while lobsters are built to be good at surviving in the salt sea. people are animals too, and we are built to be good at surviving in a world full of other people. most of us don ’ t hunt for our own food like lions or lobsters, we buy it from other people who have bought it from yet other people. we ‘ swim ’ through a ‘ sea of people ’. just as a fish needs gills to survive in water, people need brains that make them able to deal with other people. just as the sea is full of salt water, the sea of people is full of difficult things to learn. like language. you speak english but your friend speaks german. you each speak the language that fits you to ‘ swim about ’ in your own separate ‘ people sea ’. language is passed down by tradition. there is no other way. in england, pepe is a dog. in germany he is ein hund. neither of these words is more correct, or more truer than the other. both are simply handed down. in order to be good at ‘ swimming about in their people sea ’, children have to learn the language of their own country, and lots of other things about their own people ; and this means that they have to absorb, like blotting paper, an enormous amount of traditional information. ( remember that traditional information just means things that are handed down from grandparents to parents to children. ) the child ’ s brain has to be a sucker for traditional information. and the child can ’ t be expected to sort out good and useful traditional information, like the words of a language, from bad or silly traditional information, like believing in witches and devils and ever - living virgins. it ’ s a pity, but it can ’ t help being the case, that because children have to be suckers for traditional information, they are likely to believe anything the grown - ups tell them, whether true or false, right or wrong. lots of what grown - ups tell them is true and based on evidence or at least sensible. but if some of it is false, silly or even wicked, there is nothing to stop the children believing that too. now, when the children grow up, what do they do? well, of course, they tell it to the next generation of children. so, once something gets itself strongly believed ( even if its completely untrue and there never was any reason to believe it in the first place ) it can go on forever. could this be what happened with


it to the next generation of children. so, once something gets itself strongly believed ( even if its completely untrue and there never was any reason to believe it in the first place ) it can go on forever. could this be what happened with religions? belief that there is a god or gods, belief in heaven, belief that mary never died, belief that jesus never had a human father, belief that prayers are answered, belief that wine turns into blood – not one of these beliefs is backed up by any good evidence. yet millions of people believe them. perhaps this is because they were told to believe them when they were young enough to believe anything. millions of other people believe quite different things, because they were told different things when they were children. muslim children are told different things from christian children, and both grow up utterly convinced that they are right and the others are wrong. even within christians, roman catholics believe different things from church of england people or episcopalians, shakers or quakers, mormons or holy rollers, and all are utterly convinced that they are right and the others are wrong. they believe different things for exactly the same kind of reason as you speak english and someone speaks german. both languages are, in their own country, the right language to speak. but it can ’ t be true that different religions are right in their own countries, because different religions claim that opposite things are true. mary can ’ t be alive in the catholic republic but dead in protestant northern ireland. what can we do about all this? it is not easy for you to do anything, because you are only ten. but you could try this. next time somebody tells you something that sounds important, think to yourself : ‘ is this the kind of thing that people probably know because of evidence? or is it the kind of thing that people only believe because of tradition, authority or revelation? ’ and, next time somebody tells you that something is true, why not say to them : ‘ what kind of evidence is there for that? ’ and if they can ’ t give you a good answer, i hope you ’ ll think very carefully before you believe a word they say.


the physiology of the human heart the constant beating of the heart is controlled by the conducting system of the heart, which is a series of specialized nerve tissues that fire through the heart and coordinate the actions of the heart beat : sinoatrial ( sa ) node : this pacemaker initiates the impulse. it ’ s located anterolaterally just under the epicardium where the superior vena cava enters the right atrium. the impulse from the sinoatrial node spreads through the myocardium of the right and left atria, and it ’ s also quickly transmitted to the atrioventricular node. atrioventricular ( av ) node : this node is located in the posterior and inferior portion of the interatrial septum, close to the opening of the coronary sinus in the right atrium. from there the signal is transmitted to the ventricles by a bundle of nerves called the atrioventricular bundle. atrioventricular bundle : this bundle of nerves runs from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles along the interventricular septum. it divides into left and right bundle branches that run deep to the endocardium to become the subendocardial branches ( also called the purkinje fibers ) : subendocardial branches of the right bundle stimulate the interventricular septum, the papillary muscle, and the wall of the right ventricle. subendocardial branches of the left bundle stimulate the interventricular septum, the papillary muscle, and wall of the left ventricle. the heart is innervated by the autonomic nerves from superficial and deep cardiac plexuses. the deep cardiac plexus is located on the bifurcation of the trachea, and the superficial cardiac plexus is located on the base of the heart below the arch of the aorta. the autonomic nervous system is made up of a two - neuron chain ( using the presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic neuron ) from the central nervous system to the heart. the presynaptic sympathetic fibers branch off the first five or six thoracic segments of the spinal cord. they enter the sympathetic trunks and synapse with postsynaptic neurons located in the cervical and upper thoracic ganglia. fibers of the postsynaptic neurons join the cardiac plexus and terminate on the sa node, av node, cardiac muscle fibers, and corona


and synapse with postsynaptic neurons located in the cervical and upper thoracic ganglia. fibers of the postsynaptic neurons join the cardiac plexus and terminate on the sa node, av node, cardiac muscle fibers, and coronary arteries. sympathetic stimulation increases heart rate, force of contraction, and dilation of coronary arteries. parasympathetic innervation to the heart is provided by the vagus nerve ( cn x ). the presynaptic parasympathetic fibers of the vagus nerve join the postsynaptic sympathetic fibers in the cardiac plexus. the postsynaptic parasympathetic neurons are located in intrinsic ganglia ( within the wall of the heart ) and terminate on the sa node, av node, and coronary arteries. parasympathetic stimulation has the opposite effect of sympathetic stimulation. the cardiac cycle is the sequence of events of each heart beat : diastole : during this process, the ventricles fill with blood from the atria. the atrioventricular valves are open, and the pulmonary and aortic valves are closed. systole : in this process, the ventricles empty into the aorta and pulmonary arteries. the atrioventricular valves are closed, and the pulmonary and aortic valves are open. the major blood vessels of the thorax include arteries that branch off the aorta and veins that drain into the vena cava. following are the parts of the aorta and its branches : ascending aorta : this part of the aorta leaves the left ventricle and ascends up to the sternal angle. it has spaces between the walls of the vessel and the cusps of the aortic valve called aortic sinuses. arch of the aorta : continuing from the ascending aorta, this part arches posteriorly to the left of the trachea and esophagus, above the left primary bronchus thoracic aorta : the thoracic aorta continues from the arch and descends in the posterior mediastinum and left of the vertebral column. bronchial arteries : these arteries branch off the anterior part of the aorta or a posterior intercostal artery. esophageal arteries : starting at the anterior part of the thoracic aorta, these arteries run to the esophagus. superior phrenic arteries : these arteries start at the anterior part of the thoracic aorta


esophageal arteries : starting at the anterior part of the thoracic aorta, these arteries run to the esophagus. superior phrenic arteries : these arteries start at the anterior part of the thoracic aorta and run to the diaphragm. following are the parts of the vena cava and its tributaries : right and left brachiocephalic veins : these veins unite to form the superior vena cava near the brachiocephalic trunk ( at the level of the 1st costal cartilage ). superior vena cava : this large vein runs inferiorly to enter the right atrium. inferior vena cava : this vein is formed by the union of the iliac. it enters the heart at the lowest part of the right atrium. azygos vein : this vein arises from the right ascending lumbar vein and passes through the posterior mediastinum to drain into the superior vena cava. hemiazygos vein : this vein starts at the left ascending lumbar vein and crosses the vertebral column around the level of the 8th thoracic vertebra to join the azygos vein. accessory hemiazygos vein : this vein is formed by the union of the left fourth to the eighth posterior intercostal veins and joins the azygos vein at the level of the 7th thoracic vertebra.


iso sensitivity is the ability of a sensor to provide a defined response for a given level of lighting. photographers use this information to determine the nominal exposure conditions. if the actual iso sensitivity of a digital camera ’ s sensor is lower than the sensitivity set by the user, the image is underexposed ; if the sensitivity is greater, the image is overexposed. to be easily understood by photographers, the iso sensitivity of digital cameras has been defined such that it is similar to the iso sensitivity of photographic film cameras, thus lower sensitivities require longer exposure for the same luminance to produce the same result. however, just as very sensitive films are known to be very grainy, parallels can be drawn for digital cameras, since high sensitivities are related to high gain and noise amplification. while it is a common practice for camera vendors to emphasize high iso settings on their cameras, it must be said that high iso does not mean good image quality. any serious photographer knows that the lowest iso should be used to shoot a scene with a longer exposure time. only when conditions do not allow it ( as in photojournalism, low - light conditions, or sport photography ) should lower exposure time and high iso be used ( typically to limit motion blur ). with film photography, changing the iso meant having to change the film ( which was very annoying ). the intrinsic sensitivity of a digital camera is determined by the silicon structure of the sensor itself and cannot be changed, but the iso of the camera can be artificially increased to arbitrary values by applying a gain to the signal. the price to pay is a proportionate increase of noise and eventually, a decrease of snr for a given output value ( see essential characteristics of noise ). the only trick is that the gain is applied before analog / digital conversion so as to avoid quantization effects. so the fact that a camera attains iso 10000 is no guarantee of image quality ; the noise level at this iso has to be reported as well. iso sensitivity ( also known as iso speed ) is a numerical value calculated from the exposure provided at the focal plane of a digital camera to produce specific camera output signal characteristics. iso standard 12232 defines two ways to measure iso sensitivity. the first relates sensitivity to the exposure necessary to saturate the camera. the second, seldom used, compares the relative exposures to obtain different signal - to - noise ratios. the more common saturation - based method is described below. the saturation focal plane exposure is defined as the


