the array of official privileges that made the suv possible all had as a necessary precondition its classification as a light truck. this was not unreasonable, given that suvs began by being mounted on the chassis of pick - up trucks. american motors, maker of the jeep, lobbied successfully for this decision in the early 1970s, at a time when any other choice risked putting that company out of business. light trucks had the political advantage that they were driven by farmers and small businessmen, often self - employed. also, because they were a tiny fraction of the automotive market, regulators and environmentalists discounted their importance. many favors followed. there were tax breaks. in 1978 congress enacted a gas guzzler tax applying to the purchase price of cars that exceeded mileage standards — sports cars, principally — but not to light trucks. after 1984, depreciation rules in the tax code enabled purchasers of light trucks, but not luxury cars, to write the cost off if they used the vehicles for business purposes. the change was meant to close a loophole that had enabled real estate agents, for example, to write off the cost of a cadillac or lincoln sedan. in 1990 congress exempted light trucks from a 10 percent luxury tax that it imposed on cars costing more than $ 30, 000. there were looser standards or no standards for fuel mileage, safety, and emissions. the car mileage standard reached 27. 5 miles per gallon in the mid - 1980s, whereas the light truck standard leveled off at 20. 5 miles per gallon. safety rules regarding headrests, steel beams inside doors, stopping distances, bumper heights, and the durability of tires were applied to cars but not light trucks. the clean air act of 1990 limited car emissions to 0. 4 gram of nitrogen oxides per mile but allowed 1. 1 gram for pick - ups. with different political origins, there were also tariff protections. the light trucks of foreign manufacturers are subject to a tariff of 25 percent. initially, officials made these decisions without anticipating their effects on the automotive industry. the heavy tariff on light trucks grew out of a dispute with western europe over american exports of frozen chickens in the early 1960s. a staff economist who worked on automotive taxes in congress told bradsher, " nobody anticipated the move to make... sport utilities into limousines. there were no such things as the lincoln continentals of sport utility vehicles.... " another innocent decision - maker was the redoubtable joan claybrook, head of the national highway traffic


make... sport utilities into limousines. there were no such things as the lincoln continentals of sport utility vehicles.... " another innocent decision - maker was the redoubtable joan claybrook, head of the national highway traffic safety administration ( nhtsa ) during the carter administration, who increased the gross vehicle weight limit for light trucks, beyond which fuel economy standards would not apply, to 8, 500 pounds. at the time, this seemed like a high number. claybrook raised the exemption limit from 6, 000 pounds because manufacturers had begun exceeding the lower number in order to escape regulation. predictably, in time they exceeded the higher number as well, and today they manufacture suvs with weights of 8, 550 to 8, 600 pounds, thus escaping all fuel - economy regulations and some emission standards as well. in time, washington ' s protections became knowing and purposeful. why not? suv ' s were the salvation of the domestic automobile industry, whose demise had been chronicled by brock yates and david halberstam in the 1980s. unable to compete with japan in the manufacture of heavily - regulated cars, the american industry would rise once more — high, mighty, and artfully gaming the government ' s rules — on the axles of the suv. there were two breakthroughs. one came in the mid - 1980s with the popularity of the jeep cherokee, a mid - sized suv with four doors and two rows of seats, which made it suitable for families. mid - size suvs went from one - tenth of one percent of the auto market in 1980 to 3. 55 percent in 1989. whereupon chrysler bought american motors for $ 1. 5 billion in order to get the jeep division and ford and general motors made plans to build their own mid - sized suvs. ford ' s explorer and gm ' s chevy blazer were instantly popular when they debuted in 1990. the breakthrough in the luxury class came after the lenient air quality standards of 1990 enabled manufacturers to build suvs with bigger engines. by 1996 they commanded half of the luxury market, and new models continued to appear, such as the lincoln navigator in 1997 and the cadillac escalade in 1998. the triumph of the suv, now leather - seated for a manhattan soiree, was complete. suv sales in 2001 passed those of mid - sized cars, a category that includes the honda accord, toyota camry, ford taurus, and volkswagen passat. no wonder that politicians of both parties combined in 2001 to defeat higher mileage standards for light


sales in 2001 passed those of mid - sized cars, a category that includes the honda accord, toyota camry, ford taurus, and volkswagen passat. no wonder that politicians of both parties combined in 2001 to defeat higher mileage standards for light trucks. the vote in the house was 269 to 160, and in the senate, 62 to 38. michigan ' s 75 - year - old john dingell, the longest - serving member of the house, put an avuncular arm around bradsher ' s shoulder at a political deck party at dingell ' s house, and confided that he looked forward to more such votes. " i see things with great objectivity, " he said, " and a strong auto industry is in the interests of this country. " bradsher does not absolve the industry from responsibility for making an unsafe product, prone to killing its occupants in rollovers and spearing objects ( and people ) with its steel truck frame in collisions. yet this book is not the anti - industry polemic that reviews such as gregg easterbrook ' s in the new republic ( " axle of evil, " jan. 20, 2003 ) would lead one to expect. blurbs to the contrary notwithstanding, keith bradsher is not ralph nader. he locates the industry ' s political power more in the uaw and in dealerships than in the corporate heads, who are not especially big campaign contributors. he gives william clay ford credit for wanting to swim against the corporate tide and sell social responsibility before capsizing in the vicious family fight with firestone over who was to blame for rollovers of the explorer. bradsher is also even - handed enough to ask where the environmental movement was while suvs were overtaking cars, and to answer that its leaders were driving suvs and giving priority to saving whales. implicitly, without being immodest about his own superior coverage of the industry, he places some responsibility on the automotive press, which the industry woos with junkets to the himalayas. there, reporters who love to drive can test the ability of suvs to climb peaks higher than any to be found in the suburbs of los angeles, miami, or manhattan, the more usual venue of the vehicle type. nor does bradsher spare the purchasers, who are impossible to portray as hapless victims of an exploitative industry when they are among the country ' s wealthiest and best - educated adults. he says they fear crime and have fantasies about life in the rough, off - road. yet it


who are impossible to portray as hapless victims of an exploitative industry when they are among the country ' s wealthiest and best - educated adults. he says they fear crime and have fantasies about life in the rough, off - road. yet it is not evident that consumers have demanded the high ride they get with suvs. under the government ' s regulations, an suv can qualify as a light truck only if the manufacturer vouches that it is " capable of off - highway operation. " this requires considerable ground clearance. the high ride may have more to do with the industry ' s perfectly predictable exploitation of the government ' s rules than manhattanites ' wanting to pretend that they live in the mountains. bradsher ends pessimistically, arguing that the menace of suvs will grow as they spread to other countries where there are more pedestrians and cyclists, with fewer curbs and sidewalks, while in this country used vehicles will trickle down to drivers less skilled, responsible, and educated than the original purchasers. bradsher sees few ways to minimize the harms of existing suvs other than to raise gasoline taxes, raise liability insurers ' rates so as to penalize models with poor safety records, and prohibit the use of grille guards in cities, where the chances of fatal accidents are greatest. to govern future production, he urges nhtsa to set standards for stability, crash compatibility ( to safeguard occupants of other vehicles ), and headlight heights. he would close tax loopholes and tighten emission standards, but fuel economy he concedes to be a very complicated matter, hard to regulate without perverse consequences. before doing anything else, he would have congress eliminate the distinction between cars and light trucks on the theory that this would encourage manufacturers to make more cars in order to keep their fleet averages within regulatory standards. bradsher takes no comfort in the rise of so - called crossover utility vehicles, which are built on car platforms with unitized bodies and car powertrains modified for all - wheel drive. established by toyota with the rav4 and lexus rx300, this tamer type quickly became popular after 1996, especially with women. it now includes domestic versions — the ford escape, pontiac aztec, and buick rendezvous. growth is expected to continue as new models appear, including this year the volvo xc90, which is being heavily advertised for safety features ( " the first suv in the world with roll stability control " ) and freedom from guilt ( " the first suv in the world to transform ozone into oxygen " ).


this year the volvo xc90, which is being heavily advertised for safety features ( " the first suv in the world with roll stability control " ) and freedom from guilt ( " the first suv in the world to transform ozone into oxygen " ). bradsher objects that consumers are using crossovers to replace cars rather than bigger suvs and that manufacturers use them to game mileage standards by bringing down fleet averages. yet the fact is that since crossovers were introduced, sales of the larger suvs have leveled off. at the beginning of 2003, sellers for the first time were offering huge rebates on the biggest models — as much as $ 8, 500 on the ford expedition and $ 6, 600 on the dodge durango. meanwhile, crossovers have become the fastest growing segment of the automotive market, with unit sales up by 78 percent in 2000, 87 percent in 2001, and 23 percent in 2002. the mileage of crossovers almost equals that of cars. to meet regulatory requirements, their manufacturers still claim that they are capable of off - road travel, but the engineering evidence for this is modest, as in skid plates that protect their engines and transmissions from rock damage or tires that can grip in mud. they could make their way up a rutted mountain road to an owner ' s second home, but not haul a horse trailer or boat. they are easier to handle and park than big suvs, and have a quieter ride. at least for the occupants of other vehicles, they are presumably safer than the higher - riding suvs built on truck frames that puncture their crash objects with steel. one wonders what american highways would look like if car - based utility vehicles had been manufactured at the beginning of the suv boom instead of ten years later. did the menacing version prevail initially because it appealed to the " darkest shadows of human nature, " in bradsher ' s lugubrious phrase, or because the industry ' s economics and the government ' s regulations perversely interacted to propel it to predominance? indubitably popular, it may not in the long run prove to be more so than a scaled - back, smoother riding, more sensible alternative. perhaps it is not claiming too much to interpret crossovers as consumers ' modestly qualified contribution to the current backlash against suvs. if the big ones do suffer a prolonged decline, at least relatively, it is hard to predict the extent to which bradsher ' s book will be credited. easterbrook compares bradsher to nad


