early complementary feeding may reduce risk of allergies in children published online : november 26, 2012 even though the timing of infant feeding has proven to be important in preventing a number of childhood diseases and for optimal growth, its role in the prevention of childhood allergies is inconclusive. despite this insufficient evidence, expert bodies, including the american academy of pediatrics, the european society for pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology and nutrition, and the australian society of clinical immunology and allergy, all recommend that for the prevention of allergic diseases, the child should be exclusively breastfed for the first 4 - 6 months of life, thereafter complementary foods can be introduced. in recent times several studies have examined whether these recommendations are optimal and are supported by strong scientific evidence. the findings from the majority of these studies have largely indicated that delaying the introduction of complementary foods up to 4 to 6 months seems not to prevent the occurrence of allergies. although these findings have come only from observational studies, the ethical dilemma in randomizing breastfeeding has made it impossible to confirm the results in a randomized controlled trial, which is currently the gold standard in guiding effective clinical decisions. consequently, well - designed observational epidemiological studies remain the primary source to address the question of whether the timing of infant feeding may play any preventive role in the development of childhood asthma and allergies. in a recent study published in the journal of allergy and clinical immunology ( jaci ), nwaru et al investigated whether the duration of breastfeeding and the age when complementary foods are introduced may influence the risk of asthma and allergic symptoms among 5 - year - old finnish children who were recruited at birth. on a form parents recorded the age of the child when each complementary food was added to the diet. the form was kept at home and continuously completed as new foods were introduced to the child until the age of two years. when the children were 5 years of age, the parents also completed the international study of allergies and asthma in childhood ( isaac ) questionnaire for the assessment of the development of asthma and allergic symptoms. blood samples were also collected from the children to assess allergic antibodies. the authors did not see any association between the duration of exclusive breastfeeding and the development of asthma and allergic symptoms. however, they observed that children who were breastfed for less than 9. 5 months compared to those with longer breastfeeding had almost three - fold risk of developing asthma, particularly non - atopic asthma, by


webmd medical news louise chang, md dec. 21, 2011 - - offering a baby a french fry, piece of bread, or even a handful of cereal may set him up for a lifelong affinity for salty foods and the health risks that go along with it. a new study shows that babies fed starchy table foods, which often contain added salt, before 6 months of age show a preference for salt that persists through their preschool years. infants who had been introduced to starchy foods preferred a saltier drink and drank 55 % more of the saltier drink during a test at 6 months of age. by the time they were preschoolers, the same children were also more likely to lick the salt from foods and eat plain salt. researchers say the results suggest the ability to detect salty taste matures sometime between 2 - 6 months of age. “ there could be quite a bit of difference in how that taste for salt matures, depending on whether or not an infant is exposed to sodium during that period, ” says researcher leslie stein, phd, senior research associate at the monell chemical senses center in philadelphia. if confirmed by larger studies, experts say the findings suggest that early exposure to salty foods in the first few months of life could play an important role in setting flavor preferences for a lifetime. eating too much sodium, often in the form of salt, is associated with an increased risk of high blood pressure. curbing salt intake has been a major public health goal for years, but researchers say efforts thus far have been largely unsuccessful, in part because people like the taste of salt. in the study, published in the american journal of clinical nutrition, researchers tested a group of 61 infants at 2 months and 6 months of age for salt preference by measuring how much they drank from three different bottles. one bottle contained plain water, another contained a moderately salty concentration of sodium ( about the saltiness of commercial chicken soup ), and a third contained a higher concentration of sodium ( which tastes extremely salty to adults ). researchers found that 2 - month - old infants were indifferent or rejected the salt solutions. but at 6 months of age, the infants who were already eating starchy table foods preferred both salty solutions to water. the babies that had not yet been introduced to these foods were still indifferent or rejected the salt solutions. exposure to other types of table foods, such as fruits and vegetables, was not associated with an increased preference for salt. years later, the mothers of the 26 children returned for questioning about their child ’ s eating habits as preschoolers between


salt solutions. exposure to other types of table foods, such as fruits and vegetables, was not associated with an increased preference for salt. years later, the mothers of the 26 children returned for questioning about their child ’ s eating habits as preschoolers between ages 3 and 4. researchers found that 12 preschoolers who were introduced to starchy foods before 6 months of age were more likely to lick salt from foods like pretzels and crackers and were also slightly more likely to eat plain salt. “ what our study shows is that babies ’ taste system is very malleable, ” stein tells webmd. “ if early exposure to salt increases the preference and taste for salt of an individual, then one might imply that down the road it might be harder to eat lower - salt food and enjoy it. ” nutrition experts say the results emphasize the importance of starting healthy eating habits as early as possible. “ this study helps us appreciate that what we do in the first year of life is so important to how kids eat, how well they eat, how varied they eat, and what their food preferences are, ” says pediatric nutritionist jill castle, rd. castle says that between 6 months and 8 months of age, babies should only be just starting to be exposed to starchy table foods like bread, crackers, and ready - to - eat cereals in small amounts. the bulk of their daily calories should still come from breast milk or formula, iron - fortified baby cereal, fruit, and vegetables. experts say many parents aren ’ t aware that ready - to - eat cereals, bread, crackers, and other starchy foods marketed to children contain sodium, which can add up over the course of the day if the child is eating a variety of these foods. “ there seems to be an increased preponderance of parents trying to choose those types of foods for their kids, ” says pediatrician christine wood, md. “ these foods are being marketed as being appropriate for children, but i really try to focus in on parents trying to have the focus on a lot of fresh foods, fruits, and vegetables being the most important things. ” aside from increasing the risk of high blood pressure and heart disease down the road, wood says there are also more immediate health risks associated with children developing a taste for salty foods. “ we know that starchier foods in general are more calorie - dense foods, ” says wood, who is also the author of how to get kids to eat great and love it! that may lead to


australian bureau of statistics 3301. 0 - births, australia, 2007 quality declaration previous issue released at 11 : 30 am ( canberra time ) 28 / 10 / 2008 | page tools : print page print all rss search this product | the previous record was in 1971, when there were 276, 400 births registered. this gives australia a total fertility rate of 1. 93 babies per woman, up from 1. 81 in 2006 and the highest since 1981 when it was 1. 94. the northern territory and tasmania had the highest total fertility rates, recording 2. 27 and 2. 19 babies per woman respectively. women in the northern territory and tasmania also had their children at a younger age ; fertility for these two states was at its highest in 25 - 29 year - olds - compared to the rest of australia where the highest fertility was in the 30 - 34 age group. nearly half ( 43 % ) of the 2007 births were to first time mothers, and a third ( 33 % ) were having their second child. there were 14, 200 births registered where at least one parent was an indigenous australian. more details are available in births, australia, 2007 ( cat. no. 3301. 0 ) available for free download from the abs website < www. abs. gov. au >. regional, state and territory information is also available on the website. media note : the total fertility rate represents the average number of babies that a woman could expect to bear during her reproductive lifetime if current fertility rates continued. these documents will be presented in a new window. this page last updated 10 november 2009


add. ms 10336 in the british library has hitherto been regarded as an unpromising - looking document dating from c. 1500, transmitting random notes by one john tucke, an obscure scholar whose connection with the musical profession is unclear. as dr woodley disarmingly tells us in his preface, ' john tucke is hardly a name which springs immediately to the lips of many historians of tudor music, nor is he dignified with an entry in the standard musical dictionaries '. no longer. from this material, dr woodley constructs a masterly ' case - study ', as he modestly calls it, moving deftly between biography, palaeography, translation and analytical musicology to conjure up a fascinating picture, not only of tucke, his notebook, its relevance to other composers ' music and the role of music in the quadrivium but also of many aspects of social life and behaviour in the early tudor period. the study is divided into three parts : an examination of tucke ' s career, a translation and explanation of selected passages from the manuscript, and finally an attempt to apply tucke ' s analytical approaches to some of the music of the period. the biographical section of the book is a lesson not only in how to pursue your subject but also in how to try to adduce the reason behind his actions. at every turn, with every scrap of evidence, woodley is at hand to explain why, ask if this is normal, and discuss what the motivation may have been. so, as with faltering steps we accompany tucke to winchester college in 1495, our parents have already been advised by uncle woodley that their action in renting property in burford as tenants of new college, oxford, despite ( probably ) living in london is perfectly reasonable, it being quite common practice for ambitious tudor parents to ensure their sows education by becoming tenants of institutions such as new college with a view to his being admitted to …


criminal disfranchisement proved to be a hot issue in the republican presidential debates recently, leading to a cnn poll asking, “ should felons be allowed to vote after serving their sentences? ” the results showed that the majority feel that those with past convictions should have that right. the washington post also editorialized on the issue friday, making the point that it is unjust to prevent “ individuals from having a full stake and a full voice in the community and its leadership ” after they have already paid their debts to society and earned their right to freedom. additionally, the post ran an op - ed by charles colson, founder of the prison fellowship and former counsel to president richard nixon who also saw no point in denying the right to vote for those who have already served their time. “ voting does not put anyone in danger, ” he wrote. “ sound public policy would teach us that if we want to turn ex - offenders into responsible citizens, we must demand of them responsible behavior. and once they demonstrate responsible behavior, what possible justification is there, beyond scoring political points during an election, for stripping them of their civil rights for the rest of their lives? ” criminal disfranchisement laws, like recent laws requiring id to vote or restricting third - party registration of voters, have a disproportionate and unfair impact on minorities. criminal disfranchisement laws have their roots in the jim crow era and their harmful effects continue today as 13 percent of african - american men have lost their right to vote – a rate seven times the national average. similarly, latino citizens are also disproportionally disfranchised because they are over - represented in the criminal justice system. due to these laws in states throughout the nation, an estimated 5. 3 million citizens cannot vote, and nearly four million of those are not in prison but working in our communities. the democracy restoration act, which has been introduced in both the house and senate, would eliminate the confusion around these laws and restore the right of millions to vote in federal elections. “ citizens should not be denied their right to vote due to a past criminal conviction, ” said deborah j. vagins, aclu senior legislative counsel. “ they are working, paying taxes, raising families and living in our communities. they deserve to have a voice. ” criminal disfranchisement laws are another example of voter suppression tactics that threaten our democracy. our government shouldn ’ t be in the business of deciding whose vote matters most.


