fern extract and sun protectionmay 4, 2009 written by jp [ font too small? ] summer is nearly upon us and that means that many us will be spending more time outdoors in the sun. while this is a good thing in many respects, it also increases the likelihood of sun damage and premature aging of skin. another very real concern is skin cancer. but these risks may be significantly reduced if we protect ourselves from excessive uv radiation during the peak hours of the day and by supporting the body from the inside out. there is a little known nutritional supplement that may help shield the skin from the harmful effects of summertime sun exposure. i ’ m referring to a fern extract ( polypodium leucotomos ) that has been the subject of scientific study for over a decade. here ’ s an overview of several studies that support its use as an “ internal sunscreen ”. - in 2004, a study at the harvard medical school department of dermatology tested the effects of a fern extract on 9 healthy adults. the volunteers were exposed to artificial uv radiation on two different occasions. in one instance, they were asked to take the fern extract. the second uv radiation session was administered without the supplement. skin tests performed 24 hours after the uv exposures demonstrated a significant “ chemophotoprotective ” effect thanks to the fern extract. the dosage used was 7. 5 milligrams per kilogram of body weight. this would equate to just over 500 mg for a 150 pound individual and about 700 mg for someone who weighs 200 pounds. ( 1 ) - an italian trial from 2007 found that those with sun sensitivity also responded very well to fern supplementation. 25 patients consumed 480 mgs of fern extract a day and found that it provided a statistical reduction in “ skin reaction and subjective symptoms ”. in addition, this natural medication did not provoke unwanted side effects. ( 2 ) a recent scientific review from the sloan kettering cancer center revealed several proposed mechanisms by which this fern extract appears to work : - it inhibits the formation of free radicals and the typical oxidative damage brought about by uv radiation. this may have to do, in part, with the naturally occurring antioxidants present in ferns. ( 3 ) - it specifically protects skin cells and dna from sun related damage / decomposition and cell death. this may account for some of the skin anti - aging effect noted in some research. ( 4, 5 ) - fern extracts also show a remarkable anti - inflammatory effect in skin tissue. chronic inflammation appears to


sun related damage / decomposition and cell death. this may account for some of the skin anti - aging effect noted in some research. ( 4, 5 ) - fern extracts also show a remarkable anti - inflammatory effect in skin tissue. chronic inflammation appears to contribute to both cancer and wrinkle formation. ( 6, 7 ) - fern extract preserves immune function during uv exposure, which may prevent harmful cellular changes that play a role in the development of skin cancer. ( 8 ) the topical application of fern may yield added benefits as well. studies as far back as 1997 show its far reaching potential as a skin saver. ( 9, 10 ) the prospect of combining oral and topical fern appears to be very promising indeed. in fact, even difficult to treat skin conditions such atopic dermatitis, psoriasis and vitiligo ( a loss of pimentation in sections of the skin ) may be responsive to a combination therapy that includes fern extract. ( 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 ) using fern extracts will not give you license to engage in reckless sun exposure. but it may give you an added layer of protection from the harmful effects of uv radiation. we all should spend some time in the sun. the health benefits are undeniable. but we should do so in a judicious manner. fern extract appears to be an ally which can help us to derive more of the sun ’ s benefits with less potential for accompanying damage. tags : skin care posted in nutritional supplements


the hebrew vocabulary is spread over wide horizon with special focus on the words and the various derivations from it. there are various terns which are needed to be remembered in order to entreat you with significant results. there are so many flash tools and software available through online resources that allow you to understand and learn the hebrew vocabulary easily, efficiently and quickly. thus you can get skilled and learn hebrew vocabulary with minimum effort and time. there are so many accredited courses available even through online recourses with well qualified and trained faculty. there are software and flashcards available that allows you to recall and master yourself and increase your vocabulary by carefully listening to the pronunciation and speaking accordingly. when you learn hebrew vocabulary it allows you to read and write the language with total efficiency. there are letters with strong and weak pronunciations which helps us to use while writing with vowel systems. you need to understand and learn the rules of the hebrew vocabulary in order to become a skilled learner. when you learn hebrew vocabulary it helps you to introduce yourself and start your conversation with total command over the language. this gives you a chance to explore and understand their rich culture and tradition of the community and hebrew language. learn now the hebrew vocabulary & idioms ( learn hebrew for free online ) : - hebrew vocabulary – our body - hebrew vocabulary – basic talk - hebrew vocabulary – family - hebrew vocabulary – clothes - hebrew vocabulary – colors - hebrew vocabulary – animals - hebrew vocabulary – countries - hebrew vocabulary – numbers - hebrew vocabulary – qualities - hebrew vocabulary – questions


helcom indicator fact sheets for 2005 as the environmental focal point of the baltic sea, helcom has been assessing the sources and inputs of nutrients and hazardous substances and their effects on ecosystems in the baltic sea for almost 30 years. the resulting indicators are based on scientific research carried out around the baltic sea under the helcom plc and combine monitoring programmes. during the past few years, helcom indicator fact sheets have been compiled by responsible institutions and approved by the helcom monitoring and assessment group. the indicator fact sheets for 2005 are listed in the navigation menu on the left and older ones can be found in the indicator fact sheet archive. the development of sea surface temperature in the baltic sea in 2004 was characterised by rather cold months of june and july and by a warm august. the wave climate in the northern baltic sea in 2004 was charactrised by a spring season that was calmer than usual and by a storm in december during which the significant wave heigth in the northern baltic proper reached a record value of 7. 7 meters. the following ice winter was, by the extent of the ice cover, classified as normal. the break up of ice was in most waters earlier than normal and on the 23rd of may the baltic sea was ice free. life pulsates according to water inflows the present state of the baltic sea is not only the result of the anthropogenic pressures but is also influenced hydrographic forces, such as water exchange between the baltic sea and the north sea. after the major baltic inflow in january 2003, which renewed most of the deep water in the baltic sea, no new major inflow has taken place and the near - bottom water in the bornholm and eastern gotland basin returned back to anoxic conditions in the middle of 2004. the baltic sea continues to suffer the impacts of human activities baltic sea habitats and species are threathened by eutrophication and elevated amounts of hazardous substances as a result of decades of human activities in the surrounding catchment area and in the sea. eutrophication is the result of excessive nutrient inputs resulting from a range of anthropogenic activities. nutrients enter the either via runoff and riverine input or through direct discharges into the sea. although nutrient inputs from point sources such as industries and municipalities have been cut significantly, the total input of nitrogen to the baltic sea is still over 1 million tonnes per year, of which 25 % enters as atmospheric deposition on the baltic sea and 75 % as waterborne inputs. the total input of phosphorus


and municipalities have been cut significantly, the total input of nitrogen to the baltic sea is still over 1 million tonnes per year, of which 25 % enters as atmospheric deposition on the baltic sea and 75 % as waterborne inputs. the total input of phosphorus to the baltic sea is ca. 35 thousand tonnes and enters the baltic sea mainly as waterborne input with the contribution of atmospheric deposition being only 1 - 5 % of the total. the main source of nutrient inputs is agriculture. ( please note that indicator fact sheets on nutrient inputs to the baltic sea will be published in the near future ). the inputs of some hazardous substances to the baltic sea have been reduced considerably over the past 20 to 30 years. in particular discharges of heavy metals have decreased. the large majority of heavy metal enters the baltic sea via rivers or as direct discharges : 50 % for mercury, 60 - 70 % for lead and 75 - 85 % for cadmium. the remaining share of inputs is mainly from atmospheric deposition of these heavy metals. eutrophication intensifies phytoplankton blooms the waterborne loads for nitrogen and phosphorus were significantly higher in 2004 compared to the previous year, partly due to the natural flutuations in inputs caused by varying hydrographical conditions. annual emissions of nitrogen from the helcom contracting parties were lower in 2003 than in 1995. mainly because of interannual changes in meteorology, no significant temporal pattern in nitrogen depositions to the baltic sea and its sub - basins can be detected, however depositon in 2003 was 11 % lower than in 1995. eutrophication is an issue of major concern almost everywhere around the baltic sea area. the satellite - derived chlorophyll - like pigments in the baltic sea are clearly higher than in the skagerrak and north sea. the average biomass production has increased by a factor of 2. 5 leading to decreased water clarity, exceptionally intense algal blooms, more extensive areas of oxygen - depleted sea beds as well as degraded habitats and changes in species abundance and distribution. annual integrated rates for sedimentation of organic matter in the gotland sea have not show significant trends between 1995 and 2003. however, decrease in water clarity has been observed in all baltic sea sub - regions over the last one hundred years, with it being most pronounced in the northern baltic proper and the gulf of finland. although no rising trend can be detected in spring blooms from 1992 to 2005, the 2005 spring bloom in the gulf of finland was more intense than in the previous year while negliga