##ly qualified contribution to the current backlash against suvs. if the big ones do suffer a prolonged decline, at least relatively, it is hard to predict the extent to which bradsher ' s book will be credited. easterbrook compares bradsher to nader and ida tarbell but then complains that no one is paying attention to him. with less information but more punch, critics ranging from arianna huffington to the evangelical environmental network ( " what would jesus drive? " ) have dramatized the issue. the bush administration ' s head of nhtsa, jeffrey runge, said he would not let one of his children drive an suv with a poor safety record if it was the last one on earth. while the backlash rages on billboards and tv — with help from higher gas prices and the publicity given to rollovers — the author is half a world away, now serving as the times ' s bureau chief in hong kong. bradsher ' s well - researched book deserves a wide audience among connoisseurs of public policy. from paints to pesticides, cellphones to shower heads, today ' s consumer products are often profoundly shaped by government ' s decisions, mostly in ways that citizens do not perceive and often with effects that the office - holders do not anticipate. " we cannot regulate ourselves out of this mess, " runge remarked in exasperation at suvs. perhaps not. but to a considerable extent, we regulated ourselves into it.


in northeast ohio, coyotes trot across runways at burke lakefront airport within sight of cleveland ' s skyscrapers, and dodge traffic on busy highways like u. s. 422 near solon. in chicago a couple of years ago, one sauntered into a sandwich shop in the downtown loop and plopped down in the beverage cooler. in new york, a frisky 35 - pound male led cops, reporters and tv news helicopters on an hours - long romp around central park before being shot with a tranquilizer dart. once the denizens of southwestern deserts and great plains prairies, mobile and highly adaptable coyotes have been on a relentless eastward march for much of the 20th century, aided by suburban land - clearing and the elimination of their chief competitor, the gray wolf. beginning in the 1990s, their presence escalated in cleveland and other big midwestern and eastern metropolises, not just in fringe parklands, but in neighborhoods and the urban core. city - dwellers who spot them in parks and back yards are startled to find that a formidable tracker and hunter at the top of the food chain – what ecologists call an apex predator – is in their midst. " people are walking within a few feet or yards from coyotes every day and they don ' t know it, " said ohio state university biologist stan gehrt, whose decade - long - study of the chicago area ' s estimated 2, 000 coyotes prompted him to dub them " ghosts of the city. " " there are a whole lot more out there than what we see. " much remains unknown about these elusive creatures. they ' re one of the largest animals to dramatically expand, rather than shrink, their range in response to humans, though researchers still haven ' t figured out if they ' ve settled in urban realms in spite of us, or because of us. " for an animal that ' s lived around humans for this long, we don ' t know much about it, " said cleveland state university biologist robert krebs. but new research, including a dna study by krebs and several csu colleagues, is gradually revealing more about the habits of urban coyotes. the investigations are unearthing some surprises about how the animals got here, what they ' re doing now, how much of a threat they pose ( hint : not a lot, although that may change ) and their role in an ongoing evolutionary experiment that could play out in and around ohio during the next few decades. the urban coyotes among us now are the descendants of an expanding western coyote population


pose ( hint : not a lot, although that may change ) and their role in an ongoing evolutionary experiment that could play out in and around ohio during the next few decades. the urban coyotes among us now are the descendants of an expanding western coyote population spilled from the grasslands of iowa, missouri and indiana into ohio in the early 1900s. the animals ' eastward progress across the state was slow ; they didn ' t spread to western pennsylvania until 1947. a separate wave of western coyotes took another expansion route and followed a different genetic strategy that gave them a big advantage over the slow - moving buckeye group, according to a led by new york state museum biologist roland kays. the coyotes skirted northeastward, moving above and around the great lakes. in the canadian woods, they encountered remnant populations of wolves, which hadn ' t been eradicated like their american counterparts. although natural rivals, a few coyotes and wolves cross - bred, dna testing shows. " it may have been both sides trying to make the best of things, " kays said. the resulting northeastern coyote - wolf hybrids have big bodies, broad skulls and strong jaw muscles, making them better suited to take down deer than ohio ' s mainly rodent - and roadkill - eating coyotes. kays ' research shows the hybrid coyote - wolves spread across ontario and southward into upstate new york five times faster than the purebred western coyotes that colonized ohio and the lower midwest. like advancing armies, the two expansion fronts, one composed of smaller non - hybrid coyotes and the other of larger coy - wolves, are just starting to encounter each other in western new york and western pennsylvania. what happens next – further genetic mixing, one side out - competing the other and taking over its territory, or some kind of peaceful but separate co - existence – isn ' t clear. " that ' s playing out right now, " kays said. whatever their future, ohio ' s purebred coyotes have become an enduring, if still mostly stealthy, fixture on the urban landscape. when lake erie freezes, u. s. department of agriculture wildlife biologist randy outward sees coyotes using the icepack to move east and west along the downtown cleveland shoreline. " it ' s like a highway for them, " he said. suburban police departments, especially those near the cleveland metroparks and the cuyahoga valley national park, get complaints from residents awakened by coyote howling, or alarmed to see coyotes jogging through their yards. the parks also hear from people demanding they do something about " their "


especially those near the cleveland metroparks and the cuyahoga valley national park, get complaints from residents awakened by coyote howling, or alarmed to see coyotes jogging through their yards. the parks also hear from people demanding they do something about " their " coyotes. " a lot of folks think we ' re a refuge for them. we ' re not, " said rick tyler, the metroparks ' senior natural resource manager. " their home ranges use a lot of our parks, but some cross our boundaries freely. they ' re well - entrenched in municipalities around them. they ' re doing pretty well in the suburbs. " the federal and regional park districts keep loose track of the coyotes within their boundaries using " howling surveys, " remote trail cameras triggered by the animals ' movement, and contact reports from park visitors. the annual howling surveys, where wildlife specialists and volunteers play amplified recordings of coyote calls and count the number of responses, are an inexact measure. but they indicate that between 100 and 150 coyotes are present in the 33, 000 - acre national park. the population climbed during the 1990s but seems to have leveled off, said lisa petit, the national park ' s chief of science and resources management. " anecdotally, i ' d say there is greater pressure on the [ coyote ] population, " petit said. that ' s possibly due to activities outside the park, such as the trapping of nuisance coyotes in neighborhoods and the culling of deer whose carrion otherwise would be a coyote food source. in the metroparks, the brecksville and bedford reservations both appear to have resident coyote family groups – a dominant " alpha " male and female, their pups and several subordinate animals, tyler said. other coyote family groups seem to be based outside the rocky river, mill stream run, west creek, and north and south chagrin reservations, but include parts of those parks in their " home range, " the area within which they hunt for food, and shelter and raise pups. collars equipped with radio transmitters and gps locators would enable researchers to precisely track the coyotes ' movements, a major aid in managing them. but funding isn ' t currently available for the devices, which cost several thousand dollars apiece. so csu graduate student beth judy is using a year ' s worth of metroparks howling survey results and computer mapping software to try to figure out the animals ' habitat and range. she ' s still crunching data but already knows " they ' re not just staying in the


judy is using a year ' s worth of metroparks howling survey results and computer mapping software to try to figure out the animals ' habitat and range. she ' s still crunching data but already knows " they ' re not just staying in the parks. " though mobile, greater cleveland ' s coyotes aren ' t mixing and freely inter - breeding as one big group. instead, dna collected from coyote droppings, or " scat, " shows three clusters of animals, each genetically distinct from the others. something is isolating the coyote groups, preventing a more wholesale blending of genes. the locations of the genetic clusters – one east of the cuyahoga river, one west of the river but still in the national park, and the third in the rocky river watershed – suggests that big north - south multi - lane roads, not rivers, are to blame, acting as physical barriers. " there ' s no problem with a coyote crossing the cuyahoga [ river ], " said krebs, the csu biologist who led the analysis. " they don ' t have the east - west issue except for the highways. [ interstates ] 71 and 77 form far stronger boundaries for their movement than the natural features. " the cleveland - area coyote dna samples also show a surprising amount of genetic differences from individual to individual. to kays, that indicates the ohio population arose from a large, diverse original wave of coyote pioneers arriving from the west, not just a few stalwart explorers. krebs thinks the genetic diversity shows that new coyote immigrants are continuously arriving in the area. greater cleveland may be what biologists call a " sink habitat, " he said – an area where animals can survive, but don ' t reproduce well enough to sustain a population without replenishment from nearby " source habitats " where coyotes thrive. in that regard, cleveland is like a kitchen sink beneath a running faucet. the steady pipeline of rural coyotes that resupply the urban population means that trapping or killing is only a temporary solution to nuisance complaints. " solitary animals float around the landscape and have huge home ranges, " gehrt said. " they ' re looking for gaps and will fill them quickly. if a city wants to hire a trapper, he ' s got a permanent job. " while wildlife officials acknowledge that removing aggressive coyotes is necessary, their overall strategy is to teach people how to co - exist with the animals. they aim to prevent coyotes from becoming dependent on people which should reduce the chance of conflicts. that


short - acting beta 2 - agonist bronchodilators ( sabas ) are also called quick - relief, reliever, or rescue medicines. these medicines are used as needed to treat asthma attacks. you and your child should learn to recognize the symptoms of an asthma attack so your child can take this medicine as soon as symptoms start. this medicine is not used on a regular, daily basis to prevent asthma symptoms. your child may need a different type of medicine called a controller to keep from having asthma attacks. controller medicines are taken on a regular schedule to prevent asthma symptoms. asthma symptoms are caused by 2 different problems in the airways. asthma symptoms often start after your child is exposed to a trigger. asthma triggers can include pollen, animals, mold, colds, exercise, cold air, and air pollutants. it ’ s important to know what things trigger your child ' s asthma symptoms. help your child avoid the things that trigger an asthma attack. your child should keep reliever medicine with him at all times in case he has an asthma attack. sabas work fast to relax the muscles of the airways and to keep them from getting too tight. when the airway muscles are more relaxed and less tight, your child will have fewer symptoms and be able to breathe better. the medicine can be taken in different ways. for example : if you have any questions, ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist for more information. be sure to keep all appointments for provider visits or tests.