racial profiling is " a sloppy, lazy substitute " for actual policing, said professor deborah ramirez from northeastern university school of law, at a house judiciary subcommittee on the constitution, civil rights, and civil liberties hearing called " racial profiling and the use of suspect classifications in law enforcement. " the witnesses at the hearing represented many different organizations and fields, like the national association for the advancement of colored people, the sikh coalition, muslim advocates, police officers, and professors. this diverse group of experts agreed on the following key points : - racial profiling is an abusive practice that targets innocent citizens solely because of the way that they look. - racial profiling is not an effective law enforcement strategy. research shows that racial profiling diverts officers ' attention from using actual, objective signs of suspicious behavior to effectively assess situations. - racial profiling erodes trust between law enforcement and its community. as a result, people are less likely to report a crime or work with the police to give information that could apprehend an actual criminal. despite its ineffectiveness, racial profiling continues to persist in many law enforcement practices. it ' s not just at traffic stops either, as commonly thought. it ' s in airport security checks, where sikhs are screened 100 percent of the time at some airports. it ' s in fbi monitoring actions, where innocent muslim citizens fear a surprise visit from the fbi at their local mosque or at their front door. and, it ' s even being introduced as a part of civil immigration policy, about which salt lake city chief of police christopher burbank stated that aside from seeing the person run across the border, there is no way for an officer to suspect a person of being an illegal immigrant aside from basing their reasoning on physical characteristics. to finally end the practice of racial profiling, congress should pass legislation which incorporates the following : - independent data collection tracking law enforcement officers ' stops and searches to accurately measure the extent of racial profiling - funds for better law enforcement training that teaches officers how to look for suspicious behavior, and - a way for people to redress their grievances if they are a victim of racial profiling, which will hold officers accountable for their actions. while there have been attempts to end racial profiling in congress, no bill has successfully been passed. communities across the country have been subjected to this useless, degrading tactic for too long. now is the time for congress to reintroduce and pass comprehensive legislature to end racial profiling!


what sets allergies in motion? thursday, august 2, 2012 tau research identifies a protein group that may kick - start allergic reactions allergies, or hypersensitivities of the immune system, are more common than ever before. according to the asthma and allergies foundation of america, one in five americans suffers from an allergy — from milder forms like hay fever to more severe instances, like peanut allergies which can lead to anaphylactic shock. while medications like antihistamines can treat the symptoms of an allergic reaction, the treatment is too limited, says prof. ronit sagi - eisenberg, a cell biologist at tel aviv university ' s sackler faculty of medicine. cells release dozens of molecules during an allergic reaction, and available medications address only a small subset. now she and her fellow researchers are working to identify what triggers allergic reactions in the body, with the goal of stopping an allergic reaction before it starts. the answer may lie within the rab family, a group of 60 proteins that are known to regulate the distribution of proteins throughout the body. along with her ph. d. student nurit pereg - azouz, prof. sagi - eisenberg found that 30 of these proteins determined how cells react to an allergen, and two of these have been identified for further research as instruments of preventative medication. when the chain of events leading up to an allergic reaction can be understood, drugs can be developed to inhibit the initial reaction, explains prof. sagi - eisenberg. this research has been published in the journal of immunology. getting to the root allergic reactions can appear as rashes, respiratory difficulties, or swelling, but they ' re all caused by the same mechanism. when exposed to an allergen, the body activates the immune system. but mast cells, located throughout the body, sense that the immune system has mistakenly been activated against something that is not bacterial or viral, and they release biologically active molecules to create an inflammatory response. so what causes mast cells to react? prof. sagi - eisenberg and her team work to identify the exact chain of events in an allergic reaction. they looked to the rab family of proteins as a potential source for answers, screening for the proteins ' involvement in initiating allergic reaction. " we genetically manipulated mast cells so that they contained mutated versions of these proteins, which were already active without an allergen, " explains prof. sagi - eisenberg.


, screening for the proteins ' involvement in initiating allergic reaction. " we genetically manipulated mast cells so that they contained mutated versions of these proteins, which were already active without an allergen, " explains prof. sagi - eisenberg. if a protein was relevant, it would cause an allergic reaction. " this new methodology allowed us to screen for the functional impact of each member of this family, determining if they either inhibited or activated the allergic process. " in the end, the researchers flagged 30 proteins that were relevant to the process of creating an allergic reaction in the body, and have identified two that appear to be the most involved. further research will use these two proteins as tools to gain more understanding of allergic reactions. targeted drugs could prevent allergic reaction an allergic reaction is not only a function of two proteins interacting — it ' s the result of a chain of events. by identifying crucial links in such a chain, researchers can create targeted drugs that break the chain. new medications that target tumor cells, for example, are directed at halting the tumor ' s ability to function and grow, starving it of crucial blood and oxygen supplies. prof. sagi - eisenberg envisions similar medications for allergies, with medications that address the source of the allergic reaction instead of the symptoms. the need for such medications is pressing. steroids, the only available type of drug that effectively prevents mast cells from secreting biologically active agents, also cause harm to kidneys, bones, and the immune system. patients may suffer more from the treatment than they do from the allergy itself. alternative medications that are as effective as steroids but will be devoid of their adverse side effects are desperately needed. prof. sagi - eisenberg ' s work will help to identify proteins that can be targeted by medications without impacting the function of other cells, she hopes. for more medicine and health news from tel aviv university, click here


maricopa county residents and businesses will now be able to receive real - time text alerts when dust pollution reaches levels that are potentially dangerous. the rapid response notification system was launched on wednesday by the maricopa county air quality department and is intended to both warn residents of health hazards and to prompt people to take action to reduce the amount of dust in the air. the system uses the existing 12 monitors located around the valley to measure the particles, but with new software it is able to send air quality data to the department every five minutes. now officials will be able to take action the moment a problem is identified. the need for such a system became evident after party - goers in south phoenix stirred up enough dust to cause one monitor to register levels above those allowed by federal standards. the party was on a saturday night and the violation was not discovered until monday. “ we ’ d like to move forward and avoid this happening again, ” said holly ward, public relations officer for the department, who adds “ all of us are notified so we can stop pollution before it becomes a concern. ” maricopa county has struggled with meeting the standards of the federal clean air act in the past and is currently in the last year of a three - year plan to clean up the air. failure to stay in compliance could mean sanctions and the loss of up to $ 7 billion in federal transportation dollars. this money is used to fund projects such as new roads and highways. health concerns are also a reason why the county is taking steps to warn residents about air quality as quickly as possible. according to ward, small particles roughly one - eighth the size of a human hair can settle deep into the lungs and cause breathing problems. “ the federal health standard is good for those of us that breath because it is about our lungs and our health, ” said ward, who adds that the standard is based on what the lungs can take, not on climate. “ to have a heads up would really be a godsend for a lot of people with asthma, ” said joy autore of chandler, who moved to the valley of the sun from nebraska because of her breathing problems. autore said that both she and her daughter, who also has asthma, have trouble breathing because of a decline in the air quality over the last 10 years. she welcomes the new text alert system and hopes it will help remind her daughter to use her inhaler. “ if you ’ re not near a tv or a computer you don ’ t see that stuff coming in, so a


who did god give the torah to at mount sinai? most people reply, " god gave the torah to moses. " and what were the jewish people doing while moses was receiving the torah? " worshipping the golden calf. " correct answers – but not according to the bible. the above answers come from cecil b. demille ' s classic film, " the ten commandments. " amazing the impact one movie can have on the jewish education of generations of jews. it ' s a great film, but demille should have read the original. the version found in the torah is quite different. the torah ' s claim is that the entire people heard god speak at mount sinai, experiencing national revelation. god did not just appear to moses in a private rendezvous ; he appeared to everyone, some 3 million people. this claim is mentioned many times in the torah. [ moses told the israelites ] : ' only beware for yourself and greatly beware for your soul, lest you forget the things that your eyes have beheld. do not remove this memory from your heart all the days of your life. teach your children and your children ' s children about the day that you stood before the lord your god at horev [ mount sinai ]... god spoke to you from the midst of the fire, you were hearing the sound of words, but you were not seeing a form, only a sound. he told you of his covenant, instructing you to keep the ten commandments, and he inscribed them on two stone tablets. ' ( deut. 4 : 9 - 13 ) ' you have been shown in order to know that god, he is the supreme being. there is none besides him. from heaven he let you hear his voice in order to teach you, and on earth he showed you his great fire, and you heard his words amid the fire. ' ( deut. 4 : 32 - 36 ) moses called all of israel and said to them : ' hear, o israel, the decrees and the ordinances that i speak in your ears today ― learn them, and be careful to perform them. the lord your god sealed a covenant with us at horev [ mount sinai ]. not with our forefathers did god seal this covenant, but with us ― we who are here, all of us alive today. face to face did god speak with you on the mountain from amid the fire. ' ( deut. 5 : 1 - 4 ) the torah claims that the entire jewish nation heard god speak