being most pronounced in the northern baltic proper and the gulf of finland. although no rising trend can be detected in spring blooms from 1992 to 2005, the 2005 spring bloom in the gulf of finland was more intense than in the previous year while negligable in the arkona basin. due to the poor weather during the summer of 2004, there were no major cyanobacteria blooms that year. as a result, levels of dissolved inorganic nutrients in the winter nutrient pool remained extremely high throughout the baltic proper and meant that the risk for severe cyanobacterial blooms remained. the average concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen were lower in all regions except at the entrance to and within the gulf of finland throughout the year 2004 when compared to the reference ( the average of the years 1993 - 2003 ). this was confirmed by the 2005 summer blooms of cyanobacteria being amongst the most intense and widespread ever encountered in the northern and central baltic proper. high surface water temperatures are a prerequisite for intensive blooms of toxic nodularia species. in 2004, the abundance of the nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria as well as the ratio between the toxic nodularia spumigena and the non - toxic aphanizomenon flos - aquae were almost at the same level as in the previous four years. heavy metals and organic pollutant still persistent in marine environment the inputs of some hazardous substances to the baltic sea have reduced considerably over the past 20 to 30 years. however, the concentrations of heavy metals and organic pollutants in sea water are still several times higher in the baltic sea compared to waters of the north atlantic. as a result of efforts to reduce pollution, annual emissions of heavy metals to the air have decreased since 1990 and consequently their annual deposition onto the baltic sea has also halved since 1990. riverine heavy metal loads ( notably cadmium and lead ) have also decreased for most of coastal states. concentrations of contaminants in fish vary according to substance, species and location, but in general, the concentrations of cadmium, lead and pcbs have decreased. still the content of dioxins in the fish muscle may exceed the authorized limits set by the european commission. overall the levels of radioactivity in the baltic sea water and biota have shown declining trends since the chernobyl accident in 1986, which caused significant fallout over the area. radioactivity is now slowly transported from the baltic sea to the north sea via kattegat. the amount of caesium - 137 in baltic


shown declining trends since the chernobyl accident in 1986, which caused significant fallout over the area. radioactivity is now slowly transported from the baltic sea to the north sea via kattegat. the amount of caesium - 137 in baltic sea sediments however has remained largely unchanged, with highest concentrations in the bothnian sea and the gulf of finland. habitats and species under threat this year helcom introduces its first biodiversity indicators. the degenerating state of the the baltic sea affects marine life in many ways. macrobenthic communities have been severely degraded by increased eutrophication throughout the baltic proper and the gulf of finland and are below the longterm averages. populations of the amphipod monoporeia affinis have crashed in the gulf of bothnia and the invasive polychaete marenzelleria viridis has spread. the lack of salt water inflows has diminished the habitat layer for heterotrophic organisms in general and those of marine origin, such as copepods, in particular. although the total number of copepods has not change dramatically, the ratio between different species has been affected which in turn has had consequences in higher trophic levels. herring for instance has suffered from a decline in its favoured diet and now competes with sprat for other species of copepods. decrease in observed illegal oil spills an increase in the number of maritime transportation during the past decade has increased the potential for an increased numbers of illegal oil discharges. since the late 1990s ships have been required to deliver oil or oily water from the machinery spaces as well as from ballast or cargo tanks to reception facilities in ports. as of 1999, the number of observed illegal oil discharges has gradually been decreasing every year, but in 2004, still almost 300 illegal spills were detected. information on the long - term varaitions in the baltic marine environment can be found in : fourth periodic assessment of the state of the marine environment of the baltic sea, 1994 - 1998 ; executive summary ( 2001 ) list of 2005 indicator fact sheets


the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) recently confirmed that a citizen of great britain, who had lived in houston, tx for four years, has been diagnosed with variant creutzfeldt - jakob disease ( vcjd ). the 30 - year - old man had begun experiencing symptoms of the disease before he moved back to great britain earlier this year. he was born in the united kingdom ( u. k. ) and resided there from 1980 - 1996, a period of time when the risk of exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy ( bse ) through the consumption of contaminated beef was at its peak. bse, known as mad cow disease in animals, is a progressive, degenerative disease affecting the central nervous system. the cdc was made aware of the case by the u. k. national creutzfeldt - jakob disease surveillance unit in edinburgh, scotland. although the diagnosis of the u. k. man raises some concern, cdc and u. s. government officials do not view this case as proof of further domestic transmission. “ he lived in the u. k. for the whole time they had a problem, ” said lawrence b. schonberger, a medical epidemiologist at the cdc. he added, “ almost certainly, this case represents a continuation of the outbreak that is going on in the u. k. and it is just by convention that he happened to have gotten sick here. ” mad cow disease in animals and vcjd in humans, are prion - related diseases resulting in very serious neurological symptoms and death. there is currently no treatment for vcjd. if a person was to become infected with vcjd, there exists a theoretical possibility of them donating blood and bringing the disease into the u. s. blood supply. while residing in houston, this particular man was never hospitalized, had not undergone any invasive surgeries or received donated blood, according to the cdc. beverly boyd, a spokeswoman with the texas department of agriculture asserts, “ this is not a safety issue for texas. we have taken all the necessary steps possible to prevent any exposure in the united states and we have a very safe beef supply in texas and america. ” the cdc has stated that there is no connection between this u. k. human case and the bse detection in a texas cow this past summer. in june, the u. s. department of agriculture ( usda ) confirmed the first case of bse in a u. s. -


hindu religious critiques the hindu view is that there should be peace and good will to all people and all religions, that no one should be discriminated against because of their religious beliefs. therefore no one should fear that a true hindu would interfere with their political or social rights, or their religious freedom. however hindus should not press this tolerance so far that they fail to defend their own rights or allow distortions of their religion to go on unquestioned by others. on a religious level, hindus must employ a different strategy than in the political sphere. while the political sphere demands avoidance of religious issues unless political in nature, in the religious sphere hindus cannot forget that their religion is under attack and fail to vigorously defend it. they must be aware of religious issues and their social ramifications and not ignore them under the guise of political tolerance. hinduism is a pluralistic tradition that contains many different teachers, teachings, and scriptures, and various names and forms for divine. it states that though there is one truth there are many paths, which it represents by different gods and goddesses, and various yogic approaches. this is a different approach than western monotheistic religions that are prone to an exclusivism of one god and his only or final representative. to such exclusive monotheistic beliefs pluralistic traditions like the hindu are polytheist, pagan and heathen, the enemy that has to be converted if not destroyed.


1. al capone played banjo in the inmate band. the notorious gangster and mob boss was among the first prisoners to occupy the new alcatraz federal prison in august 1934. capone had bribed guards to receive preferential treatment while serving his tax - evasion sentence in atlanta, but that changed after his transfer to the island prison. the conditions broke capone. “ it looks like alcatraz has got me licked, ” he reportedly told his warden. in fact, convict no. 85 became so cooperative that he was permitted to play banjo in the alcatraz prison band, the rock islanders, which gave regular sunday concerts for other inmates. 2. there were no confirmed prisoner escapes from alcatraz. a total of 36 inmates put the supposedly “ escape - proof ” alcatraz to the test. of those convicts, 23 were captured, six were shot to death and two drowned. the other five went missing and were presumed drowned, including frank morris and brothers john and clarence anglin, whose 1962 attempted breakout inspired the 1979 film “ escape from alcatraz. ” the crafty trio chipped away at the rotting concrete cell walls with sharpened spoons and fashioned decoy heads complete with used locks of hair from the barbershop that they placed in their beds to fool the guards. their possessions were found floating in san francisco bay, but no bodies were ever recovered, leading some to speculate that they may have engineered a successful escape. 3. alcatraz is named for sea birds. before criminals became its denizens, the windswept island was home to large colonies of brown pelicans. when spanish lieutenant juan manuel de ayala became the first known european to sail through the golden gate in 1775, he christened the rocky outcrop “ la isla de los alcatraces, ” meaning “ island of the pelicans. ” the name eventually became anglicized to “ alcatraz. ” with the inmates gone, gulls and cormorants are now the most plentiful inhabitants of alcatraz. 4. in spite of his nickname, the “ birdman of alcatraz ” had no birds in the prison. while robert stroud was serving a manslaughter sentence for killing a bartender in a brawl, he fatally stabbed a guard at leavenworth prison in 1916. after president woodrow wilson commuted his death sentence to a life of permanent solitary confinement, stroud began to study ornithological diseases, write and illustrate two books and raise canaries


, he fatally stabbed a guard at leavenworth prison in 1916. after president woodrow wilson commuted his death sentence to a life of permanent solitary confinement, stroud began to study ornithological diseases, write and illustrate two books and raise canaries and other birds in his leavenworth cell. he was ordered to give up his birds in 1931, and he was banned from having any avian cellmates during his 17 years inside alcatraz, which began in 1942. the 1962 movie “ birdman of alcatraz, ” for which burt lancaster received an academy award nomination just weeks before “ the rock ” closed, was largely fictitious. 5. after the prison stood dormant for six years, native american activists occupied alcatraz. following two previous brief occupations, a group of nearly 100 native american activists, led by mohawk richard oakes, took over the island in november 1969. citing an 1868 treaty that granted unoccupied federal land to native americans, the protestors demanded the deed to alcatraz in order to establish a university and cultural center. their proclamation included an offer to purchase the island for “ $ 24 in glass beads and red cloth ” — the same price reportedly paid by dutch settlers for manhattan in 1626. federal marshals removed the last of the protestors in june 1971, but some of their graffiti remains. when the national park service recently rebuilt an alcatraz water tower, it made sure to repaint the red graffiti that read “ peace and freedom. welcome. home of the free indian land. ” 6. military prisoners were alcatraz ’ s first inmates. once the gold rush of the 1840s turned san francisco into a boomtown, alcatraz was dedicated to military use. the u. s. army began incarcerating military prisoners inside the new fortress in the late 1850s. during the civil war, prisoners included union deserters and confederate sympathizers. the cells were also used to imprison native americans who had land disagreements with the federal government, american soldiers who deserted to the filipino cause during the spanish - american war and chinese civilians who resisted the army during the boxer rebellion. 7. alcatraz was home to the pacific coast ’ s first lighthouse. when a small lighthouse on top of the rocky island was activated in 1854, it became the first of its kind on the west coast of the united states. the beacon became obsolete in the early 1900s after the u. s. army constructed a cell house that blocked its view of the golden gate. a new, taller lighthouse replaced