cascading importance : wolves, yellowstone, and the world beyond. a talk with william ripple. jonathan batchelor winter 2013. large predators and ecological health wamc northeast public radio august 23. top predators protect forests the wildlife professional summer 2012. cougars encourage lizards in zion year of the lizard news july 2012. predators and plants science update april 26. herbivores take toll on ecosystem the register guard april 10. loss of predators affecting ecosystem health osu press release april 9. wolves to the rescue defenders of wildlife defenders magazine winter 2012. wolves help yellowstone, researchers say local 10, cnn january 5, 2012. how wolves are saving trees in yellowstone good environment january 4, 2012. study says that with more wolves and fewer elk, trees rebounding in portions of yellowstone the washington post january 3, 2012. yellowstone transformed 15 years after the return of wolves osu press release dec 21, 2011. lopped off science news november 2011. the crucial role of predators : a new perspective on ecology yale environment 360 september 15, 2011. for want of a wolf, the lynx was lost? science magazine september 9, 2011. red wolf comeback in n. c. helps other animals thrive the charlotte observer august 13, 2011. the case for large predators the oregonian july 23, 2011. study tracks effects of declining predator numbers the register - guard july 17, 2011. loss of top predators causes chaos, including fires and disease the vancouver sun july 15, 2011. loss of large predators disrupting multiple plant, animal and human ecosystems osu press release july 14, 2011. loss of top predators has far - reaching effects pbs newshour july 14, 2011. oregon state researchers : predators important to ecosystems opb earthfix july 14, 2011. using wolves and other predators to restore western ecosystems eugene natural history society november 2010. sharks and wolves : predator, prey interactions similar on land and in oceans us news nov. 15, 2010. new theory for megafaunal extinction american archaeology fall 2010. new theory on what killed off the woolly mammoths science fair, usa today july 2, 2010. study probes role of key predators in ecosystem disruption corvallis gazette - times july 1, 2010. ripple marks : the story behind the story oceanography june, 2010. destination science 2010 : the reintroduction of wolves has helped bring a severely damaged ecosystem back from the brink discover magazine april, 2010. mess o ' predators the discovery files january 20, 2010. top predators ' decline disrupts ecosystems, says study the epoch times october


: the reintroduction of wolves has helped bring a severely damaged ecosystem back from the brink discover magazine april, 2010. mess o ' predators the discovery files january 20, 2010. top predators ' decline disrupts ecosystems, says study the epoch times october 14 - 20, 2009. ripple receives spirit of defenders award for science the barometer october 7, 2009. wolves, jaguars are out, coyotes, foxes are in : new global study the arizona daily star - blogging in the desert october 2, 2009. decline in big predators wreaking havoc on ecosystems, osu researchers say the oregonian october 1, 2009. where tasty morsels fear to tread the new york times : the wild side september 29, 2009. wolves to the rescue in scotland sciencenow daily news ( science magazine ) july 22, 2009. can wolves restore an ecosystem? seattle times january 25, 2009. wolf loss and ecosystem disruption at olympic national park island geoscience fall 2008. the silence of the wild william stolzenburg essay, powell ' s books 2008. century without the wolf the oregonian july 30, 2008. monitoring cougar in yosemite valley difficult san mateo county times june 22, 2008. lack of predators harms wild lands san mateo county times june 21, 2008. cougar decline resuls in critical changes to yosemite ecosystem land letter - e & e publishing service may 8, 2008. yosemite : protected but not preserved. science magazine may 2, 2008. how humans, vanishing cougars changed yosemite san francisco chronicle may 2, 2008. wolves and elk shape aspen forests currentresults. com 2007. return of the wolves. weekly reader december 2007. oregon state is no. 1 in conservation biology. the oregonian via oregonlive. com september 6, 2007. yellowstone ' s wolves save its aspens. the new york times august 5, 2007. presence of wolves allows aspen recovery in yellowstone. science daily ( sciencedaily. com ) july 31, 2007. apsens return to yellowstone, with help from some wolves. www. sciencemag. org july 27, 2007. yellowstone trees get help from wolves. msnbc. com july 27, 2007. it all falls down : a plummeting cougar population alters the ecosystem at zion national park. smithsonian magazine / smithsonian. com december, 2006. cougar predation key to ecosystem health. sciencedaily. com / university of toronto october 25, 2006. the ecology of fear. emaga


alters the ecosystem at zion national park. smithsonian magazine / smithsonian. com december, 2006. cougar predation key to ecosystem health. sciencedaily. com / university of toronto october 25, 2006. the ecology of fear. emagazine. com march 2006. hunting habits of yellowstone wolves change ecological balance in park. the new york times oct. 18, 2005. episode 3 " predators ", strange days on planet earth. national geographic april 2005. ecological changes linked to wolves. the seattle times jan. 12, 2005. mystery in yellowstone : wolves, wapiti, and the case of the disappearing aspen. notable notes, oregon state university 2004. a top predator roars back. on earth summer 2004. research shows wolves play key role in ecosystems. abc news dec. 15, 2004. who ' s afraid of the big bad wolf? the yellowstone wolves controversy. journal of young investigators nov. 2004. lessons from the wolf. scientific american jun. 2004. wolves linked to vegetation improvements. wyoming tribune - eagle mar. 18, 2004. endangered wolves make a comeback. national public radio feb. 20, 2004. wolves ' leftovers are yellowstone ' s gain, study says. national geographic news dec. 4, 2003. wolves enhance biodiversity in yellowstone, report says. oregonian oct. 29, 2003. wolves linked to tree recovery. billings gazette oct 29, 2003. a top dog takes over. national wildlife federation oct. / nov. 2003. osu student maps l & c wildlife observations. corvallis gazette - times mar. 28, 2003. aspens wither without wolves. herald and news nov. 19, 2000. observatory : fates of wolf and aspen. new york times sep. 26, 2000. quiet decline : fewer wolves and wildfires may have led to aspen ' s decline. abc news sep. 21, 2000. support for the leopold site is provided by : dept. of forest resources, osu, 280 peavy hall, corvallis, or 97331. phone : 541 - 737 - 4951 | fax : 541 - 737 - 3049 copyright 2003, oregon state university | disclaimer.


conservative dictionary project ( r ) - true conservative meaning - disparaging people or a group of people because of the color of their skin, such as when liberals claim minorities cannot succeed without affirmative action - false liberal redefinition - the idea that society is the reason minorities cannot get ahead - true conservative meaning - a reminder to god and man of god ' s promise to never flood the entire world again. - false liberal redefinition - a symbol used by the homosexuals to promote their agenda ; alternatively, a product of refraction with no spiritual significance - true conservative meaning - a liberal government system designed to by pass the free market and distribute goods and services based on bureaucratic whims. - false liberal redefinition - a way of sharing limited resources. - republican form of government - true conservative meaning - a form of government in which the powers of sovereignty are vested in the people and are exercised by the people, either directly or through representatives chosen by the people, and in which individuals retain sovereign prerogative over their person, labor, and property - false liberal redefinition - mobocracy - true conservative meaning - a just claim or title, whether legal, prescriptive, or moral - false liberal redefinition - privileges extended by government at its own pleasure, subject to revocation for the alleged collective good


