migrant farm workers who worked in 52 camps, or employer - provided housing, in eastern north carolina. most of the workers hailed from mexico. approximately two - thirds of the workers had h - 2a visas for temporary or seasonal work ; the remainder of participants were undocumented, had other types of documentation or were permanent u. s. residents. the study found : - approximately 15 percent of workers were provided with safety equipment to protect against pesticide exposure. - one - third of workers said they were offered safety instruction about pesticides. - about half of study participants were informed when pesticides were applied or when the no re - entry period was over. - one - quarter of workers reported that they were asked to enter fields before the no re - entry interval had ended. - sixteen percent of workers said they worked in the fields while pesticides were being applied. - workers who experienced wage violations also often experienced “ improper pesticide safety and training conditions. ” the study suggests that workers with h - 2a visas often experience fewer pay or safety violations. workers with h - 2a visas were more likely to be provided with safety equipment, be informed when the no re - entry period had ended and less likely to work in fields when pesticides were being applied. and while one - fifth of all studied workers experienced minimum wage violations, these violations were experienced by 45 percent of those workers without h - 2a visas. “ the greater compliance


had ended and less likely to work in fields when pesticides were being applied. and while one - fifth of all studied workers experienced minimum wage violations, these violations were experienced by 45 percent of those workers without h - 2a visas. “ the greater compliance available to migrant farmworkers with h - 2a visas for wages and pesticide safety, as well as housing regulations, indicates that we could expect higher compliance for all farmworkers with more regulations and with greater monitoring and review of these regulations, ” the study stated. the pay - safety correlation arcury pointed out that the correlation between employers not following pesticide regulations and those not following wage and salary regulations may reveal a new way to seek out those in noncompliance. “ we need to pay attention to people who aren ’ t following one set of regulations to see if they ’ re following the other set of regulations, ” he told ehs today. “ maybe there ’ s just a need for greater education about safety issues and regulations for agricultural workers. on the other hand, there may be individuals who don ’ t think they have to follow the rules, and they need to be dealt with just like anyone else who doesn ’ t follow regulations. ” arcury stressed that regulations must be enforced to protect these workers and identified the following areas of concern : - worker pesticide exposure must be monitored. - farmers and others who apply pesticides should be required to regularly and centrally record what pesticides they are applying, the amount they apply and where they apply. - heat stress requirements, training and prevention techniques should be developed. - child labor concerns must be addressed within the industry. - wage and salary concerns also must be addressed, and farm workers must be paid at least minimum wage. “ in north carolina, our agricultural economy is based on immigrant workers. without immigrant workers, we would not be able to pick the cucumbers and sweet potatoes, apples and peaches, tobacco and christmas trees that are essential to our economy, ” arcury explained. “ what we ’ re trying to do is improve the health of workers because i think that ’ s best for everyone. ”


energy efficiency and renewable energy projects win 12 r & d 100 awards for 2012 researchers funded by the energy department ' s office of energy efficiency and renewable energy ( eere ) have won 12 of the 100 awards given out this year by r & d magazine for the most outstanding technology developments with promising commercial potential. the energy department announced last week that it received a total of 36 awards across all of its research and development programs, including eere. the coveted awards — now in their 50th year — are presented annually in recognition of exceptional new products, processes, materials, or software that were developed throughout the world and introduced into the market the previous year. the r & d 100 awards highlight some of the successes achieved by the department ' s national laboratories in technology transfer, moving basic research results into commercial products. since 1962, when r & d magazine ' s annual competition began, the department ' s national laboratories have been the recipient of over 800 r & d 100 awards in areas such as energy, national security, and basic scientific applications. r & d 100 awards are selected by an independent panel of judges based on the technical significance, uniqueness, and usefulness of projects and technologies from across industry, government and academia. view the complete list of r & d 100 awards. a list of eere ' s winning program areas, technologies, and national laboratory partners is below : ultra - fast and large - scale boriding ( argonne national laboratory ) : this green, efficient industrial - scale boriding process can drastically reduce costs, increase productivity, and improve the performance and reliability of machine components, such as engine tappets, agricultural knife guards, pump seals, and valves. this new process increases surface hardness of these components by factors of three to ten. low - cost, lightweight robotic hand based on additive manufacturing ( oak ridge national laboratory ) : this technology costs approximately 10 times less than similar devices while commanding 10 times more power than other electric systems. composed of only 46 parts, this simplified, lightweight robotic hand can be manufactured and assembled within 40 hours. it has robotics, prosthetics, remote handling and biomedical and surgical applications. asymmetric rolling mill, co - developed with fata hunter inc. ( oak ridge national laboratory ) : the asymmetric rolling mill provides a way to efficiently process sheet and plate materials, accelerating the production and availability of low - cost magnesium a lightweight metal. commercial use of magnesium has been limited because of the high cost associated with its multistep production process. this technology is likely to reduce processing steps,


process sheet and plate materials, accelerating the production and availability of low - cost magnesium a lightweight metal. commercial use of magnesium has been limited because of the high cost associated with its multistep production process. this technology is likely to reduce processing steps, thereby reducing the cost of finished magnesium components and allowing for the replacement of aluminum with magnesium in many commercial goods. the widespread use of magnesium instead of aluminum in cars would reduce vehicle weight and lead to improvements in transportation by improving fuel economy. low frequency rf plasma source ( lfrf - 501 ), co - developed with structured materials industries, inc. ( oak ridge national laboratory ) : lfrf - 501 is a low - cost plasma generator for research, development and production of nanometer scale materials at lower temperatures, faster rates and with enhanced properties. these materials are enabling new developments in many technologies, including microelectronics, renewable energy, sensors and leds. advanced manufacturing and geothermal : nanoshield coatings ( oak ridge national laboratory ) : nanoshield is a protective coating that can extend the life of costly cutting and manufacturing tools by more than 20 %, potentially saving millions of dollars over the course of a project. it is created by laser fusing a unique iron - based powder to any type of steel, which forms a strong metallurgical bond that provides wear resistance between two and 10 times greater than conventional coatings. nanoshield was designed to protect high - wear tools used for tunnel boring and construction, but its potential for navy applications and geothermal drilling tools also is being explored. desiccant - enhanced evaporative air - conditioning ( national renewable energy laboratory ) : developed with ail research and synapse product development llc : devap systems cool commercial buildings at a small fraction of the energy use of a traditional cooler, provides superior comfort in any climate, releases far less carbon dioxide, and could cut costly peak electricity demand by 80 %. the sandia cooler ( sandia national laboratories ) : also known as the " air bearing heat exchanger, " this technology will significantly reduce the energy needed to cool the processor chips in data centers and large - scale computing environments. the sandia cooler also offers benefits in other applications where thermal management and energy efficiency are important, particularly heating, ventilation and air - conditioning ( hvac ). hydrogen and fuel platinum monolayer electrocatalysts for fuel cell cathodes ( brookhaven national laboratory ) : platinum is the most efficient electrocatalyst for fuel cells, but platinum - based catalysts


air - conditioning ( hvac ). hydrogen and fuel platinum monolayer electrocatalysts for fuel cell cathodes ( brookhaven national laboratory ) : platinum is the most efficient electrocatalyst for fuel cells, but platinum - based catalysts are expensive, unstable, and have low durability. the new electrocatalysts have high activity, stability, and durability, while containing only about one - tenth the platinum of conventional catalysts used in fuel cells, significantly reducing overall costs. sj3 solar cell ( national renewable energy laboratory ) : co - developed with solar junction, the cell achieves a world - record conversion efficiency of 43. 5 % with potential to reach 50 %. like a three - blade safety razor that uses all its blades for a closer shave, the three - layered sj3 cell captures different light frequencies, ensuring the best conversion of photons to electrons. the 43. 5 % efficiency occurs under lens - focused light having 418 times the intensity of the sun. microsystems enabled photovoltaics ( sandia national laboratories ) : tiny, glitter - sized pv cells are created using microdesign and microfabrication techniques, released into a solution and " printed " onto a low - cost substrate. the technology has potential applications in buildings, houses, clothing, portable electronics, vehicles and other contoured structures. high - energy concentration - gradient cathode material for plug - in hybrids and all - electric vehicles ( argonne national laboratory ) : argonne and several partners have developed a novel high - energy and high - power cathode material for use in lithium ion ( li - ion ) batteries especially suited for plug - in hybrids and all - electric vehicles. it provides much higher energy and longer life than any other li - ion cathode material, and as such is also ideal for batteries in hybrid vehicles and a wide range of consumer electronics applications. graphene nanostructures for lithium batteries, co - developed with vorbeck materials corp. of jessup md. and princeton university ( pacific northwest national laboratory ) : small quantities of graphene — ultra - thin sheets of carbon atoms — can dramatically improve the performance and power of lithium - ion batteries. graphene nanostructures could lead to the development of batteries that last longer and recharge quickly, drastically reducing the time it takes to charge a smartphone to as little as ten minutes and charging an electric vehicle in just a few hours. the energy department ' s office of energy efficiency and