to saturate the camera. the second, seldom used, compares the relative exposures to obtain different signal - to - noise ratios. the more common saturation - based method is described below. the saturation focal plane exposure is defined as the exposure ( illumination multiplied by exposure time in lux. s ) necessary to reach sensor saturation. iso sensitivity is then defined by when a focal plane exposure measurement is not possible, as for a camera with non - removable optics, it is possible to compute the focal plane exposure as l is the scene luminance ( cd / m² ), t is the exposure time ( s ), a is the lens aperture ( f - number ), with t as the transmission factor of the lens, v as the vignetting factor, and θ as the angle of the image point from the optical axis. iso 12232 considers a transmission factor t = 9 / 10, an angle θ = 10°, and a vignetting factor v = 98 / 100, which leads to q = 65 / 100. dxomark measures iso sensitivity at the image center ; thus θ = 0° and v = 1, considering the same transmission factor t = 9 / 10, which leads to q = 71 / 100. iso sensitivity is then defined by with lsat being the minimum luminance necessary to reach sensor saturation. as tests show, the iso settings reported by camera manufacturers can differ significantly from measured iso in raw. this difference stems from design choices, in particular the choice to keep some “ headroom ” to avoid saturation in the higher exposures to make it possible to recover from blown highlights.


multivitamins cut cancer risk in men, study finds ( new york ) - - it ' s a decision that millions of americans face every morning : to take, or not to take, that multivitamin. now, a new study of almost 15, 000 men over 50 suggests popping that daily supplement could cut cancer rates by 8 percent. the study is good news for some americans, who spend billions of dollars each year on the assumption that taking a daily multivitamin will help prevent disease. " despite the lack of definitive trial data regarding the benefits of multivitamins in the prevention of chronic disease, including cancer, many men and women take them for precisely this reason, " said dr. michael gaziano, professor of medicine at harvard medical school and lead author of the study published wednesday in the journal of the american medical association. " our study shows a modest but significant benefit in cancer prevention. " it ' s unclear whether the results apply to women or men under 50. previous large studies, including a 180, 000 - patient study started in 1992 and the women ' s health initiative study of 160, 000 women published in 2009, found that multivitamins had little to no effect on the risk of cancer. in fact, a 2010 swedish study of 35, 000 women who reported using multivitamins had an increased risk of breast cancer. so what changed? first, the new study randomly assigned men to two groups, one of which took a daily centrum silver® while the other took a placebo pill. previous multivitamin studies have been observational, meaning that the participants weren ' t compared with someone taking a placebo. second, it followed the men, who were 65 years old on average, over 11 years - - a longer follow - up than previous studies and sufficient time for cancer to develop. and finally, the trial used a multivitamin, which is designed to fill nutritional gaps in a person ' s diet. other trials have tested a single vitamin such as calcium or vitamin a, e or d in large doses, which is very different from how people normally get the vitamins and minerals they need from food. " the reduction in total cancer risk in [ the study ] argues that the broader combination of low - dose vitamins and minerals contained in the [ centrum silver® ] multivitamin, rather than an emphasis on previously tested high - dose vitamins and mineral trials, may be paramount for cancer prevention, " said gaziano. " clearly the notion of megadoses of isolated nutrients has


centrum silver® ] multivitamin, rather than an emphasis on previously tested high - dose vitamins and mineral trials, may be paramount for cancer prevention, " said gaziano. " clearly the notion of megadoses of isolated nutrients has been proven wrong again and again, " said dr. david katz, director of the yale prevention research center, who was not involved in the study. " maybe the active ingredient in broccoli is broccoli. " so if a multivitamin prevents cancer because it provides a mix of nutrients similar to food, why not just eat more fruits and vegetables? diets high in fruits and vegetables have been shown in observational studies to reduce the incidence of cancer and other chronic diseases. but only 1. 5 percent of the public gets the recommended daily allowance of fruits and vegetables, according to katz. katz compared the results of this study to a prior study from europe that showed people who never smoke, have a body mass index or bmi lower than 30, get regular exercise and adhere to a healthy diet, can reduce their risk of chronic disease by almost 80 percent. " clearly however, taking a multivitamin is easy ; changing dietary patterns is hard, " he said. the centrum silver® used in the study was provided by the manufacturer pfizer, but pfizer did not fund the study. copyright 2012 abc news radio


cut fat, sugar and salt want to eat smarter? do you ever feel as though a sweet tooth or craving for salty foods is holding you back from your health goals? the good news is that with a few simple changes to your eating and cooking habits, you can still eat right with these occasional treats. start building a smarter plate by choosing fruits and vegetables, whole grains, lean protein and low - fat dairy — foods that are packed with the nutrients you need without all the added sugars and solid fats. in addition, you can reduce your risk of high blood pressure, heart disease and stroke simply by eating less sodium. unsure where to start? here are tips for building a smarter plate : eat fewer foods high in solid fats - opt for extra - lean ground beef, turkey and chicken. cut back on processed meats such as hot dogs, salami and bacon. - grill, broil, bake or steam foods instead of frying. - cook with healthy oils like olive, canola and sunflower oils in place of hydrogenated, partially - hydrogenated oils or butter. - select low - fat or fat - free milk, yogurt and cheese. choose foods and drinks with little or no added sugars - switch to water, low - fat or fat - free milk or 100 - percent fruit juice in moderate amounts. - for additional taste, add lemons, limes or cucumbers to water or drink carbonated water. - eat fresh fruit for dessert instead of cakes, cookies or pastries. - buy foods with little - to - no added sugars, like unsweetened applesauce or unsweetened whole - grain cereals. cut back on sodium - instead of salt, use herbs and spices to season foods. - do not add salt when cooking pasta, rice and vegetables. - read the nutrition facts panel to compare the sodium content of high - sodium foods like pre - made foods, frozen meals, bread and canned soups and vegetables. for more information on healthful changes you can make to your eating plan, consult a registered dietitian nutritionist in your area. reviewed april 2013


range creek on display book cliff students visit exhibit | the students learn about the tanning process from ephraim dickson. | emery county has been put on the map with the news leaking out last year on the archaeological discoveries at range creek. the utah museum of natural history is bringing the first range creek exhibit to the john wesley powell river history museum in green river for one year. the kickoff event was held on march 10. students from book cliff elementary attended the event for some hands on fun with museum presenters. the students learned about nature ' s grocery store and explored the use of plants in the fremont world. the students learned how to grind corn and the chores involved with gathering enough food each day to exist. ephraim dickson, director of education for the utah museum of natural history discussed hunting practices and tools used among the fremont. students learned about tanning hides and scraping them with rock scrapers. | julie hansen talks about fremont pottery with the school children. | julie hansen, cultural anthropologist, explained how the fremont used pottery in their everyday lives and how they made pots by collecting clay and mixing it with sand or crushed rocks to make it stronger. sometimes they painted the pottery. the pots were baked in the sun. the clay was coiled around and around like a snake and formed into a pot. the pot was smoothed with a rock inside and out. the students saw pots made in the fremont era and baskets. dickson explained how the trash piles the indians left behind tell a lot about the way they lived. chris lyon, geologist, showed the children some rock art and figurines. she told them the use of the figurines isn ' t known at this time. the children speculated on the use of the figurines with answers like, " maybe they were used for snuggling, " or " maybe they represent people who have died, " or " maybe they protected the corn. " no one knows for sure and one guess is as good as another as the children thought about the ancients and their way of life. sharon hughes ' first grade class will write stories about the indians and the things they have learned about them.


this session will focus on introducing the use of negotiated projects and the australian curriculum in a state school prep class. real - life examples of how anne has incorporated negotiated projects and the australian curriculum at beginning of the prep year will be discussed. anne aims to demonstrate how they can be used to fulfil requirements outlined in both the early years curriculum guidelines and the australian curriculum ( c2c ) key ideas will include : • anne ' s ongoing work with maintaining a play based pedagogy in a state school prep class. • focused teaching that compliments projects & the australian curriculum expectations. • examples of how anne has begun to implement projects and the content of c2c and australian curriculum anne pearson is currently a prep teacher at the new mango hill s. s. prior to teaching at mango hill ss anne was a demonstration teacher for qut at kelvin grove sc. anne has experience in prep and preschool settings. anne has previously presented on playing with the australian curriculum at the 2011ecta conference, and is a passionate advocate of appropriate early years pedagogy as recommended by qsa and education queensland. anne is constantly working on ways to best support her students and support the new australian curriculum. opportunities for discussion will be provided in the presentation. relevant qct standards : 2, 9, 10