― we who are here, all of us alive today. face to face did god speak with you on the mountain from amid the fire. ' ( deut. 5 : 1 - 4 ) the torah claims that the entire jewish nation heard god speak at sinai, an assertion that has been accepted as part of their nation ' s history for over 3, 000 years. demille ' s mistake is such a big deal because the jewish claim of national revelation, as opposed to individual revelation, is the central defining event that makes judaism different than every other religion in the world. history and legends two types of stories are part of any national heritage. the first kind is legends. included in this category is george washington ' s admission to chopping down the cherry tree, along with his statement, " i cannot tell a lie. " johnny appleseed planting apple trees across america with his discarded apple cores is another legend. then there is history. for example, george washington was the first president of the united states. william the conqueror led the battle of hastings in 1066 in which harold, king of england, was killed. the jews of spain were expelled from their country in 1492, the year christopher columbus set sail. what is the difference between legend and history? a legend is an unverified story. by their very nature legends are unverifiable because they have very few eyewitnesses. perhaps little george did chop down the cherry tree. we can ' t know if it happened. this does not mean that the legend is necessarily false, only that it is unverifiable. no one thinks legends are facts, therefore they are not accepted as reliable history. history, however, is comprised of events we know actually happened. it is reliable because we can determine if the claimed event is true or false through a number of ways. one key to verification is the assertion that large numbers of eyewitnesses observed the specific event. why is the number of claimed original witnesses a principal determining factor in making historical accounts reliable? this can be understood through looking at the nature of the following series of claims and weighing their levels of credibility. the nature of the claim itself can often determine its degree of believability. the believability game gauge the level of credibility of the following scenarios. some claims are inherently unverifiable. for example, would you believe me if i told you the following : " last week after dinner, i went for a walk through the forest near my house. suddenly everything was awash in a


scenarios. some claims are inherently unverifiable. for example, would you believe me if i told you the following : " last week after dinner, i went for a walk through the forest near my house. suddenly everything was awash in a tremendous light and god appeared to me, designating me as his prophet. he told me to announce this revelation to you at this time. " in theory this could have happened. it doesn ' t seem likely, but you don ' t know i ' m lying. would you choose to believe me? without any substantiating evidence, why choose to believe me? a foolish move, indeed. would you believe me if i told you the following : " last night while i was eating dinner with my family, the room started to suddenly shake and god ' s booming voice was heard by all of us. he designated me as his prophet and commanded me to announce this revelation. " this could have happened too. if i were to bring in my family to confirm the story it would be more believable than the first story. you certainly don ' t know if i ' m lying. would you believe me? would you fork over $ 10, 000 dollars if i told you god commanded you to do so? no way. there is still not enough evidence to trust my claim ― because it is very possible that my family is lying. there is another type of claim that you can know is false. for example, would you believe me if i told you this : " do you remember what happened 10 minutes ago just as you began reading this article? remember how the room started shaking, then the ceiling opened up to the skies, and you and i together heard god ' s booming voice come down and say ' thou shalt hearken to the voice of nechemia coopersmith for he is my prophet! ' and then the room went back to normal and you continued reading. you remember that, don ' t you? " is this believable? this kind of claim is completely different. the two previous scenarios at least had the possibility of being true. you chose not to accept them because they were unverifiable. however this third scenario is impossible to believe. i ' m claiming something happened to you that you know did not happen. since you didn ' t experience it, you know i ' m lying. i cannot convince you of something that you yourself know didn ' t happen. i cannot convince you of something that you yourself know didn ' t happen. this first type


happen. since you didn ' t experience it, you know i ' m lying. i cannot convince you of something that you yourself know didn ' t happen. i cannot convince you of something that you yourself know didn ' t happen. this first type of claim ― that something happened to someone else ― is unverifiable, because you do not know for certain that the claim is a lie. therefore it is possible for a person to decide to accept the claim as true if he really wanted to and take that leap of faith. however, the other type of claim ― that something happened to you ― you know if it is inherently false. people do not accept patently false assertions, especially those that carry significant consequences. sinai : an impossible hoax so far we have seen two types of claims ― one is unverifiable and the other is inherently false. could the revelation at sinai have been a brilliant hoax, duping millions of people into believing that god spoke to them? let ' s imagine the scene. moses comes down the mountain and claims, " we all today heard god speak, all of you heard the god ' s voice from the fire... " assuming moses is making it up, how would the people respond to his story? " moses! what are you talking about?! boy, you sure had us going there for awhile. we may have even believed you if you came down and claimed that god appeared to you personally. but now you blew it! now we know you ' re lying because you ' re claiming an event happened to us that we know didn ' t happen! we did not hear god speak to us from any fire! " if the revelation at sinai did not occur, then moses is claiming an event everyone immediately knows is an outright lie, since they know that they never heard god speak. it is preposterous to think moses can get away with a claim that everyone knows is lie. revelation claimed later in history? perhaps a hoax such as this could have been attempted at a later period in history. perhaps the claim of national revelation did not originate at sinai, but began, for example, 1, 000 years after the event was said to have occurred. perhaps the leader ezra, for example, appears on the scene, introducing a book purported to be written by god and given to a people who stood at sinai a long time ago. could someone get away with this kind of hoax? for example, would you believe the following : " i want to let you in on a very little -


to be written by god and given to a people who stood at sinai a long time ago. could someone get away with this kind of hoax? for example, would you believe the following : " i want to let you in on a very little - known, but true fact. in 1794 over 200 years ago, from may until august, the entire continent of north america mysteriously sank under the sea. for those four months, the whole continent was submerged and somehow all animal, plant and human life managed to adapt to these bizarre conditions. then, on august 31, the entire continent suddenly floated up to the surface and life resumed to normal. " is there a possibility that i ' m telling the truth? do you know for a fact that it is a lie? after all, it happened so long ago, how do you know it didn ' t happen? maybe you learned about in school and just forgot about it. a significant event with many eyewitnesses cannot be perpetuated as a hoax. you know that north america did not sink hundreds of years ago for one simple reason : if it did, you would have heard about it. an event so unique and amazing, witnessed by multitudes of people would have been known, discussed, and passed down, becoming a part of history. the fact that no one has heard of it up until now means you know the story is not true, making it impossible to accept. an event of great significance with a large number of eyewitnesses cannot be perpetuated as a hoax. if it did not happen, everyone would realize it is false since no one ever heard about it before. thus, if such an event was indeed accepted as part of history, the only way to understand its acceptance is that the event actually happened. let ' s assume for the moment that the revelation at mount sinai is really a hoax ; god did not write the torah. how did the revelation at sinai become accepted for thousands of years as part of our nation ' s history? imagine someone trying to pull off such a hoax. an ezra figure shows up one day holding a scroll. " hey ezra – what are you holding there? " " this is the torah. " " the torah? what ' s that? " " it ' s an amazing book filled with laws, history and stories. here, take a look at it. " very nice, ezra. where did you get this? " " open up the book and see what it says. this book was given thousands of years ago to your ancestors


with laws, history and stories. here, take a look at it. " very nice, ezra. where did you get this? " " open up the book and see what it says. this book was given thousands of years ago to your ancestors. three million of them stood at mount sinai and heard god speak! god appeared to everyone, giving his law and instruction. " how would you respond to such a claim? the people give ezra a quizzical look and say, " wait a second, ezra. something is a little fishy here. why haven ' t we ever heard of this before? you ' re describing one of the most momentous events that could ever happen, claiming that it happened to our ancestors – and we never heard about it? " " sure. it was along time ago. of course you never heard about it. " " c ' mon ezra! it ' s impossible that our grandparents or great - grandparents would not have passed down the most significant event in our nation ' s history to some of the people! how could it be that no one has heard about this up until now?! you ' re claiming all my ancestors, the entire nation, 3 million people heard god speak and received a set of instructions called the torah, and none of us have heard about it?! you must be lying. " if one cannot pull off a hoax with regard to a continent sinking, so too one cannot pull off a hoax to convince an entire people that their ancestors experienced the most unique event in all of human history. everyone would know it ' s a lie. for thousands of years, sinai was accepted as central to jewish history. how else can this be explained? given that people will not fall for a hoax they know is a lie, how could national revelation have been not only accepted ― but faithfully followed with great sacrifice by the vast majority of jews? the only way a people would accept such a claim is if it really happened. if sinai did not happen, everyone would know it ' s a lie and it would never have been accepted. the only way one can ever claim a nation experienced revelation and have it accepted is if it is true. sinai : the only claim of national revelation throughout history, tens of thousands of religions have been started by individuals, attempting to convince people that god spoke to him or her. all religions that base themselves on some type of revelation share essentially the same beginning : a holy person goes into solitude, comes back to his people, and announces that he has experienced a personal revelation