on earth, scientific breakthroughs are made by the ussr which develops the h - bomb and eventually the satellite sputnik, which ushered the human space age as the first object to exit earth. this event attracted vulcan explorers who discreetly lingered in pennsylvania before rescued, but not before introducing some of their technology to humans. ( ent : " carbon creek " ) the usa creates the national aeronautics and space administration ( nasa ), as a response to this " space race ". dwight d. eisenhower succeeds harry s. truman as president. this era was the most heated period of the earth cold war. this decade also saw productivity in arts and entertainment with film releases such as shane, the searchers, the court jester, the day the earth stood still, sunset boulevard, from here to eternity, to catch a thief, wages of fear and b - movies such as revenge of the creature and bride of the corpse. the songs come fly with me, fever, louie, louie, crazy arms and just in time were written. the popular music genre known as rock ' n roll also born in this decade, with performers like elvis presley and roy orbison. television becomes a popular form of entertainment, which it remains until 2040. shows in this decade include howdy doody, i love lucy, the untouchables and the twilight zone. - a border dispute begins between andoria and vulcan, shortly after first contact between the two worlds, lasting for the next 200 years. according to shran, the only thing that kept vulcan from invading andoria was the threat of massive retaliation. after stealing a prototype of the xindi weapon from the xindi, shran declared that, " with a weapon of this magnitude at our disposal, they wouldn ' t dare attack us. " ( ent : " proving ground " )


center pivot irrigation | | this article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. ( june 2012 ) | center - pivot irrigation ( sometimes called central pivot irrigation ), also called circle irrigation, is a method of crop irrigation in which equipment rotates around a pivot and crops are watered with sprinklers. a circular area centered on the pivot is irrigated, often creating a circular pattern in crops when viewed from above ( sometimes referred to as crop circles ). most center pivots were initially water - powered, and today most are propelled by electric motors. center pivot irrigation is a form of overhead sprinkler irrigation consisting of several segments of pipe ( usually galvanized steel or aluminum ) joined together and supported by trusses, mounted on wheeled towers with sprinklers positioned along its length. the machine moves in a circular pattern and is fed with water from the pivot point at the center of the circle. the outside set of wheels sets the master pace for the rotation ( typically once every three days ). the inner sets of wheels are mounted at hubs between two segments and use angle sensors to detect when the bend at the joint exceeds a certain threshold, and thus, the wheels should be rotated to keep the segments aligned. center pivots are typically less than 1600 feet ( 500 meters ) in length ( circle radius ) with the most common size being the standard 1 / 4 mile ( 400 m ) machine. to achieve uniform application, center pivots require an even emitter flow rate across the radius of the machine. since the outer - most spans ( or towers ) travel farther in a given time period than the innermost spans, nozzle sizes are smallest at the inner spans and increase with distance from the pivot point. aerial views show fields of circles created by the watery tracings of " quarter - or half - mile of the center - pivot irrigation pipe, " created by centor pivot irrigators which use " hundreds and sometimes thousands of gallons a minute. " most center pivot systems now have drops hanging from a u - shaped pipe called a gooseneck attached at the top of the pipe [ clarification needed ] with sprinkler heads that are positioned a few feet ( at most ) above the crop, thus limiting evaporative losses and wind drift. there are many different nozzle configurations available including static plate, moving plate and part circle. pressure regulators are typically installed upstream of each no


are positioned a few feet ( at most ) above the crop, thus limiting evaporative losses and wind drift. there are many different nozzle configurations available including static plate, moving plate and part circle. pressure regulators are typically installed upstream of each nozzle to ensure each is operating at the correct design pressure. drops can also be used with drag hoses or bubblers that deposit the water directly on the ground between crops. this type of system is known as lepa ( low energy precision application ) and is often associated with the construction of small dams along the furrow length ( termed furrow diking / dyking ). crops may be planted in straight rows or are sometimes planted in circles to conform to the travel of the irrigation system originally, most center pivots were water - powered. these were replaced by hydraulic systems and electric motor - driven systems. most systems today are driven by an electric motor mounted at each tower. for a center pivot to be used, the terrain needs to be reasonably flat ; but one major advantage of center pivots over alternative systems is the ability to function in undulating country. this advantage has resulted in increased irrigated acreage and water use in some areas. the system is in use, for example, in parts of the united states, australia, new zealand, brazil and also in desert areas such as the sahara and the middle east. the center - pivot irrigation system is considered to be a highly efficient system which helps conserve water. it is used by arrowhead mills, the largest natural foods wholesaler in the united states, founded by organic farmer and activist frank ford from the texas panhandle, for example. however, by 2013 it was shown that as the water consumption efficiency of the center - pivot irrigator improved over the years, farmers planted more intensively, irrigated more land, and grew thirstier crops. using treated, recycled sources of water in agriculture is one approach to safeguarding the future of the aquifer. another method of reducing the amount of water use is changing to crops that require less water, such as sunflowers. center pivot irrigation typically uses less water compared to many surface irrigation and furrow irrigation techniques, which reduces the expenditure of and conserves water. it also helps to reduce labor costs compared to some ground irrigation techniques, which are often more labor intensive. some ground irrigation techniques involve the digging of channels on the land for the water to flow, whereas the use of center - pivot irrigation can reduce the amount


helps to reduce labor costs compared to some ground irrigation techniques, which are often more labor intensive. some ground irrigation techniques involve the digging of channels on the land for the water to flow, whereas the use of center - pivot irrigation can reduce the amount of soil tillage that occurs and helps to reduce water runoff and soil erosion that can occur with ground irrigation. less tillage encourages more organic materials and crop residue to decompose back into the soil, and reduces soil compaction. early settlers of the semiarid high plains were plagued by crop failures due to cycles of drought, culminating in the disastrous dust bowl of the 1930s. it was only after world war ii when center pivot irrigation became available that the land mass of the high plains aquifer system was transformed into one of the most agriculturally productive regions in the world. risks : shrinking irreplaceable aquifers hydrology is no longer a mystery and it is now understood that groundwater level elevation decreases when the rate of extraction by irrigation exceeds the rate of recharge. at some places, the water table was measured to drop more than five feet ( 1. 5 m ) per year at the time of maximum extraction. in extreme cases, the deepening of wells was required to reach the steadily falling water table. in the 21st century, recognition of the significance of the aquifer has led to increased coverage from regional and international journalists. writer john miller morris characterized the increased use of the center pivot irrigation system as part of a profound attitude shift towards modernism ( expensive tractors, center - pivot irrigation, dangerous new pesticides ) and away from traditional farming that took place in the mid - 1970s and 1980s in the united states. a new generation chose high - risk, high - reward crops such as irrigated corn or peanuts, which require large quantities of ground water, fertilizer and chemicals. the new family farm corporations turned many pastures into new cropland and were more interested in rising land prices than water conservation. in the united states, by may 2013 the center - pivot irrigator was described as the " villian " in the new york times article " wells dry, fertile plains turn to dust " recounting the relentless decline of parts of the high plains aquifer system. one of the world ' s largest aquifers, it covers an area of approximately 174, 000 mi² ( 450, 000 km² ) in portions of the eight states of south dakota, nebraska, wyoming, colorado, kansas, oklahoma, new mexico


one of the world ' s largest aquifers, it covers an area of approximately 174, 000 mi² ( 450, 000 km² ) in portions of the eight states of south dakota, nebraska, wyoming, colorado, kansas, oklahoma, new mexico, and texas, beneath the great plains in the united states. in parts of the united states after sixty years of the profitable business of intensive farming using huge center - pivot irrigators has emptied parts of the high plains aquifer. it would take hundreds to thousands of years of rainfall to replace the groundwater in the dried up aquifer. in 1950 irrigated irrigated cropland covered 250, 000 acres. with the use of center - pivot irrigation, nearly three million acres of land were irrigated in kansas alone. in some places in the texas panhandle, the water table has been drained ( dewatered ). " vast stretches of texas farmland lying over the aquifer no longer support irrigation. in west - central kansas, up to a fifth of the irrigated farmland along a 100 - mile swath of the aquifer has already gone dry. " center pivot manufacturers over the 30 years after world war ii, there were at least 60 center pivot irrigation manufacturers created in the united states. as of 2010, it ' s been reported that there are less than 12 u. s. manufacturers, of which five are major : valmont industries and their " valley " products, lindsay corporation and their " zimmatic " brand, reinke irrigation with their " electrogator " machines, t - l irrigation who make a hydrostatically powered system and pierce corporation and their " circlemaster " products. valmont, lindsay, reinke, and pierce corporation all manufacture systems powered by 480 volt electricity. t - l ' s variable - displacement hydraulic pump which is typically driven by a 480v, natural gas or diesel motor on standard quarter section pivots. water application typically consist of brass impacts, [ clarification needed ] drip tubes, rotating nozzles, or stationary sprays. these sprinklers are manufactured by nelson irrigation and senninger irrigation. varying applications, soils, and crops require different volumes of water and application rates. pivots often have a large bore impact sprinkler ( called " big guns " ) located on the very end of the machine to aid in irrigating most number of acres possible. while these " end guns " may dramatically increase the irrigated