it became the first of its kind on the west coast of the united states. the beacon became obsolete in the early 1900s after the u. s. army constructed a cell house that blocked its view of the golden gate. a new, taller lighthouse replaced it in 1909. 8. the country ’ s worst criminals were not automatically shipped to alcatraz. the convicts housed in alcatraz were not necessarily those who had committed the most violent or heinous crimes, but they were the convicts most in need of an attitude adjustment – the most incorrigible and disobedient inmates in the federal penal system. they had bribed guards and attempted escapes, and a trip to alcatraz was intended to get them to follow the rules so that they could return to other federal facilities. 9. it was possible to swim to shore. federal officials may have initially doubted that any escaping inmates could survive the swim to the mainland across the cold, swift waters of san francisco bay, but it did happen. in 1962, prisoner john paul scott greased himself with lard, squeezed through a window and swam to shore. he was so exhausted upon reaching the foot of the golden gate bridge that police discovered him lying unconscious in hypothermic shock. today, hundreds complete the 1. 5 - mile swim annually during the escape from alcatraz triathlon. 10. inmates requested transfers to alcatraz. while alcatraz was certainly not club med, its tough - as - nails reputation was a bit of a hollywood creation. the prison ’ s one - man - per - cell policy appealed to some inmates because it made them less vulnerable to attack by fellow jailbirds. alcatraz ’ s first warden, james a. johnston, knew poor food was often the cause of prison riots, so he prided himself on serving good food, and inmates could return for as many helpings as they wanted. inmates who behaved had access to privileges including monthly movies and a library with 15, 000 books and 75 popular magazine subscriptions. overall, some prisoners considered the conditions inside alcatraz to be more attractive than at other federal prisons, and several asked to be moved there.


alexander hamilton and aaron burr ( 1804 ) on july 11, 1804, years of escalating personal and political tensions culminated in the most famous duel in american history : the standoff between alexander hamilton, a leading federalist and former secretary of the treasury, and aaron burr, who was then serving as vice president under thomas jefferson. hamilton had come to detest burr, whom he regarded as an opportunist, and vehemently campaigned against him during his failed 1804 bid to become governor of new york. burr resolved to restore his reputation by challenging hamilton to an “ affair of honor, ” as duels were then known. the enemies met at the dueling grounds near weehawken, new jersey — the same spot where hamilton ’ s son had died defending his father ’ s honor in november 1801. ( the loss inspired hamilton to denounce dueling and lend his voice to the growing movement against the practice. ) according to some accounts, hamilton never planned to aim at burr, hoping instead to fire a symbolic shot into the air and resolve the matter peacefully. whatever his intentions, hamilton missed his opponent but was promptly shot in the stomach ; he died the next afternoon. few affairs of honor actually resulted in deaths at the time, and the nation was outraged by the killing of a man as eminent as alexander hamilton. public opinion turned against burr, who was charged with murder and later arrested for treason in an unrelated incident. acquitted on a technicality, he fled to europe before returning to private life in new york. lady almeria braddock and mrs. elphinstone ( 1792 ) a certain mrs. elphinstone expected no more than a cup of tea when she paid a social call to lady almeria braddock ’ s london home in 1792. but the visit veered off into decidedly unladylike territory when the hostess, evidently enraged by a casual comment mrs. elphinstone made about her age, challenged her guest to a duel in hyde park. according to reports, mrs. elphinstone fired her pistol first, knocking lady braddock ’ s hat to the ground. the women then took up swords, and lady braddock got her revenge by wounding her opponent in the arm. the “ petticoat duel, ” as it came to be known, ended without further incident when mrs. elphinstone agreed to write a letter of apology. miyamoto musashi and sasaki kojiro ( 1612 ) considered the preeminent japanese swordsmen of their time, arch


to be known, ended without further incident when mrs. elphinstone agreed to write a letter of apology. miyamoto musashi and sasaki kojiro ( 1612 ) considered the preeminent japanese swordsmen of their time, archrivals miyamoto musashi and sasaki kojiro met on the remote shores of ganryu island to settle their differences once and for all. according to legend, musashi showed up several hours late to psych out his opponent, bearing a giant wooden sword he had fashioned from the oar of a boat. kojiro attacked the tardy samurai with his signature “ swallow cut ” move, but before his blade was lowered musashi dealt him a fatal blow. pursued by furious kojiro supporters who considered his delayed arrival unfair, musashi hopped back into his boat and rowed to safety. later in life, musashi would become an acclaimed painter. edouard manet and edmond duranty ( 1870 ) in february 1870, the french painter edouard manet flew into a fit of rage after reading a single dispassionate sentence about two of his works penned by his longtime friend, the critic edmond duranty. the artist stormed into paris ’ cafe guerbois, slapped duranty in the face and challenged him to a sword duel. according to police reports, the men faced each other on february 23 in the forest of saint - germain, with the famous writer emile zola attending manet as his “ second. ” the adversaries ’ swords allegedly struck only once, but with such force that both blades buckled. when duranty sustained a minor wound, manet declared his honor sufficiently defended, and before long the two parisians had patched up their relationship and were once again sharing meals at the guerbois. alexander pushkin and georges d ’ anthes ( 1837 ) perhaps more so than the man wielding the pistol, it was pure jealously that felled the great russian poet alexander pushkin at the height of his career. in the 1830s, george d ’ anthes aggressively pursued pushkin ’ s beautiful wife natalya in saint petersburg, earning verbal threats from the famous — and notoriously pugnacious — writer in return. on january 10, 1837, the frenchman wed natalya ’ s sister ekaterina, perhaps to dispel rumors of an affair and quell pushkin ’ s wrath. nevertheless, on january 27 the newly minted brothers - in - law met in a duel. d ’ anthes escaped with a


s sister ekaterina, perhaps to dispel rumors of an affair and quell pushkin ’ s wrath. nevertheless, on january 27 the newly minted brothers - in - law met in a duel. d ’ anthes escaped with a gash on his arm, but pushkin took a bullet to the stomach and died two days later. isabella de carazzi and diambra de pettinella ( 1552 ) fabio de zeresola may have been the most sought - after bachelor in 16th - century naples. at a time when many duels were fought between men for a disputed lady ’ s favor, two young women — isabella de carazzi and diambra de pettinella — competed for zeresola ’ s affection in a public swordfight. although the outcome is unknown, the sensational event kept gossips ’ tongues wagging for decades to come. in 1636, the spanish artist jose de riberta immortalized the story in his famous painting “ duelo de mujeres ” ( “ duel of women ” ). ben jonson and gabriel spenser ( 1598 ) a contemporary of william shakespeare, ben jonson overcame a rough upbringing to become an accomplished playwright, poet and actor. he also cultivated a bad - boy reputation through his ruthless exploits as a soldier, his hard - drinking lifestyle and his inflammatory writings. on september 22, 1598, he killed the actor gabriel spenser in a duel that may have arisen after the two men quarreled over which theater troupe was elizabethan england ’ s finest. sentenced to hang for the murder, jonson used a legal loophole known as the “ benefit of clergy, ” reciting a bible verse to escape the death penalty ; his property was ultimately confiscated and his thumb branded. jonson ’ s hit play “ every man in his humor ” was produced the same year, with shakespeare himself playing a role. andrew jackson and charles dickinson ( 1806 ) more than two decades before he became the seventh president of the united states, andrew jackson faced off against charles dickinson, a lawyer regarded as one of the best shots in the area, in logan, kentucky. the proud and volatile jackson, a former senator and representative of tennessee, called for the duel after dickinson described his wife rachel as a bigamist, referring to a legal error in her 1791 divorce from her first husband. on may 30, 1806, the two men met with pistols in hand, standing 24 feet apart in accordance with dueling custom. after the signal, dickinson fired


this article was originally published in the july / august 1996 issue of home energy magazine. some formatting inconsistencies may be evident in older archive content. | back to contents page | home energy index | about home energy | home energy magazine online july / august 1996 try these on for size : the 60 - unit building in the photo above houses middle - income families. as part of a study conducted in new york city, researchers monitored the building ' s hot water consumption, which fell into the medium usage category under the 1995 ashrae guidelines. energy professionals have long been frustrated by the lack of reliable data for sizing domestic hot water ( dhw ) equipment in multifamily buildings. to be on the safe side, many designers oversize the equipment, resulting in systems with higher equipment costs, operating costs, and energy use. now ashrae has incorporated data from recent studies into new guidelines for properly sizing dhw systems. using previous ( pre - 1995 ) ashrae guidelines resulted in serious undersizing ( see figure 1 ). in practice, however, dhw systems and combined heating / dhw boilers are often oversized by 30 % - 200 %, according to the new york city department of housing preservation and development, energy conservation division. discussions with designers in other parts of the country revealed similar oversizing. what happens is that the individual responsible for installing a boiler will often size it with a what was there before, looks like..., or other rule - of - thumb method. even when they do try to calculate the loads, designers use enormous safety factors because they know the dhw demands estimated with the old methods tend to undersize ( see evolution of an oversizing rule ). the safety factors cause considerable oversizing even when the space heating portion is calculated properly, which is rarely the case. i ' ve seen factors that double the size of the boiler relative to the space heating load ( a rule of thumb that is particularly inaccurate for the new york climate ). many of these methods were initially based on the pre - 1995 ashrae approach. i once sat down with the vp of marketing and one of the design engineers for a prominent manufacturer and asked them how the data sheets in their catalog determine system size. they replied the ashrae handbook method. after running some calculations, we found that in fact their results were somewhere between two to three times greater than the results obtained using the handbook method. what probably happened was that the engineer who had written the sizing sheets ( many years ago ) started with the handbook