- total population : 113, 724, 226 ( 2011 ) - life expectancy : 76 years ( 2011 ) - per capita income ( ppp ) : $ 13, 800 us ( 2010 ) - mestizo 60 % ; amerindian 30 %, caucasian 9 % ; other 1 % - major export products : manufactured goods, oil and oil products, silver, fruits, vegetables, coffee, cotton - monetary unit : 1 usd ~ 11 pesos there is a popular saying in mexico, “ so far from god and so close to the united states. " thanks to u. s. advice and friendly pressure, mexico ' s " economic restructuring " has resulted in a classic economical portrait of our times. at the same time that it has benefited the financial elite, it has squeezed a once thriving middle class and has had a devastating impact on mexico ' s poor. since the mid - 1980s when mexico suffered an economic crisis due to the petroleum price crisis ( very similar to the current situation precipitated by the coffee price crisis ), international lenders have been pushing mexico towards neo - liberal politics, free - trade practices and economic austerity measures. under former - president and harvard alumni carlos salinas de gotari these pressures became institutionalized practices in mexico ' s move towards " modernized " economic policies, culminating in nafta. but from the moment of its signing, the treaty that was campaigned as mexico ' s " golden key " to transform itself into a " first world " nation, has been riddled with conflict and contradictions. but the most notorious, of course, was the zapatista uprising. the first of january 1994, after ten years of organizing, the zapatista insurrection shook mexico out of its stupor and the world out of its enchantment with free trade. the date of their public debut was chosen to coincide precisely with the enactment of nafta and mexico ' s " entrance into the first world ". likewise, the zapatista declarations identified neo - liberal politics as the main target and source of their extreme poverty and marginalization. " entrance into the first world? " the indigenous people questioned, " entrance for whom? " in 1528 renaissance era " free trade " enthusiasts conquered chiapas in the search for easy profits. despite famed human rights defender fray bartolome de las casa influences as bishop of the dioceses of ciudad real, not even the indians branded with the word " free " on their arms could escape being made slaves. four hundred and sixty years later free trade


despite famed human rights defender fray bartolome de las casa influences as bishop of the dioceses of ciudad real, not even the indians branded with the word " free " on their arms could escape being made slaves. four hundred and sixty years later free trade proponents in mexico tried to brainwash chiapan indians with promises of a better life. but the indigenous peoples ' historical memory is strong … and the impact of the 1989 liberalization of the coffee market has only confirmed their fears. in their overwhelming majority, the modern - day zapatistas are descendants of the mayan people who first resisted the european colonization some 500 years prior. in the 10 years of the zapatista military and political campaigns since the 1994 uprising, they have undertaken a mostly peaceful and inspiring struggle to defend their culture and fundamental rights, and to construct practical mechanisms for change. " i can tell you, we are very tired of false promises. when we rose up in arms, we declared to the nation and to the world the political, social, economic and cultural causes of our struggle, " explained commandante david of the indigenous clandestine committee. " we rose up in arms because our people are dying of hunger. we don ' t want more promises ; we want to see action. " chiapas is one of the most marginalized states in all of mexico, infamous for being one of the states richest in natural resources, yet with one of the poorest populations in all of mexico. the state is characterized by having one of the highest rural populations, the least developed health infrastructure, the lowest levels of income and education, and the highest malnutrition rates in mexico. in addition, its inhabitants have one of the lowest life expectancy rates ( 67 years ) and the highest infant mortality rates in the nation ( averaging 55 per 1, 000 in the state, but with considerably higher rates in indigenous communities ). the zapatista movement has provoked creative initiatives to transform the entrenched politics of exploitation in chiapas and at large. the creation of “ autonomous zones ” – replete with parallel governments, independent schools, health clinics and economic projects – is one example. producer cooperatives are common in chiapas, and coffee is one of the main products farmers can organize around. chiapas is the largest coffee producer in mexico and considered the largest organic coffee producer in the world. the first organic farm to be certified in the world is in chiapas. but it is the cooperative style coming out of the zapatista movement and the concept of indigenous


mitchell springs : water under the rock photo courtesy of june head mitchell springs may be referred to as the first town site for the city of cortez. the first in this series on mitchell springs in 1882 may be found in the january issue of looking back published by the cortez journal. what prompted the mitchell family to establish a trading post? w. l. glenn, the veterans service officer in cortez did some research in the county records on mitchell springs and this is his report : " the springs are found under a rock - it was a large pit 8 - by - 10 foot deep where water collected. the springs had good drinking water but flow was not great. across the creek west another spring was flowing. " the original springs known as mitchell springs was located on the east side of the creek and was fenced off by a cedar pole fence. it was accessible by going down into the creek not too far off of county road h and then up the creek to the springs. it was a favorite picnic area for the young people when they rode their horses in the spring ' s area and then let themselves down over the rock ledge by rope and saddle. as previously mentioned, the town of toltec was probably deserted about 1888 when the post office moved to the new town located on that " hill that no one wanted. " water was scarce in early cortez. it was brought up from mitchell springs by wagon and tank. one source said it sold for 25 cents a bucket - another source said 50 cents a barrel. many of the farmers and ranchers south of town hauled their water from mitchell springs and it was said they paid $ 1 per barrel for the water. the people in the new town and the surrounding area needed this water to survive. at a local history seminar held in 1978, nettie ince talcott woodard mentioned she came to cortez as a baby in 1909. this was her description of mitchell springs. people would go down to the springs if they were lucky enough to have a horse and a barrel to bring it up, and if not, you carried it from market and main streets. they had a cistern there and there were men who would take big tanks and go down to mitchell springs and bring up water and put it in the cistern - then the townspeople would go up there and get a bucket of water. she said there was no charge for this water. she didn ' t know who the men were who hauled the water for the town. she said later the town got water


of old army brass. the army probably camped at the site when the mitchells had the trading post. it was reported the mitchells were going to build a flour mill on this side where the road turns into the " best logs " as there was evidence of an old foundation there for years. perhaps the water on this side caused them not to continue with the building. it has been mentioned there was a total of five springs in the area. residents of that area mention " poison springs " where old car bodies were placed in the springs to prevent livestock from drinking the water. it is located on the lower southern edge of mcelmo wash just off of road h. in past years this was the site of car accidents - some fatal - when they " didn ' t make the curve " on this road. when i visited mitchell springs in 2000, the springs on both sides of the canyon were still flowing. in the future, montezuma county historical society would like to mark the location of the " first town site " by a sign and parking area. it is doubtful that the springs would be open to the public because of their location. june head is the historian for the montezuma county historical society, and can be contacted for comments, corrections or questions at 565 - 3880. all interested persons are invited to join the historical society.


tips to facilitate workshops effectively facilitators play a very important role in the creation of a respectful, positive learning environment during a workshop. here you will find some tips to facilitate workshops effectively. - make sure everybody has a chance to participate. for example, through small group activities or direct questions to different participants. help the group to avoid long discussions between two people who may isolate the rest of the / other participants. promote the importance of sharing the space and listening to different voices and opinions. - be prepared to make adjustments to the agenda – sometimes you have to cross out activities, but the most important thing is to achieve the general goals of the workshop. - make every possible thing to have all the logistics ready beforehand to then be able to focus on the workshop ’ s agenda. - pay attention to the group ’ s energy and motivation – plan activities where everyone is able to participate and to stay active and engaged. - provide space for the participants to be able to share their own experiences and knowledge. remember that each one of us has a lot to learn and a lot to teach. - relax and have fun! be a part of the process – you are learning, too, so you don ’ t have to know it all nor do everything perfect. - be prepared for difficult questions. get familiarized with the topic, know the content of the workshop but remember you don ’ t have to know all the answers! you can ask other participants what they know about the topic, or you can find out the answers later and share them with the participants after the workshop. - focus on giving general information – avoid answering questions about specific cases. usually, this can change the direction of the conversation and might be considered as providing legal advice without a license to do so. - your work as facilitator is to help the group learn together, not necessarily to present all the information and be the “ expert ” in the topic. - try to be as clear as possible – especially when you are giving the exercises ’ instructions. work as a team with the other facilitators during the whole workshop.


have a great time teaching your little ones about letters using our printable file folder alphabet games! this file folder game is all about the letter a and alligators. put all the pieces in place to build the alligator. and if you laminate the file folder game there is a practice line at the bottom that can be wiped clean if you use erasable or washable markers and / or crayons. studies have shown that repetition is key for early learners, so what ' s better than having a game that can be played over and over? if you get all of our printable alphabet file folder games you ' ll have a stash of fun learning tools not only for beginners, but to help preschoolers and kindergartners build a solid base of alphabet identification and sounds! all of our products are for home, church, or small classroom use only. check out our website for more great products! http : / / greenjellowithcarrots. com or email us if you have any questions email @ example. com have you made this pattern? share with the craftsy community. we breathe printables! whether it ' s for church, home, preschool, or for fun we have tons and tons and tons and tons of printables! we have file folder games, card games, early learning worksheets and games, lds clipart, digital scrapbook kits, primary talks, yw handouts, and more!


advanced operating systems advanced systems teaching ( asyst ) labthe asyst lab is organised around 64 - bit computers ( ` ` u4600 ' ' ) based on a 100 mhz mips r4700 processor. the u4600 was developed by kevin elphinstone ( former unsw phd student ) and dave johnson. it is especially designed to allow experimentation with operating systems code. presently, these machines run the l4 microkernel. technical details : the nodes are based on a locally designed and manufactured atx form factor motherboard. the motherboard features : - the nodes are hosted on unix computers, presently pc ' s running solaris. these contain a development environment which allows you to compile code, link it with the l4 microkernel, and download it to the u4600 via ethernet. the hosts also interface to the serial port on the u4600 for console i / o. how to use : make sure that ~ cs9242 / bin is in your path, and that the environment arch is set to pc. i86. linux. the former is normally achieved by using the newclass command, the latter is set up automatically by the default shell initialisation files. also make sure that you are using gnu make ( this is also ensured by the default initialisation files ). use the makefiles supplied with the examples ( like the one in ~ cs9242 / public _ html / src / hello _ world / ). typing note : make must be done locally on the host machine connected to your u4600, or the boot image will end up in the wrong boot directory. you also need to run a terminal emulator on the host to be able to talk to the u4600. use the command turn on the u4600, you should get another greeting message and a if you do not get the prompt, some program is actually executing on the u4600. press the interrupt button ( the smaller of the two buttons on the box ) for about 1 / 2 second, and you should get a ` ` kdbg > ' ' prompt. type if you type note that you are running an operating system, which is not expected to terminate. to stop execution, hit the interrrupt key ( reset button ) on the u4600. this will get you into the l4 kernel debugger, which is unlikely to be of much help for you ( but if you want to try, it is documented in appendix c of the l4 reference manual