often have a large bore impact sprinkler ( called " big guns " ) located on the very end of the machine to aid in irrigating most number of acres possible. while these " end guns " may dramatically increase the irrigated area they suffer from poor uniformity and may have negative impacts on the entire pivot if not designed properly. the largest maker of mechanized irrigation market is valmont industries. valmont claims a market share between 35 – 45 % of all new center pivots sold in the united states. reinke is a privately held company which limits the ability for market researches to determine the exact number of center pivot sold. reinke and zimmatic compete to share between 30 – 35 % of the irrigation market. valley, zimmatic, and reinke manufacture modern irrigation equipment and consume about 75 % and support networks of professional dealers. t - l irrigation, also privately held, manufactures a hydraulically driven irrigator and markets throughout the united states and in more than 55 countries through independent agriculturally oriented equipment dealers ( market share 25 % ). today, many countries use center pivot irrigation. by the mid 1970s valmont began manufacturing a significant amount of irrigation systems in europe, the middle east, africa, australia, china, thailand, latin america and switzerland. linear / lateral move irrigation machines the above mentioned equipment can also be configured to move in a straight line where it is termed a linear move or lateral move irrigation system. in this case the water is supplied by an irrigation channel running the length of the field and positioned either at one side or midway across the field width. the motor and pump equipment is mounted on a cart adjacent to the supply channel that travels with the machine. farmers may opt for linear moves to conform to existing rectangular field designs such as those converting from furrow irrigation. lateral moves are far less common, rely on more complex guidance systems, and require additional management compared to center pivot systems. lateral moves are common in australia and typically range between 500 and 1000 meters in length. - mader, shelli ( may 25, 2010 ). " center pivot irrigation revolutionizes agriculture ". the fence post magazine. retrieved june 6, 2012. - ddr. nal. usda. gov center pivot irrigation system modification to provide variable water application depths. - gray, ellen ( may 3, 2012 ). " texas crop circles from space ". nasa. retrieved june 6, 2012. - morgan, robert ( 1993 ). water and the land. cathedral


system modification to provide variable water application depths. - gray, ellen ( may 3, 2012 ). " texas crop circles from space ". nasa. retrieved june 6, 2012. - morgan, robert ( 1993 ). water and the land. cathedral city, ca : adams publishing corp. pp. 35 – 36. isbn 0935030026. - alfred, randy ( july 22, 2008 ). " july 22, 1952 : genuine crop - circle maker patented ". wired magazine. retrieved june 6, 2012. - " growing rice where it has never grown before : a missouri research program may help better feed an increasingly hungry world ". college of agriculture, food and natural resources, university of missouri. july 3, 2008. retrieved june 6, 2012. - wines, michael ( 19 may 2013 ). " wells dry, fertile plains turn to dust ". new york times. - " about arrowhead mills ". arrowhead mills. - jeremy p. meyer, " farmers ' tower of power ", denver post, 2 october 2006. last accessed october 24, 2006 - " shrinking aquifer looms as big problem for farms ". nancy cole, arkansas democrat - gazette. september 24, 2006. last accessed october 24, 2006. - column - mansel phillips : " too many thirsty industries, not nearly enough water ". mansel phillips, amarillo globe news. october 4, 2006. last accessed october 24, 2006. - " another sign of long - term water worries ", lincoln star journal, october 8, 2006. last accessed november 20, 2012 - daily telegraph ( uk ) saturday magazine issue no 48, 446 ( dated 5 march 2011 ) pp 26 - 32 " high and dry " report by charles lawrence - morris, john miller ( 2003 ). sherry l. smith, ed. the future of the southern plains. norman, oklahoma : university of oklahoma press. p. 275. isbn 0806137355. - rainwater, ken ( 1 january 2004 ). " book review : the future of the southern plains ". great plains quarterly great plains studies ( lincoln, nebraska : center for great plains quarterly great plains studies, university of nebraska ). - darton, n. h. 1898. preliminary report on the geology and water resources of nebraska west of the one hundred and third meridian. in : walcott, c. d. ( ed ), nineteenth annual report of the united states geological survey, 1897 - 1898, part iv, pp. 719 - 78


and water resources of nebraska west of the one hundred and third meridian. in : walcott, c. d. ( ed ), nineteenth annual report of the united states geological survey, 1897 - 1898, part iv, pp. 719 - 785. - dennehy, k. f. ( 2000 ). " high plains regional ground - water study : u. s. geological survey fact sheet fs - 091 - 00 ". usgs. retrieved 2008 - 05 - 07. - mull, marty ( january 14, 2012 ). " center pivot irrigation more efficient, labor - saving than flood irrigation ". the prairie star. retrieved june 6, 2012. - evans, r. o. ; et al. ( march 1997 ). " center pivot and linear move irrigation system ". north carolina cooperative extension service, north carolina state university. retrieved june 6, 2012. - snyder, cindy ( january 18, 2011 ). " center pivot irrigation systems cost big bucks ". times - news ( twin falls, idaho ). retrieved june 6, 2012. - becker, hank ( october 2, 2000 ). " can crop temperature guide center - pivot irrigation? ". usda agriculture research service. retrieved june 6, 2012. - garner, fay ( february 2008 ). " tuskegee turf farm battles drought with more efficient irrigation ". usda natural resources conservation service. retrieved june 6, 2012. - boyd, vicky ( february 16, 2012 ). " valley irrigation unveils tire sensor for center - pivot systems ". the grower magazine. retrieved june 6, 2012. - media related to center pivot irrigation at wikimedia commons - " the ogallala aquifer " manjula v. guru, agricultural policy specialist and james e. horne, president & ceo, the kerr center for sustainable agriculture, poteau, oklahoma - usgs high plains regional groundwater study - a legal fight in texas over the ogallala aquifer - kansas geological survey information on the high plains / ogallala aquifer - rapid recharge of parts of the high plains aquifer indicated by a reconnaissance study in oklahoma


##nor, second creation ( 1765 ) - william bouverie, 1st earl of radnor ( 1725 – 1776 ) - jacob pleydell - bouverie, 2nd earl of radnor ( 1750 – 1828 ) - william pleydell - bouverie, 3rd earl of radnor ( 1779 – 1869 ) - jacob pleydell - bouverie, 4th earl of radnor ( 1815 – 1889 ) - william pleydell - bouverie, 5th earl of radnor ( 1841 – 1900 ) - jacob pleydell - bouverie, 6th earl of radnor ( 1868 – 1930 ) - william pleydell - bouverie, 7th earl of radnor ( 1895 – 1968 ) - jacob pleydell - bouverie, 8th earl of radnor ( 1927 – 2008 ) - william pleydell - bouverie, 9th earl of radnor ( b. 1955 ). the son of jacob pleydell - bouverie, 8th earl of radnor and anne garden seth - smith, daughter of donald farquharson seth - smith, pleydell - bouverie was educated at harrow and the royal agricultural college, cirencester. until the death of his father, he was known by the courtesy title viscount folkestone. in 1996 he married melissa stanford, daughter of james keith edward stanford, obe, formerly director - general of the leonard cheshire foundation, and grand - daughter of the author j. k. stanford. they have four sons and two daughters, and the heir apparent is now their eldest son, jacob pleydell - bouverie, viscount folkestone, born 7 april 1999. the heir apparent is the present holder ' s son jacob pleydell - bouverie, viscount folkestone ( b. 1999 ) | | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( february 2013 ) | - george edward cockayne complete baronetage volume 1 1900 - seth - smith family tree at seth - smith. org. uk, accessed 5 december 2008 - folkestone, viscount ( born 5 jan. 1955 ), in who ' s who 2008 ( london, a. & c. black, 2008 - stanford, james keith edward, in who ' s who 2008 ( london, a. & c. black, 2008


estuaries form a transition zone between river environments and maritime environments and are subject to both marine influences, such as tides, waves, and the influx of saline water ; and riverine influences, such as flows of fresh water and sediment. the inflows of both sea water and fresh water provide high levels of nutrients in both the water column and sediment, making estuaries among the most productive natural habitats in the world. most existing estuaries were formed during the holocene epoch by the flooding of river - eroded or glacially scoured valleys when the sea level began to rise about 10, 000 - 12, 000 years ago. estuaries are typically classified by their geomorphological features or by water circulation patterns and can be referred to by many different names, such as bays, harbors, lagoons, inlets, or sounds, although some of these water bodies do not strictly meet the above definition of an estuary and may be fully saline. the banks of many estuaries are amongst the most heavily populated areas of the world, with about 60 % of the world ' s population living along estuaries and the coast. as a result, many estuaries are suffering degradation by many factors, including sedimentation from soil erosion from deforestation, overgrazing, and other poor farming practices ; overfishing ; drainage and filling of wetlands ; eutrophication due to excessive nutrients from sewage and animal wastes ; pollutants including heavy metals, polychlorinated biphenyls, radionuclides and hydrocarbons from sewage inputs ; and diking or damming for flood control or water diversion. the word " estuary " is derived from the latin word aestuarium meaning tidal inlet of the sea, which in itself is derived from the term aestus, meaning tide. there have been many definitions proposed to describe an estuary. the most widely accepted definition is : " a semi - enclosed coastal body of water, which has a free connection with the open sea, and within sea water is measurably diluted with freshwater derived from land drainage ". however, this definition excludes a number of coastal water bodies such as coastal lagoons and brackish seas. a more comprehensive definition of an estuary is " a semi - enclosed body of water connected to the sea as far as the tidal limit or the salt intrusion limit and receiving freshwater runoff ; however the freshwater inflow may not be perennial, the connection to the sea may be closed for part of the year and tidal influence may be negli