some calculations, we found that in fact their results were somewhere between two to three times greater than the results obtained using the handbook method. what probably happened was that the engineer who had written the sizing sheets ( many years ago ) started with the handbook values as a base. but from his experience, he recognized that the numbers were not sufficient to meet a building ' s demand, so he added a safety factor based on that experience. subsequently, as the catalog has been revised, each engineer given the responsibility to update the sheets has said to himself or herself, well, i ' m not going to be responsible for there not being enough hot water in a building and has added another safety factor on top of the previous one. and then the chief engineer in charge of the revision says, i ' m not going to be responsible for there not being enough hot water... and adds yet another safety factor. thus over time these values have in some cases become grossly inflated. to aggravate this already bad situation, the contractor on the job may look at the data sheets and say, well i ' m not... and add another level of so - called safety factor. the job then gets sized out and a call is made to the warehouse, whose staff, feeling like all the other parties, applies the next - size - up approach before sending the heater / boiler out to the job site. the 1995 guidelines also take a new approach. rather than a single value for volume of water used per apartment, they offer a range of values for different types of users. the residents or likely residents of a building are separated by their demographic characteristics into three usage categories : low, medium, or high ( lmh ). additionally, the usage factors are provided per capita rather than per apartment. this reflects the fact that people, not apartments or square footage, use water. to help in the design process, the new ashrae tables give more detailed levels of consumption for the peak 5 minutes and the peak 15 minutes ( the old tables had only 60 - minute peak values ). these values more closely represent the instantaneous demand peak that a building will experience. using the new method the first step in calculating dhw demand is to determine the demographic profile of the project and building occupants. different types of building occupants consume hot water in fairly predictable patterns. users can be lumped into one of the three typical lmh categories of water consumers. table 1 lists a variety of occupant classifications, one or a combination of which should


types of building occupants consume hot water in fairly predictable patterns. users can be lumped into one of the three typical lmh categories of water consumers. table 1 lists a variety of occupant classifications, one or a combination of which should describe the occupants of any particular multifamily building. for example, a luxury condominium in an area inhabited predominantly by young couples will tend to fall into the all occupants work category of low anticipated water consumption. by contrast, a low - income housing project will generally fall somewhere between the low income and no occupants work categories of high - volume water consumption. an abundance of hot - water - consuming appliances, such as clothes washers or dishwashers, will tend to increase hot - water consumption. if the condominium building example above intended, or allowed, the future installation of a clothes washer in each unit, the demographic category should be augmented from low to medium. it is up to the system ' s designer to determine this category. once this lmh factor has been determined, values for hot - water consumption can be selected from table 2. values are indicated per capita in peak or maximum flows of 5 minutes, 15 minutes, one hour, two hours, three hours and one day, as well as average daily flow. from these values, anticipated demand can be determined for the estimated maximum building population. | table 1. demographic characteristics correlation to dhw consumption | | demographic characteristics | | usage factor | no occupants work public assistance and low income ( mix ) family and single - parent households ( mix ) high percentage of children higher population density one person works, one stays home all occupants work | table 2. national dhw sizing guidelines ( low - medium - high ) | | hot water demands and use for multifamily buildings | | maximum hour | | peak 15 minutes | | maximum day | | average day | | low | | 2. 8 gal ( 10. 5 l ) / person | | 1 gal ( 4 l ) / person | | 20 gal ( 76 l ) / person | | 14 gal ( 53 l ) / person | | med | | 4. 8 gal ( 18 l ) / person | | 1. 7 gal ( 6. 4 l ) / person | | 49 gal ( 185 l ) / person | | 30 gal ( 114 l ) / person | | high | | 8. 5 gal ( 32. 5 l ) / person | | 3 gal ( 11. 5 l ) / person | | 90 gal ( 340 l )


) / person | | 30 gal ( 114 l ) / person | | high | | 8. 5 gal ( 32. 5 l ) / person | | 3 gal ( 11. 5 l ) / person | | 90 gal ( 340 l ) / person | | 54 gal ( 205 l ) / person | | peak 5 minutes | | peak 30 minutes | | maximum 2 hours | | maximum 3 hours | | low | | 0. 4 gal ( 1. 5 l ) / person | | 1. 7 gal ( 6. 5 l ) / person | | 4. 5 gal ( 17 l ) / person | | 6. 1 gal ( 23 l ) / person | | med | | 0. 7 gal ( 2. 6 l ) / person | | 2. 9 gal ( 11 l ) / person | | 8 gal ( 31 l ) / person | | 11 gal ( 41 l ) / person | | high | | 1. 2 gal ( 4. 5 l ) / person | | 5. 1 gal ( 19. 5 l ) / person | | 14. 5 gal ( 55 l ) / person | | 19 gal ( 72 l ) / person | | note : these volumes are for dhw delivered to the tap at 120of. | | sources : data from chapter 45 : service hot water, in 1995 ashrae handbook : hvac applications, atlanta : ashrae, 1995, and goldner, f. s., and d. c. price. domestic hot water loads, system sizing and selection for multifamily buildings. in 1994 aceee summer study on energy efficiency in buildings proceedings, 2. 105 - 2. 116. berkeley : american council for an energy - efficient economy, 1994. | author fredric goldner discusses meter equipment with building superintendent john perkins. the meter he is pointing to monitors hot water recirculation, and above it is a domestic hot water consumption meter. the number of occupants per apartment should be estimated based on local standards or regulations. for example, in a given city, studios may accommodate two persons ; one - bedroom apartments, three persons ; two - bedroom apartments, three to five persons ; and so on. in buildings where corrective maintenance cannot be done, a safety factor of 20 % - 30 % may be employed to compensate for poorly maintained fixtures and distribution piping. however, this should be done only in extreme cases. the figures presented in table 2 are for centrally fired systems ; individual apartment water heater systems are likely to have


- 30 % may be employed to compensate for poorly maintained fixtures and distribution piping. however, this should be done only in extreme cases. the figures presented in table 2 are for centrally fired systems ; individual apartment water heater systems are likely to have lower levels of consumption because the resident usually pays for fuel directly, which encourages conservation. there isn ' t a set of values for individual systems in ashrae, but a suggested rule of thumb for sizing these would be to use a low - end estimate for a single - family home load. ashrae based its 1995 guidelines ( published in the 1995 hvac applications handbook ) on new research conducted in new york city ( see collecting usage data in new york city ) as well as data from studies in seven other areas of the united states and canada. both research and practical experience in different areas of north america indicate that there are variances in dhw use among geographical locations. there is, however, no distinctive pattern that can be identified with the available data. the joint ashrae / aspe ( american society of plumbing engineers ) domestic hot water design manual, to be published this fall, will go into greater depth than the ashrae standards, including the patterns of consumption and demand derived from the new york study. becoming familiar with these patterns can help designers choose the best equipment and help auditors troubleshoot related system problems. collecting usage data in new york city the data were collected by computerized heating controllers, which monitored burner on - off times and the following temperatures : apartment air, outdoor air, boiler water ( aquastat ), and dhw. eight buildings had additional monitoring equipment installed to record stack temperature, boiler makeup water flow, dhw flow in 15 - minute increments, oil flow, and dhw temperature before and after the mixing valve and on the return line. in 1993, we equipped a subset of three of the sites to record dhw flow in 5 - minute increments and to record recirculation flows. this was done to get a more precise picture of short - term / instantaneous demand peaks and to collect the missing information necessary to create an accurate simulation of real - time operations. we collected data in these three buildings for 100 days. emra also collected building operation and tenant information from superintendents and property managers via questionnaires and interviews, and building and apartment occupancy records. we conducted energy audits to determine the type and condition of equipment and buildings. within the new york research, we tried to include a variety of building