archive for october 12th, 2009 most cuckoo clocks today are made in the “ traditional style ” to hang on a wall in your home or office. in the long history of clock making and time keeping, cuckoo clocks play a large role in the appreciation of art in clocks. the traditional style of the cuckoo clock is a wooden case decorated with carved leaves and animals and an automation of a bird that appears through a small door while the clock is striking. a cuckoo clock is typically pendulum driven, striking the hour and half hour, using bellows and pipes that imitate the cuckoo call. today ’ s cuckoo clocks are almost always driven by weights. the weights are made of cast iron in a pine cone shape. as early as 1650, the call of the cuckoo bird in a clock was being heard in parts of east germany and a region of the czech republic. it took nearly a century for the cuckoo clock to find its way to the black forest. the black forest cuckoo clock, as we know it, comes from the region in southwest germany, where a tradition of clock making started late in the 17th century. the cuckoo clock is a favorite souvenir of travelers in germany, where there are several different firms making the whole clock or parts of it. the people who make cuckoo clocks are dedicated craftsmen whose products are works of art. black forest cuckoo clocks and german cuckoo clocks command big prices and are highly sought after in antique stores, flea markets and retail shops. they are valuable because of their elaborate hand carvings and unique artistry. tomorrow, we ’ ll look at “ striking the hour ”


| « milk fat causes weight gain in humans | | green tea for melanoma » | a paper published in the journal ' blood ' entitled " hiv - 1 incorporates abo histo - blood group antigens that sensitise virions to complement - mediated inactivation " suggests that transmission of hiv - 1 is modified by both abo blood group and the immune system enzyme complement. the premise is based on research showing how the abo antigen ( blood group marker ) of the infected person is incorporated into the hiv virus that is replicated in their cells. because the virus is coated in the person ' s blood group antigen, it then acts in the same way a red blood cell would when someone with an incompatible blood group becomes exposed to it, and the part of the immune system that would normally cause an incompatible blood transfusion reaction is activated against the virus, helping to protect the recipient against infection. this would mean that it would be harder for an individual of blood group o ( the ' universal donor ' ) to contract hiv infection from people of any other blood group apart from blood group o, as the recipient will have both anti - a and anti - b antigens in their blood. conversely those with blood group ab ( the ' universal recipient ' ) who have no opposing blood group antibodies would contract hiv infection more easily from people of any blood group. this paper follows previous research on how complement is activated by anti - b igm ( the immune complex involved in incompatible transfusion reactions where the donor is blood group b or ab and the recipient is blood group a or o ) and other factors, in blood from hiv - negative donors. in the research by saarloos et. al. complement was however more easily activated against hiv by antibodies to hiv itself as a result of hiv infection than by igm. later research suggests that the immune system of some people with aids ( pwa ) who are blood group a or ab may form anti - a iga, igg and igm ( antibodies against their own blood group ). the hiv virus made in cells of an hiv - infected person will show their blood group antigen only when the originating cell expresses abo antigens or is a lymphocyte ( white blood cell ). as abh non - secretors have fewer cells expressing their blood group, it follows that they may produce more hiv viruses without blood group antigens than would abh secretors. this could mean that it is as easy to become infected with hiv - 1 from non - secretors of


have fewer cells expressing their blood group, it follows that they may produce more hiv viruses without blood group antigens than would abh secretors. this could mean that it is as easy to become infected with hiv - 1 from non - secretors of any blood group as it is from secretors of transfusion - compatible blood groups. abh non - secretors would be at some disadvantage in protection against hiv infection transmitted via mucous membranes, as they secrete lower levels of immune - protective substances. hiv positive individuals and pwa should always take steps to avoid transmission of the hiv virus, whatever their blood group or secretor status. neil and colleagues have however demonstrated a key concept in the relationship between blood groups and immunity, which is mirrored in numerous other blood group - disease connections. it also gives new meaning to the idea of universality in terms of blood group transfusion with relation to infection susceptibility. 1. neil sj, mcknight a, gustafsson k, weiss ra hiv - 1 incorporates abo histo - blood group antigens that sensitise virions to complement - mediated inactivation. 2. saarloos mn, lint tf, spear gt efficacy of hiv - specific and ' antibody - independent ' mechanisms for complement activation by hiv - infected cells. clin exp immunol. 1995 feb ; 99 ( 2 ) : 189 - 95. 3. friedli f, rieben r, wegmuller e et. al. normal levels of allo - but increased levels of potentially autoreactive antibodies against abo histo - blood group antigens in aids patients. clin immunol immunopathol. 1996 jul ; 80 ( 1 ) : 96 - 100. 4. d ' adamo pj. eat right 4 your type complete blood type encyclopedia. p. 320. pub. penguin, 2002. feedback awaiting moderation this post has 1 feedback awaiting moderation... comments are not allowed from anonymous visitors.


solar power is taking off around the world. europe is planning to deploy various types of solar power to the sahara to provide for the european union ' s energy needs. meanwhile, here in the u. s., california is expanding its solar efforts as well. however, amid the progressing adoption of solar technology, one perpetual criticism that persists is that solar power is inefficient and expensive. to some extents this is true. the current generation of photovoltaic solar panels - - the type of solar power perhaps most associated with the field - - is only around 20 percent efficient and thus costs remain relatively high, like many forms of alternative energy. a new breakthrough from u. s. department of energy ' s national renewable energy laboratory ( nrel ) is looking to solve those problems. it pushes solar cells to uncharted technology with a record 40. 8 percent efficiency. the new work shatters all previous records for photovoltaic device efficiencies. the researchers first used a special type of cell, an inverted metamorphic triple - junction solar cell. the custom cell was designed, fabricated, and independently measured at nrel. the next step was to expose the solar cell to concentrated light of 326 suns, yielding the record - breaking efficiency. a sun is a common measure in the solar power industry which represents the amount of light that hits the earth on average. the new cell targets a variety of markets. one potential market is the satellite solar panel business. satellites natural absorb more intense sunlight, thanks to no atmospheric interference. another possible application is deployment in commercial concentrated pv cells. concentrated pv is a burgeoning field, with several companies currently contracted worldwide to build the first utility grade plants. the new record was welcome news, but little surprise at nrel - - they held the previous record as well. in order to beat their old design, one key was to replace the germanium wafer at the bottom junction with a composite of gallium indium phosphide and gallium indium arsenide. the mixture splits the spectrum into three parts, each of which gets absorbed by one of the junctions. both the middle and bottom junction become metamorphic in the new design. this means their crystal lattices are misaligned, trapping light in the junction and absorbing more of it. this yields an optimal efficiency. one key advantage is the new solar cell can be conveniently processed by growth on a gallium arsenide wafer. it is also both thin and light. the nrel believes


some researchers believe that the solar cycle influences global climate changes. they attribute recent warming trends to cyclic variation. skeptics, though, argue that there ' s little hard evidence of a solar hand in recent climate changes. now, a new research report from a surprising source may help to lay this skepticism to rest. a study from nasa ’ s goddard space flight center in greenbelt, maryland looking at climate data over the past century has concluded that solar variation has made a significant impact on the earth ' s climate. the report concludes that evidence for climate changes based on solar radiation can be traced back as far as the industrial revolution. past research has shown that the sun goes through eleven year cycles. at the cycle ' s peak, solar activity occurring near sunspots is particularly intense, basking the earth in solar heat. according to robert cahalan, a climatologist at the goddard space flight center, " right now, we are in between major ice ages, in a period that has been called the holocene. " thomas woods, solar scientist at the university of colorado in boulder concludes, " the fluctuations in the solar cycle impacts earth ' s global temperature by about 0. 1 degree celsius, slightly hotter during solar maximum and cooler during solar minimum. the sun is currently at its minimum, and the next solar maximum is expected in 2012. " according to the study, during periods of solar quiet, 1, 361 watts per square meter of solar energy reaches earth ' s outermost atmosphere. periods of more intense activity brought 1. 4 watts per square meter ( 0. 1 percent ) more energy. while the nasa study acknowledged the sun ' s influence on warming and cooling patterns, it then went badly off the tracks. ignoring its own evidence, it returned to an argument that man had replaced the sun as the cause current warming patterns. like many studies, this conclusion was based less on hard data and more on questionable correlations and inaccurate modeling techniques. the inconvertible fact, here is that even nasa ' s own study acknowledges that solar variation has caused climate change in the past. and even the study ' s members, mostly ardent supports of agw theory, acknowledge that the sun may play a significant role in future climate changes.