[ part 1 briefly reviews the differences between analogue and digital synthesis, and discusses voltage control - " one of the major innovations in the development of the synthesizer. " part 2 begins a look at subtractive synthesis with a discussion of vcos, waveforms, harmonic content, and filters. part 3 discusses envelopes - the overall ' shape ' of the volume of a sound, plotted against time. part 4 looks at amplifiers as well as other modifiers, including lfos, envelope followers, waveshapers, and modulation. part 5 shows how a subtractive analogue synthesizer can be a learning tool for exploring some of the principles of audio and acoustics. part 6 considers other methods of analogue synthesis. part 7 deals with the topology of the modules that make up a typical synthesizer and then looks at categorizing types of synthesizers. ] 3. 7 early versus modern implementations electronics is always changing. components, circuits, design techniques, standards and production processes may become obsolete over time. this means that the design and construction of electronic equipment will continuously change as these new criteria are met. the continuing trend seems to be for smaller packaging, lower power, higher performance and lower cost but at the price of increasing complexity, embedded software, difficulty of repair and rapid obsolescence. over the last 25 years, the basic technology has changed from valves and transistors towards microprocessors and custom ics. 3. 7. 1 tuning and stability the analogue synthesizers of the late 1960s and early 1970s are infamous for their tuning problems. but then so are many acoustic instruments! in fact, it was only the very earliest synthesizers that had major tuning problems. the first moog vcos were relatively simple circuits built at the limits of the available knowledge and technology – no one had ever built analogue synthesizers before. the designs were thus refined prototypes which had not been subjected to the rigorous trials of extended serious musical use. it is worth noting that the process of converting laboratory prototypes into rugged, ' road - worthy ' equipment is still very difficult ; and at the time, valve amplifiers and electromechanical devices such as tape echo machines were the dominant technology. modular synthesizers were the first ' all - electronic ' devices to become musical instruments that actually left the laboratory. the oscillators in early synthesizers were affected by temperature changes because they used diodes or transistors to generate the required exponential control law, and these change their characteristics with temperature ( diodes or transistors can be used as temperature sensors! ). once the problem was


synthesizers were affected by temperature changes because they used diodes or transistors to generate the required exponential control law, and these change their characteristics with temperature ( diodes or transistors can be used as temperature sensors! ). once the problem was identified, it was quickly realized that there was a need for temperature compensation. a special temperature compensation resistor called a ' q81 ' was frequently used – they have a negative temperature coefficient which exactly matches the positive temperature coefficient of the transistor. eventually circuit designers devised methods of providing temperature compensation, which did not require esoteric resistors, usually based around differential pairs of matched transistors. developments of these principles into custom synthesizer chips have effectively removed the need for additional temperature compensation. unfortunately, the tuning problems had created a characteristic sound, which is one reason why the ' beating oscillator ' sounds heard on vintage analogue synthesizers are emulated in fully digital instruments that have an excellent temperature stability. tuning problems fall into four categories : - overall tuning - high - frequency tracking because of the differences in the response of components to temperature, the tuning of an analogue synthesizer can change as it warms up to the operating temperature. this can be compensated manually by adjusting the frequency cv or automatically using an ' auto - tune ' circuit ( see later ). some synthesizers used temperature - controlled chips to try and provide elevated but constant temperature conditions for the most critical components : usually the transistors or diodes in the exponential converter circuits. these ' ovens ' have been largely replaced in modern designs by careful compensation for temperature changes. tuning polyphonic synthesizers requires patience and an understanding of the way that key assignment works ( see section 6. 5. 3 ). the tuner needs to know which vco is making the sound ( sometimes indicated by a light emitting diode ( led ) or by a custom circuit addon ), as well as how to cycle through the remaining vcos – often by holding one note down with a weight or a little wedge and then pressing and holding additional notes.


description from flora of china herbs annual or perennial. stems diffuse or procumbent, much branched. leaves alternate or opposite, sessile or shortly petiolate ; leaf blade oblong, elliptic, or subcordate ; stipules small, membranous, caducous. inflorescence a small cyme or glomerule, sometimes reduced to a solitary flower, leaf - opposed or terminal ; bracts small, membranous. flowers 4 - or 5 - merous. pedicel green, short or nearly absent, small. sepals not aristate at apex, persistent. petals very small or absent. stamens as many as and shorter than sepals. ovary obovoid, 1 - locular with 1 to several ovules ; style very short, apex 2 - fid. fruit a utricle, a membranous - walled achene enclosed within persistent sepals, irregularly dehiscent or indehiscent, usually 1 - seeded. seeds brown, ovoid or flat - orbicular ; testa shiny. about 45 species : africa, europe, and mediterranean region to c asia ; three species in china. ( authors : lu dequan ; michael g. gilbert )


definition of genu genu : the latin word for the knee. when the knee is referred to in medicine, it is just called the knee. however, the word " genu " is also used in medicine as in : genu recurvatum ( hyperextension of the knee ), genu valgum ( knock knee ) and genu varum ( bowleg ). the knee ( or genu, if you are into latin ) is a joint which has three parts. the thigh bone ( femur ) meets the large shin bone ( tibia ) forming the main knee joint. this joint has an inner ( medial ) and an outer ( lateral ) compartment. the kneecap ( patella ) joins the femur to form a third joint, called the patellofemoral joint. the knee joint is surrounded by a joint capsule with ligaments strapping the inside and outside of the joint ( collateral ligaments ) as well as crossing within the joint ( cruciate ligaments ). these ligaments provide stability and strength to the knee joint. the large muscles of the thigh move the knee. in the front of the thigh the quadriceps muscles extend the knee joint. in the back of the thigh, the hamstring muscles flex the knee. the knee also rotates slightly under guidance of specific muscles of the thigh. the knee functions to allow movement of the leg and is critical to normal walking. the knee flexes normally to a maximum of 135 degrees and extends to 0 degrees. the bursae, or fluid - filled sacs, serve as gliding surfaces for the tendons to reduce the force of friction as these tendons move. the knee is a weightbearing joint. each meniscus serves to evenly load the surface during weight - bearing and also adds in disbursing joint fluid for joint lubrication. source : medterms™ medical dictionary last editorial review : 4 / 27 / 2011 5 : 27 : 15 pm medical dictionary definitions a - z search medical dictionary emedicinehealth top news find out what women really need. most popular topics pill identifier on rxlist - quick, easy, find a local pharmacy - including 24 hour, pharmacies


apr 11, 2012 / energy globe award project presentation - " solar houses for siberia " low energy houses which do not require additional energy for heating are almost state of the art here in austria. but how is the situation in the icy regions of the russian far east, like in vadivostok, with records being minus 68 degrees, chilling winds and a soil that is always frozen? people in russia usually heat their homes with millions of tons of oil, gas, coal, and firewood, but still houses get no warmer than 14 degrees. on average, every russian uses 50 % more energy than any citizen of the eu. saving energy is an unknown concept. an innovative architectural design developed by the far eastern federal university of vladivostok is tackling these challenges and brings a new quality of live into the living rooms of people : the " eco house " for everyone has an overall heat insulation made of a special material not only for the roof and walls but also, and especially, for the foundations. so the house stays warm even in the most icy winter, and no longer sinks into the ground, which normally happens when too much heat softens the permafrost soil. with its windbreak architectural form and thanks to solar collectors and heat storage systems now a comfortable 22 degrees can be reached and the house needs only very little energy from external sources even in very cold conditions.


definitions, specifications, and other guidance postconsumer fiber means : - paper, paperboard, and fibrous wastes from retail stores, office buildings, homes, and so forth, after they have passed through their end - usage as a consumer item, including : used corrugated boxes ; old newspapers ; old magazines ; mixed waste paper ; tabulating cards ; and used cordage ; and - all paper, paperboard, and fibrous wastes that enter and are collected from municipal solid waste. - postconsumer fiber does not include fiber derived from printers ' over - runs, converters ' scrap, and over - issue publications. recovered fiber means : postconsumer fiber such as : manufacturing wastes such as : - paper, paperboard, and fibrous materials from retail stores, office buildings, homes, and so forth, after they have passed through their end - usage as a consumer item, including : used corrugated boxes ; old newspapers ; old magazines ; mixed waste paper ; tabulating cards ; and used cordage ; and - all paper, paperboard, and fibrous materials that enter and are collected from municipal solid waste, and manufacturing wastes such as : - dry paper and paperboard waste generated after completion of the papermaking process ( that is, those manufacturing operations up to and including the cutting and trimming of the paper machine reel into smaller rolls or rough sheets ) including : envelope cuttings, bindery trimmings, and other paper and paperboard waste resulting from printing, cutting, forming, and other converting operations ; bag, box, and carton manufacturing wastes ; and butt rolls, mill wrappers, and rejected unused stock ; and - repulped finished paper and paperboard from obsolete inventories of paper and paperboard manufacturers, merchants, wholesalers, dealers, printers, converters, or others. mill broke means any paper waste generated in a paper mill prior to completion of the papermaking process. it is usually returned directly to the pulping process. mill broke is excluded from the definition of " recovered fiber. " also see " measurement " section below. epa recommends that procuring agencies review specifications provisions pertaining to performance and aesthetics and revise provisions that can impede use of postconsumer and recovered fiber, unless such provisions are related to reasonable performance standards. agencies should determine whether performance provisions are unnecessarily stringent for a particular end use. agencies also should revise aesthetics provisions - such as brightness, dirt count, or shade matching - if