and property managers via questionnaires and interviews, and building and apartment occupancy records. we conducted energy audits to determine the type and condition of equipment and buildings. within the new york research, we tried to include a variety of building sizes, income levels, ethnic backgrounds, and locales. the study buildings are characteristic of the older and predominant stock of the over 120, 000 new york city multifamily buildings. the buildings range in size from 17 to 103 apartments in either five or six above - ground stories. these buildings were built before 1902 or between 1902 and 1928. all have combination steam - space - heating and dhw - generating steel tube boilers, which use primarily # 4 or # 6 oil in air - atomizing burners. dhw is generated by a tankless coil just under the surface of the boiler water. energy use analysis for further details, a copy of report no. 94 - 19, energy use and domestic hot water consumption : phase 1, is available from nyserda. tel : ( 518 ) 465 - 6251, ext. 250. figure 2. seasonal variations in weekend consumption, gallons per person ( composite of data from new york city apartment buildings ). there is generally a slightly higher daily consumption on weekends than on weekdays. this holds true in all seasons. the average weekend daily consumption is 7. 5 % greater than the average weekday daily consumption. weekday and weekend hot - water consumption patterns have distinct differences ( see figure 3 ). weekdays have little overnight usage ; a morning peak ; lower afternoon demand ; and an evening or nighttime peak. weekends have just one major peak, which begins later in the morning and continues until around 1 pm to 2 pm. the usage then tapers off fairly evenly through the rest of the day. the weekend peak is greater than any of the weekday peaks. the highest peaking level occurs during winter weekends. thus, the best tactic for an engineer who has the time and money to custom - design a retrofit system is to monitor current consumption for two or three winter weekends to determine a building ' s actual peak usage, rather than estimating it with table 2. a system designed to meet these draws should satisfy all other year - round requirements. two morning peaks occur on the weekdays, the first between 6 am and 8 am and the second between 9 : 30 am and noon. individual buildings tend to exhibit one of these two peaks. generally, the buildings with large numbers of working tenants and middle - income populations experience the early morning peak,


first between 6 am and 8 am and the second between 9 : 30 am and noon. individual buildings tend to exhibit one of these two peaks. generally, the buildings with large numbers of working tenants and middle - income populations experience the early morning peak, while buildings with many children exhibit the later morning peak ( especially during the summer period ). this knowledge of flow patterns can come in particularly handy when troubleshooting hot water complaints. for instance, a large fluctuation in water temperature at a time when the usage was extremely low recently helped me to identify a problem with a faulty hot water coil. if the fluctuation was observed only during a high usage period, the cause - perhaps an undersized coil or a problem with the mixing valve - would have been harder to determine. although recirculation pumps should be sized to meet each individual building ' s requirements, common practice is one size fits all. thus we found the same pump size at all sites. ( a methodology for proper pump size selection can be found on page 45. 5 of the 1995 ashrae hvac applications handbook. ) our monitoring showed that water consumption has an inverse relationship with recirculation flow. in the overnight period, when there is little or no consumption, the pump reaches its maximum capacity rate. designers should consider this and the flow curves in figure 3 when choosing between recirculation control strategies ( see the best boiler and water heating retrofits, he sept / oct ' 95, p. 27, and controlling recirculation loop heat losses, he jan / feb ' 93, p. 9 ). a new study investigating three very low - cost approaches to reduce recirculation system losses while maintaining resident comfort and satisfaction should be completed in early 1997. peak demands and average consumption in the new york city buildings, the average hourly consumption is only 42 % of the consumption in the peak hour. instead of sizing a system to be able to provide the peak demand, it ' s possible to generate and store hot water during the periods of average and below - average demand to meet the peak. this could be accomplished by installing a system with a heater designed to generate the average hourly load, running essentially continuously, and providing enough storage tank capacity to store unneeded hot water during the night and furnish it during periods of peak demand ( such as morning shower time ). figure 4. parts of three - hour peak and 60 - minute peak consumption. the 5 -, 15 -, 60 -, 120 -, and 180


the night and furnish it during periods of peak demand ( such as morning shower time ). figure 4. parts of three - hour peak and 60 - minute peak consumption. the 5 -, 15 -, 60 -, 120 -, and 180 - minute peak demand times coincide with each other. these volumes should therefore be addressed as different ( time length ) measurements within the same peak dhw draw, so the system can be designed to satisfy this load. an instantaneous system designed to meet the peak 5 - minute draw will have no problem meeting the rest of the load. generation and storage systems should be designed both to provide hot water for the average load and to meet the short, sharp peaks. step 1. compute the maximum potential occupancy, based on local standards and expectations, and conversations with the building owner or manager. step 2. determine the low, medium, or high ( lmh ) usage factor of the building ' s occupants from table 1, based on knowledge of the building, conversations with the building owner or manager, and observations. consider the effect of either currently installed or potential future additions of appliances that might move a building up to a higher usage category. based on the information above, the medium usage factor was selected. step 3a. compute the system load using the 5 - minute peak demand values in table 2. 1 / boiler system load conversion temp rise combustion efficiency dhw load 1, 663 gal / hr x 8. 33 lb / gal x 90of x 1 / 0. 8 ( 80 % ce ) = 1, 558, 439 btu / h instantaneous dhw - only heater. the 1, 558, 439 btu / h should be the size of the dhw heater. ( note that a higher combustion efficiency should actually be used for sizing an instantaneous heater ; use 85 % or the efficiency specified in the equipment documentation. ) combination heat / dhw boiler. when sizing a tankless coil in a combination heat / dhw system, the 1, 663 gallons per hour is the coil size to be ordered. the 1, 558, 439 btu / h is the additional load capacity for dhw to be added to the space - heating load to size the boiler. ( in an existing steam heating distribution system, the space - heating load should be computed by the edr - equivalent direct radiation - methodology. ) generation and storage system step 3b. compute the system load using the peak 30 - minute and


boiler. ( in an existing steam heating distribution system, the space - heating load should be computed by the edr - equivalent direct radiation - methodology. ) generation and storage system step 3b. compute the system load using the peak 30 - minute and maximum three - hour hot water values in table 2. step 4b. next, convert the load into equipment ratings. estimating consumption in existing buildings step 3c. calculate system load using the average day values in table 2. if the current practice of defensive oversizing is applied to the new guidelines, this will only exaggerate the capital and energy inefficiencies experienced in the past. it is therefore important for the designer to recognize the inherent safety nets in the new approach. the most significant of these is that the method uses the building ' s maximum potential occupancy, which may never actually occur. also, using the new guidelines, an engineer designs a system to satisfy the higher - volume but short - duration peaks ( not delineated in the old guidelines ), which occur only a few times during the year. even if the system were not able to satisfy that load, the problems would probably be minor - for instance, the occupants might experience slightly lower temperature hot water at their taps a few times per year. the main question concerning acceptance and use of the new guidelines is whether the designers and energy professionals are comfortable with their reliability and professional backing. ashrae ' s technical committee 6. 6 ( service hot water ) was the main force in the call for a new sizing tool based on the vast quantity of real - time data that has been collected. the new joint ashrae / aspe domestic hot water design manual, scheduled for publication this fall, should also provide substantial support for those who wish to size systems properly. it includes a how - to sizing guide for 17 different building types - from residential buildings to commercial, industrial, and recreational facilities. further reading chapter 45 : service hot water, in 1995 ashrae handbook : hvac applications, atlanta : ashrae, 1995. goldner, f. s. dhw system sizing criteria for multifamily buildings. ashrae transactions 100, no. 1 ( january 1994 ) : 147 - 65. goldner, f. s. energy use and dhw consumption research project, report no. 94 - 19. final report : phase 1. prepared by energy management and research associates for new york state energy research and development authority, november 1994. goldner, f. s., and d


homeopathy is based on the observation that substances that are capable of causing disorders of the mind or body in healthy people can be used in dilute form as medicines to treat similar disorders in someone who is ill, whatever the cause of the illness. allium cepa derived from onions can be taken as an example. contact with raw onions causes lacrimation, stinging and irritation around the eyes and nose. allium cepa can therefore be prescribed to patients with hay fever with the same symptoms. the key to successful homeopathic treatment is identifying the similarity between the effects of the original substance in healthy people and the pattern of the illness in the individual who is ill. this is called the similia principle. homeopathic medicines must be customized to match the individual with that disease, a process that is called ‘ individualisation ’. the very same disease in another patient will most often be cured with an entirely different medicine. thus we could have two different medicines that cure two different patients with identical conventional diagnoses. the word ‘ individualisation ’ is emphasized because any particular disease or illness, although it may have a particular form of pathology, actually manifests itself differently in individual patients. the pattern of clinical symptoms and signs will differ in some details from person to person. this is true of the actual condition itself, but even more so if incidental factors like changes in mood, thirst, appetite, reaction to temperature, and other body functions are taken into account. the characteristic actions of the homeopathic medicine must match these individual characteristics of the illness if it is to have a therapeutic effect. homeopathy is based on the philosophy that the body, mind and emotions are not really separate and distinct, but are actually fully integrated. based on this perspective, a homeopathic doctor seeks a medicine that fits all of a patient ’ s physical and psychological symptoms. the action of homeopathic medicines is to enable the natural self - regulating mechanisms in the mind and body to function more efficiently, and to mobilize and reinforce the healing resources, which already naturally exist. actually, instead of defeating or covering up diseases, it facilitates healing. choosing the right prescription is like choosing the precise key needed to switch on this process. homeopathy does not seek to remove or suppress symptoms. its goal is to recognize and remove the underlying cause of these symptoms. this is why a homeopathic doctor will work towards understanding the whole person — including their body, mind and emotional state — before prescribing a medicine. when accurately implemented, home