it is very common to confuse cloud computing with virtualization. since they are both relatively new and since organizations are calling it the saving face of new age technology, i assumed we might want to look into what exactly the two technologies are and how diverse they are from each other. cloud is essentially a highly scalable platform where you can store data, build and run applications that can be accessed through the internet only. cloud is a mode to mobilize all applications so that you can remotely access your organization data through any device that has access to internet. data center hosts or collocation hosts who are interested in cloud technology provide software as a service packages to their clients. cloud makes it possible to have your servers in a secure environment in any part of the world and your clients still can access and modify the data if they have required security clearance. cloud makes use of virtualized resources in order to fulfill its requirements. a cloud host provides hardware and hosting facilities depending on the usage requested by the client. virtualization, on the other hand, is a technique of creating a virtual pool of servers, operating systems, storage devices and network resources. it enables a single user to access multiple physical devices at the same time. with this, one operating system can control the operation of multiple computers or vice versa. building your own data center takes a lot of capital investment ; and maintaining it is a nightmare you do not want to go through if your main aim is to focus on your business. hiring a service is a better option. unlike the cloud, in a data center, you have to note that you will merely be storing your servers on someone else ’ s property. so you are responsible for upgrading your servers as and when technology takes a giant leap. the drawback with data centers is the challenge you will face while scaling up as and when the need arises. your data center host must have rack space to accommodate an extra server or two and also must be equipped to handle an increase in cooling and power needs. of course, there is a problem of your resources going on standby mode when not in use, too. cloud may be an ideal solution from an economic point of view. like we have mentioned before, you only pay for the services you are using ; not for idle or standby services. virtualization is all about the control. pure, unparalleled control over multiple devices using a single point of operation. with virtualization, for instance, you can run a very large application even though your system individually cannot support it. in other words,


is all about the control. pure, unparalleled control over multiple devices using a single point of operation. with virtualization, for instance, you can run a very large application even though your system individually cannot support it. in other words, your system interacts with the other systems connected to the virtualization network, notes which system is available and uses part of the available system ’ s resources in addition to your own to run your application. it ’ s like your system has temporarily expanded its capacity to run your application successfully. through virtualization, you can install a software only once and be rest assured that everyone will have access to it. you don ’ t need multiple licences to make the software available to all your employees. since you are technically installing it only on one system, you are not violating any laws either. same is true with storage. this technique avoids the need for data replication, thus saving storage space. so you see, one technology has nothing to do with the other ; and they, most certainly, are not the same thing. virtualization, to an extent, makes the cloud operable. data center talk updates its resources everyday. visit us to know of the latest technology and standards from the data center world. please leave your views and comments on dct forum.


potential buyers look over a home in las vegas, where one in five people moved locally during the recession. / steve marcus for usa today the great recession has upended the american tradition of moving to greener pastures. instead of moving to a bigger home or for a higher - paying job, more americans moved because they can ' t afford to stay where they are. during the 2007 - 09 recession, 9 % of americans - about 4 million - moved locally, the highest level in a decade. and a growing number moved to cheaper housing or doubled up with family and friends, according to an analysis out wednesday of census data through 2010. by contrast, moves across county and state lines declined. people moved the most in metropolitan areas with the highest unemployment and highest foreclosure rates, particularly in hard - hit parts of the sun belt, shows research by us2010, a project funded by the russell sage foundation and brown university that examines changes in american society. in las vegas, for example, one in five people moved locally during the recession. " typically, over the last couple of decades, when americans moved, they moved to improve their lives, " says michael stoll, author of the research and chairman of ucla ' s public policy department. " this is the shock : for the first time, americans are moving for downward economic mobility. either they lost their house or can ' t afford where they ' re renting currently or needed to save money. at the peak of the recession, falling fortunes was a prime reason for moving. before the economy tanked, 41. 3 % moved locally to own a home or settle in a better neighborhood. during the recession, only 30. 4 % moved for those reasons. by contrast, more than 23 % moved for cheaper housing during the recession, up from 20. 8 % before the bad times. the theme song of the jeffersons, a hit tv show in the 1970s about a black family that makes it big in the dry cleaning business and moves from queens to manhattan ' s east side, is aptly titled movin ' on up. yet this economic downturn has taken a disproportionate toll on the upward mobility of african americans, the research shows. " most distressing is the evidence that black residents have been particularly affected by this trend - more likely to be pushed into a short - distance move by these economic conditions, " stoll says. " blacks may have had less savings, fewer family members who could contribute, onerous debt from refinancing or sub


between these birmingham chapters came what may be the signature moment of the civil rights movement, the march on washington for jobs and freedom on aug. 28, 1963. " by special train, plane, buses by the thousand, private automobiles and even in some cases on foot, the marchers poured into the capital, " an ap story reported. an estimated 250, 000 people, mostly black but many white, met at the foot of the lincoln memorial to hear king pronounce, " i have a dream... " civil rights advances of 1963 spilled into a broader sense of possibilities. many people had long hoped for relief from the specter of atomic war — what kennedy called the " darkening prospect of mass destruction on earth " as he announced the limited nuclear test ban treaty in july. " yesterday a shaft of light cut into the darkness, " he said. " for the first time, an agreement has been reached on bringing the forces of nuclear destruction under control. " for years, people had staged " ban the bomb " street demonstrations — but almost unnoticed in 1963, they were joined by a few early protesters against u. s. involvement in the vietnam war, where kennedy had been sending american military " advisers. " in the continuum of popular culture, no single year is definitive. still, by 1963, record buyers, radio stations, even jukebox operators were embracing a broadening range of entertainment. there was the " motown sound " of black pop songs — singer - songwriter smokey robinson has spoken of " the barriers that we broke down with music " — and audiences would soon embrace the " british invasion. " " the ' 60s revolution in music and style began somewhere, maybe here, " say the liner notes for a just - released beatles collection, " first recordings : 50th anniversary edition, " which received a nomination for this year ' s grammy awards. the music never really went away ( the rolling stones ' recent tour was playfully called " fifty and counting " ). spivey ' s ' 60s class ends with a sing - along, and varon at the new school marvels at how many of his students know the old lyrics. a quieter revolution made 1963 " a lever, " in the words of historian stephanie coontz, who also teaches ' 60s courses. in february of that year, writer betty friedan published " the feminine mystique. " at the time, magazines and tv constantly reinforced a view of the american woman and her assigned place : she would marry, raise children, and not work outside the home


of that year, writer betty friedan published " the feminine mystique. " at the time, magazines and tv constantly reinforced a view of the american woman and her assigned place : she would marry, raise children, and not work outside the home, which she would maintain with products and appliances designed to make her middle - class life efficient and ideal. the trouble, friedan recognized, was that for many this was not ideal, but suffocating, said coontz, author of the 2011 book " a strange stirring : the feminine mystique and american women at the dawn of the 1960s. " when she reviews the sexism of those days with her students today — " head and master " laws in many states making wives legally subject to husbands, help - wanted ads seeking " pretty looking, cheerful gal " for office work, and the like — " jaws literally drop, " she said. for middle - class women who read friedan ' s book, it was a revelation. they ' d been told " they should not want anything more out of life — and were ' sick ' when they did. these people friedan literally rescued, " coontz said in an interview. " people i interviewed said... they were considering suicide. " the book told them they were not alone and change might come. transformative change is a central theme of ' 60s courses ; some even offer ' 60s - style civic outreach projects as substitutes for traditional research papers. students learn how kennedy pushed variations of this message in 1963. - boy scouts open membership to all boys,... - defending the faith : a case for the... - abercrombie & fitch ceo posts statement on... - one third of millenials regret going to college - brave woman tried to reason with london... - stories behind viral oklahoma tragedy photos... - facts about the boy scouts of america - why $ 1 billion doesn ' t mean what it used to... - defending the faith : a case for the... 50 - journalists criticize obama... 38 - boy scouts open membership to all boys,... 27 - associated press ceo calls records... 23 - irs official lerner invokes fifth... 22 - former irs chief to congress : can ' t say... 21 - more obama aides knew irs targeted... 19 - supreme court to weigh in on... 17


- - sourcetheravada means the ‘ doctrine of the elders ’. the term hinayana has also been used for this form of buddhism, but it is a misnomer. this term has been used by the mahayana buddhists, who reckoned that they were followers of the ‘ greater vehicle ’. the mahayanists to differentiate themselves from the theravadins called the latter hinayana, the lesser vehicle. in the pre - mahayana period there was truly a collateral sect called the hinayana, but this sect is not the theravada of today. this confusion was unfortunate, and therefore, it is better to avoid the term hinayana altogether. any attempt to label two different forms of buddhism as ‘ greater ’ and ‘ lesser ’ is odious. this is confusing to me. the term " hinayana " was used before the break - up of the sangha by theravadan practitioners? what does it mean that the " hinayana " of that time was different from the theravada of today? i ' ve always thought that the term hinayana was only pejorative. but i once saw retro mention that there are appropriate uses for the word. please play nice. i ' m not trying to create divisions or open the door for ridiculing mahayana. i put this in the " discovering theravada " section in hopes of just just getting information and clarification.


ht. 50 - 70 spread 50 habit : inconspicuous flowers in spring. clusters of red berries on female trees in late summer. fast growing shade tree with open structure, yellow, red, and orange fall color sometimes all at once. compound leaves with 10 - 16 paired leaflets. light, smooth bark when young. branching structure is poor when young but quickly fills out. culture : easy to grow in any well - drained soil, drought tolerant. uses : shade tree, fall color. problems : tip growth sometimes burns in early summer from too much water. the female trees tend to yellow and get weak looking in the late summer as the fruit ripens. a very large percentage of these trees are planted too deep in the ground and havve circling and girdling roots. the root flares should be exposed with the air spade and the choking roots removed. notes : incorrectly called chinese pistache. one of the best fast growing trees. native to china but acts like a native texan. pistacia texana, the evergreen texas pistache, is native to south texas. has some freeze problems in north texas. looks more like a big shrub than a tree. normal height is 15 - 20 but can grow to 30 or more. the pistachio that produces the delicious nut is pistacia vera, a desert plant that cant take much water at all. this information comes from the dirt doctor ' s newest book, texas gardening - the natural way. click to purchase.