unless such provisions are related to reasonable performance standards. agencies should determine whether performance provisions are unnecessarily stringent for a particular end use. agencies also should revise aesthetics provisions - such as brightness, dirt count, or shade matching - if appropriate, consistent with the agencies ' performance requirements, in order to allow for a higher use of postconsumer and recovered fiber. epa recommends that procuring agencies document determinations that paper products containing postconsumer and recovered fiber will not meet the agencies ' reasonable performance standards. any determination should be based on technical performance information related to a specific item, not a grade of paper or type of product. epa recommends that procuring agencies watch for changes in the use of postconsumer and recovered fiber in paper and paper products. when a paper or a paper product containing postconsumer and recovered fiber is produced in types and grades not previously available, at a competitive price, procuring agencies should either revise specifications to allow the use of such type or grade, or develop new specifications for such type or grade, consistent with the agencies ' performance requirements. epa recommends that procuring agencies express their minimum content standards as a percentage of the fiber weight of the paper or paper product. epa further recommends that procuring agencies specify that mill broke cannot be counted toward postconsumer or recovered fiber content, except that procuring agencies should permit mills to count mill broke generated in a papermaking process using postconsumer and / or recovered fiber as feedstock toward " postconsumer fiber " or " recovered fiber " content, to the extent that the feedstock contained these materials. in other words, if a mill uses less than 100 % postconsumer or recovered fiber, only a proportional amount of broke can be counted towards postconsumer or recovered fiber content. epa recommends that procuring agencies consider the effect of a procurement of a paper product containing recovered and postconsumer fiber on their paper collection programs by assessing the impact of their decision on their overall contribution to the solid waste stream.


cushing ' s disease, or cushing ' s syndrome, is often thought of as a disease that only afflicts older horses, however, it has been known to occur in horses as young as eight years old. symptoms of cushing ' s disease horses with cushing ' s disease can be easily recognized by their coarse, wavy coat that often fails to shed out in the summer. a gelding at the barn i used to board at suffered from cushing ' s disease, and even in the heat of a houston summer, he had a thick coat of wavy hair. other symptoms are excessive thirst, combined with excessive urination. a normal horse will drink in the region of 5 - 8 gallons per day, whereas a horse suffering from cushing ' s disease will drink as much as 20 gallons per day. affected horses often have a pot - bellied appearance, combined with a loss of muscle on the topline. in addition, horses with cushing ' s disease are often more susceptible to other diseases because their immune system has been compromised. what causes cushing ' s disease? cushing ' s disease is caused by a tumor of the pituitary gland, which is the small gland at the base of the brain which regulates the rest of the horse ' s endocrine systems. as the tumor grows, it puts pressure on the nearby hypothalmus, which is what regulates the body temperature. this is believed to be the primary cause of the distinctive coarse, wavy hair coat. as cells in the pituitary gland become overactive, they excess quantities of a peptide called pro - opiolipomelanocortin ( polmc, for short ) causing the entire endocrine system to go out of balance. diagnosing cushing ' s disease even though the clinical symptoms are often very obvious, a number of tests have been developed over the years to positively diagnose cushing ' s disease in horses. these include the dexamethasone suppression test ( dst ) and acth ( adrenocorticotropic hormone ) stimulation. in addition, a test which combines the dst with a thyroid stimulating hormone release test, or trh was developed by a team at the university of tennessee to eliminate the overlap of the values of normal horses with those with pituitary tumors which was occurring in a number of cases. treating cushings disease the good news is that once cushings disease has been diagnosed, treatment is simple, if long term, and in many cases allowing


normal horses with those with pituitary tumors which was occurring in a number of cases. treating cushings disease the good news is that once cushings disease has been diagnosed, treatment is simple, if long term, and in many cases allowing the horse to return to normal health. bromocriptine mesylate, a dopamine agonist, is one of the drugs used to treat cushing ' s disease. it mimics dopamine to inhibit overproduction of activating peptides, and it has been shown to mildly decrease plasma acth and cortisol levels. there are problems in absorbtion which limit it ' s practical use, however, and there are reported to be a number of side effects. a more successful drug in the treatment of cushing ' s disease is cyproheptadine, a seratonin blocker. this is available in tablet form, which is easily absorbed into the horse ' s system, making it a much more practical treatment. the simplest way to monitor the horse ' s improvement is to watch the water intake over a 24 hour period. the drug levels are slowly increased till the water consumption returns to normal. once the horse has shown maintained improvement for a month, the dosage of the drug is decreased until a maintenance dosage is reached. it is important to note that while these drugs treat the symptoms, they do not treat the pituitary tumor itself. horses with mild cushing ' s disease may be returned to good health for a number of years, but eventually the tumor will compromise the horse ' s life and euthanasia becomes the kindest option.


akha in the language cloudprint this graph shows the place of this language within the cloud of all living languages. each language in the world is represented by a small dot that is placed on the grid in relation to its population ( in the vertical axis ) and its level of development or endangerment ( in the horizontal axis ), with the largest and strongest languages in the upper left and the smallest and weakest languages ( down to extinction ) in the lower right. the population value is the estimated number of first language ( l1 ) speakers ; it is plotted on a logarithmic scale ( where 100 = 1 ; 102 = 100 ; 104 = 10, 000 ; 106 = 1, 000, 000 ; 108 = 100, 000, 000 ). the value for the development versus endangerment dimension is the estimated level on the egids scale. ( see the pages on development and endangerment for a fuller explanation. ) the language in focus is represented by a large, colored dot. when the population is unknown, a color - coded question mark appears at the bottom of the grid. when there are no known l1 speakers, an x appears at the bottom of the grid. the color coding matches the color scheme used in the summary profile graphs on the navigation maps for the site. in this scheme, the egids levels are grouped as follows : - purple = institutional ( egids 0 - 4 ) — the language has been developed to the point that it is used and sustained by institutions beyond the home and community. - blue = developing ( egids 5 ) — the language is in vigorous use, with literature in a standardized form being used by some though this is not yet widespread or sustainable. - green = vigorous ( egids 6a ) — the language is unstandardized and in vigorous use among all generations. - yellow = in trouble ( egids 6b - 7 ) — intergenerational transmission is in the process of being broken, but the child - bearing generation can still use the language so it is possible that revitalization efforts could restore transmission of the language in the home. - red = dying ( egids 8a - 9 ) — the only fluent users ( if any ) are older than child - bearing age, so it is too late to restore natural intergenerational transmission through the home ; a mechanism outside the home would need to be developed. - black = extinct ( egids 10 ) — the language has fallen completely out of use and


age, so it is too late to restore natural intergenerational transmission through the home ; a mechanism outside the home would need to be developed. - black = extinct ( egids 10 ) — the language has fallen completely out of use and no one retains a sense of ethnic identity associated with the language. the egids level indicated by the large, colored dot may be higher than the egids level reported in the main entry for the language. this is because a separate egids estimate is made for every country in which a language is used. our method for calculating the egids level for the language as a whole is not to take an average of all countries, but to report the highest level ( that is, most safe ) for any country. the logic here is that if the egids level of a language is taken as a predictor of its likely longevity, then its longevity will be determined by where it is the strongest. each dot in the cloud is gray at the level of 20 % black. as dots are superimposed on each other, the spot gets darker. thus a spot of total black indicates that at least 5 languages are at the same spot in the cloud. the population scale is continuous ; thus the placement in the vertical axis corresponds exactly to population. the egids scale, however, is discrete. rather than placing all of the dots for a given egids level exactly on the grid line for that level, the dots are “ jittered ” ( that is, the horizontal placement is random within a band around the grid line for the level ).


an organized population - based breast cancer screening program in norway and an approach to screening that relies on physician - and self - referrals in vermont are equally sensitive for detecting cancer, researchers report in the july 29 online issue of the journal of the national cancer institute. but the recall rate for abnormal mammograms was lower in norway. breast cancer screening in the united states is usually initiated in response to a physician ' s recommendation ( known as " opportunistic screening " ), and women are advised to have annual screening mammograms. by contrast, breast cancer screening programs in norway and in some other european countries regularly send letters to all women in a specific age range inviting them to have a screening mammogram. the norway program aims for women to be screened every two years. the differences between the two approaches make it relatively difficult to compare their effectiveness, and few studies have aimed to do so previously. in the current study, berta geller, ed. d., of the university of vermont in burlington, solveig hofvind, ph. d., of the cancer registry of norway, and colleagues compared the screening approaches by looking at the percentage of women who were recalled for a re - evaluation, the screening detection rate of breast cancer, and the rate of interval cancers in 45, 050 women in vermont and 194, 430 women in norway from 1997 to 2003. women included in the study were aged 50 to 69 years at the time of screening. the age - adjusted screening detection rate of cancers was similar between the two populations ( 2. 77 per 1, 000 woman - years in vermont versus 2. 57 in norway ), however, more than three times as many women were recalled in vermont than in norway ( 9. 8 percent versus 2. 7 percent, respectively ). the rate of interval cancers was higher in vermont than in norway ( 1. 24 per 1, 000 woman - years versus 0. 86 ), and 55. 9 percent of the interval cancers were 15 mm or smaller in vermont compared with 38. 2 percent of the interval cancers in norway. when all cancers detected during regular screening and between screening mammograms were combined, there were no substantial differences in the prognostic features of invasive cancers detected in the two populations. the researchers conclude that although most of the women in vermont were screened twice as often as the women in norway, the overall rate of cancer detection was similar. given the shorter interval between screens, geller and colleagues were surprised to find a higher