in this article i will describe a basic aspect of homeopathy ’ s spiritual understanding of health and disease : the view that disease arises from a fixed adaptation to a past situation that no longer exists in the present. homeopaths view health and disease as states of being that are either appropriate for the situation ( healthy ) or inappropriate for the situation ( unhealthy ). the state of being that we adopt from moment to moment can be regarded a ‘ posture ’ that is either suitable or unsuitable for the present moment of existence. an unsuitable posture kept for too long manifests as chronic disease, whereas a short - lasting one causes acute symptoms or weakens the organism until it is susceptible to infectious influences. disease arises from memory of a past state that no longer exists conventional medicine is based on a materialistic view of life. health is compared to a well - functioning machine, while disease is viewed as a malfunction in some part of the machine. homeopathy is based on a spiritual view of life. health is the ability to respond freely and creatively to all situations encountered throughout life, whereas disease is any restriction on this ability. samual hahnemann, the originator of homeopathy, discovered through lifelong clinical observation that disease could often be traced to a ‘ mistunement ’ created during a past stressful episode in the life of the organism or its ancestors. he concluded that the memory of this past state was the real cause the suffering that we experienced through physical and psychological symptoms. health is the flexibility to successfully adapt to all life situations rajan sankaran ( author of the spirit of homoeopathy ) describes disease as an “ unsuitable posture … adopted by the organism in order to survive in a perceived situation. ” what is a “ perceived situation ”? to answer this, let ’ s first look at an example he gives of a real situation : if you are lifting a heavy bag and you have to walk with that heavy weight, in order that your back does not break, you have to bend in the direction opposite to the bag. so, your body adopts a posture to survive in this situation. this posture is healthy, it is going to do you good, in this situation it is needed, and as long as the bag is heavy, the posture has to be maintained. hence, we see that posture is an adjustment. as long as this adjustment is in proportion to the existing situation, as long as it is suitable to this situation, and as long as the situation or exciting factor remains, this adjustment cannot and


maintained. hence, we see that posture is an adjustment. as long as this adjustment is in proportion to the existing situation, as long as it is suitable to this situation, and as long as the situation or exciting factor remains, this adjustment cannot and should not be corrected. life can be viewed as a series of adaptations : one situation flows into another, and each time a different posture is adopted to suit the new situation. health is the flexibility to correctly adapt to any situation that arises throughout our life journey. an unhealthy posture arises from adaptation to a perceived situation that is not really present. this adaptation can be either inappropriate for the situation or appropriate for the situation but of disproportionate intensity. sankaran illustrates these possibilities as follows : when a man is being chased by a lion, the posture of running fast, being afraid, etc. is appropriate since his survival depends upon it. however, if a man is in the same state without a lion chasing him, or he adopts the same posture even if a little dog chases him, or he is in such a pain that he cannot think ( a reaction far in excess of what is needed in the situation ) then this state is to be removed by treatment. the unsuitable posture is hidden behind physical and psychological symptoms so long as an unhealthy posture is held over from the past, the person is precluded from adopting an appropriate posture for the present situation. this is considered a state of disease in homeopathy, whether or not there are clear physical or psychological symptoms that warrant medical treatment. this means, on the one hand, that homeopathy is a powerful healing tool in cases where the patient feels distress yet there are no discernible medical abnormalities. on the other hand, during the clinical encounter between patient and homeopath the disease state does not automatically reveal itself as an unhealthy posture. in most clinical situations the patient will present with vague discomfort or with one or more physical and psychological complaints. during the homeopathic intake the homeopath must therefore ask many questions in order to lead the patient to reveal the unsuitable posture that he or she continuously adopts in all life situations. this posture, which most of us do not have a direct awareness of, is the underlying reason for the existence of the clinical complaint that induces people to seek homeopathic treatment in the first place. how do unsuitable postures arise? an unsuitable posture originates from an adaptation to a past situation that is maintained even though it is no longer applicable to


the existence of the clinical complaint that induces people to seek homeopathic treatment in the first place. how do unsuitable postures arise? an unsuitable posture originates from an adaptation to a past situation that is maintained even though it is no longer applicable to the situation. this happens when the past situation has exceeded the organism ’ s resilience. such situations generally fall into one of the following categories : - a past traumatic event, - childhood or cultural habits that have powerfully impressed themselves on the organism, or - inherited spiritual impressions — known in homeopathy as “ miasms ” — that long ago left their mark on one ’ s parents or earlier ancestors. resilience can be understood by analogy with a steel spring : just as a steel spring can be bent and absorb many small shocks and still recover its original form, a person can absorb many stresses yet maintain his underlying state of health throughout the stressful period. but beyond a certain threshold, excessive stress deforms the spring and causes it to lose its elasticity. a person exposed to excessive stress will likewise carry the spiritual impression or ‘ deformation ’ due to the past stress and will no longer be fully ‘ elastic ’ and responsive to the present situation. homeopathic treatment frees us from unsuitable postures we all continually adopt postures in order to survive in different life situations or in an attempt to create a reality that we imagine to be desirable. but if we remain fixed in a posture that is no longer appropriate for the situation ( for any of the reasons cited earlier ) to the point that we are unable to respond appropriately to situations that arise in the present, we may then become aware of an uncomfortable sensation at the level of our spirit. if we do not free ourselves of the fixed posture eventually we experience more obvious psychological discomfort, physical symptoms, or both. in sankaran ’ s words : disease is thus seen as an affection of the whole person, as a posture adopted as a survival mechanism to suit a particular situation which does not exist at the moment. this posture makes us react to the present in an unsuitable way due to our false perception of it. such an unsuitable and disproportionate reaction to the situation naturally causes a constant stress on the organism, and the stress aggravates the pathology or brings the tendency to a particular pathology into activity. health is the ability to feel ok in all situations. a posture is an adaptation for feeling ok under a specific situation. unless one is able to switch postures freely from moment to moment, a person will only


tendency to a particular pathology into activity. health is the ability to feel ok in all situations. a posture is an adaptation for feeling ok under a specific situation. unless one is able to switch postures freely from moment to moment, a person will only feel ok when the fixed posture happens to coincide with ( be suitable for ) the situation. in terms of the model i ’ ve just presented, homeopathic treatment releases the hold of the unsuitable posture that prevents free - flowing adaptation to the present moment. by raising awareness of the inappropriateness of the fixed posture to the point that a person can choose to abandon it in favour of another posture, homeopathic remedies assist in the release of inappropriate life habits that manifest physically or psychologically. once this happens, full resilience is restored and the person is able to handle life as it comes — adopting appropriate postures as needed and shifting away from them as soon as the situation is over — without undue stress. read related articles : - the 7 essential factors in forecasting the length of homeopathic treatment of chronic diseases - medical suppression of symptoms and its homeopathic cure - diving into “ the spirit of homoeopathy ” - this is why homeopaths emphasize clinical results over theory - the influence of vitalism on naturopathic medicine - the distinction between classical homeopathy and naturopathic medicine - the how and what of homeopathic remedies - the followup appointments - basics of the homeopathic prescription - basics of homeopathic case analysis


presidential religious lives are, for the most part, rather unremarkable - - just like the majority of americans they represent. as the 2012 presidential race, and especially the republican nomination, dominate the news, the religion of the sometimes - frontrunner mitt romney continues to be an issue for many republican voters. americans have a hard time imagining a member of the church of jesus christ of latter day saints, a mormon, as president. yet mormonism is, perhaps, the most american of all religions, founded by an american citizen and based on a sacred text that tells the story of god ' s work in the americas. as many question romney ' s religious heritage, it would be enlightening to look at eight presidents whose religious lives have troubled and fascinated americans, or whose faiths may surprise us even today. 1. andrew jackson. our first presbyterian president, jackson ' s religious life is noteworthy because he conscientiously refused to allow his religion to be a part of his office. long before the presidential prayer breakfast or the national day of prayer, jackson was called on by members of congress and influential religious leaders to call for a national day of prayer and fasting in response to a cholera epidemic. jackson refused, stating that to do so would be to transcend " those limits which are prescribed by the constitution for the president, " and he feared that this religious encroachment could " disturb the security which religion now enjoys in this country in its complete separation from the political concerns of the general government. " 2. james k. polk. like jackson, polk also was reared in a presbyterian community, though he was never a member of the church and was never baptized as a presbyterian. the reason he was never baptized is that his father and grandfather were considered to be religiously suspect by the local presbyterian church, " free - thinking radicals " who openly honored deism and its proponents, like thomas paine. polk ' s father refused to give a profession of faith, so polk was not baptized until days before his death. this streak of independence, of not allowing others to dictate one ' s religion is certainly an american trait. interestingly, polk did have his own significant religious experience in a quintessentially - american way - - at an open - air methodist revival meeting where he " went away... a convicted sinner, if not a converted man, " considering himself to be a methodist ( the first methodist president ) for the rest of his life. out of deference to his wife '


methodist revival meeting where he " went away... a convicted sinner, if not a converted man, " considering himself to be a methodist ( the first methodist president ) for the rest of his life. out of deference to his wife ' s presbyterianism, polk waited until the week before his death to be baptized and confirmed into membership in the methodist church, by the same pastor who had preached that open - air sermon years earlier. 3. abraham lincoln. even though he is considered one of the greatest presidents, abraham lincoln likely would be neither nominated nor elected today : he never joined a church, publicly confessed a creed, nor publicly uttered belief in god ' s endorsement of his policies. one should read lincoln ' s second inaugural address, his " meditation on the divine will, " or his private letters in which he would declare simply, " the almighty has his own purposes. " lincoln resides at the center of american political and religious history, and he seemed to ponder politico - theological matters more deeply than most ministers and theologians of his day. he never claimed to be born again, he never claimed jesus as his favorite philosopher, and he loved to tell ribald stories and poke fun at himself. yet he clearly sought the will of god and divine direction during what he called the " butchering business " of the civil war. 4. franklin d. roosevelt. president obama was not the first president to use the gospels to justify social and economic policy. roosevelt often drew on the sermon on the mount to promote the values of the new deal and believed that service to god was best expressed in service to others. also like president obama ( and many others ), roosevelt often refused to go to church while in washington, saying, " it bothers me to feel like something in the zoo being looked at by all the tourists in washington when i go to church. " 5. harry truman. in his 1949 inaugural address, truman stated, " we believe that all men are created equal because they are created in the image of god. from this faith we will not be moved. " as he once wrote to his wife bess, " i had a presbyterian bringing up, a baptist education, and episcopal leanings, so i reckon i ought to get to heaven somehow, don ' t you think so? " while in the white house, truman often attended the first baptist church in the district of columbia, in part because its pastor made no show at all of truman ' s attendance. as truman wrote in his diary in 1948, " i