february 20th, 2013 birds ' breathtaking system in a previous issue of think & believe ( vol. 2, no. 5 ), we discussed the unique features relating to flight in birds, including positioning and control of feathers, size and structure of bones, and efficiency of the circulatory and digestive systems. in this article we consider the amazing respiratory system, which, according to dr. michael denton “ seem ( s ) to defy plausible evolutionary explanations. ” ( evolution : a theory in crisis, p. 210 ) most vertebrates draw air into their lungs through a series of branching tubes which finally terminate in tiny air sacs. the air must enter and exit through the same tubes, leaving a certain amount of residual ( “ dead ” ) air in the lungs. birds have a totally different system, though. special air sacs extend from the lungs into all major parts of the bird ’ s body. they do not function directly in gaseous exchange, but serve as “ bellows ” to maintain a constant flow through tiny air tubes where the exchange actually takes place. these tiny air tubes branch profusely, permeating the lungs, and then join together again. special valves in the tubes ensure that air flows in only one direction through the lungs, providing the continual supply of fresh air needed for flight. this is a very amazing system, which poses a serious challenge to evolution. according to denton : no lung in any other vertebrate species is known which in any way approaches the avian ( bird ) system. moreover, it is identical in all essential details in birds as diverse as humming birds, ostriches and hawks. just how such an utterly different respiratory system could have evolved gradually from the standard vertebrate design is fantastically difficult to envisage, especially bearing in mind that the maintenance of respiratory function is absolutely vital to the life of an organism to the extent that the slightest malfunction leads to death within minutes. just as the feathers cannot function as an organ of flight until the hooks and barbules are co - adapted to fit together perfectly, so the avian lung cannot function as an organ of respiration until the parabronchial system which permeates it and the air sac system which guarantees the parabronchi their air supply are both highly developed and able to function together in a perfectly integrated manner.... the suspicion inevitably arises that perhaps no functional intermediate exists between the dead - end and continuous through - put types of lung. ( evolution : a theory in crisis,


this dawn fc ( framing camera ) image shows some of the undulating terrain in vesta ’ s southern hemisphere. this undulating terrain consists of linear, curving hills and depressions, which are most distinct in the right of the image. many narrow, linear grooves run in various directions across this undulating terrain. there are some small, less than 1 kilometer ( 0. 6 mile ) diameter, craters in the bottom of the image. these contain bright material and have bright material surrounding them. there are fewer craters in this image than in images from vesta ’ s northern hemisphere ; this is because vesta ’ s northern hemisphere is generally more cratered than the southern hemisphere. this image is located in vesta ’ s urbinia quadrangle and the center of the image is 63. 0 degrees south latitude, 332. 2 degrees east longitude. nasa ’ s dawn spacecraft obtained this image with its framing camera on oct. 25, 2011. this image was taken through the camera ’ s clear filter. the distance to the surface of vesta is 700 kilometers ( 435 miles ) and the image has a resolution of about 70 meters ( 230 feet ) per pixel. this image was acquired during the hamo ( high - altitude mapping orbit ) phase of the mission. the dawn mission to vesta and ceres is managed by nasa ’ s jet propulsion laboratory, a division of the california institute of technology in pasadena, for nasa ’ s science mission directorate, washington d. c. ucla is responsible for overall dawn mission science. the dawn framing cameras have been developed and built under the leadership of the max planck institute for solar system research, katlenburg - lindau, germany, with significant contributions by dlr german aerospace center, institute of planetary research, berlin, and in coordination with the institute of computer and communication network engineering, braunschweig. the framing camera project is funded by the max planck society, dlr, and nasa / jpl. more information about dawn is online at http : / / dawn. jpl. nasa. gov. image credit : nasa / jpl - caltech / ucla / mps / dlr / ida


once again : java vulnerability in light of the recent set of vulnerabilities found within the java se 7 browser plugin, i ' ve read stories and heard from people who are completely uninstalling java from their computers. in my opinion, this is an over - reaction to an issue that affects only one thing : the java plugin for the browser. this is used only to run java applets or java webstart to launch applications via the browser. considering there are three other types of java applications that are unaffected ( java embedded applications, java se desktop applications, and java ee web - based or enterprise applications ), this is only a small portion of the java world. on top of that, there honestly aren ' t many java applets in use these days, so the need to use the java plugin is minimal. - idc analyst connection : using blade systems to cut costs and sharpen efficiencies - application testing strategies in the ibm z / os environment - strategy : how to conduct an effective it security risk assessment - strategy : smartphone smackdown : galaxy note ii vs. lumia 920 vs. iphone 5 - the untapped potential of mobile apps for commercial customers - why is information governance so important for modern analytics? to be clear, these specific vulnerabilities don ' t affect real - world server - side deployments ( java ee ), or even java se desktop applications such as eclipse or netbeans, javafx, swing, and so on. there really is no need to uninstall the jdk or jre. users need only disable the java plugin in their browser. one point i ' ve been trying to make to friends and colleagues, beginning with the previous rash of vulnerabilities ( see my previous blog ), is that this is only an issue if the user browses to a malicious web site. java or no java, pointing your browser to a malicious web site is dangerous and leaves you vulnerable either way. you could raise the point that even a legitimate site can get hacked, and a java zero - day attack launched from it. however, i would add that if a site got hacked, you ' re still open to vulnerability with or without the java plugin enabled. oracle ' s java se 7 update 11, released to address this issue, included a description of the issue and resolution. in summary, the change included a control panel setting to block unsigned java applets from running automatically. i ' ve heard that only one of the


u. s. safety investigators called on tuesday for a nationwide ban on texting and cellphone use while driving, a prohibition that would include certain applications of hands - free technology becoming more common in new cars. the u. s. national transportation safety board ( ntsb ) recommendation covers portable devices only but still goes beyond measures proposed or imposed to date by regulators and states, most of which already ban texting while behind the wheel. “ when it comes to using electronic devices, it may seem like it ’ s a quick call or a quick text or a tweet, but accidents happen in the blink of an eye, ” says ntsb chairman deborah hersman. more than 3, 000 people were killed in distracted driving crashes in the united states in 2010, according to transportation department figures. most motorists participating in a transportation department survey released last week acknowledged few situations in which they would not use a cellphone or text while behind the wheel although they supported measures to curb the practice. the five - member ntsb recommendation to states for a ban, except in an emergency, stemmed from an investigation of a missouri chain - reaction crash that killed two people last year, an accident blamed on a driver who was texting. the panel ’ s action follows nearly 10 years of investigating transportation accidents linked in some way to distraction and is not binding. but the safety board has long been effective at articulating u. s. transportation safety priorities and its views can be influential in legislative or regulatory decision making. congress has shown no interest in banning cellphone use or texting while driving. so far 35 states and the district of columbia ban texting while driving, but fewer than a dozen prohibit using a cellphone. the transportation department has waged an aggressive public campaign on the issue under secretary ray lahood that has included limited bans. “ there ’ s no call or text message that ’ s so important that it can ’ t wait, ” lahood says. lahood has raised concerns about distracted driving and hands - free technology with automobile companies but has not prompted federal action or asked industry to stop putting it into new vehicles. cellphones and communication technology is ubiquitous and sweeping bans such as the one proposed by the ntsb are considered difficult to enforce, experts have said. this is one reason why federal and state restrictions so far have focused on the most obvious distraction — texting — or targetted individual groups, like truckers or federal workers. the auto industry has invested heavily in hands - free communications technology, such as bluetooth, that


why federal and state restrictions so far have focused on the most obvious distraction — texting — or targetted individual groups, like truckers or federal workers. the auto industry has invested heavily in hands - free communications technology, such as bluetooth, that is now available in most 2012 models sold in the united states as standard or optional equipment. “ it actually is a big decision maker for some consumers, ” says jesse toprak, a vice - president of truecar. com, who notes that ford, in particular, has been aggressive in using it to attract younger buyers who may not otherwise have considered one of their cars. ford referred inquiries to the industry ’ s trade group in washington, the alliance of automobile manufacturers ( aam ), which said it was reviewing the ntsb recommendation. “ what we do know is that digital technology has created a connected culture in the united states and it ’ s forever changed our society. consumers always expect to have access to technology, so managing technology is the solution. features that are integrated into the vehicle, and are designed by automakers are engineered to be used in the driving environment. that means it ’ s designed to be used in a way that helps drivers keep their eyes on the road and hands on the wheel, ” the aam says. it further says texting while driving is “ incompatible with safety. ”


the following was written by richard dawkins to his daughter and while written more towards the discussion between religion and science, it contains much useful insight information on how we look at and evaluate health information. i would add in another comment, blind trust of authorities, who sound like they are coming with solid evidence, is not better. we really must learn not only how to evaluate evidence but those who deliver it. ps, i have no comment in regard to his view / comments on religions or mine. to my dearest daughter, now that you are ten, i want to write to you about something that is important to me. have you ever wondered how we know the things that we know? how do we know, for instance, that the stars, which look like tiny pinpricks in the sky, are really huge balls of fire like the sun and very far away? and how do we know that the earth is a smaller ball whirling round one of those stars, the sun? the answer to these questions is ‘ evidence ’. sometimes evidence means actually seeing ( or hearing, feeling, smelling ) that something is true. astronauts have traveled far enough from the earth to see with their own eyes that it is round. sometimes our eyes need help. the ‘ evening star ’ looks like a bright twinkle in the sky but with a telescope you can see that it is a beautiful ball – the planet we call venus. something that you learn by direct seeing ( or hearing or feeling ) is called an observation. often evidence isn ’ t just observation on its own, but observation always lies at the back of it. if there ’ s been a murder, often nobody ( except the murderer and the dead person! ) actually observed it. but detectives can gather together lots of other observations which may all point towards a particular suspect. if a person ’ s fingerprints match those found on a dagger, this is evidence that he touched it. it doesn ’ t prove that he did the murder, but it can help when it ’ s joined up with lots of other evidence. sometimes a detective can think about a whole lot of observations and suddenly realize that they all fall into place and make sense if so - and - so did the murder. scientists ( the specialists in discovering what is true about the world and the universe ) often work like detectives. they make a guess ( called a hypothesis ) about what might be true. they then say to themselves : if that were really true, we ought to see so - and - so. this is called a prediction