connected to the sea as far as the tidal limit or the salt intrusion limit and receiving freshwater runoff ; however the freshwater inflow may not be perennial, the connection to the sea may be closed for part of the year and tidal influence may be negligible ". this definition includes classical estuaries [ clarification needed ] as well as fjords, lagoons, river mouths, and tidal creeks. an estuary is a dynamic ecosystem with a connection with the open sea through which the sea water enters with the rhythm of the tides. the sea water entering the estuary is diluted by the fresh water flowing from rivers and streams. the pattern of dilution varies between different estuaries and depends on the volume of fresh water, the tidal range, and the extent of evaporation of the water in the estuary. classification based on geomorphology drowned river valleys their width - to - depth ratio is typically large, appearing wedge - shaped in the inner part and broadening and deepening seaward. water depths rarely exceed 30 m ( 100 ft ). examples of this type of estuary in the u. s. are the hudson river, chesapeake bay, and delaware bay along the mid - atlantic coast ; and along the gulf coast, galveston bay and tampa bay. lagoon - type or bar - built these estuaries are semi - isolated from ocean waters by barrier beaches ( barrier islands and barrier spits ). formation of barrier beaches partially encloses the estuary, with only narrow inlets allowing contact with the ocean waters. bar - built estuaries typically develop on gently sloping plains located along tectonically stable edges of continents and marginal sea coasts. they are extensive along the atlantic and gulf coasts of the u. s. in areas with active coastal deposition of sediments and where tidal ranges are less than 4 m ( 13 ft ). the barrier beaches that enclose bar - built estuaries have been developed in several ways : - building up of offshore bars by wave action, in which sand from the sea floor is deposited in elongated bars parallel to the shoreline, - reworking of sediment discharge from rivers by wave, current, and wind action into beaches, overwash flats, and dunes, - engulfment of mainland beach ridges ( ridges developed from the erosion of coastal plain sediments around 5000 years ago ) due to sea level rise and resulting in the breaching of the ridges and flooding of the coastal lowlands, forming shallow lagoons, and - elongation of barrier spits from the erosion of headlands due to the action of longshore


ago ) due to sea level rise and resulting in the breaching of the ridges and flooding of the coastal lowlands, forming shallow lagoons, and - elongation of barrier spits from the erosion of headlands due to the action of longshore currents, with the spits growing in the direction of the littoral drift. barrier beaches form in shallow water and are generally parallel to the shoreline, resulting in long, narrow estuaries. the average water depth is usually less than 5 m ( 16 ft ), and rarely exceeds 10 m ( 33 ft ). examples of bar - built estuaries are barnegat bay, new jersey ; laguna madre, texas ; and pamlico sound, north carolina. fjord - type estuaries are formed in deeply eroded valleys formed by glaciers. these u - shaped estuaries typically have steep sides, rock bottoms, and underwater sills contoured by glacial movement. the estuary is shallowest at its mouth, where terminal glacial moraines or rock bars form sills that restrict water flow. in the upper reaches of the estuary, the depth can exceed 300 m ( 1, 000 ft ). the width - to - depth ratio is generally small. in estuaries with very shallow sills, tidal oscillations only affect the water down to the depth of the sill, and the waters deeper than that may remain stagnant for a very long time, so there is only an occasional exchange of the deep water of the estuary with the ocean. if the sill depth is deep, water circulation is less restricted, and there is a slow but steady exchange of water between the estuary and the ocean. fjord - type estuaries can be found along the coasts of alaska, the puget sound region of western washington state, british columbia, eastern canada, greenland, iceland, new zealand, and norway. these estuaries are formed by subsidence or land cut off from the ocean by land movement associated with faulting, volcanoes, and landslides. inundation from eustatic sea level rise during the holocene epoch has also contributed to the formation of these estuaries. there are only a small number of tectonically produced estuaries ; one example is the san francisco bay, which was formed by the crustal movements of the san andreas fault system causing the inundation of the lower reaches of the sacramento and san joaquin rivers. classification based on water circulation in this type of estuary, river output greatly exceeds marine input and tidal effects have a minor importance. fresh water floats on


san andreas fault system causing the inundation of the lower reaches of the sacramento and san joaquin rivers. classification based on water circulation in this type of estuary, river output greatly exceeds marine input and tidal effects have a minor importance. fresh water floats on top of the seawater in a layer that gradually thins as it moves seaward. the denser seawater moves landward along the bottom of the estuary, forming a wedge - shaped layer that is thinner as it approaches land. as a velocity difference develops between the two layers, shear forces generate internal waves at the interface, mixing the seawater upward with the freshwater. an example of a salt wedge estuary is the mississippi river. as tidal forcing increases, river output becomes less than the marine input. here, current induced turbulence causes mixing of the whole water column such that salinity varies more longitudinally rather than vertically, leading to a moderately stratified condition. examples include the chesapeake bay and narragansett bay. tidal mixing forces exceed river output, resulting in a well mixed water column and the disappearance of the vertical salinity gradient. the freshwater - seawater boundary is eliminated due to the intense turbulent mixing and eddy effects. the lower reaches of the delaware bay and the raritan river in new jersey are examples of vertically homogenous estuaries. inverse estuaries occur in dry climates where evaporation greatly exceeds the inflow of fresh water. a salinity maximum zone is formed, and both riverine and oceanic water flow close to the surface towards this zone. this water is pushed downward and spreads along the bottom in both the seaward and landward direction. an example of an inverse estuary is spencer gulf, south australia. ( see also estuarine water circulation ) the most important variable characteristics of estuary water are the concentration of dissolved oxygen, salinity and sediment load. there is extreme spatial variability in salinity, with a range of near zero at the tidal limit of the tributary river ( s ) to 3. 4 % at the estuary mouth. at any one point the salinity will vary considerably over time and seasons, making it a harsh environment for organisms. sediment often settles in intertidal mudflats which are extremely difficult to colonize. no points of attachment exist for algae, so vegetation based habitat is not established [ clarification needed ]. sediment can also clog feeding and respiratory structures of species, and special adaptations exist within mudflat species to cope with this problem. lastly, dissolved oxygen variation can cause problems for life


vegetation based habitat is not established [ clarification needed ]. sediment can also clog feeding and respiratory structures of species, and special adaptations exist within mudflat species to cope with this problem. lastly, dissolved oxygen variation can cause problems for life forms. nutrient - rich sediment from man - made sources can promote primary production life cycles, perhaps leading to eventual decay removing the dissolved oxygen from the water ; thus hypoxic or anoxic zones can develop. implications for marine life estuaries provide habitats for a large number of organisms and support very high productivity. estuaries provide habitats for many fish nurseries, depending upon their locations in the world, such as salmon and sea trout. also, migratory bird populations, such as the black - tailed godwit, limosa limosa islandica make essential use of estuaries. two of the main challenges of estuarine life are the variability in salinity and sedimentation. many species of fish and invertebrates have various methods to control or conform to the shifts in salt concentrations and are termed osmoconformers and osmoregulators. many animals also burrow to avoid predation and to live in the more stable sedimental environment. however, large numbers of bacteria are found within the sediment which have a very high oxygen demand. this reduces the levels of oxygen within the sediment often resulting in partially anoxic conditions, which can be further exacerbated by limited water flux. phytoplankton are key primary producers in estuaries. they move with the water bodies and can be flushed in and out with the tides. their productivity is largely dependant upon the turbidity of the water. the main phytoplankton present are diatoms and dinoflagellates which are abundant in the sediment. as ecosystems, estuaries are under threat from human activities such as pollution and overfishing. they are also threatened by sewage, coastal settlement, land clearance and much more. estuaries are affected by events far upstream, and concentrate materials such as pollutants and sediments. land run - off and industrial, agricultural, and domestic waste enter rivers and are discharged into estuaries. contaminants can be introduced which do not disintegrate rapidly in the marine environment, such as plastics, pesticides, furans, dioxins, phenols and heavy metals. such toxins can accumulate in the tissues of many species of aquatic life in a process called bioaccumulation. they also accumulate in benthic environments


as plastics, pesticides, furans, dioxins, phenols and heavy metals. such toxins can accumulate in the tissues of many species of aquatic life in a process called bioaccumulation. they also accumulate in benthic environments, such as estuaries and bay muds : a geological record of human activities of the last century. estuaries tend to be naturally eutrophic because land runoff discharges nutrients into estuaries. with human activities, land run - off also now includes the many chemicals used as fertilizers in agriculture as well as waste from livestock and humans. excess oxygen depleting chemicals in the water can lead to hypoxia and the creation of dead zones. this can result in reductions in water quality, fish, and other animal populations. overfishing also occurs. chesapeake bay once had a flourishing oyster population which has been almost wiped out by overfishing. historically the oysters filtered the estuary ' s entire water volume of excess nutrients every three or four days. today that process takes almost a year, and sediment, nutrients, and algae can cause problems in local waters. oysters filter these pollutants, and either eat them or shape them into small packets that are deposited on the bottom where they are harmless. - albemarle sound - amazon river - the golden horn - chesapeake bay - delaware bay - drake ' s estero - gippsland lakes - great bay - gulf of saint lawrence - hampton roads - laguna madre - lake borgne - lake pontchartrain - long island sound - mobile bay - narragansett bay - new york - new jersey harbor - ob river - puget sound - pamlico sound - port jackson ( sydney harbour ) - rio de la plata - san francisco bay - shannon estuary - thames estuary - pritchard, d. w. ( 1967 ). " what is an estuary : physical viewpoint ". in lauf, g. h. estuaries. a. a. a. s. publ. 83. washington, dc. pp. 3 – 5. - mclusky, d. s. ; elliott, m. ( 2004 ). the estuarine ecosystem : ecology, threats and management. new york : oxford university press. isbn 0 - 19 - 852508 - 7. - wolanski, e. ( 2007 ). estuarine ecohydrology. amsterdam : elsevier. isbn 978 - 0 - 444 - 53066 - 0. - kunneke