attempting to convince people that god spoke to him or her. all religions that base themselves on some type of revelation share essentially the same beginning : a holy person goes into solitude, comes back to his people, and announces that he has experienced a personal revelation where god appointed him to be his prophet. would you believe someone who claims that god appointed him a new prophet? would you believe someone who claims to have received a personal communication from god appointing him or her as god ' s new prophet? maybe he did. then again, maybe he didn ' t. one can never know. the claim is inherently unverifiable. personal revelation is an extremely weak basis for a religion since one can never know if it is indeed true. even if the individual claiming personal revelation performs miracles, there is still no verification that he is a genuine prophet. miracles do not prove anything. all they show ― assuming they are genuine ― is that he has certain powers. it has nothing to do with his claim of prophecy. israel did not believe in moses, our teacher, on account of the miracles he performed. for when one ' s faith is based on miracles, doubt remains in the mind that these miracles may have been done through the occult and witchcraft... what then were the grounds of believing him? the revelation on sinai which we saw with our own eyes, and heard with our own ears, not having to depend on the testimony of others... ( mishna torah - foundations of torah 8 : 1 ) a bold prediction there are 15, 000 known religions in all of recorded history. given this inherent weakness, why do all of them base their claim on personal revelation? if someone wanted their religion to be accepted, why wouldn ' t they present the strongest, most believable claim possible ― i. e. national revelation! it ' s far more credible. no one has to take a leap of faith and blindly trust just one person ' s word. it is qualitatively better to claim that god came to everyone, telling the entire group that so - and - so is his prophet. why would god establish his entire relationship with a nation through one man, without any possibility of verification, and still expect this nation to obediently follow an entire system of instructions, based only on blind faith? yet, judaism is the only religion in the annals of history that makes the best of all claims ― that everyone heard god speak. no other religion claims the experience of national revelation. why? furthermore, the author of the torah predicts


blind faith? yet, judaism is the only religion in the annals of history that makes the best of all claims ― that everyone heard god speak. no other religion claims the experience of national revelation. why? furthermore, the author of the torah predicts that there will never be another claim of national revelation throughout history! ' you might inquire about times long past, from the day that god created man on earth, and from one end of heaven to the other : has there ever been anything like this great thing or has anything like it been heard? has a people ever heard the voice of god speaking from the midst of the fires as you have heard and survived? ' ( deut. 4 : 32 - 33 ) let ' s consider the option that god did not write the torah, and its author successfully convinced a group of people to accept a false claim of national revelation. in this book, the author writes a prediction that over the course of history no one will ever make a similar claim. that means if such a claim is ever made at some future time, the prediction will end up being false and his religion is finished. how could the author include in the book he is passing off as a hoax the prediction that no other person will ever attempt to perpetuate the same hoax when he just made that exact claim? if he could do it, he can be certain that others will too, especially since it is the best possible claim to make. if you are making up a religion, you do not write something you know you cannot predict and whose outcome you would think is guaranteed to be exactly the opposite. however, aside from the jewish claim of mount sinai, it is a fact that no other nation has ever claimed such a similar national revelation. let ' s summarize two primary questions : 1. out of 15, 000 known religions in recorded history, why is judaism the only one that claims national revelation, the best of all claims? why do all other religions base themselves on the inherently weak assertion of personal revelation? 2. if judaism ' s claim is indeed an example of a successful hoax that falsely asserts national revelation, the author just got away with passing off the best possible claim, and others will certainly follow suit. why then would he predict that no one else will ever make a similar claim, a prediction he knows he cannot foresee, and whose outcome is likely to be the exact opposite? there is one simple answer to both questions. a national revelation ― as opposed to personal revelation ― is the one lie you cannot get


a similar claim, a prediction he knows he cannot foresee, and whose outcome is likely to be the exact opposite? there is one simple answer to both questions. a national revelation ― as opposed to personal revelation ― is the one lie you cannot get away with. it is one event you cannot fabricate. the only way to make this claim is if it actually happened. if the claim is true, the people will believe it because they are agreeing to something they already know. either they personally witnessed it, or their ancestors collectively passed down the account as part of their nation ' s accepted history. if the claim is false, it ' s like trying to convince you that god spoke to you or your parents and somehow you never heard of it. no one would ever accept such a claim. therefore no other religion has ever made the best of all claims, because it is the one claim that can only be made if it is true. one cannot pass national revelation off as a hoax. when inventing a religion, the originator must resort to personal revelation, despite its inherent weakness, since it is a claim that is unverifiable. the originator can hope to find adherents willing to take a leap of faith and accept his or her religion. after all, no one can ever know it is a lie. [ of course, no one can know if it ' s true either. ] this simply cannot work with national revelation since it ' s the one claim that everyone will know is a lie. it ' s no wonder that all other religions are based on ' personal ' revelation. only judaism can claim national revelation since the jewish people is the only nation in the history of mankind who ever experienced it. furthermore, it is interesting to note that the other major religions of the world both accept the jewish revelation at sinai, including the five books of moses in their bible, and hold the sinai revelation as a key component of their religion. when starting their own religions, why did they build upon the jewish claim? why didn ' t they just deny the revelation ever happened? the answer is that they knew that if national revelation can never be fabricated ; so too, its validity can therefore never be denied. now it is understandable how the author of the torah can confidently predict that there will never be another claim of national revelation in history. because only god knew it would happen only once, as it did ― at sinai over 3, 000 years ago. based on a segment of aish hatorah ' s discovery seminar.


you can put this solution on your website! you have several questions here. let ' s take one at a time. $ 300 is borrowed the amount owed after 12 months is $ 00 what is the interest rate. we need i = prt for this question. p = 300, t = 12 months. time is measured in years, so t = 1. we don ' t have interest rate or amount of interest paid back. it appears according to the question that $ 300 is paid back after 12 months. without some r or i info. i can ' t solve this one. question # 2 : 25 is 12 % of what number? 25 = ( 12 / 100 ) * n cross multiply to get 2500 = 12n divide to get n = 208. 33 x + y = 130 6. 50x + 250y - 604. 5 don ' t know if we are solving algebraically or graphing. i will show solve algebraically. i think you mean ( i ) x + y = 130 ( ii ) 6. 50x + 2. 50y = 604. 5 step 1 : multiply ( i ) by - 2. 50 to get - 2. 5x - 2. 5y = - 325 6. 50x + 2. 50y = 604. 5 step 2 : add down to eliminate y. 4x = 279. 5 step 3 : solve for x. x = 69. 875. step 4 : solve for y. y = 60. 125 graph the solutions of equalities ( i ) 4x + 5y < 20 ( ii ) 4x - 2y < 8 find x and y intercepts for both equations. ( i ) x - int = 5 ; y - int = 4. plot 5 on the x - axis and 4 on the y - axis and connect with dashed line. shade down toward you. ( ii ) x - int = 2 ; y - int = - 4. plot 2 on the x - axis and - 4 on the y - axis and connect with dashed line. shade up away from you. where there is double shading, you have the answer.


animal rights articles moo - ving people toward compassionate living visit the all - creatures. org home page. write us with your comments : firstname. lastname @ example. org what ' s wrong with xenotransplantation? merriam - webster : xenotransplantation is the transplantation of an organ, tissue, or cells between two different species from campaign for responsible transplantation ( crt ) why crt is opposed to xenotransplantation the alleged chronic shortage of human organs has led some researchers and federal health officials in the us and elsewhere to consider using organs from animals such as pigs and nonhuman primates. xenotransplantation, attempted since 1905, is marred by a history of failures and intense human and animal suffering. but the prospect of commercializing the technology has created huge financial incentives for biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies who have invested hundreds of millions of dollars in xenotransplantation. the desire to gain a return on such large investments has led many companies to make exaggerated claims about the alleged merits of the technology. crt believes that these claims are baseless and that, in fact, the technology is dangerous, expensive, inhumane, and unnecessary, and should therefore be banned. - transplanting living animal organs into humans circumvents the natural barriers ( such as skin and gastrointestinal tract ) that prevent infection, thereby facilitating the transmission of infectious diseases from animals to humans. - many animal viruses have the ability to jump species barriers and kill humans. viruses that are harmless to their animal hosts, can be deadly when transmitted to humans. for example, macaque herpes is harmless to macaque monkeys, but lethal to humans. - many viruses, as innocuous as the common cold or as lethal as ebola, can be transmitted via a mere cough or sneeze. an animal virus residing in a xenograft recipient could become airborne, infecting scores of people, and causing a potentially deadly viral epidemic of global proportions akin to hiv or worse. - pigs, genetically altered to carry human genes, are being considered as the source animals of choice for xenotransplants, despite the existence of over 25 diseases in pigs that can infect humans. the influenza virus of 1918, which resembled a common swine flu, killed more people in modern history than any other epidemic including aids and the black plague. new mutations of swine influenza are being seen around the globe, and novel pig