populations. the researchers conclude that although most of the women in vermont were screened twice as often as the women in norway, the overall rate of cancer detection was similar. given the shorter interval between screens, geller and colleagues were surprised to find a higher interval cancer rate in the vermont women and hypothesize that " vermont women and / or their health care providers may more readily pursue evaluation of symptoms and clinical findings than their norwegian counterparts. " " our results demonstrate that despite its longer screening interzval, the organized population - based screening program in norway achieved similar outcomes as the opportunistic screening in vermont, " the authors write. contact : jennifer nachbur, email @ example. com, ( 802 ) 656 - 7875 citation : hofvind s, vacek pm, skelly j, weaver dl, geller bm. comparing screening mammography for early breast cancer detection in vermont and norway. j natl cancer inst 2008 ; 100 : 1082 - 1091 note to reporters : we have started up an e - mail list to alert reporters when papers are available on the eurekalert site. if you would be interested on being on this list, please let us know at firstname. lastname @ example. org. the content will continue to be available through eurekalert ' s e - mail system and our eurekalert page. the journal of the national cancer institute is published by oxford university press and is not affiliated with the national cancer institute. attribution to the journal of the national cancer institute is requested in all news coverage. visit the journal online at http : / / jnci. oxfordjournals. org /. aaas and eurekalert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to eurekalert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the eurekalert! system.


ewings who settled the area in and around robinson township, allegheny co, pennsylvania just before and after the revolutionary war. for a summary descendancy chart for these settlers click here. - moses ewing ( 1725 - 1798 ) : moses was an older brother of squire james ewing. he almost certainly joined his younger brother, james, in migrating to southwestern pennsylvania about 1773. like his brother, he homesteaded land in collier township. while alive, he rented part of his approximately 400 acre homestead ; having no sons, he needed help in working the land. at his death, moses left his land to his brother james. [ ancestors, descendants ] - james ewing, squire ( 1733 - 1825 ) : james ewing went west about the time ( 1773 ) that westmorland county was created from bedford county. he was accompanied by his wife, mary mckown, and first son, william. he was also probably accompanied by his brother moses. it is probable that he first settled land along montours run, near its mouth with the ohio river, in the area that became known as ewing ' s mill. his 1814 will refers to land on montours run adjoining david smith, william holland and a second parcel held by patent on which are both a grist mill and saw mill lying ( together, my whole claim on the waters of montours run ). " he subsequently homesteaded with the assistance of several slaves to help clear his land and erect improvements some 680 acres in the area near walker ' s mill in collier township. later, he purchased an additional 350 - or - so acres from robert boyd, this land lying between his original homestead and the land of isaac walker. he apparently also owned some land in north fayette township, to the west of the walker ' s, that he transferred to his cousin samuel ewing ( 1741 - 1820 ). [ ancestors, descendants ] - samuel ewing ( 1751 - 1805 ) : this samuel was a first cousin of squire james. he and jean ( neal ) ewing moved from perry county to southwestern pennsylvania prior to the birth of their son john in 1798. at the time of his death in 1805, samuel ' s family lived in moon township ; this is probably where he originally settled. it appears that after samuel ' s death, his family relocated to beaver county to live near samuel ' s brother james. it is most likely that this james settled in beaver county prior to his brother ' s death. alternatively, however, james may have moved to beaver county at the time of his brother ' s death to support his sister


near samuel ' s brother james. it is most likely that this james settled in beaver county prior to his brother ' s death. alternatively, however, james may have moved to beaver county at the time of his brother ' s death to support his sister - in - law, samuel ' s wife jean and her young, minor children. [ ancestors, descendants ] - alexander ewing ( 1752 - 1798 ) : alexander was a nephew of squire james ewing. prior to moving to allegheny county, he lived in adams county, pennsylvania. he was a teamster and hauled goods back and forth between eastern pennsylvania and the pittsburgh area. he moved to the allegheny county area about 1779 and settled in north fayette township on land to the west of land owned by isaac and gabriel walker ( and which he possibly purchased from the walker ' s ). he was accompanied by his wife and his first two sons, john and thomas. [ ancestors, descendants ] - samuel ewing ( 1752 - 1820 ) : samuel ewing, a first cousin of squire james, and his wife mary oldham started out their married life in cecil county, maryland. they may have moved to allegheny county in steps, stopping in redstone, near uniontown, fayette county, pennsylvania. they were living in north fayette township by the time of the 1800 census but not, as well as can be determined, at the time of the previous 1790 census. their son amos had married by the time of the 1800 census and is listed separately. samuel and his son probably settled on land near the current town of oakland in north fayette township that he obtained from his cousin james ewing ( 1733 - 1825 ). [ ancestors, descendants ] - moses ewing ( 1762 - 1845 ) : this moses was a first cousin once removed of squire james ewing. like his second cousin, alexander ewing ( 1740 - 1798 ), moses became attracted to southwestern pennsylvania while a teamster hauling freight between pittsburgh and eastern pennsylvania. he migrated to the area in 1792 and eventually settled, some fifteen years later, 180 acres in robinson township. [ ancestors, descendants ]


in - home behavior & parent training programs in - home behavior and parent training programs to help correct and manage maladaptive behavior ( s ) while helping to develop a healthier family system " we went to see our psychiatrist today today, and i told her about alex ' s work with my son charles as his in - home behaviorist, and she said " wow! you get great services! " i told her it was fact! no other agency would be doing this kind of great work with him. " thanks again, suzanne a variety of behaviors can manifest in childhood. while some habits and phases extinguish on their own, others can become increasingly maladaptive and difficult to manage. when this happens, it can derail child development, and negatively impact the entire family system. such behaviors often include tantrums and aggression, as well as self - stimulatory and self - injurious behaviors, all of which can be exacerbated by deficits in communication and social skills, anxiety, transitions, and general life changes. when unaddressed, maladaptive behaviors begin to effect the whole family, resulting in negative sibling interactions and making everyday activities, like going to the store, or having dinner out in a restaurant, difficult or even impossible for families to do. fact ’ s in - home behavior and parent training programs begin with an assessment that examines the function, severity, and frequency of maladaptive behaviors. this assessment is comprehensive, incorporating direct and indirect measures, and focuses on ten different areas of skill : communication, community use, functional academics, home living, heath and safety, leisure, self - care, self - direction, social, and work. following this assessment, a recommendation is made that includes the type of service and recommended hours, as well as possible funding sources, and specific interventions targeted to address the identified behaviors. if the decision to begin an in - home program is made, a trained behaviorist will come to the home to work with all family members, and any other adults that interact with the child ( nanny, babysitter, grandparents, etc ) on how to correct and manage maladaptive behaviors, as well as how to successfully teach the child appropriate replacement behaviors. additionally, a licensed clinician will supervise and oversee all behavior programs, and will come to the home on a monthly basis to work with the family. what techniques and interventions are used to help correct and replace maladaptive behaviors? at fact, we look at the whole family system and how the system is


behavior programs, and will come to the home on a monthly basis to work with the family. what techniques and interventions are used to help correct and replace maladaptive behaviors? at fact, we look at the whole family system and how the system is impacting, creating, and maintaining maladaptive behavior ( s ) for everyone in the system. to do this many interventions and approaches are used. the approaches used include : - aba - applied behavior analysis this approach looks at functions of behavior and what may be reinforcing the behaviors ( s ) and ways to replace the maladaptive behavior and reinforce other behaviors. some of the interventions used may include : operant reinforcement systems, token economies, response cost, checklist, visual / written / pictorial schedules, classic conditioning, shaping, chaining, data collection, and more. - cognitive behavioral therapy this approach looks at how one thinks ( cognition ), feels ( emotion ), and acts ( behavior ), and how the interaction defines the choices we make. interventions include : keeping a diary of thoughts and behaviors, questioning and testing assumptions and patterns of thoughts, systemically facing and experiencing avoided activities, testing out new behaviors, and learning and using relaxation techniques. - social skills / communication training this approach uses modeling, structured role play and rehearsal, conflict resolution, and active listening to help shape, teach, grow, and replace and behavior ( s ) that are influencing and harming social skills for the child. reinforcement for appropriate communication along with visual or pictorial communication aides are used to help grow communication styles the child uses. - and more... based on the family structure and issues present other approaches maybe used, which include : narrative therapy, strategic therapy, family systems, and others. let an in - home behavior and parent training program help bring a healthier, more fulfilling and productive lifestyle for your family today.