19 - 852508 - 7. - wolanski, e. ( 2007 ). estuarine ecohydrology. amsterdam : elsevier. isbn 978 - 0 - 444 - 53066 - 0. - kunneke, j. t. ; palik, t. f. ( 1984 ). " tampa bay environmental atlas ". u. s. fish wildl. serv. biol. rep. 85 ( 15 ) : 3. retrieved january 12, 2010. - kennish, m. j. ( 1986 ). ecology of estuaries. volume i : physical and chemical aspects. boca raton, fl : crc press. isbn 0 - 8493 - 5892 - 2. - wolanski, e. ( 1986 ). " an evaporation - driven salinity maximum zone in australian tropical estuaries ". estuarine, coastal, and shelf science 22 ( 4 ) : 415 – 424. bibcode : 1986ecss... 22.. 415w. doi : 10. 1016 / 0272 - 7714 ( 86 ) 90065 - x. - tomczak, m. ( 2000 ). " oceanography notes ch. 12 : estuaries ". retrieved 30 november 2006. - day, j. h. ( 1981 ). estuarine ecology. rotterdam : a. a. balkema. isbn 90 - 6191 - 205 - 9. - kaiser ; et al. ( 2005 ). marine ecology. processes, systems and impacts. new york : oxford university press. isbn 019924975x. - gillanders, bronwyn m. ( 2003 ). evidence of connectivity between juvenile and adult habitats for mobile marine fauna : an important component of nurseries. marine ecology progress series. - gill, jennifer a. ( 2001 ). " the buffer effect and large - scale population regulation in migratory birds ". nature 412 ( 6845 ) : 436 – 438. doi : 10. 1038 / 35086568. - ross, d. a. ( 1995 ). introduction to oceanography. new york : harper collins college publishers. isbn 978 - 0 - 673 - 46938 - 0. - " estuaries tutorial ". noaa. retrieved march 25, 2008. - branch, g. ( 1999 ). " estuarine vulnerability and ecological impacts : estuaries of south africa, edited by brian r. allanson and


| | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( december 2007 ) | a hole punch ( known also as a holing pincer, hole puncher, hole maker, or rarely perforator, or paper puncher ) is a common office tool that is used to create holes in sheets of paper, often for the purpose of collecting the sheets in a binder or folder. a leather punch, slightly different from one designed for paper, is used for leather goods. the origins of the hole punch date back to germany via matthias theel, where two early patents for a device designed to " punch holes in paper " have since been discovered. friedrich soennecken made his patent on november 14, 1886, for his papierlocher fur sammelmappen. a typical hole punch, whether a single or multiple hole punch, has a long lever which is used to push a bladed cylinder straight through a number of sheets of paper. as the vertical travel distance of the cylinder is only a few millimeters, it can be positioned within a centimeter of the lever fulcrum. for low volume hole punches, the resulting lever need not be more than 8 cm for sufficient force. two paper guides are needed to line up the paper : one opposite where the paper is inserted, to set the margin distance, and one on an adjacent side. hole punches for industrial volumes ( hundreds of sheets ) feature very long lever arms, but function identically. another mechanism uses hollowed drills which are lowered by a screwing action into the paper. the paper is cut and forced up into the shaft of the drill to be later discarded as tightly packed columns. this method allows a small machine to cut industrial volumes of paper with little effort. the most common standard for the dimensions and location of filing holes punched in paper is international standard iso 838. two holes with a diameter of 6±0. 5 mm are punched into the paper. the centers of these holes are 80±0. 5 mm apart and have a distance of 12±1 mm to the nearest edge of the paper. the holes are located symmetrically in relation to the axis of the sheet or document. any paper format that is at least 100 mm high ( e. g., iso a7 and larger ) can be filed using this system. a printed document with a margin of 20 – 25 mm will accommodate iso 838 filing holes. 4 - hole extension ( " 888 " ) a four - hole extension is also commonly used. the two middle holes are punched in accordance


this system. a printed document with a margin of 20 – 25 mm will accommodate iso 838 filing holes. 4 - hole extension ( " 888 " ) a four - hole extension is also commonly used. the two middle holes are punched in accordance with iso 838, and so paper punched with the four holes can be filed in binders that are consistent with iso 838. the two additional holes are located 80 mm above and below these. the use of two additional holes provides more stability. this extension is sometimes referred to as the " 888 " system, because of the three 8 - cm gaps between the holes. some 2 - hole punches have an " 888 " marking on their paper guide, to assist punching all four holes into a4 paper. for us legal size paper format ( 8 - 1 / 2 " x 14 " or 216x355 mm ) traditionally 4 holes has been used in the past and still in use today but not as common as it sibling the standard 3 holes ( see below ). the 4 holes are preferred due to the extra long length of 14 " side of the paper where the 4 holes would be placed. binders with 4 - rings gives the paper a better support in the binder. were the documents only punched with 3 holes it will with time create sacking of the paper at the top part of the binder above the top ring. the 4 holes are positioned symmetrically 3. 5 " ( 89 mm ) apart ( center to center of each hole ) in regions that use the u. s. " letter " paper format ( 8. 5 " x 11 " or 216×279 mm ; united states, canada, and in part mexico and the philippines ), a three - hole standard is widely used. the holes are positioned symmetrically, with the centres 108 mm ( 4 - 1 / 4 in ) apart. the diameter of the holes varies between manufacturers, with typical values being 6 – 8 mm ( 1 / 4 to 5 / 16 inch ). ( the 5 / 16 value is most commonly used, as it allows for more variation in both ring binder and paper punching. ) the distance of the hole center to the paper edge also varies, with 12 mm ( 1 / 2 inch ) being a typical value. unlike iso 838, this 3 - hole system appears to have no well - established exact specification. it can only be applied to paper formats that are at least 240 mm high. another standard also occasionally used in the united states is a filebinder system


iso 838, this 3 - hole system appears to have no well - established exact specification. it can only be applied to paper formats that are at least 240 mm high. another standard also occasionally used in the united states is a filebinder system. its two holes are positioned symmetrically, with the centres 70 mm ( 2 - 3 / 4 inch ) apart. in sweden, a four - hole national standard is almost exclusively used. the centres of the holes are 21mm, 70mm and 21 mm apart. the guides help keep the paper in a straight line. the official name of this four - hole system is triohalning since it was adapted to the " trio binder " which was awarded swedish patent in 1890. the binder ' s inventor andreas tengwall supposedly named it after a consortium consisting of himself and two companions, i. e., a trio. according to shaugho punchers inc., the ideal 1 hole punch places the centre of the hole punched at 1. 0 cm in from the left of a page and 4. 0 cm down from the top of a page. according to killeen co., the punched hole should between 0. 9 cm and 1. 1 cm from the left hand side of a page and between 3. 9 cm and 4. 1 cm from the top of a page. uses of hole punches single hole punches single hole punches are often used to punch tickets, which indicates its credit has been used, and to make confetti when creating scrapbooks and other paper crafts. for applications needing a variety of hole shapes, a ticket punch may be used. a single hole punch differs from a ticket punch in having a shorter reach and no choice of hole shape. in the united states, single hole punches are often used to punch holes through playing cards, rendering them " used. " this helps cut down on cheating by eliminating any cards that may have been tainted by players. paper drilling is also popular for this purpose. a related office tool is the eyelet punch. this is a single - hole punch which also presses a metal fastening loop around the hole. it is used to permanently secure a few sheets of paper together which must not be separated or modified. multiple hole punches multiple hole punches typically make between one and eight holes at one time, the placement of which matches the spacing of the rings in a binder. for example the filofax system uses six holes in two groups of three. with a few exceptions, two - hole and four - hole punches