, or the large costs associated with xenotransplantation. hhs issued voluntary guidelines to regulate the technology. it is highly probable that hhs will be unable to protect the xenograft recipient or the public from being infected by an animal virus. as a result, hhs should have considered how the government would handle an infectious epidemic before the guidelines for xenotransplantation were issued. - hhs has not addressed how infected individuals will be identified and how those infected will be prevented from spreading diseases. hhs has also failed to address who will pay for treatment and care for those infected. treating and caring for individuals infected with animal viruses will most likely cost the u. s. billions of dollars. so far, hhs has not stated whether it would compensate victims who inadvertently come into contact with a lethal animal virus. however, this should be a consideration because the government has already had to respond to compensation claims filed by persian gulf war veterans, victims of agent orange, hemophiliacs infected by hiv - tainted blood, and parents of vaccine - damaged children. although hhs identifies procedures for obtaining informed consent in the xenotransplantation guidelines, the agency failed to consider several important issues. an institute of medicine 1996 report on xenotransplantation indicates that " more research needs to be done on the psychological, religious, and social interpretations of xenotransplants for patients and their families. " hhs should have considered that xenograft patients will most likely be very ill when they decide to take part in xenograft procedures. these patients, many in desperate situations, must understand highly complex issues, including the experimental nature of xenotransplantation and the health risks not only to themselves, but also their close personal contacts. it is unlikely that patients would fully understand the consequences of their participation in such experiments. - health authorities were unable to prevent the worldwide spread of hiv infection. similarly, they were unable to prevent ebola outbreaks in sudan, zaire ( 1976, 1979, 1995 ) and the us ( 1989, 1996 ). furthermore, there is evidence that humans have become ill after consuming or being injected with animal materials. there is a reported link between the smallpox vaccine ( derived from animal cells ) and aids, a recently acknowledged link between human lung, brain and bone cancer and the sv ( simian virus ) 40 ( found in old batches of the salk polio vaccine ), and the threat of emerging infectious diseases


from animal cells ) and aids, a recently acknowledged link between human lung, brain and bone cancer and the sv ( simian virus ) 40 ( found in old batches of the salk polio vaccine ), and the threat of emerging infectious diseases, including human creutzfeldt - jakob disease ( cjd ) from the consumption of " mad cows " in europe, the netherlands, and the us. it would be a tragedy if federal health authorities failed to respect the precautionary principle and facilitated the introduction and spread of a new viral epidemic. responsible health authorities would steer clear of xenotransplantation in the interest of human health. - in september 1996, the department of health and human services ( hhs ) issued a set of draft voluntary guidelines on xenotransplantation. currently, xenotransplantation is " regulated " by the food and drug administration ( fda ) ; over the last several years, fda has approved limited clinical trials with animal tissues, cells, and organs, typically pig livers, used outside the body as temporary " bridges " to " filter " the blood of patients awaiting human liver transplants. xenotransplant products that utilize both a device and a biologic ( such as the " liver - assist device " ) would be considered a combination product and regulated both by the fda ' s center for biologic evaluation and research ( cber ) and the center for drug evaluation and research. animal organs used in xenotransplantation would be considered biologics and covered by cber. ironically, cber scientists have acknowledged that xenotransplantation presents a risk of introducing novel pathogens into the human population. - the fda ' s active support for xenotransplant research is inconsistent with positions the agency has taken in the past. in 1991, the fda ordered a recall of a disinfectant, sporicidin, used by dentists and doctors to sterilize equipment, claiming that it did not adequately protect patients from infectious microorganisms. fda commissisoner at the time, david kessler, said fda would " not tolerate products that would permit the transmission of disease from one patient to another. " - proposed regulatory oversight of xenotransplantation procedures is weak and would likely be highly flawed. although xenotransplants subject patients and non - patients to significant health risks, hhs chose a lenient method for monitoring the health effects


regulatory oversight of xenotransplantation procedures is weak and would likely be highly flawed. although xenotransplants subject patients and non - patients to significant health risks, hhs chose a lenient method for monitoring the health effects from the procedures by constructing voluntary guidelines on xenotransplantation. as it stands, the guidelines are to be " enforced " at the local level by institutional review boards ( irbs ). virologist jonathan allan has stated that, " in choosing voluntary guidelines to be enforced at a local level [ via irbs ], … the fda / cdc committee has chosen the least stringent and possibly least successful method of policing these transplant procedures. " - in a draft 1998 report, the hhs ' s own inspector general june gibbs brown said that institutional review boards, whose members are unpaid, and who are charged with monitoring the treatment of participants in clinical trials, " face crushing workloads, inadequate training and potential conflicts of interest. " - even if fda were to assume the responsibility for monitoring all clinical xenotransplant trials, that would not necessarily be an improvement. fda has already failed to successfully provide oversight for human tissue banks ; the agency has also been criticized by scientists and consumer groups for approving the use of a controversial genetically engineered bovine growth hormone despite the existence of several studies questioning its safety. - in the federal guidelines, hhs recommends a strict monitoring regimen for patients and their close contacts. the rigorous and potentially " life - long surveillance " program, would require complete physical exams and sampling regimens. but hhs fails to discuss the issue of noncompliance with the monitoring program. what would happen if individuals choose to sporadically participate or entirely withdraw from the program and hhs is not able to detect an infectious disease? a disease could spread before hhs recognizes its existence. - in all areas of human activity, particularly when money is involved, the potential for fraud, error, and negligence exists. in the past, such behavior has placed human health at considerable risk. witness the hiv - contaminated blood scandals in france, china, japan and the us, for example, in which employees and / or medical authorities knowingly allowed hiv - contaminated blood to be used for transfusions and blood - clotting treatments for hemophiliacs. - given the enormous amount of data, paperwork, and filing xenotransplant procedures would generate, it would be naive ( given human nature ) to assume that data will be properly recorded


clotting treatments for hemophiliacs. - given the enormous amount of data, paperwork, and filing xenotransplant procedures would generate, it would be naive ( given human nature ) to assume that data will be properly recorded, stored, reviewed, and updated. regulatory mechanisms often fail to prevent or correct these errors and / or behaviors, the consequences of which could be disastrous in the face of a xenogeneic infection. - xenotransplantation is not a cost effective technology. it is riskier and promises to be even more expensive than human - to - human transplantation ( roughly $ 300, 000 per operation, not including the hidden costs of breeding, housing, feeding, medicating, testing, transporting, rendering, and disposing of the waste and remains of herds of transgenic animals ). - the fda wants to establish a registry to archive xenograft patient and source animal tissue samples. this archive is to be funded by taxpayers. fda officials estimate the cost of the registry at $ 250, 000 to $ 300, 000 a year, and the cost for the archive at $ 1 million a year. - xenotransplant researchers acknowledge that ' rearing pigs under germ - free conditions, is extremely expensive and time - consuming and the production of germ - free pigs would greatly add to the cost of providing donor organs. ' currently it costs from $ 25, 000 to $ 100, 000 to test just one pig for the presence of known bacteria and viruses. the biotechnology company nextran explains that one of its pig organs will eventually cost the same as a human organ. - based upon this estimate, xenotransplantation is not cost effective. - the current transplant costs for human organs range from $ 116, 000 for a kidney to more than $ 300, 000 for a liver. factoring in years of follow - up care and immunosuppressive drugs, the cost rises to about $ 400, 000 for a liver transplant and over $ 300, 000 each for heart and lung transplants. a 1996 institute of medicine report predicts that xenotransplantation will push annual transplant cost from $ 3 billion to $ 20. 3 billion. these costs are beyond the means of a majority of americans and an already overburdened health care system. - it is predicted that, by the year 2000, 48 million americans will lack basic healthcare. another 30 + million will be underinsured. the unins


the means of a majority of americans and an already overburdened health care system. - it is predicted that, by the year 2000, 48 million americans will lack basic healthcare. another 30 + million will be underinsured. the uninsured ( largely minorities, 18 to 24 - year - olds, and the working poor ) who are chronically ill are least likely to receive proper care, with the result that untreated conditions can lead to serious health consequences. can we justify spending hundreds of thousands of dollars on operations that, if they ever succeed, would at best benefit a small minority of patients, while dramatically driving up health care costs for all? animal welfare concerns - biotechnology companies are breeding pigs with human genes in the hopes of fooling the human immune system into accepting a foreign organ from another species. this disturbing genetic reconstruction of life ( the creation of animals that are, in essence, part animal and part human ) is advancing on a commercial scale with almost no informed public discussion or effective oversight. - scientific studies have demonstrated that pigs are highly intelligent and sensitive animals. pigs used in studies at the university of pennsylvania manipulated joysticks with their mouths to solve mazes and play games on a computer. pigs used in biomedical research can be subjected to painful biological and surgical manipulations at experimenters ' discretion, causing great pain and suffering before death. policy - makers in the u. s. and elsewhere have decided that it is " ethical " to use pigs in xenotransplants because pigs are killed for food. but two wrongs do not make a right. ironically, it is precisely because people eat too many pigs, and have unhealthy lifestyles, that pig organ transplants are being considered. a large majority of heart, liver, and kidney transplants could be prevented if people reduced their meat, ( and alcohol and tobacco consumption ). we should ask whether it is acceptable to make pigs and other nonhuman animals scapegoats for our species ' self - destructive behaviors. transgenic technology is very imprecise. previous transgenic pig research programs have produced animals with various painful physical abnormalities including arthritis, stomach ulcers, muscular weakness, defective vision, and weakened immunity. transgenic animals are destined to spend their lives confined in unnatural, sterile environments, unable to fulfill their basic behavioral needs, until death. in her book, genetic engineering : dream or nightmare ( 1998 ), british biologist mae - wan ho wrote that, " the creation of transgenic animals for xenotranspl