think so? " while in the white house, truman often attended the first baptist church in the district of columbia, in part because its pastor made no show at all of truman ' s attendance. as truman wrote in his diary in 1948, " i go for a walk and go to church. the preacher always treats me as a church member and not as the head of a circus. that ' s the reason i go. " he also penned in his diary : " if jesus christ were to return he ' d be on the side of the persecuted all over the world. he ' d most likely be wearing a ready made sack suit and be standing on a street corner preaching tolerance, brother love and truth. " and truman concluded that christ would " probably be placed in a sanitarium in the free countries. " however, it is troubling to read also in truman ' s memoirs that he saw that attainment of the atomic bomb ( and the victory over japan ) as having " come with the help of god, who was with us in the early days of adversity and disaster, and who has now brought us to this glorious day of triumph. " one might see why " give em hell " harry kept these thoughts private. 6. dwight d. eisenhower. eisenhower may have been instrumental in bringing " under god " to the pledge of allegiance and making " in god we trust " the national motto, but he was reared in a religious tradition that does not allow its adherents to take oaths of office or to recite the pledge of allegiance - - the jehovah ' s witnesses ( a religion / denomination born in the united states, as was mormonism ). his home was the meeting place for fifteen bible students ( an earlier name for jehovah ' s witnesses ), where they had lessons and held services, until he left for college. however, eisenhower became the only president to be baptized and join a church during his presidency - - the presbyterian church in this instance. 7. john f. kennedy. on september 12, 1960, kennedy delivered the speech of his political career in houston, texas, before a crowd of several hundred mostly protestant ministers. kennedy was addressing what he referred to as " the so - called religious issue. " as kennedy saw it, the nation was facing a raft of issues from the threat of soviet communism to hunger and despair at home. " these are, " he argued, " the real issues which should decide this campaign. and they are not religious issues - - - for war and hunger


was facing a raft of issues from the threat of soviet communism to hunger and despair at home. " these are, " he argued, " the real issues which should decide this campaign. and they are not religious issues - - - for war and hunger and ignorance and despair know no religious barrier. " nonetheless, jfk knew he had to address the question of his catholicism. kennedy famously ( and for some, especially today, quite controversially ) declared, " i believe in an america where the separation of church and state is absolute ; where no catholic prelate would tell the president - - - - should he be catholic - - - how to act, and no protestant minister would tell his parishioners for whom to vote, " and he concluded, " i do not speak for my church on public matters ; and the church does not speak for me. " earlier in his career in congress, jfk once quipped that in boston they learned their politics at home and their religion from rome. as jfk put it, " i believe in a president whose religious views are his own private affair, neither imposed by him upon the nation, or imposed by the nation upon him as a condition to holding that office. " 8. jimmy carter. during the 1976 north carolina primary, carter made the statement that he was a " born - again " christian, and most journalists and political pundits had little if any idea what this southern baptist, regular church - goer, sunday school teacher was talking about. soon almost every presidential aspirant was claiming to be born again or at least on pretty close speaking terms with god, if not having god on his campaign staff. in a short period of time, the president went from being seen as the nation ' s fire hydrant to our chaplain - in - chief, and we all wanted to know, religiously and / or theologically speaking, what made these candidates tick. the year carter ran for the presidency a leading national magazine proclaimed " the year of the evangelical, " and that november he beat president ford in part due to strong evangelical support. yet, many of those same voters would reject carter four years later for his failure to seek to enact their views into public policy, as on abortion. as a southern baptist, carter hewed strongly to his denomination ' s traditionally strong and sound commitment to the separation of church and state. for the first two hundred years of this country, most of its presidents worked diligently to keep their religious lives private and to keep some sort of wall between their


today is the first - ever international day of the girl. this is a day to celebrate the fact that it is girls who will change the world ; that the empowerment of girls holds the key to development and security for families, communities and societies worldwide. child marriage is one of the most shocking and disturbing practices facing girls around the world today. every year, ten million girls are forcibly married before the age of eighteen, many as young as twelve or thirteen - years - old. a delegation from the council of elders ( veteran leaders of the freedom and peace movements of the mid - 20th century ) recently led an interfaith service at zuccotti park. hundreds of ows activists took part. working to bring together non - governmental agencies from around the world, girls not brides is confronting a practice that prohibits 10 million girls - - annually - - of the right to an education, health, and security. on a learning trip to ethiopia, where 49 percent of girls are married before they are 18, i came face to face with one of the biggest challenges that holds back the world ' s female population and keeps countries mired in poverty : child marriage. there is a diverse, all - star cast of some of today ' s most treasured and charismatic leaders who have come together online and off in a group called the elders. their mission : to fight for social justice.


[ date prev ] [ date next ] [ thread prev ] [ thread next ] [ date index ] [ thread index ] in reply to your question as to whether or not e coli 0157 : h7 and the other verotoxin toxin strains acquired the toxin gene by laboratory genetic engineering. there has been serious discussion in the literature debating that point. there is evidence that the verotoxin genes can be transmitted born on a transducing bacteriaphage ( meaning that the toxin genes may be transmitted between bacteria on a virus ). it seems most likely that the transfer of the toxin genes is a natural phenomenon and one amplified by growing problem of the proximity of farm animals and people, feedlot fattening of range cattle in the corn county has created a lot of poop near fruit and vegetable farms and near main municipal wells. the people made ill have bloody diarrhea but most of those killed or crippled suffer kidney and later other organ damage from the verotoxin. it has been claimed that the pasture or feedlot run off of the bacteria can be greatly reduced by adding the plastic, polyacrylamide, to the hope this discussion helps, cheers, joe roberto verzola wrote : my thanks to joe cummins and frank teuton for the e. coli so far, this is what i ' ve learned : - most of hundreds of e. coli strains are harmless ( in fact, we need the e. coli inside our gut because they produce some vitamins for - a few strains are harmful, and the one which has received the most coverage recently is the o157 : h7 strain, which causes a form of diarrhea which can be fatal. - the presence of e. coli in water is used as * indicator *. while the e. coli itself may not be harmful, its presence implies possible fecal contamination of the water. such fecal contamination means other contaminants - - this time pathogenic - - may also be present. - e. coli is both aerobic and anaerobic ( ie, it can survive in either environment ) ; this seems to contradict recent exchanges on sanet re compost teas which implied that aeration kills e. coli. apparently not. can elaine ingram clarify this? - e. coli has been the most common target of bacterial genetic engineering. ie, all kinds of genes and plasmids have been inserted into e. coli. another question for joe cummins : is it possible that these genetic manipulations


construction ( naics 23 ) under this topic you will find the north american industry classification system definition of the construction ( naics 23 ) sector. you can use this definition to properly identify the segment of the industry you wish to study further in other sections of canadian industry statistics. definition of the sector this sector comprises establishments primarily engaged in constructing, repairing and renovating buildings and engineering works, and in subdividing and developing land. these establishments may operate on their own account or under contract to other establishments or property owners. they may produce complete projects or just parts of projects. establishments often subcontract some or all of the work involved in a project, or work together in joint ventures. establishments may produce new construction, or undertake repairs and renovations to existing structures. a construction establishment may be the only establishment of an enterprise, or one of several establishments of an integrated real estate enterprise engaged in the land assembly, development, financing, building and sale of large projects. there are substantial differences in the types of equipment, work force skills, and other inputs required by establishments in this sector. to highlight these differences and variations in the underlying production functions, this sector is divided into three subsectors. establishments are distinguished initially between those that undertake projects that require several different construction activities ( known as trades ) to be performed, and establishments that specialize in one trade. the former are classified in subsectors 236, construction of buildings and 237, heavy and civil engineering construction, depending upon whether they are primarily engaged in the construction of buildings or in heavy construction and civil engineering projects. establishments in these subsectors complete projects using their own labour force, by subcontracting, usually to trade contractors, or a combination of own account and subcontracting activities. establishments classified in these subsectors are known by a variety of designations, such as general contractor, design - builder, speculative builder, operative builder and construction manager. the designation depends on the scope of the projects they undertake, the degree of responsibility and risk that they assume, the type of structure that they produce, and whether they work on contract for an owner or on their own account. general contractors typically work under contract to a client ( the owner of the land and the building or structure to be constructed ), and undertake projects that require several specialized construction activities to be performed. often the general contractor will subcontract some of the specialized tasks to other establishments. design - builders are similar to general contractors. however, in a design - build project a single contract is signed with