at one time, the placement of which matches the spacing of the rings in a binder. for example the filofax system uses six holes in two groups of three. with a few exceptions, two - hole and four - hole punches consistent with iso 838 are the norm. in the united states the three - hole punch is most common. less frequently seen is the two - hole filebinder punch. there are office models available for the perforation of 1 to 150 sheets of paper, and industrial models for up to 470 sheets. most multiple - hole and many single - hole punches accumulate the waste paper circles ( chads ) in a chamber, which must be periodically emptied in order to facilitate the continued operation of the punch. paper drills are machines similar to a drill press that use hollow drill bits to drill through stacks of paper. the hollow bit design allows the chads to be ejected during drilling. paper drills in the united states are most commonly either single - hole or three - hole in construction. - br - online ( german ) - " appletonideas punch resources ". retrieved 2013 - 02 - 12. - " paper punch & cutter resources ". retrieved 2009 - 08 - 12. | wikimedia commons has media related to : hole punchers |


master data management | | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( april 2012 ) | in computing, master data management ( mdm ) comprises a set of processes, governance, policies, standards and tools that consistently defines and manages the master data ( i. e. non - transactional data entities ) of an organization ( which may include reference data ). an mdm tool can be used to support master data management by removing duplicates, standardizing data ( mass maintaining ), incorporating rules to eliminate incorrect data from entering the system in order to create an authoritative source of master data. master data are the products, accounts and parties for which the business transactions are completed. the root cause problem stems from business unit and product line segmentation, in which the same customer will be serviced by different product lines, with redundant data being entered about the customer ( aka party in the role of customer ) and account in order to process the transaction. the redundancy of party and account data is compounded in the front to back office life cycle, where the authoritative single source for the party, account and product data is needed but is often once again redundantly entered or augmented. mdm has the objective of providing processes for collecting, aggregating, matching, consolidating, quality - assuring, persisting and distributing such data throughout an organization to ensure consistency and control in the ongoing maintenance and application use of this information. the term recalls the concept of a master file from an earlier computing era. at a basic level, mdm seeks to ensure that an organization does not use multiple ( potentially inconsistent ) versions of the same master data in different parts of its operations, which can occur in large organizations. a common example of poor mdm is the scenario of a bank at which a customer has taken out a mortgage and the bank begins to send mortgage solicitations to that customer, ignoring the fact that the person already has a mortgage account relationship with the bank. this happens because the customer information used by the marketing section within the bank lacks integration with the customer information used by the customer services section of the bank. thus the two groups remain unaware that an existing customer is also considered a sales lead. the process of record linkage is used to associate different records that correspond to the same entity, in this case the same person. other problems include ( for example ) issues with the quality of data, consistent classification and identification of data, and data - reconciliation issues. master data management of disparate data systems requires data transformations as the data extracted


in this case the same person. other problems include ( for example ) issues with the quality of data, consistent classification and identification of data, and data - reconciliation issues. master data management of disparate data systems requires data transformations as the data extracted from the disparate source data system is transformed and loaded into the master data management hub. to synchronize the disparate source master data, the managed master data extracted from the master data management hub is again transformed and loaded into the disparate source data system as the master data is updated. as with other extract, transform, load - based data movement, these processes are expensive and inefficient to develop and to maintain which greatly reduces the return on investment for the master data management product. one of the most common reasons some large corporations experience massive issues with mdm is growth through mergers or acquisitions. two organizations which merge will typically create an entity with duplicate master data ( since each likely had at least one master database of its own prior to the merger ). ideally, database administrators resolve this problem through deduplication of the master data as part of the merger. in practice, however, reconciling several master data systems can present difficulties because of the dependencies that existing applications have on the master databases. as a result, more often than not the two systems do not fully merge, but remain separate, with a special reconciliation process defined that ensures consistency between the data stored in the two systems. over time, however, as further mergers and acquisitions occur, the problem multiplies, more and more master databases appear, and data - reconciliation processes become extremely complex, and consequently unmanageable and unreliable. because of this trend, one can find organizations with 10, 15, or even as many as 100 separate, poorly integrated master databases, which can cause serious operational problems in the areas of customer satisfaction, operational efficiency, decision - support, and regulatory compliance. processes commonly seen in mdm solutions include source identification, data collection, data transformation, normalization, rule administration, error detection and correction, data consolidation, data storage, data distribution, data classification, taxonomy services, item master creation, schema mapping, product codification, data enrichment and data governance the tools include data networks, file systems, a data warehouse, data marts, an operational data store, data mining, data analysis, data virtualization, data federation and data visualization. one of the newest tools, virtual master data management ( also called virtual mdm ) utilizes data virtualization


data warehouse, data marts, an operational data store, data mining, data analysis, data virtualization, data federation and data visualization. one of the newest tools, virtual master data management ( also called virtual mdm ) utilizes data virtualization and a persistent metadata server to implement a multi - level automated mdm hierarchy. the selection of entities considered for mdm depends somewhat on the nature of an organization. in the common case of commercial enterprises, mdm may apply to such entities as customer ( customer data integration ), product ( product information management ), employee, and vendor. mdm processes identify the sources from which to collect descriptions of these entities. in the course of transformation and normalization, administrators adapt descriptions to conform to standard formats and data domains, making it possible to remove duplicate instances of any entity. such processes generally result in an organizational mdm repository, from which all requests for a certain entity instance produce the same description, irrespective of the originating sources and the requesting destination. criticism of mdm solutions the value and current approaches to mdm have come under criticism due to some parties claiming large costs and low return on investment from major mdm solution providers. - reference data - master data - record linkage - data steward - data visualization - customer data integration - data integration - information as a service - product information management - identity resolution - enterprise information integration - linked data - semantic web - data governance - operational data store - form, fit and function - single customer view - master data management at the open directory project - microsoft : the what, why, and how of master data management - microsoft : master data management ( mdm ) hub architecture - polarlake : reference data management ( rdm ) and governance - open methodology for master data management - semarchy : why do i need mdm? ( video ) - mdm community - mdm landscape


| music and dance during a one flower ceremony, from the florentine codex. | | regions with significant populations | | related ethnic groups | other nahua peoples | | this section relies largely or entirely upon a single source. ( september 2009 ) | the mexica ( nahuatl : mexihcah, [ meːˈʃiʔkaʔ ] ; the singular is mexihcatl [ meːˈʃiʔkatɬ ] ) or mexicas — called aztecs in occidental historiography, although this term is not limited to the mexica — were an indigenous people of the valley of mexico, known today as the rulers of the aztec empire. the mexica were a nahua people who founded their two cities tenochtitlan and tlatelolco on raised islets in lake texcoco around ad 1200. after the rise of the tenochca mexica, they came to dominate the other mexica city - state tlatelolco. the mexica are eponymous of the placename mexico mexihco [ meːˈʃiʔko ]. this refers to the interconnected settlements in the valley which became the site of what is now mexico city, which held natural, geographical, and population advantages as the metropolitan center of the region of the future mexican state. this area was expanded upon in the wake of the spanish conquest and administered from the former aztec capital as new spain. like many of the peoples around them, the mexica spoke nahuatl. the form of nahuatl used in the 16th century, when it began to be written in the alphabet brought by the spanish, is known as classical nahuatl. nahuatl is still spoken today by over 1. 5 million people. - nahuatl dictionary. ( 1997 ). wired humanities project. university of oregon. retrieved august 29, 2012, from link - andrews ( 2003 ) : p. 500.


a notary public ( or notary or public notary ) in the common law world is a public officer constituted by law to serve the public in non - contentious matters usually concerned with estates, deeds, powers - of - attorney, and foreign and international business. a notary ' s main functions are to administer oaths and affirmations, take affidavits and statutory declarations, witness and authenticate the execution of certain classes of documents, take acknowledgments of deeds and other conveyances, protest notes and bills of exchange, provide notice of foreign drafts, prepare marine or ship ' s protests in cases of damage, provide exemplifications and notarial copies, and perform certain other official acts depending on the jurisdiction. any such act is known as a notarization. the term notary public only refers to common - law notaries and should not be confused with civil - law notaries. with the exceptions of louisiana, puerto rico, quebec, whose private law is based on civil law, and british columbia, whose notarial tradition stems from scrivener notary practice, a notary public in the rest of the united states and most of canada has powers that are far more limited than those of civil - law or other common - law notaries, both of whom are qualified lawyers admitted to the bar : such notaries may be referred to as notaries - at - law or lawyer notaries. therefore, at common law, notarial service is distinct from the practice of law, and giving legal advice and preparing legal instruments is forbidden to lay notaries such as those appointed throughout most of the united states of america. notaries are appointed by a government authority, such as a court or lieutenant governor, or by a regulating body often known as a society or faculty of notaries public. for lawyer notaries, an appointment may be for life, while lay notaries are usually commissioned for a briefer term, with the possibility of renewal. in most common law countries, appointments and their number for a given notarial district are highly regulated. however, since the majority of american notaries are lay persons who provide officially required services, commission numbers are not regulated, which is part of the reason why there are far more notaries in the united states than in other countries ( 4. 5 million vs. approx. 740 in england and wales and approx. 1, 250 in australia and new zealand ). furthermore, all u. s. and some canadian notarial functions