sterile environments, unable to fulfill their basic behavioral needs, until death. in her book, genetic engineering : dream or nightmare ( 1998 ), british biologist mae - wan ho wrote that, " the creation of transgenic animals for xenotransplantation... [ is ] scientifically flawed and morally unjustifiable. [ it carries ] inherent hazards in facilitating cross - species exchange and recombination of viral pathogens. these projects ought not to be allowed to continue without full public review. " - in crt ' s opinion, hhs failed to consider the environmental consequences of xenotransplantation as required by the national environmental policy act ( nepa ). hhs issued guidelines for xenotransplantation without complying with any of nepa ' s requirements. nepa requires that agencies " take a ' hard look ' at the environmental consequences before taking a major action. " hhs failed to take the required " hard look " at the environmental and health consequences of its actions because no environmental impact statement ( eis ) was performed. by completely ignoring the entire eis requirements, hhs has violated nepa. - crt believes that xenotransplantation is a " significant " action because it is highly controversial and poses unique and unknown health effects to the xenograft recipient and the general public. furthermore, xenotransplantation affects " the quality of the human environment. " federal regulations define " the quality of the human environment " to include " the natural and physical environment and the relationship of people with that environment. " in this case, the relationship of people to their environment is affected by the hhs ' s action because xenotransplantation may create deadly new animal viruses. due to this significant public health concern, hhs should have prepared an eis. - xenotransplantation also poses significant threats to the environment. the animals needed for xenotransplantation will increase the environmental problems caused by animal - based agriculture. u. s. farms already generate about 1. 4 billion tons of animal manure a year, 130 times the quantity of u. s. human sewage, according to a 1997 report by the senate agriculture committee entitled, animal waste pollution in america : an emerging national problem. this untreated and largely unregulated manure, contaminated with bacteria, parasites, chemicals and heavy metals, is washed off farmland by rain and discharged into streams and rivers, killing fish


animal waste pollution in america : an emerging national problem. this untreated and largely unregulated manure, contaminated with bacteria, parasites, chemicals and heavy metals, is washed off farmland by rain and discharged into streams and rivers, killing fish, and making people who eventually drink it, bathe in it, and wash their clothes with it, sick. - in march 1999, a community in sarpy county, nebraska denied a permit to a xenotransplantation pig breeding / research facility because of environmental concerns alone. - surveys find animal waste is degrading 1, 785 bodies of water in 39 states. pesticides, insecticides and antibiotics which are commonly used in agriculture may also contribute to soil and ground water contamination and consequently, harm human health. pollution from factory farms impairs more miles of u. s. rivers than all other industry sources and municipal sewers combined. during the past two decades, the number of coastal waters that host major and recurring attacks by harmful microbes has doubled. pigs and pig waste pose a particular danger because they contract and transmit many human diseases including meningitis, salmonella, chlamydia, giardia, cryptosporidiosis, brucella, worms and influenza. the hazards from hogs increases when they are packed closely together. - hog farms pollute the air. in minnesota, tests showed eight of 32 air samples taken near manure lagoons exceeded air quality standards for hydrogen sulfide. a study done at duke university medical center revealed that those who lived downwind from hog factory farms suffered from a variety of illnesses including increased tension, depression, flu - like symptoms, fatigue, dizziness, blackouts, loss of appetite, and sleep disturbances. - hhs also failed to address the environmental and health impacts caused by the disposal of numerous remains of genetically modified animals. conventional agricultural operations continuously wrestle with the problems of how to dispose of millions of tons of perishable animal tissue each year. incineration, burial, and composting are all expensive, unhygienic, and environmentally problematic. in fact, in 1997, the sierra club filed a lawsuit against a hog farm, citing 50 violations of federal environmental laws, including the farm ' s illegal pits for disposing dead pigs. disposing of transgenic pigs is a significant environmental and health concern, because if the bodies of source animals are disposed of improperly, their dna could replicate, spread, and recombine, picking up genes from viruses in other species,


. disposing of transgenic pigs is a significant environmental and health concern, because if the bodies of source animals are disposed of improperly, their dna could replicate, spread, and recombine, picking up genes from viruses in other species, and consequently, create new pathogens. thus, disposing of genetically modified animals is an issue that should have been addressed in an eis. - can we justify raising more pigs for human use at a time when the environmental protection agency is placing new restrictions on livestock pollution? breeding animals for xenotransplantation would create a host of environmental problems, described above. conventional farming and rendering operations have yet to solve these problems which continue to threaten public health across the us ( see www. hogwatch. org ). return to animal rights articles please help our efforts we welcome your comments : fair use notice : this document may contain copyrighted material whose use has not been specifically authorized by the copyright owners. we believe that this not - for - profit, educational use on the web constitutes a fair use of the copyrighted material ( as provided for in section 107 of the us copyright law ). if you wish to use this copyrighted material for purposes of your own that go beyond fair use, you must obtain permission from the copyright owner. all creatures animal rights article : justice, peace, love, compassion, ethics, organizations, bible, god, lord, jesus, christ, holy spirit, grass roots, animals, cruelty free, lifestyle, hunting, fishing, traping, farm, farming, factory, fur, meat, slaughter, cattle, beef, pork, chicken, poultry, hens, battery, debeaking. thee is also a similarity to the human aspects of prolife, pro life, pro - life, abortion, capital punishment, and war. | home page | animal issues | archive | art and photos | articles | bible | books | church and religion | discussions | health | humor | letters | links | nature studies | poetry and stories | quotations | recipes | what ' s new? | thank you for visiting all - creatures. org.


an articles archives diet - diseases - enzymes - exercise - health - herbs - longevity - medicine - minerals - natural health - nutrition - stress - vegan - vegetarian - vitamins we began this archives as a means of assisting our visitors in answering many of their health and diet questions, and in encouraging them to take a pro - active part in their own health. we believe the articles and information contained herein are true, but are not presenting them as advice. we, personally, have found that a vegan diet has helped our own health, and simply wish to share with others the things we have found. each of us must make our own decisions, for it ' s our own body. if you have a health problem, see your own physician. most of these quotations are from the book moooove over milk ( 132 pp. published 1997 by lets eat, hot springs, u. s. a. ) babies and infants " babies who are fed whole cows milk during the second six months of life may experience a 30 % increase in intestinal blood loss and a significant loss of iron in their stools. " paediatrics 1992 ; 89 ( 6 ) : 1105 - 1109 " we should strive to use foods.... that meet the nutrient needs of the older infant... yet avoid toxicity. cow milk simply does not meet this standard of quality. " journal of paediatric gastroenterology and nutrition 1993 ; 16 ( 1 ) : 2 " drinking cows milk may weaken immune function in children and lead to problems with recurring infections. " nature 1978 ; 272 ( 5654 ) : 632 " about 20 % of babies suffer from colic, or abdominal cramping and gas. milk proteins may be one of the leading causes of this digestive disorder. " lancet 1978 ; 2 ( 8087 ) : 437 - 439, paediatrics 1991 ; 87 ( 4 ) : 439 - 444 " a young age at introduction of dairy products and high milk consumption during childhood may increase the childs risk of developing juvenile diabetes. " diabetologia 1994 ; 37 ( 4 ) : 381 - 387 " early cow milk exposure may increase juvenile diabetes risk by about 1½ times. " diabetes care 1994 ; 17 ( 1 ) : 13 " epedemiologic and serologic data in humans also suggest a relation between cows milk and diabetes. " new england journal of medicine 1992 ; 327 ( 5 ) : 302 - 307 ( " cows milk protein


17 ( 1 ) : 13 " epedemiologic and serologic data in humans also suggest a relation between cows milk and diabetes. " new england journal of medicine 1992 ; 327 ( 5 ) : 302 - 307 ( " cows milk protein ) may play a fundamental role in the development of... iddm. " diabetes 1996 ; 45 ( 2 ) : 178 - 182. [ iddm : insulin dependent diabetes mellitus ] " an estimated 50 million americans experience intestinal discomfort after consuming dairy products. symptoms include bloating, stomach - pain, cramps, gas or diarrhoea. " postgraduate medicine 1994 ; 95 ( 1 ) 113 - 120 " adults who consume large quantities of milk, who have high lactase activity,... suffer repeated small galactose challenges, accumulation of galacticol in the lens, and a greater likelihood of developing senile cataracts. " digestive diseases and sciences 1982 ; 27 ( 3 ) 257 - 264 " milk fat has been identified as a ( cholesterol - elevating ) fat because it contains cholesterol and is primarily saturated. " journal of dairy science 1991 ; 74 ( 11 ) : 4002 - 4012 " milk and many components of milk ( butterfat, milk protein, calcium from milk, and riboflavin )... were positively related to coronary heart disease mortality for all 40 countries studied. " circulation 1993 ; 88 ( 6 ) : 2771 - 2779 " two glasses of whole milk contain about the same amount of cholesterol as one 3 - ounce beef steak. " lifestyle capsules p. 309 substituting just 20 grams of soy protein for animal protein daily can " significantly lower serum concentrations of total cholesterol, ldl cholesterol, and triglycerides. " james anderson md, new england journal of medicine 1995 ; 333 ( 5 ) : 276 - 282 [ the volunteers in this study all consumed the same amounts of fat and cholesterol ; the reduction in blood cholesterol levels was due to the protective effect of soy. ] " cultures with the highest milk consumption have the highest osteoporosis rates, a disease rarely found in non - milk - drinking cultures. " dr. hans diehl, dynamic living p. 108. " osteoporosis is caused by a number of things, one of the most important things being too much dietary protein! " american journal of clinical nutrition 1974 ; ( 9 ) : 916 - 925 " dietary protein increases