philip the good philip the good, 1396 – 1467, duke of burgundy ( 1419 – 67 ) ; son of duke john the fearless. after his father was murdered ( 1419 ) at a meeting with the dauphin ( later king charles vii of france ), philip formed an alliance with king henry v of england. under the treaty of troyes ( 1420 ; see troyes, treaty of ) philip recognized henry v as heir to the french throne ; the dauphin was disinherited. philip aided the efforts of henry and his successor to establish english rule in france. finally, in return for important concessions, philip ended the english alliance and made peace with charles vii in the treaty of arras ( 1435 ; see arras, treaty of ). despite the truce, philip ' s relations with charles were not always amicable. he temporarily supported ( 1440 ) the rebellious nobles in the praguerie and gave asylum to the dauphin ( later king louis xi ), who was constantly in revolt against his father. during philip ' s reign the territory of his duchy was more than doubled. through inheritance, treaty, conquest, and purchase he acquired hainaut, holland, zeeland, friesland, brabant, limburg, namur, luxembourg, liege, cambrai, and numerous other cities and feudal dependencies. uprisings in bruges ( 1436 ) and in ghent ( 1450 – 53 ) were suppressed. in 1463, philip was forced to return some of his holdings to louis xi. his vow ( 1454 ) to go on crusade was never fulfilled. philip ' s court was the most splendid in the western europe of his time. he was succeeded by his ambitious son, charles the bold, who took control of the government from philip in 1465. see biography by r. vaughan ( 1970 ) ; j. l. a. calmette, the golden age of burgundy ( 1949, tr. 1962 ). the columbia electronic encyclopedia, 6th ed. copyright © 2012, columbia university press. all rights reserved. more on philip the good from fact monster : see more encyclopedia articles on : french history : biographies


mesabi ( məsabˈe ) [ key ], range of low hills, ne minn., once famous for its extensive iron ore deposits. the ores were found in a belt c. 110 mi ( 180 km ) long and from 1 to 3 mi ( 1. 6 – 4. 8 km ) wide between babbitt and grand rapids, occurring in horizontal layers ( up to 500 ft / 152 m thick ) near the surface and mined by the open pit method. reserves of high - grade hematite iron are now exhausted, and lower - grade taconite deposits are being worked. the taconite contains mostly chert and magnetite ( an iron - bearing mineral ) and must undergo a costly and complex beneficiation process before being shipped in the form of pellets containing c. 60 % iron. most of the ore found is shipped by rail to duluth, minn., and other ports on lake superior. the mesabi iron ore deposits were first discovered in 1887 by leonidas merritt and his brothers, who organized the mountain iron company in 1890 to mine the ore ; john d. rockefeller gained control of the company in the panic of 1893. the columbia electronic encyclopedia, 6th ed. copyright © 2012, columbia university press. all rights reserved. more on mesabi from fact monster : see more encyclopedia articles on : u. s. physical geography


china ’ s low - carbon economy and its target china ’ s low - carbon economy and its target the impact of climate change is global, and it demands urgent action. according to the stern review, “ business - as - usual ” ( bau ) will cost five to ten percent of global gdp in 2050. however, if measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions are taken now, the macroeconomic costs will bebetween a one percent gain to a 5. 5 percent decrease of global gdp and less than an eighth of a percentage point in annual gdp, the intergovernmental panel on climate change ( ipcc ) predicts in its fourth assessment report. mckinsey global institute put these figures in perspective : if one were to view this spending as a form of insurance against potential damage due to climate change, it might be relevant to compare it to global spending on insurance, which was reached 3. 3 percent of gdp in 2005. the treatment of crucial assumptions on global energy consumption scenarios and the use of top - down economic modeling ( for example, estimating the effect that measures such as a carbon tax would have on a choice of energy sources ) is still a controversial matter. however, the key message is clear : choices about the scale and timing of climate change mitigation must balance the economic costs of more rapid emission reductions against the medium and long term risks of delay. hence the term “ low - carbon economy, ” embraced by china ’ s top political think tank, national development and reforming commission ( ndrc ). it is hard to find an ndrc equivalent outside china, since it plays the role of not only a policy advisor to the government, but also an executor of its policymaking. in the field of greenhouse emissions reductions in china, ndrc plays a pivotal role. one of the most important measures the ndrc is using to steer the nation ’ s low - carbon development is the so - called five - year plan, in which a compulsory, quantifiable and verifiable target of energy consumption is stipulated. in january 2011, ndrc director zhang ping announced that china has “ basically fulfilled ” its energy consumption reduction per gdp unit target as mandated in the 11th five - year plan ( 2006 - 2010 ), a 20 percent reduction in 2010 from 2005 levels. the question of whether the 20 percent target is ambitious enough or not has two sides of a coin, and this coin embodies the chinese characteristics of a low carbon economy. on one hand, this


a 20 percent reduction in 2010 from 2005 levels. the question of whether the 20 percent target is ambitious enough or not has two sides of a coin, and this coin embodies the chinese characteristics of a low carbon economy. on one hand, this target is pegged to gdp, which means a significant gdp growth would still permit a significant growth of energy consumption. given that china ’ s real gdp growth, adjusted for inflation, during 2005 - 2010 is above 60 percent, one might wonder how much energy consumption is really reduced. on the other hand, this reduction target is not an easy task, especially since china is still predominately fuelled by coal, and the transition to a less energy - intensive one will take decades. what was probably unforeseen by ndrc was the outbreak of an economic crisis that pushed the central government to adopt a basket of stimulus programs aiming to boost the nation ’ s economy and global competiveness — with a large part of the benefit accruing to high - energy industries such as steel and cement. in chinese, “ basically ” is understood as “ more or less, ” without referring to an accurate figure. but this is the first time in chinese history that such a clear target on energy consumption has ever been announced, considering the complexity of china energy supply as well as the country ’ s lack of data transparency. furthermore, the target was issued to provincial and city governors as a top - down target, a metric on which their political performances will be evaluated. so the motivation to achieve the 20 percent through real actions is strong, as much as the motivation to present a figure as close as possible or marginally higher. in february, voices of feedback were heard from all over china in the auspicious pre - spring - festival atmosphere, with regional media reporting that most provinces and cities have “ basically met ” the target, with the only exception of xinjiang, which fulfilled a 10. 2 percent reduction. to verify the target ’ s fulfillment, an energy saving evaluation group — consisting of experts from ndrc, the china statistics bureau and china energy bureau — was sent to various cities after the spring festival, in order to conclude with a performance score. to date, the final result is yet to be published. but what about actions so far? the ndrc director once criticized the simplistic action of cutting off or restricting electricity supply adopted in some chinese regions as “ improper. ” let ’ s switch to those proper actions, categorized by a ) policy levers, b )


far? the ndrc director once criticized the simplistic action of cutting off or restricting electricity supply adopted in some chinese regions as “ improper. ” let ’ s switch to those proper actions, categorized by a ) policy levers, b ) public awareness and behavior changes and c ) technological development and applications. it is only fair to say that the ndrc target is more than a demonstrated commitment from the very top political level : it is a creative lever to augment the nation ’ s enthusiasm on energy saving. campaigns and posters carrying the slogans of “ low - carbon life ” can be found everywhere in china, and the shanghai expo was also positioned as “ low - carbon expo. ” even the beijing olympic games went “ green. ” public awareness of the whole climate change issue is solidly established in china. significant improvement in behavior changes is observed, such as the electricity saving of individual households, or maybe this is more induced by the increase of the electricity price. it is hard to judge the technological side. however, the huge trading volume with steady increase of chinese import and export of environmental technologies is already solid proof that at least things are going in the right direction. so what comes next? ndrc unveiled the twelfth five - year plan ( 2011 - 2015 ) during this year ’ s “ two - conferences ” ( meetings of the national people ' s congress and the chinese people political consultative congress ), in which a 16 percent further reduction target of energy consumption per gdp unit was announced as a compulsory task. a novelty in this blueprint is that china also commits a 17 percent reduction target of greenhouse emissions per gdp unit. the baseline for comparison is 2010, a figure yet to be concluded.


hawaii vital records ( familysearch historical records ) edit this page from familysearch wiki | this article describes a collection of historical records scheduled to become available at familysearch. org. | collection time period this collection includes records for the years 1904 to 1949. the hawaii vital records are records of birth, marriages and deaths that happen on the hawaiian islands. they include a lot of genealogical history that should help you in your search for your hawaiian ancestors. the key genealogical facts found in the birth records may include the following information : - child ’ s name - child ’ s sex - birth date - birth place - registration date - parents ' names - parents ' residence - father ’ s occupation - parents ' birth places the key genealogical facts found in the marriage records may include the following information : - full name of bride and groom - marriage date - marriage place - residence of bride and groom - age or birthdate of bride and groom - bride and groom ’ s occupation - birth place of bride and groom - parents of bride and groom - what number of marriage for bride and groom the key genealogical facts found in the death records may include the following information : - name of deceased - death date - death place - marital status - cause of death - birth date and place - names of parents - surviving spouse - informant ’ s name - informant ’ s residence how to use the record to begin your search it is helpful to know the following : - the place where the birth, marriage, or death occurred - the approximate date the event occurred - the name of the individual or individuals such as the names of the bride and groom, the infant, or the deceased compare the information in the record to what you already know about your ancestors to determine if this is the correct person. you may need to compare the information of more than one person to make this determination. when you have located your ancestor ’ s record, carefully evaluate each piece of information given. these pieces of information may give you new biographical details and lead you to other records about your ancestors. add this new information to your records of each family. - use the marriage date and place as the basis for compiling a new family group or for verifying existing information. - use the birth date or age along with the place of birth of each partner to find a couple ' s birth records and parents ' names. - use the birth date or age along with the place of birth to find the family in census records. - use the residence and names of the parents to locate church and land records. - occupations and titles