there is a course of study for notaries which is conducted under the auspices of the university of cambridge and the society of notaries of england and wales. in the state of victoria, australia, applicants for appointment must first complete a graduate diploma of notarial practice which is administered by the sir zelman cowen centre in victoria university, melbourne. in bi - juridical jurisdictions, such as south africa or louisiana, the office of notary public is a legal profession with educational requirements similar to those for attorneys. many even have institutes of higher learning that offer degrees in notarial law. therefore, despite their name, " notaries public " in these jurisdictions are in effect civil law notaries. notaries public ( also called " notaries ", " notarial officers ", or " public notaries " ) hold an office which can trace its origins back to the ancient roman republic, before cicero 106 - 43 b. c., when they were called scribae ( " scribes " ), tabellius ( " writer " ), or notarius ( " notary " ). they are easily the oldest continuing branch of the legal profession worldwide. the history of notaries is set out in detail in chapter 1 of brooke ' s notary ( 13th edition ) : - the office of a public notary is a public office. it has a long and distinguished history. the office has its origin in the civil institutions of ancient rome. public officials, called scribae, that is to say, scribes, rose in rank from being mere recorders of facts and judicial proceedings, copiers and transcribers to a learned profession prominent in private and public affairs. some were permanent officials attached to the senate and courts of law whose duties were to record public proceedings, transcribe state papers, supply magistrates with legal forms, and register the decrees and judgments of magistrates. - in the last century of the republic, probably in the time of cicero, and apparently by his adoptive son marcus tullius tiro, after whom they were named ' notae tironianae ' a new form of shorthand was invented and certain arbitrary marks and signs, called notae, were substituted for words in common use. a writer who adopted the new method was called a notarius. originally, a notary was one who took down statements in shorthand using these notes, and wrote them out in the form of memoranda or minutes. later, the title notarius was applied almost


method was called a notarius. originally, a notary was one who took down statements in shorthand using these notes, and wrote them out in the form of memoranda or minutes. later, the title notarius was applied almost exclusively to registrars attached to high government officials, including provincial governors and secretaries to the emperor. - notwithstanding the collapse of the western empire in the 5th century ad, the notary remained a figure of some importance in many parts of continental europe throughout the dark ages. when the civil law experienced its renaissance in medieval italy from the 12th century onwards, the notary was established as a central institution of that law, a position which still obtains in countries whose legal systems are derived from the civil law, including most of europe and south america. the office of notary reached its apogee in the italian city of bologna in the twelfth century, its most distinguished scion being rolandino passeggeri generally known as rolandino of bologna, who died in 1300 ad, whose masterwork was the summa artis notariae. - the separate development of the common law in england, free from most of the influences of roman law, meant that notaries were not introduced into england until later in the 13th and 14th centuries. at first, notaries in england were appointed by the papal legate. in 1279 the archbishop of canterbury was authorized by the pope to appoint notaries. not surprisingly, in those early days, many of the notaries were members of the clergy. in the course of time, members of the clergy ceased to take part in secular business and laymen, especially in towns and trading centres, began to assume the official character and functions of a modern common law notary. - the reformation produced no material change in the position and functions of notaries in england. however, in 1533 the enactment of " the act concerning peter ' s pence and dispensations " ( the ecclesiastical licences act 1533 ) terminated the power of the pope to appoint notaries and vested that power in the king who then transferred it to the archbishop of canterbury who in assigned it to the court of faculties and the master of the faculties. - traditionally, notaries recorded matters of judicial importance as well as private transactions or events where an officially authenticated record or a document drawn up with professional skill or knowledge was required. common law jurisdictions the duties and functions of notaries public are described in brooke ' s notary on page 19 in these terms : - generally speaking, a not


an officially authenticated record or a document drawn up with professional skill or knowledge was required. common law jurisdictions the duties and functions of notaries public are described in brooke ' s notary on page 19 in these terms : - generally speaking, a notary public [... ] may be described as an officer of the law [... ] whose public office and duty it is to draw, attest or certify under his official seal deeds and other documents, including wills or other testamentary documents, conveyances of real and personal property and powers of attorney ; to authenticate such documents under his signature and official seal in such a manner as to render them acceptable, as proof of the matters attested by him, to the judicial or other public authorities in the country where they are to be used, whether by means of issuing a notarial certificate as to the due execution of such documents or by drawing them in the form of public instruments ; to keep a protocol containing originals of all instruments which he makes in the public form and to issue authentic copies of such instruments ; to administer oaths and declarations for use in proceedings [... ] to note or certify transactions relating to negotiable instruments, and to draw up protests or other formal papers relating to occurrences on the voyages of ships and their navigation as well as the carriage of cargo in ships. " [ footnotes omitted. ] a notary, in almost all common law jurisdictions other than most of north america, is a practitioner trained in the drafting and execution of legal documents. notaries traditionally recorded matters of judicial importance as well as private transactions or events where an officially authenticated record or a document drawn up with professional skill or knowledge was required. the functions of notaries specifically include the preparation of certain types of documents ( including international contracts, deeds, wills, and powers of attorney ) and certification of their due execution, administering of oaths, witnessing affidavits and statutory declarations, certification of copy documents, noting and protesting of bills of exchange, and the preparation of ships ' protests. documents certified by notaries are sealed with the notary ' s seal or stamp and are recorded by the notary in a register ( also called a " protocol " ) maintained and permanently kept by him or her. these are known as " notarial acts ". in countries subscribing to the hague convention abolishing the requirement of legalization for foreign public documents or apostille convention, only one further act of certification is required, known


. these are known as " notarial acts ". in countries subscribing to the hague convention abolishing the requirement of legalization for foreign public documents or apostille convention, only one further act of certification is required, known as an apostille, and is issued by a government department ( usually the foreign affairs department or similar ). for countries which are not subscribers to that convention, an " authentication " or " legalization " must be provided by one of a number of methods, including by the foreign affairs ministry of the country from which the document is being sent or the embassy, consulate - general, consulate or high commission of the country to which it is being sent. information on individual countries in all australian states and territories ( except queensland ) notaries public are appointed by the supreme court of the relevant state or territory. very few have been appointed as a notary for more than one state or territory. most australian notaries are lawyers, but the overall number of lawyers who choose to become a notary is relatively low. for example, in south australia ( a state with a population of 1. 5 million ), of the over 2, 500 lawyers in that state only about 100 are also notaries and most of those do not actively practice as such. in melbourne, victoria, in 2002 there were only 66 notaries for a city with a population of 3. 5 million and only 90 for the entire state. compare this with the united states where it has been estimated that there are nearly 5 million notaries for a nation with a population of 296 million. as justice debelle of the supreme court of south australia said in the case of in the matter of an application by marilyn reys bos to be a public notary sasc 320, delivered 12 september 2003, in refusing the application by a non - lawyer for appointment as a notary : as a general rule, an applicant [ for appointment as a notary ] should be a legal practitioner of several years standing at least. even a cursory perusal of texts on the duties and functions of a public notary demonstrates that a number of those functions and duties require at the very least a sound working knowledge of australian law and commercial practice. in other words, the preparation of a notarial act plainly requires a sound knowledge of law and practice in australia especially of the due preparation and execution of commercial and contractual instruments. it is essential that notaries in this state have a sufficient level of training, qualification and status to enable them efficiently and effectively to


plainly requires a sound knowledge of law and practice in australia especially of the due preparation and execution of commercial and contractual instruments. it is essential that notaries in this state have a sufficient level of training, qualification and status to enable them efficiently and effectively to discharge the functions of the office. historically there have been some very rare examples of patent attorneys or accountants being appointed, but that now seems to have ceased. however, there are three significant differences between notaries and other lawyers. - the duty of a notary is to the transaction as a whole, and not just to one of the parties. in certain circumstances a notary may act for both parties to a transaction as long as there is no conflict between them, and in such cases it his or her duty is to ensure that the transaction that they conclude is fair to both sides. - a notary will often need to place and complete a special clause onto or attach a special page ( known as an eschatocol ) to a document in order to make it valid for use overseas. - in the case of some documents which are to be used in some foreign countries it may also be necessary to obtain another certificate known either as an " authentication " or an " apostille " ( see above ) ( depending on the relevant foreign country ) from the department of foreign affairs and trade. - a notary identifies himself or herself on documents by the use of his or her individual seal. such seals have historical origins and are regarded by most other countries as of great importance for establishing the authenticity of a document. their principal duties include : - attestation of documents and certification of their due execution for use in australia and internationally - preparation and certification of powers of attorney, wills, deeds, contracts and other legal documents for use in australia and internationally - administering of oaths for use in australia and internationally - witnessing affidavits, statutory declarations and other documents for use in australia and internationally - certification of copy documents for use australia and internationally - exemplification of official documents for use internationally - noting and protesting of bills of exchange - preparation of ships ' protests - providing certificates as to australian law and legal practice although it was once usual for australian notaries to use an embossed seal with a red wafer, some now use a red inked stamp that contains the notary ' s full name and the words " notary public ". it is also common for the seal or stamp to include the notary ' s chosen logo or symbol. in south australia and scotland, it is