. 108. " osteoporosis is caused by a number of things, one of the most important things being too much dietary protein! " american journal of clinical nutrition 1974 ; ( 9 ) : 916 - 925 " dietary protein increases production of acid ( in the blood ) which can be neutralized by calcium mobilized from the skeleton. " american journal of clinical nutrition 1995 ; 61 ( 4 ) : 909 " fruits, vegetables, nuts, and legumes are good sources of boron, which helps stop calcium loss in the body. because milk is low in boron and high in phosphorous and protein, it is not a good osteoporosis - fighting food. " dr. forest h. nielsen, u. s. department of agriculture, in nutrition today jan / feb 1988 ; 4 - 7 " excessive protein intake could account for the 1. 0 % to 1. 5 % loss in bone mass each year typically seen in post - menopausal women. " journal of laboratory and clinical medicine 1982 ; 99 ( 1 ) : 46 - 55 " sulphur amino acids in animal products seem to be primarily responsible for the increased calcium loss. " calcified tissue international 1989 ; 44 ( 5 ) : 335 - 338 " meat based diets are more acid producing than lacto - ovo vegetarian ( lov ) diets ; and lov diets are more acid producing than vegan diets. " journal of the american dietetic association 1985 ; 85 ( 7 ) : 841 - 845 " in western countries eating more than 75g a day of protein is likely to cause excessive calcium loss. " journal of bone and joint surgery ( am ) 1967 ; 49 ( 5 ) : 915 - 924 " soybean milk is an excellent source for increasing bone mineral density and mechanical bone strength... the peptides ( proteins ) in the soybean milk are effective for the acceleration of intestinal calcium absorption. " american institute of nutrition 1993 ; journal of nutrition, science and vitaminology 1994 ; 40 ; 201 - 211 " nations with the highest dietary fat consumption also have the highest rates of prostate and breast cancer. " advances in cancer research 1980 ; 32 : 237 - 345 " dietary factors ( mainly high fat and animal protein intake ) appear to be the most important risk determinants for colon cancer. " regulatory toxicology and pharmacology 1986 ; 6 ( 1 ) : 24 - 54 in a study involving 3, 334 cancer patients, frequent whole


and animal protein intake ) appear to be the most important risk determinants for colon cancer. " regulatory toxicology and pharmacology 1986 ; 6 ( 1 ) : 24 - 54 in a study involving 3, 334 cancer patients, frequent whole milk consumption led to " significant risk increases for cancers of the oral cavity, stomach, rectum, lung, and breast. " nutrition and cancer 1990 ; 13 ( 1 - 2 ) : 89 - 99 there is much evidence suggesting that compounds present in soya beans can prevent cancer in many different organ systems ". journal of nutrition 1995 ; 125 ( 3 suppl ) : 733s - 743s ) " us government regulations permit pasteurised milk to have up to 750, 000 lymphocytes [ pus cells ], 20, 000 bacteria, and 10 coliform organisms per 1 / 5th. teaspoon about 8 drops! but at 40 f, the temperature of a good refrigerator, the population of those bugs can double every 35 - 40 hours! " moooove over milk no wonder milk is a major source of human infection. for example as recently as thursday 29 june 2000 over 5, 000 people in japan became seriously ill after drinking milk contaminated with the staphylococcus germ, typically found in the pus of boils and abscesses. " any time a patient of mine is found to have streptococcal pharingytis or pyoderma, we can establish by history that he has ingested milk protein within five days... " dr. frank oski, md ( paediatrician ). dont drink your milk p. 24 we have not touched on cjd, tb, listeriosis, campylobacter, salmonella, e coli, crohns disease, lactose intolerance, or allergies. fortunately there are many good alternatives to animal milk. soy milk for example, especially that fortified with vitamin b12 and additional calcium. plant - based milk is clean and cruelty - free! it is admittedly more expensive than cows milk, but how much do you value your health? if the government subsidies were removed from livestock farming the price would be much more competitive. turning soy into milk via a machine wastes nothing. feeding the soy to dairy cows to produce cows milk wastes 90 % of it. which should be realistically cheaper? over nine tenths of the worlds soy production is fed to livestock. governments continue to subsidise


- historic sites an entry from the small soviet encyclopedia, vol. ix, columns 240 - 41, before june 22, 1941 october 1960 | volume 11, issue 6 roosevelt, franklin ( born 1882 ) — president of the u. s. a. from 1907 — an active democratic [ party ] leader. became a member of the new york state senate in 1910 ; assistant to the secretary of the navy, 1913 - 21 ; governor of the state of new york, 1928 - 32. became president of the u. s. a. in 1933. roosevelt was the spokesman of those strata of the american bourgeoisie which, under the conditions of economic crisis and acute class struggle, considered it imperative to grant sizable concessions to the working class and the farming masses. roosevelt proclaimed the so - called new deal, consisting of the passage of a number of laws designed to regulate industrial and agricultural production. he was responsible for establishing the national industrial recovery administration ( nira ), the purpose of which was to create “ class peace ” in the u. s. a. by fixing maximum hours and minimum wages for all branches of industry. in foreign affairs, roosevelt ’ s most outstanding achievements were the establishment of normal diplomatic relations between the u. s. a. and the u. s. s. r. ( november 16, 1933 ), as well as the proclamation of the good neighbor policy toward latin american countries. it was this policy which met with the approval of the american people and which enabled him to become reelected in 1936. having survived the most critical years of the crisis, the reactionary circles of financial capital came to regard roosevelt ’ s concessions as excessive, and pressured the supreme court into declaring the nira and the new deal unconstitutional. under the influence of reactionary elements in the republican as well as in his own democratic party, roosevelt became increasingly more reactionary. this reversal became particularly pronounced after the outbreak of the second imperialist war in europe. in the interests of imperialist american circles, who demanded the u. s. a. ’ s active participation in the war for the purpose of redividing the world, the embargo on arms was repealed on behalf of france and great britain [ sic ]. in response to roosevelt ’ s demands, the congress systematically appropriated huge sums of money for rearmament. at the same time, the u. s. increased its pressure on latin american countries, with the aim of subordinating their policies to american interests. domestically, the roosevelt administration accelerated its offensive against the democratic rights of the american people


- historic sites connecting with eastern europe americans have always sympathized with the eastern european countries in their struggles for democracy, but for two centuries we haven ’ t been able to help much. do we have a chance now? a distinguished expatriate looks at the odds. november 1990 | volume 41, issue 7 even in these days of nine - hour airplane journeys and instant telephony, the united states and eastern europe are very far apart. when it comes to the places and shapes of nations and states east of germany and west of russia, there occurs in the eyes of most americans an instant blur. there are obvious reasons for this. one of them is the plain reality of perspective. when americans look across the atlantic, the shapes of the british isles, of france, of scandinavia, of the iberian and italian peninsulas are recognizable and familiar, even in these times of a scandalously neglected education in geography. but this is not only a matter of shapes. the states of western and northern and southern europe are familiar because they are old. this may be true of the nations of eastern europe but not of their states. the independence of every one of them — except for poland — is more recent than that of the united states. greece, bulgaria, romania, albania, yugoslavia, hungary, czechoslovakia, lithuania, latvia, estonia, finland — their independent statehoods have come about during the last 160 years. some of them — like yugoslavia and czechoslovakia and, to some extent, romania — were cemented together only after world war i, fewer than three generations ago. but the independence of every one of these countries has been cheered on, promoted, and encouraged by the american people and its governments during two centuries. this still holds true, even as the russian occupation and the communist regimes in the eastern half of europe are vanishing. the american - eastern europe connection is a long and complex story, often entangled with the vicissitudes of american domestic politics. again the polish - american connection stands out. pulaski and kosciusko are names known and respected by generations of americans. but while many americans venerated the cause of polish independence, the governments of the united states before world war i did not espouse that cause, wishing instead to maintain their relations with the russian, german, and austrian empires, which had partitioned poland among themselves at the time of the first presidency of george washington. this discrepancy between american popular sentiment and the interests of american foreign policy as seen by presidents and secretaries of state


russian, german, and austrian empires, which had partitioned poland among themselves at the time of the first presidency of george washington. this discrepancy between american popular sentiment and the interests of american foreign policy as seen by presidents and secretaries of state has confused, perplexed, and, on occasion, plagued politicians as well as the potential recipients of their sympathies. fifty years after the american war of independence came the greek war of independence against turkey. oblivious of the fact that the greeks could not achieve their independence alone — their independence had to be won through the armed intervention of britain, france, and russia, often at cross - purposes with one another — many americans cheered on the greek national rising, as had byron and lamartine during that halcyon decade of romanticism. in the 182os american philhellene societies multiplied ; american towns adopted hellenic names ( including ypsilanti, michigan, named after a somewhat dubious foreign ad venturer who had brought russia to the greek side in the war against turkey ). it was this kind of sentimentalism that john quincy adams had in mind in his classic peroration on the fourth of july in 1821 when he said that americans are friends of liberty everywhere in the world but that they will not go abroad in search of monsters to destroy. thirty years later came another sentimental wave. the hungarian nation had risen up against austrian rule. alone among all nations of the world, the united states gave official recognition to the hungarian republic. the southern whig president zachary taylor was persuaded to send a minister to represent the united states in hungary. before he got there, the austrian and russian armies had forced the hungarian army to surrender. hungary ’ s leader, lajos kossuth, a classic nineteenth - century figure of a republican and a democrat, had to flee. in december 1851 he came to visit the united states. enormous crowds greeted him. he was the first foreign statesman, after lafayette, to receive a ceremonial reception in washington. by then the president was millard fillmore, whose secretary of state was none other than daniel webster. “ we shall rejoice to see our american model upon the lower danube and on the mountains of hungary! ” webster declared at the washington banquet in kossuth ’ s honor. there were kossuth hats, kossuth coats, kossuth beards, kossuth cigars. a county of iowa was named kossuth ; american children ( like george f. kennan ’ s father in milwaukee ) were given the first name of