require several specialized construction activities to be performed. often the general contractor will subcontract some of the specialized tasks to other establishments. design - builders are similar to general contractors. however, in a design - build project a single contract is signed with the owner that makes the contractor responsible for providing the architectural and engineering designs. the design - builder therefore is responsible for the design of the project as well as its construction. construction establishments that build on their own account, for sale to others, are known as speculative builders, operative builders or merchant builders. they are most often engaged in the construction of residential buildings. construction managers provide oversight and scheduling services to the owner, for the most part during the actual construction process. this type of service is sometimes referred to as agency construction management, to distinguish it from a type of general contracting known as at - risk construction management. on the other hand, project management, which is a turnkey - type service involving the entire project, including feasibility studies, the arranging of financing, and the management of the contract bidding and selection process, is classified in 54133, engineering services when it is the primary activity of an establishment. establishments that specialize in one particular construction activity, or trade, are generally classified in subsector 238, specialty trade contractors. however, in order to conform to the generally accepted distinctions made by construction businesses themselves, some types of specialized establishments involved in road building and civil engineering are classified in subsector 237, heavy and civil engineering construction. subsector 238, specialty trade contractors, comprises establishments engaged in trade activities generally needed in the construction of buildings and structures, such as masonry, painting, or electrical work. specialty trade contractors usually work under contract to another construction establishment but, especially in renovation and repair construction, they may contract directly with the owner of the property. a significant amount of construction work is performed by enterprises that are primarily engaged in some business other than construction, for these enterprises ’ own use, using employees and equipment of the enterprise. this activity is not included in the construction sector unless the construction work performed is the primary activity of a separate establishment of the enterprise. however, if separate establishments do exist, they are classified in the construction sector. establishments primarily engaged in : - manufacturing and installing building equipment, such as power boilers ; manufacturing pre - fabricated buildings ( 31 - 33, manufacturing ) - operating highways, streets and bridges ( 48 - 49, transportation and warehousing ) - project management services, when it is a primary activity ( 54133, engineering services )


we work to reduce our environmental impact and use natural resources efficiently through the adoption of management systems for the main environmental aspects of our activities. - we pump underground water to keep our quarries in good condition and use water to transform our minerals. the group encourages the operations to reduce consumption, increase recycling and control the quality of water discharged. - our activities produce relatively small quantities of industrial waste. this is because minerals are mainly converted by mechanical ( e. g. grinding ) and physical ( e. g. density separation ) processes. - fuel use is the main source of co2 emissions in the physical transformation of minerals. the group aims to improve its energy efficiency and it is looking for ways to replace fossil fuels with alternative energies. - oxides of nitrogen ( nox ) and sulfur dioxide ( sox ) are also emitted from the combustion of fuel in our conversion processes. controls on the emissions of these materials are becoming stricter in many countries. we intend to be proactive with respect to those controls. - the surface area affected by mining is kept to a minimum and it is continuously restored whenever possible. in addition to the compensating measures taken, quarries offer many opportunities to enhance biodiversity, especially through their end - of - life remediation. imerys is an essential partner for its customers. as such, imerys supports their sustainable development processes. the group ’ s research & development team increasingly considers raw material savings and carbon footprint reduction when designing new products. as a global industrial group, imerys is accountable for the environmental consequences for its activities. sound environmental management systems ( ems ) and compliance with the laws, regulations and internal protocols that apply to its activities are essential to its performance and long - term future. manage properly water usage and limit waste production are part of our sustainable development goals. we have implemented action programs to improve the energy efficiency of its industrial activities and, as a result, reduce its greenhouse gas emissions. we strive to lessen negative impacts of our mining and processing activities on biodiversity along three main lines : keeping affected surface area to a minimum, continuous restoration whenever possible and taking offset measures. constantly improving the environmental impact of our products and processes is a priority for our r & d programs. in 2011, imerys launched around 50 new products, a large number of which offered an environmental, health or safety benefit.


nasa cyber attacks on the increase : report according to nasa ( the national aeronautics and space administration ), in recent years, it has become an increasingly popular target for high - tech hackers. in 2007 and 2008, china was suspected to have hacked into nasa satellites, though no formal evidence linking china to the attacks has been brought forward. the agency says its systems were hacked approximately thirteen times in 2011 alone. " the threat to nasa ' s information security is persistent and ever - changing, " noted congressman paul braun at a recent meeting of the house science, space and technology subcommittee. " unless nasa is able to continuously innovate and adapt, their data systems and operations will continue to be in danger. " ( source : usatoday. com ) nature of attacks varies widely the number of hacker infiltrations into nasa data systems continues to grow. since 2010, for example, there have been a variety of startling breaches of nasa ' s security networks. these include such issues as interference with earth observation satellites terra and landsat - 7, and the cyber theft of personal records associated with 150 nasa employees. in a separate attack, hackers gained access to the personal records of those associated with nasa ' s jet propulsion lab, located in pasadena, california. then there was the very public case of a texas man who last year plead guilty to hacking nasa computers and then preventing the agency ' s workers from accessing important oceanographic information. nasa too big for security budget? the problem with lack of security appears to be associated with nasa ' s enormous organizational size. although the space organization is popularly linked with the space shuttle program, nasa ' s scope is actually much larger : online, it manages roughly 3, 400 websites and maintains approximately 176, 000 unique email addresses. protecting these assets is a huge challenge, and many observers are starting to wonder if the $ 58 million nasa spends annually on network security is going to be enough, moving forward. " some nasa systems house sensitive information which, if lost or stolen, could result in significant financial loss, adversely affect national security, or significantly impair our nation ' s competitive technological advantage, " said paul martin, nasa ' s inspector general. ( source : reuters. com ) free ebook : the windows 7 guide : from newbies to pros. in this 46 page guide you will be introduced to windows 7 and what it has to offer. it will teach you about the new taskbar, how to resolve software compatibility issues, how to customize windows aero, and explain what the windows 7 libraries


| | | minding your mind | | | time to stop just saying no last reviewed and revised on june 17, 2011 by michael craig miller, m. d. harvard medical school just say no? it turns out that such an approach to treating addictions never made much sense. what scientists have learned about the biology of addiction should help them persuade policy makers if they ' re listening to move resources off the borders, out of courts and prisons, and into the clinic. addiction is a chronic illness that is as expensive as it is tragic. it affects more than 20 million americans and costs our nation almost $ 500 billion per year more than diabetes and cancer combined. the difficulty with addiction is not the product of bad character or weak moral fiber. rather, it results from brain circuits being on the blink. back to top hijacking the reward system addictive substances commandeer the brain ' s reward system and undermine people ' s determination to make wise choices, even when they know they are likely to suffer as a result. since faulty brain circuits don ' t return to normal right away, if ever, detoxification is rarely enough to keep someone sober. long - term treatment is essential, and usually requires psychotherapy ( to provide emotional support, enhance motivation and reduce stress ) along with medication to counter the brain changes shaped by the addictive drug. a feature common to all addictive drugs is that they stimulate the release of the chemical messenger dopamine into a cluster of nerve cells deep in the brain called the nucleus accumbens. this yields a sensation of pleasure that many people want to experience again and again. cocaine and other stimulants cause this change directly, but other substances alcohol, narcotics, nicotine and marijuana all do so at least indirectly. could we ever find one treatment to cure every addiction? probably not, because the cycle of addiction is too complicated it upsets a dynamic balance between reward circuits and fear circuits. addiction also stifles activity in the front part of the brain, where people decide what action is most important for survival. multiple chemical messengers and their receptors are involved, not just dopamine. back to top medications to cut cravings scientists have used newer models of addiction to develop treatments that can make it a little easier to manage these disorders. the most conspicuous of these are the anti - craving medications. the best known is naltrexone. naltrexone, which blocks receptors for narcotics in the brain, has long been used to negate the effects of drugs like heroin. now


conspicuous of these are the anti - craving medications. the best known is naltrexone. naltrexone, which blocks receptors for narcotics in the brain, has long been used to negate the effects of drugs like heroin. now it also is being used to help alcoholics who want to stop drinking. how could a medication that fights addiction to heroin, an opiate drug, also help an alcoholic? alcohol boosts endorphins, the opioid chemicals that are produced by our brains. the endorphin boost is instrumental to how alcohol causes pleasurable sensations. by blocking opioid receptors, naltrexone makes drinking less rewarding, so there is less incentive to drink. another drug, acamprosate, interacts with receptors for another chemical messenger called glutamate. because it has a different mechanism from naltrexone, patients can be given both drugs a one - two punch against alcoholism. there are several other drugs being investigated to cut down craving for alcohol, narcotics, stimulants like methamphetamine, and nicotine. back to top genes at the root of the problem as with many medical problems, scientists are hunting for the genes that control the whole apparatus. about half of the vulnerability to addiction is attributed to heredity. genes determine how sensitive you are to the drug ' s effects. let ' s use alcohol again to illustrate : - in people with a family history of alcoholism, the level of endorphins goes higher after a drink than it does in people without alcoholism in the family. - people with a gene variation labeled asp40 get more benefit from naltrexone than those with a different variant of the gene. - serotonin is a chemical that carries messages from nerve cell to nerve cell and is involved in regulating mood. there is a gene ( 5 - httlpr ) that influences serotonin concentrations by controlling how efficiently it is pumped back into nerve cells. depending on which copies of that gene you get from your mother and father, you may be more or less likely to binge drink. it ' s too early for these genetic differences to be useful to doctors. but markers like these, once better established, will help doctors choose the best treatment for individual patients. back to top what ' s the future? for all addictions, we ' re still a long way from pills that will make treatment easy. the best treatment is still a combination of medication and psychotherapy over the long term