inked stamp that contains the notary ' s full name and the words " notary public ". it is also common for the seal or stamp to include the notary ' s chosen logo or symbol. in south australia and scotland, it is acceptable for a notary to use the letters " np " after their name. thus a south australian notary may have " john smith llb np " or similar on his business card or letterhead. australian notaries do not hold " commissions " which can expire. generally, once appointed they are authorized to act as a notary for life and can only be " struck off " the roll of notaries for proven misconduct. in certain states, for example, new south wales and victoria, they cease to be qualified to continue as a notary once they cease to hold a practising certificate as a legal practitioner. even judges, who do not hold practising certificates, are not eligible to continue to practise as notaries. all australian jurisdictions also have justices of the peace ( jp ) or commissioners for affidavits and other unqualified persons who are qualified to take affidavits or statutory declarations and to certify documents. however they can only do so if the relevant affidavit, statutory declaration or copy document is to be used only in australia rather than in a foreign country, with the possible exception of a few commonwealth countries not including the united kingdom or new zealand except for very limited purposes. justices of the peace ( jps ) are ( usually ) laypersons who have minimal, if any, training ( depending on the jurisdiction ) but are of proven good character. therefore a us notary resembles an australian jp rather than an australian notary. canadian notaries public ( except in the province of british columbia and quebec ) are very much like their american counterparts, generally restricted to administering oaths, witnessing signatures on affidavits and statutory declarations, providing acknowledgements, certifying true copies, and so forth. in british columbia, a notary public is more like a british or australian notary. notaries are appointed for life by the supreme court of british columbia and as a self - regulating profession, the society of notaries public of british columbia is the regulatory body overseeing and setting standards to maintain public confidence. furthermore, bc notaries exercise far greater power, able to dispense legal advice and draft public instruments including : - notarizations / attestations of signatures, affidavits, statutory


overseeing and setting standards to maintain public confidence. furthermore, bc notaries exercise far greater power, able to dispense legal advice and draft public instruments including : - notarizations / attestations of signatures, affidavits, statutory declarations, certified true copies, letters of invitation for foreign travel, authorization of minor child travel, execution / authentications of international documents, passport application documentation, proof of identity for travel purposes - real estate law - wills & estate planning - contract law - preparation of contracts and agreements, commercial lease and assignments - easements and right of way - insurance loss declarations - marine bills of sale & mortgages - marine protestations - personal property security agreements - purchaser ' s side for foreclosures - subdivisions & statutory building schemes - zoning applications in nova scotia a person may be a notary public, a commissioner of oaths, or both. a notary public and a commissioner of oaths are regulated by the provincial notaries and commissioners act. individuals hold a commission granted to them by the minister of justice. under the act a notary public in has the " power of drawing, passing, keeping and issuing all deeds and contracts, charter - parties and other mercantile transactions in this province, and also of attesting all commercial instruments brought before him for public protestation, and otherwise of acting as is usual in the office of notary, and may demand, receive and have all the rights, profits and emoluments rightfully appertaining and belonging to the said calling of notary during pleasure. " under the act a commissioner of oaths is " authorized to administer oaths and take and receive affidavits, declarations and affirmations within the province in and concerning any cause, matter or thing, depending or to be had in the supreme court, or any other court in the province. " every barrister of the supreme court of nova scotia is a commissioner of oaths but must receive an additional commission to act as a notary public. " a commissioner of oaths is deemed to be an officer of the supreme court of nova scotia. commissioners take declarations concerning any matter to come before a court in the province. ". additionally, individuals with other specific qualifications, such as being a current member of the legislative assembly, commissioned officer of the royal canadian mounted police or canadian forces make act as if explicitly being a commissioner of oaths. in quebec civil - law notaries ( notaires ) are full lawyers licensed to practice notarial law.


the legislative assembly, commissioned officer of the royal canadian mounted police or canadian forces make act as if explicitly being a commissioner of oaths. in quebec civil - law notaries ( notaires ) are full lawyers licensed to practice notarial law. quebec notaries draft and prepare major legal instruments ( notarial acts ), provide complex legal advice, represent clients ( out of court ) and make appearances on their behalf, act as arbitrator, mediator, or conciliator, and even act as a court commissioner in non - contentious matters. to become a notary in quebec, a candidate must hold a bachelor ' s degree in civil law and a one - year master ' s in notarial law and serve a traineeship ( stage ) before being admitted to practice. the concept of notaries public in quebec does not exist. instead, the province has commissioners of oaths ( commissaires de l < assermentation ) which serve to authenticate legal documents at a fixed maximal rate of 5. 00 $ cad. the central government appoints notaries for the whole or any part of the country. state governments, too, appoint notaries for the whole or any part of the states. on an application being made, any person who had been practicing as a lawyer for at least 10 years is eligible to be appointed a notary. the applicant, if not a legal practitioner, should be a member of the indian legal service or have held an office under the central or state government, requiring special knowledge of law, after enrollment as an advocate or held an office in the department of judge, advocate - general or in the armed forces. notary public is a trained lawyer that should pass some special exams to be able to open his office and start his work. persian meaning of this word is سردفتر means head of the office and his assistant called دفتریار. both these persons should have bachelor degree in law or master degree in civil - law. there is archival evidence showing that public notaries, acting pursuant to papal and imperial authority, practised in ireland in the 13th century and it is reasonable to assume that notaries functioned here before that time. in ireland, public notaries were at various times appointed by the archbishop of canterbury and the archbishop of armagh. the position remained so until the reformation. after the reformation, persons appointed to the office of public notary either in great britain or ireland received the faculty by royal authority and appointments under faculty from the pope and the


of canterbury and the archbishop of armagh. the position remained so until the reformation. after the reformation, persons appointed to the office of public notary either in great britain or ireland received the faculty by royal authority and appointments under faculty from the pope and the emperor ceased. in 1871, under the matrimonial causes and marriage law ( ireland ) amendment 1870, the jurisdiction previously exercised by the archbishop of armagh in the appointment of notaries was vested in and became exercisable by the lord chancellor of ireland. in 1920, the power to appoint notaries public was transferred to the lord lieutenant of ireland. the position in ireland changed once again in 1924 following the establishment of the irish free state. under the courts of justice act, 1924 the jurisdiction over notaries public was transferred to the chief justice of the irish free state. in 1961, under the courts ( supplemental provisions ) act of that year, and the power to appoint notaries public became exercisable by the chief justice. this remains the position in ireland, where notaries are appointed on petition to the supreme court, after passing prescribed examinations. the governing body is the faculty of notaries public in ireland. the vast majority of notaries in ireland are also solicitors. a non - solicitor, who was successful in the examinations as set by the governing body, applied to the chief justice to be appointed a notary public. the chief justice heard the adjourned application on 3 march 2009 and appointed the non - solicitor as a notary on 18 july 2011. unless excluded under dominion or colonial law, the master of the faculties formerly had authority to appoint notaries public in a dominion or colony. the admission of notaries in the commonwealth was governed specifically by the public notaries act 1833 ( uk ). the provisions of the public notaries act 1801 - 43 requiring a notary to be a solicitor did not apply overseas, nor need a notary have a practicing certificate as a solicitor, or from the court of faculties. the usual procedure followed is that the applicant lodges with the court of faculties a memorial counter - signed by local merchants, shipping companies, bankers and other persons of substance, which show the local need of a notary and the fitness of the applicant. they also lodge their certificate of admission as a solicitor. a fee accompanies the application. the applicant, with the support of two other notaries public, who vouch that the applicant is well skilled in the affairs of notarial concern, petitions the master of the faculties. the chief consideration for the


fee accompanies the application. the applicant, with the support of two other notaries public, who vouch that the applicant is well skilled in the affairs of notarial concern, petitions the master of the faculties. the chief consideration for the approval of an application is whether there is sufficient need in the district, regarding the convenience of bankers, ship - owners and merchants. the local society of notaries must be satisfied that a need exists for an additional notary in the area served by the applicant. priority is given, as a matter of practice, to an applicant within the same firm, as a replacement in the case of the death of a notary, or where a practicing notary is reducing his or her workload because of age or infirmity. the master of the faculties continues to appoint notaries overseas in the exercise of the general authorities granted by s 3 of the ecclesiastical licenses act 1533 ( eng ). in these cases he is guided by local considerations of public convenience. until 1973 a separate group of lawyers existed to carry out litigation known as proctors. a proctor was not a practitioner in a court of law. these were also known as notaries. however since 1973 the legal practitioners were classed solely as attorneys at law combining the former advocates and proctors. this new position of attorney at law brought with it automatic appointment as a notary public when the practitioner took oaths as an attorney at law, thus becoming legally qualified for litigation. in general notary is practiced by legal lawyers. england and wales after the passage of the 1533 act, which was a direct result of the reformation in england, all notary appointments were issued directly through the court of faculties. the court of faculties is attached to the office of the archbishop of canterbury. in england and wales there are several classes of notaries. english notaries who, like solicitors, barristers, legal executives and licensed conveyancers, are also commissioners for oaths, also acquire the same powers as solicitors and other law practitioners, with the exception of the right to represent others before the courts ( unless also members of the bar or admitted as a solicitor ) once they are licensed or commissioned notaries. in practice almost all english notaries, and all scottish ones, are also solicitors, but typically do not perform such services. commissioners of oaths are able to undertake the bulk of routine domestic attestation work within the uk, and many documents, including signatures for normal property transactions, do not need professional attestation of signature at all,