december 1972 | volume 24, issue 1 for some men the only solution to the dilemma of blacks and whites together was for the blacks to go back where they came from when, on august 14, 1862, president abraham lincoln spoke to a visiting “ committee of colored men ” at the white house, it was already becoming clear that one result of the war between the states would be the freeing of millions of slaves. slavery was toppling under the blows of war, and in just another month the president would issue the preliminary version of the emancipation proclamation. the “ colored men ” whom lincoln addressed were free already ; some of them had been free all their lives. the president, however, gave them no heartening affirmations of their equality. instead, he proposed to them the resettling of american blacks, either in africa or in central or south america. “ you are cut off, ” he reminded his visitors, “ from many of the advantages which the other race enjoy. the aspiration of men is to enjoy equality with the best when free, but on this broad continent, not a single man of your race is made the equal of a single man of ours. ” he felt it was “ better for us both … to be separated, ” that is, that the negroes of america go elsewhere — all of them. he ruminated aloud about their going to liberia, in africa. perhaps, he suggested, that was too far away : “ … some of you would rather remain within reach of the country of your nativity. i do not know how much attachment you may have toward our race. it does not strike me that you have the greatest reason to love them. but still you are attached to them at all events. ” so he had in mind the possibility of a colony in central america, and he asked for “ a hundred tolerably intelligent men, with their wives and children, ” to be the pioneer colonists there, although he admitted he would be satisfied with a quarter that number. thus did the great emancipator propose voluntary exile for the nation ’ s blacks. he was by no means the first, nor the last, to nourish such a solution to an agonizing american racial problem. serious discussion of that prospect began as early as the 1770 ’ s with samuel hopkins, a rhode island congregational minister ; hopkins proposed training black missionaries to begin a negro return to africa. thomas jefferson, in the virginia assembly, put forward a program that would emancipate the slaves as they became adults. having


s with samuel hopkins, a rhode island congregational minister ; hopkins proposed training black missionaries to begin a negro return to africa. thomas jefferson, in the virginia assembly, put forward a program that would emancipate the slaves as they became adults. having been trained in various useful arts, they would be sent to a distant colony. jefferson believed slavery was evil, both morally and politically. yet deeper than his abhorrence of the institution was his fear that american freed negroes would become so - numerous that race war would be inevitable. the fear of a genocidal blood bath has been a persistent argument in favor of an absolute separation of the black and white races — a proposal that has surfaced repeatedly in the nation ’ s history. the presumed inevitability and incurable nature of race prejudice have likewise been advanced to justify total separation. such fears and attitudes have been most evident in periods of heightened racial tension, and it is at those times that negro emigration has appeared to many to be a reasonable, perhaps the only, solution. the quarter century after reconstruction, for example, a particularly desperate era for american blacks, saw the creation of such enterprises as the liberian exodus joint stock steamship company, the united transatlantic society, and the international migration society. just after the first world war, when honorable service brought blacks no bettered status and little relief from violently enforced prejudices, a black messiah, marcus aurelius garvey, arose with ambitious plans for building an african empire with black americans. there was an african nationalist pioneer movement in the 1930 ’ s, when the depression compounded the problems confronting the negro community. and in spite of improvement in the situation of negroes since then, the still agonizingly slow advance of equality spawned a small frontier village of black “ hebrews ” in liberia in the 1960 ’ s. the resettlement idea thus appears to have had remarkable vitality. but it has never been particularly effective. lincoln ’ s plans for moving negroes south of the border is illustrative. it came a cropper, specifically, on the greed of white promoters of proposed colonies and the opposition of central american governments. but those stumbling blocks might have been hurdled had it not been for the more basic problem common to all such projects. any resettlement program had to expose, had to carry with it like a disfiguring scar, painful conflicts and contradictions in the racial practices and pretensions of the american community. nowhere are these better shown than in the rise and fall of the largest and longest


to expose, had to carry with it like a disfiguring scar, painful conflicts and contradictions in the racial practices and pretensions of the american community. nowhere are these better shown than in the rise and fall of the largest and longest - lived of the resettlement organizations, the american colonization society, founded in 1816. the sole purpose of the society was stated in its formal title, the american society for colonizing the free people of color in the united states. free negroes, as henry clay remarked to the society ’ s first organizational meeting, “ neither enjoyed the immunities of freemen, nor were they subject to the incapacities of slaves. ” prejudice, clay said, worked to keep them a lower caste, and it was “ desirable … both as it respected them, and the residue of the population of the country, to drain them off. ” in 1750 there had been only a few thousand free negroes in the american colonies. but the numbers would soon rise, because the philosophy that legitimized the american revolution also encouraged emancipation. slaveholder joseph hill of virginia, for one, writing his will in 1783, gave his bondsmen their freedom upon his death, explaining that “ after full and deliberate consideration, and agreeable to our bill of rights, ” he was “ fully persuaded that freedom is the natural life of all mankind. ” virginia law had closely restricted manumission until 1782. after the restrictions were removed, the number of free negroes in the state rose from fewer than three thousand to nearly thirteen thousand by 1790. that year the number of free negroes in the united states had grown to just under sixty thousand. many northern states had abolished slavery or were about to, a process completely accomplished throughout the north by 1818. this further swelled the totals so that in 1820 the census would count more than 233, 000 free negroes. free they were, but in no sense equal. they did not live well. their rights in law were restricted and growing more so ; with rare exceptions they could not testify against whites in court, and without exception they could not serve on juries. the punishments for blacks were often more severe than for whites who committed the same crimes. in virginia, for example, after 1831, free negroes guilty of many minor offenses received the same punishments — including whippings — as those meted out to slaves for identical misdemeanors. a few states conferred the legal right to vote, but some withdrew it later as the number of free blacks multiplied. and


minor offenses received the same punishments — including whippings — as those meted out to slaves for identical misdemeanors. a few states conferred the legal right to vote, but some withdrew it later as the number of free blacks multiplied. and where law did not deny negroes the vote, custom often did. circumscriptions were beginning to be placed on the right of free negroes to move from state to state, as no state particularly relished being a repository for newly emancipated slaves. education was either not available or was segregated. the jobs open to free negroes were limited. the result of all this was distilled in the words of the valedictorian of a negro school in new york in 1819 : why should i strive hard and acquire all the constituents of a man, if the prevailing genius of the land admit me not as such, or but in an inferior degree! pardon me if i feel insignificant and weak. … what are my prospects? to what shall i turn my hand? shall i be a mechanic? no one will employ me ; white boys won ’ t work with me. shall i be a merchant? no one will have me in his office ; white clerks won ’ t associate with me. drudgery and servitude, then, are my prospective portion. can you be surprised at my discouragement? there was plenty of reason for the complaint. nonetheless, free negroes, instead of earning sympathy for their disadvantages, were often described in the terms traditionally used to excoriate the poor of any race : they lived “ that way ” on purpose ; they collected in horrid slums, bred disease and incredible numbers of children, committed all sorts of loathsome crimes, did no work unless it was absolutely necessary, were noted for drunkenness, and were, as henry clay put it, “ a useless and pernicious, if not dangerous portion ” of america ’ s population. in the ante - bellum south it was often said that free negroes taught slaves to steal and helped them dispose of stolen goods, that they acted as a powerful lure to freedom for slaves, that they inspired and assisted slave rebellion. and there was no point in wasting education on them, for that would only give them an appetite for privileges unreachable. “ the more you improve the condition of these people, ” said a washington lawyer ( who was also chief clerk of the united states supreme court ), “ the more you cultivate their


would only give them an appetite for privileges unreachable. “ the more you improve the condition of these people, ” said a washington lawyer ( who was also chief clerk of the united states supreme court ), “ the more you cultivate their minds, the more miserable you make them. ” they were in a trap, with every exit blocked ; every exit, that is, but one. the reverend robert finley, pastor of the presbyterian church in baskingridge, new jersey, a community with 1, 500 free negroes, remarked in 1816 upon the depressed condition of those of his parishioners who were black. “ every thing connected with their condition, including their colour, is against them, ” he declared, “ nor is there much prospect that their state can ever be greatly ameliorated, while they continue among us. ” but he went on to propose a remedy. “ could not, ” he suggested, “ the rich and benevolent devise means to form a colony on some part of the coast of africa … which might gradually induce many free blacks to go and settle, devising for them the means of getting there, and of protection and support till they were established. ” the “ rich and benevolent ” were much in evidence in that era between 1815 and the 1840 ’ s, supporting a flood of societies that promoted the bible, peace, temperance, christian missions, sunday schools, and the welfare of various underprivileged segments of the community. as it happened, finley could even point to an existing project similar to the very one he had in mind. the british had freed a number of slaves during the revolution and transported them to great britain. many had gravitated to the slums, and british philanthropists had undertaken to relocate them in africa by starting a colony at sierra leone. the financing and government had not been well managed, and shortly the crown had felt constrained to assume responsibility from the philanthropists, but sierra leone was now a going concern. an american colony in africa would also have to be financed at least in part by the government, finley knew. but it would benefit the nation in many ways. it would remove a trodden - down minority from the people who were doing the treading ; it would give america a commercial outpost in africa ; and by supplying a catchall for emancipated slaves it would encourage manumission in the south — which finley hoped would ultimately rid the nation of slavery. there was also an additional philanthropic attraction in the colony ’ s potential for red