the universe ) often work like detectives. they make a guess ( called a hypothesis ) about what might be true. they then say to themselves : if that were really true, we ought to see so - and - so. this is called a prediction. for example, if the world is really round, we can predict that a traveler, going on and on in the same direction, should eventually find himself back where he started. when a doctor says that you have measles he doesn ’ t take one look at you and see measles. his first look gives him a hypothesis that you may have measles. then he says to himself : if she really has measles, i ought to see _ _ then he runs through his list of predictions and tests them with his eyes ( have you got spots? ), his hands ( is your forehead hot? ), and his ears ( does your chest wheeze in a measly way? ). only then does he make his decision and say, ‘ i diagnose that the child has measles. ’ sometimes doctors need to do other tests like blood tests or x - rays, which help their eyes, hands and ears to make observations. the way scientists use evidence to learn about the world is much cleverer and more complicated than i can say in a short letter. but now i want to move on from evidence, which is a good reason for believing something, and warn you against three bad reasons for believing anything. they are called ‘ tradition ’, ‘ authority ’, and ‘ revelation ’. first, tradition. a few months ago, i went on television to have a discussion with about 50 children. these children were invited because they ’ d been brought up in lots of different religions. some had been brought up as christians, others as jews, muslims, hindus, sikhs. the man with the microphone went from child to child, asking them what they believed. what they said shows up exactly what i mean by ‘ tradition ’. their beliefs turned out to have no connection with evidence. they just trotted out the beliefs of their parents and grandparents, which, in turn, were not based upon evidence either. they said things like, ‘ we hindus believe so and so. ’ ‘ we muslims believe such and such. ’ ‘ we christians believe something else. ’ of course, since they all believed different things, they couldn ’ t all be right. the man with the microphone seemed to think this quite proper, and he didn ’ t even try


such and such. ’ ‘ we christians believe something else. ’ of course, since they all believed different things, they couldn ’ t all be right. the man with the microphone seemed to think this quite proper, and he didn ’ t even try to get them to argue out their differences with each other. but that isn ’ t the point i want to make. i simply want to ask where their beliefs came from. they came from tradition. tradition means beliefs handed down from grandparent to parent to child, and so on. or from books handed down through the centuries. traditional beliefs often start from almost nothing ; perhaps somebody just makes them up originally, like the stories about thor and zeus. but after they ’ ve been handed down over some centuries, the mere fact that they are so old makes them seem special. people believe things simply because people have believed the same thing over centuries. that ’ s tradition. the trouble with tradition is that, no matter how long ago a story was made up, it is still exactly as true or untrue as the original story was. if you make up a story that isn ’ t true, handing it down over any number of centuries doesn ’ t make it any truer! most people in england have been baptized into the church of england, but this is only one of many branches of the christian religion. there are other branches such as the russian orthodox, the roman catholic and the methodist churches. they all believe different things. the jewish religion and the muslim religion are a bit more different still ; and there are different kinds of jews and of muslims. people who believe even slightly different things from each other often go to war over their disagreements. so you might think that they must have some pretty good reasons – evidence – for believing what they believe. but actually their different beliefs are entirely due to different traditions. let ’ s talk about one particular tradition. roman catholics believe that mary, the mother of jesus, was so special that she didn ’ t die but was lifted bodily into heaven. other christian traditions disagree, saying that mary did die like anybody else. these other religions don ’ t talk about her much and, unlike roman catholics, they don ’ t call her the ‘ queen of heaven ’. the tradition that mary ’ s body was lifted into heaven is not a very old one. the bible says nothing about how or when she died ; in fact the poor woman is scarcely mentioned in the bible at all. the belief that her body was lifted into heaven wasn ’ t invented until about six centuries


heaven is not a very old one. the bible says nothing about how or when she died ; in fact the poor woman is scarcely mentioned in the bible at all. the belief that her body was lifted into heaven wasn ’ t invented until about six centuries after jesus ’ s time. at first it was just made up, in the same way as any story like snow white was made up. but, over the centuries, it grew into a tradition and people started to take it seriously simply because the story had been handed down over so many generations. the older the tradition became, the more people took it seriously. it finally was written down as an official roman catholic belief only very recently, in 1950. but the story was no more true in 1950 than it was when it was first invented 600 years after mary ’ s death. i ’ ll come back to tradition at the end of my letter, and look at it in another way. but first i must deal with the two other bad reasons for believing in anything : authority and revelation. authority, as a reason for believing something, means believing it because you are told to believe it by somebody important. in the roman catholic church, the pope is the most important person, and people believe he must be right just because he is the pope. in one branch of the muslim religion, the important people are old men with beards called ayatollahs. lots of young muslims are prepared to commit murder, purely because the ayatollahs in a faraway country tell them to. when i say that it was only in 1950 that roman catholics were finally told that they had to believe that mary ’ s body shot off to heaven, what i mean is that in 1950 the pope told people that they had to believe it. that was it. the pope said it was true, so it had to be true! now, probably some of the things that pope said in his life were true and some were not true. there is no good reason why, just because he was the pope, you should believe everything he said, any more than you believe everything that lots of other people say. the present pope has ordered his followers not to limit the number of babies they have. if people follow his authority as slavishly as he would wish, the results could be terrible famines, diseases and wars, caused by overcrowding. of course, even in science, sometimes we haven ’ t seen the evidence ourselves and we have to take somebody else ’ s word for it. i haven ’


the results could be terrible famines, diseases and wars, caused by overcrowding. of course, even in science, sometimes we haven ’ t seen the evidence ourselves and we have to take somebody else ’ s word for it. i haven ’ t with my own eyes, seen the evidence that light travels at a speed of 186, 000 miles per second. instead, i believe books that tell me the speed of light. this looks like ‘ authority ’. but actually it is much better than authority because the people who wrote the books have seen the evidence and anyone is free to look carefully at the evidence whenever they want. that is very comforting. but not even the priests claim that there is any evidence for their story about mary ’ s body zooming off to heaven. the third kind of bad reason for believing anything is called ‘ revelation ’. if you had asked the pope in 1950 how he knew that mary ’ s body disappeared into heaven, he would probably have said that it had been ‘ revealed ’ to him. he shut himself in his room and prayed for guidance. he thought and thought, all by himself, and he became more and more sure inside himself. when religious people just have a feeling inside themselves that something must be true, even though there is no evidence that it is true, they call their feeling ‘ revelation ’. it isn ’ t only popes who claim to have revelations. lots of religious people do. it is one of their main reasons for believing the things that they do believe. but is it a good reason? suppose i told you that your dog was dead. you ’ d be very upset, and you ’ d probably say, ‘ are you sure? how do you know? how did it happen? ’ now suppose i answered : ‘ i don ’ t actually know that pepe is dead. i have no evidence. i just have this funny feeling deep inside me that he is dead. ’ you ’ d be pretty cross with me for scaring you, because you ’ d know that an inside ‘ feeling ’ on its own is not a good reason for believing that a whippet is dead. you need evidence. we all have inside feelings from time to time, and sometimes they turn out to be right and sometimes they don ’ t. anyway, different people have opposite feelings, so how are we to decide whose feeling is right? the only way to be sure that a dog is dead is to see him dead, or hear that his heart has stopped ; or be told by somebody who has seen


different people have opposite feelings, so how are we to decide whose feeling is right? the only way to be sure that a dog is dead is to see him dead, or hear that his heart has stopped ; or be told by somebody who has seen or heard some real evidence that he is dead. people sometimes say that you must believe in feelings deep inside, otherwise you ’ d never be confident of things like ‘ my wife loves me ’. but this is a bad argument. there can be plenty of evidence that somebody loves you. all through the day when you are with somebody who loves you, you see and hear lots of little tidbits of evidence, and they all add up. it isn ’ t purely inside feeling, like the feeling that priests call revelation. there are outside things to back up the inside feeling : looks in the eye, tender notes in the voice, little favors and kindnesses ; this is all real evidence. sometimes people have a strong inside feeling that somebody loves them when it is not based upon any evidence, and then they are likely to be completely wrong. there are people with a strong inside feeling that a famous film star loves them, when really the film star hasn ’ t even met them. people like that are ill in their minds. inside feelings must be backed up by evidence, otherwise you just can ’ t trust them. inside feelings are valuable in science too, but only for giving you ideas that you later test by looking for evidence. a scientist can have a ‘ hunch ’ about an idea that just ‘ feels ’ right. in itself, this is not a good reason for believing something. but it can be a good reason for spending some time doing a particular experiment, or looking in a particular way for evidence. scientists use inside feelings all the time to get ideas. but they are not worth anything until they are supported by evidence. i promised that i ’ d come back to tradition, and look at it in another way. i want to try to explain why tradition is so important to us. all animals are built ( by the process called evolution ) to survive in the normal place in which their kind live. lions are built to be good at surviving on the plains of africa. crayfish are built to be good at surviving in fresh water, while lobsters are built to be good at surviving in the salt sea. people are animals too, and we are built to be good at surviving in a world full of other people. most of us don ’ t hunt for our own food like lions