' s birth records and parents ' names. - use the birth date or age along with the place of birth to find the family in census records. - use the residence and names of the parents to locate church and land records. - occupations and titles listed can lead you to other types of records such as employment, military, and church records. - use the parents ' birth places to find former residences and to establish a migration pattern for the family. - the name of the officiator may be a clue to their religion or area of residence in the county. - use a marriage number to identify previous marriages. - continue to search the records to identify children, siblings, parents, and other relatives who may have been born, married, or died in the same county or nearby. this can help you identify other generations of your family or even the second marriage of a parent. repeat this process for each new generation you identify. - when looking for a person who had a common name, look at all the entries for the name before deciding which is correct. keep in mind : - the information is usually reliable, but depends upon the reliability of the informant. - earlier records may not contain as much information as the records created after the mid 1800s. - there is also some variation in the information given from one record to another record. if you are unable to find the ancestors you are looking for, try the following : - check for variant spellings of the surnames. - check for a different index. there are often indexes at the beginning of each volume. - search the indexes and records of nearby counties. for a summary of this information see the wiki article : united states, how to use the records summary. statewide registration of births and marriages began in 1842. registration of deaths began in 1859. few records exist until 1896, however, and registration was not generally complied with until 1929. why the record was created these records were created to keep track of the vital events happening in the lives of the citizens and to safeguard their legal interests. these records are generally reliable but can vary depending on the knowledge of the informant. related wiki articles contributions to this article | we welcome user additions to familysearch historical records wiki articles. guidelines are available to help you make changes. thank you for any contributions you may provide. if you would like to get more involved join the wikiproject familysearch records. | citing familysearch historical collections when you copy information from a record, you should list where you found the information.


for any contributions you may provide. if you would like to get more involved join the wikiproject familysearch records. | citing familysearch historical collections when you copy information from a record, you should list where you found the information. this will help you or others to find the record again. it is also good to keep track of records where you did not find information, including the names of the people you looked for in the records. a suggested format for keeping track of records that you have searched is found in the wiki article : how to cite familysearch collections. examples of source citations for a record in this collection - united states. bureau of the census. 12th census, 1900, digital images, from familysearch internet ( www. familysearch. org : september 29, 2006 ), arizona territory, maricopa, township 1, east gila, salt river base and meridian ; sheet 9b, line 71 - mexico, distrito federal, catholic church records, 1886 - 1933, digital images, from familysearch internet ( www. familysearch. org : april 22, 2010 ), baptism of adolfo fernandez jimenez, 1 feb. 1910, san pedro apostol, cuahimalpa, distrito federal, mexico, film number 0227023 sources of information for this collection hawaii. vital records, 1904 - 1949. hawaii department of health, office of health status monitoring. honolulu. - this page was last modified on 30 september 2011, at 21 : 58. - this page has been accessed 563 times. new to the research wiki? in the familysearch research wiki, you can learn how to do genealogical research or share your knowledge with others. learn more


trust in god but tie your camel : and other arab proverbs compiled by : stephen j. mcgrane publisher : llumina press publication date : october 2009 reviewed by : ellen feld review date : november 23, 2009 with international tensions between the western and islamic worlds increasing on an almost daily basis, it is imperative that the two cultures understand each other. one of the best ways to truly comprehend how a people think is by studying their language, including both daily usage as well as proverbs. enter stephen j. mcgrane, businessman and seasoned traveler to the arab world. mcgrane has compiled an extremely thorough volume of arab proverbs that opens the eyes of westerners to the views of arabs. broken down into categories from “ fear ” to “ patience ” to “ marriage, love, and beauty, ” to “ fate and luck, ” this book will teach the westerner much about arab culture. trust in god but tie your camel is a very simply laid out book, with just three proverbs per page. you could easily read it in one sitting but i ’ d suggest taking your time, digesting the meaning of each proverb as you slowly make your way through the pages. many of the proverbs have subtle meanings that could easily be lost with a cursory glance. there is a preface that notes the importance of learning about a culture through their proverbs as well as an explanation as to how the author arranged the text, noting that western counterparts, if they exist, are included. it is interesting to see the frequent bible quotes that coincide with the various proverbs as it truly gives the reader insight into how various cultures share similar beliefs. for example, a proverb attributed to the prophet mohammed states, “ none of you will be considered believers if you do not love your neighbor as yourself. ” sound familiar? it should if you ’ ve read leviticus 19 : 18 ( the new king james version of the bible ), “ you shall love your neighbor as yourself. ” as mentioned above, many arab proverbs have a western equivalent and mcgrane points them out whenever possible. “ a thousand curses do not tear a robe, ” may not at first sound familiar until you read the western version, “ sticks and stones may break my bones but words will never hurt me. ” of course, some proverbs have no direct link to the western world and may leave the reader stumped. “ the camel limped from its split lip, ” offers no immediate


the future of the dollar january 01, 1974 by henry hazlitt mr. hazlitt is the well - known economist, columnist, editor, lecturer and author of numerous books, including what you should know about inflation which is available in paperback from the foundation for economic education. before we consider the future of the american dollar it may be wise to cast a glance at the glories of its past and examine the main causes that have brought it to its present humiliating state. the logical starting point in this examination is bretton woods. when the representatives of some forty nations met there in 1944, heretical monetary notions were floating in the air. lord keynes, who was there, was their chief spokesman. the most definite of these notions was that the gold standard was a barbarous relic, and neither could nor should be restored. it put every national economy in a strait jacket. it prevented full employment ; it strangled economic growth ; it tied the hands of national monetary managers. and all for no good reason except an outworn mystique. besides, there wasn ’ t enough gold in the world to sustain convertibility. but because some american congressmen and some parliaments were thought to have a lingering prejudice in favor of gold, it seemed prudent to compromise, and to set up something that looked almost like a gold standard — a thinly gold - plated standard. so, through an international monetary fund ( imf ), a sort of world central bank, every other currency was to be pegged at a fixed rate to the almighty dollar. each nation, after fixing an official parity for its currency unit, pledged itself to maintain that parity by buying or selling dollars. the dollar alone was to be convertible into gold, at the fixed rate of $ 35 an ounce. but unlike as in the past, not everybody who held dollars was to be allowed to convert them on demand into gold ; that privilege was reserved to national central banks or other official institutions. thus, everything seemed to be neatly taken care of. when every other currency was tied to the dollar at a fixed rate, they were all necessarily tied to each other at fixed rates. only one currency was tied to the dreadful discipline of gold, and even that in a very limited way. gold was " economized " as never before. it was now the servant, no longer the master. in addition, the bretton woods agreements provided that if any nation or central bank got into trouble, it was entitled to automatic credit from the fund


" economized " as never before. it was now the servant, no longer the master. in addition, the bretton woods agreements provided that if any nation or central bank got into trouble, it was entitled to automatic credit from the fund, no questions asked. thus, not only released from a strict gold standard, but tempted to imprudence, individual nations felt free to expand their paper money and credit supply to meet their own so - called domestic " needs. " the politicians and the monetary managers in practically every country were infected with a keynesian or inflationary ideology. they rationalized budget deficits and continuous monetary and credit expansion as necessary to maintain " full employment " and " economic growth. " as a consequence, there were soon wholesale devaluations. the imf has published hundreds of thousands of statistics ; but the single figure of how many devaluations there were between the opening of the fund and august 15, 1971, when the dollar itself became officially inconvertible into gold, the imf has never published. there were certainly hundreds of devaluations. to my knowledge, practically every currency in the fund, with the exception of the dollar, was devalued at least once. the record of the british pound was much better than that, say, of the french franc, but the pound itself, which had already been devalued from $ 4. 86 to $ 4. 03 when it entered the imf, was devalued again from $ 4. 03 to $ 2. 80 in september 1949 ( an action that touched off 25 more devaluations of other currencies within a single week ), and devalued still again from $ 2. 80 to $ 2. 40 in november, 1967. devaluation, let us remember, is an act of national bankruptcy. it is a partial repudiation, a government welching on part of its domestic and foreign obligations. yet, by repetition by all the best countries, devaluation acquired a sort of respectability. it became not a swindle, but a " monetary technique. " until the dollar went off gold in august 1971 and was devalued in december, we heard incessantly how " successful " the bretton woods system had proved. during the early part of this period, however, the world suffered from what everybody called a " shortage of dollars. " the london economist, among others, even solemnly argued that there was now a permanent " shortage


the bretton woods system had proved. during the early part of this period, however, the world suffered from what everybody called a " shortage of dollars. " the london economist, among others, even solemnly argued that there was now a permanent " shortage of dollars. " americans thought so too. our monetary managers seemed completely unaware of the tremendous responsibility we had assumed when we allowed the dollar to become the standard and the anchor for all the other currencies of the world. our money managers never dreamed that it was possible to create an excess of dollars. they issued and poured out dollars and sent them abroad in foreign aid. total disbursements to foreign nations, in the fiscal years 1946 through 1971, came to $ 138 billion. the total net interest paid on what the united states borrowed to give away these funds amounted in the same period to $ 74 billion, bringing the grand total through the 26 - year period to $ 213 billion. this amount was sufficient in itself to account for the total of our federal deficits in the 1946 - 1972 period. the $ 213 billion foreign aid total exceeds by $ 73 billion even the $ 140 billion increase in our gross national debt during the same years. foreign aid was also sufficient in itself to account for all our balance - of - payments deficits up to 1970. we created a good deal of this money through internal inflation. from january 1946 to august 8, 1973, the money supply, as measured by currency in the hands of the public plus demand bank deposits, increased from $ 102 billion to $ 264 billion, an increase of $ 162 billion, or of 159 per cent. in the same period the money supply as measured by currency plus both demand and time deposits increased from $ 132 billion to $ 549 billion, an increase of $ 417 billion, or 316 per cent. because of what our monetary authorities believed was the necessity of keeping this enormous inflation going, they adopted one expedient after another. in 1963, blaming the deficit in our balance of payments on private american investment abroad, they put a penalty tax on purchases of foreign securities. in 1965 they removed the legal requirement to keep a gold reserve of 25 per cent against federal reserve notes. they resorted to a " two - tier " gold system. next they invented special drawing rights, or " paper gold. " but all to no avail. on august 15, 1971, they officially abandoned gold convertibility. they devalued the dollar by about 8 per cent in december, 1971. they devalued it again, by


" paper gold. " but all to no avail. on august 15, 1971, they officially abandoned gold convertibility. they devalued the dollar by about 8 per cent in december, 1971. they devalued it again, by 10 per cent more, on february 15, 1973. before we bring this dismal history any further down to date, let us pause to examine some of the chief fallacies prevailing among the world ’ s journalists, politicians, and monetary managers that have brought us to our present crisis. because we were sending so many of our dollars abroad, the real seriousness of our own inflation was hidden both from our officials and from the american public. we contended that foreign inflations were greater than our own, because their official price indexes were going up more than ours were. what we overlooked — what most americans still overlook — is that we were exporting part of our inflation and that foreign countries were importing it. this happened in two ways. one was through our foreign aid. we were shipping billions of dollars abroad. part of these were being spent in the countries that received them, raising their price level but not ours. the other way in which we exported inflation was through the imf system. under that system, foreign central banks bought our dollars to use them as part of their reserves. but in addition, under the rules of the imf system, central banks were obliged to buy dollars, whether they wanted them or not, to keep their own currencies from going above parity in the foreign exchange market. the result is that foreign central banks and official institutions today hold some 71 billion of our dollars. these dollars will eventually come home to buy our goods or make investments here. when they do, their return will have an inflationary effect in the united states. our domestic money supply will be increased even if our federal reserve authorities do nothing to increase it. balance of payments the meaning of the " deficit " in our balance of payments has been grossly misunderstood. it has not been in itself the real disease, but a symptom of that disease. the real question americans should have asked themselves is not what consequences the deficits in the balance of payments caused, but what caused the deficits. i have just given part of the answer — our huge foreign aid over the last 27 years, and the obligation of foreign central banks under the bretton woods agreements to buy dollars. but the foreign central banks had to buy dollars because dollars had become overvalued at their official rate


answer — our huge foreign aid over the last 27 years, and the obligation of foreign central banks under the bretton woods agreements to buy dollars. but the foreign central banks had to buy dollars because dollars had become overvalued at their official rate. they became overvalued because the u. s. was inflating faster than some other countries. after the united states formally suspended gold payments, and after the dollar was twice devalued, foreign banks no longer felt an obligation to buy dollars. the dollar fell to its market rate, and as one consequence we again have a monthly excess of exports. the economists who had all along been demanding the restoration of free - market exchange rates were right. now that the dollar is no longer even nominally convertible into gold there is no longer any excuse for governments to try to peg their paper currency units to each other at arbitrarily fixed rates. the imf system ought to be abandoned. the international monetary fund itself ought to be liquidated. paper currencies should be allowed to " float " — that is, people should be allowed to exchange them at their market rates. but it is profoundly wrong to assume, as many economists and laymen unfortunately now do, that daily and hourly fluctuating market rates for currencies will be alone sufficient to solve the multitudinous problems of foreign commerce. on the contrary, these wildly fluctuating rates create a serious impediment to international trade, travel and investment. they force importers, exporters, travelers, bankers, and investors either to become unwilling speculators or to resort to bothersome and costly hedging operations. with 125 national currencies represented in the imf, there are some 7, 750 changing cross - rates to keep track of, and twice as many if you state each cross - rate both ways. with a gold standard gone, with the dollar standard gone, there is no longer a single accepted unit in which all of these rates can be stated. some gain — some loss it is a great gain when currencies can be exchanged at their true market rates. since this has happened the american trade balance has improved. in the second quarter of 1973, for example, there was again a surplus of exports. in july, 1973, american exports in dollar terms were the highest for any single month on record. but it is one thing to allow trade to improve by abandoning arbitrary pegs on foreign - exchange rates ; it is quite another thing for a country to seek to increase


1973, american exports in dollar terms were the highest for any single month on record. but it is one thing to allow trade to improve by abandoning arbitrary pegs on foreign - exchange rates ; it is quite another thing for a country to seek to increase its exports at the expense of its neighbors by deliberate devaluation. yet this is what the united states government has very foolishly done. in early august, 1973, frederick b. dent, the u. s. secretary of commerce, assured the american public that the devaluations of the dollar had provided the nation with a " bright opportunity. " " without question, " he added, " the most important factor in the improving trade trend is the combination of the two devaluations. " in fact, the u. s. department of commerce placed an advertisement in the issue of time of july 2, and in other magazines, declaring that to the u. s. exporter the devalued dollar means " vastly improved prospects, " that it would help him to capture " a bigger share of over - sea markets, " and that it was up to him to " start putting the devalued dollar to work. " the basic fallacy in this euphoric picture is that it looks only at the short run consequences of devaluation and even at these only as they affect a small segment of the population. it is true that the first effect of a devaluation, if it is confined to a single country, is to stimulate that country ’ s exports. foreigners can buy that country ’ s products cheaper in terms of their own money. thus, as the department of commerce ’ s ad correctly pointed out : " for instance, an american product for which a west german importer paid 1000 deutsche mark only 18 months ago would now cost him as little as 770 marks. or about 23 per cent less than before. " so the american exporter stands to sell more goods abroad at the same price in dollars, or the same volume of goods in higher prices in dollars, or something in between, depending on whether his product is competitive or a quasi - monopoly. so far, so good. but u. s. exports amount to only 4¹ / 2 per cent of the gross national product. now let us enlarge our view. if the dollar is devalued, say, by a weighted average of 25 per cent in terms of other currencies, something else happens even on the first day after devaluation. the prices of all


enlarge our view. if the dollar is devalued, say, by a weighted average of 25 per cent in terms of other currencies, something else happens even on the first day after devaluation. the prices of all american imports go up by that percentage ( or more precisely, by its converse ). every american consumer has to pay more, directly or indirectly, for meat, coffee, cocoa, sugar, metals, newsprint, petroleum, foreign cars, or whatever. even the american exporter, as a consumer, has to pay more, and also more for his imported raw materials. so the immediate effect of a devaluation is to force the consumers of the devaluing nation to work harder to obtain a smaller consumption than otherwise of imported goods and services. is it really a national gain for the american people to sell their own goods for less and buy foreign goods for more? the belief that devaluation is a blessing, because it temporarily enables us to sell more and forces us to buy less, stems ’ from the old mercantilist fallacy that looked at international trade only from the standpoint of sellers. it was one of the primary achievements of the classical economists to explode this fallacy. as john stuart mill said : the only direct advantage of foreign commerce consists in the imports. a country obtains things which it either could not have produced at all, or which it must have produced at a greater expense of capital and labor than the cost of the thing which it exports to pay for them … the vulgar theory disregards this benefit, and deems the advantage of commerce to reside in the exports : as if not what a country obtains, but what it parts with, by its foreign trade, was supposed to constitute the gain to it. so far i have considered only the immediate effects of a devaluation. now let us look at the longer effects. the devaluation or depreciation of a currency soon leads to a rise of the internal price level. the prices of imported goods, as i have just pointed out, have a corresponding rise immediately. the demand for exports rises, and therefore the prices of export goods rise. this rise of prices leads to increased borrowing by manufacturers and others to stock the same volume of raw materials and other inventories. this leads to an expansion of money and credit which soon makes other prices rise. ( often, of course, the causation is the other way round : an expansion of a country ’ s currency and a consequent


and other inventories. this leads to an expansion of money and credit which soon makes other prices rise. ( often, of course, the causation is the other way round : an expansion of a country ’ s currency and a consequent rise of its internal price level will soon be reflected in a fall of its currency quotation in the foreign exchange market. ) in brief, internal prices soon adjust to the foreign - exchange quotation of the currency, or vice versa. we can see more clearly how this must take place if we look at a freely transportable international commodity like wheat, copper, or silver. let us say, for example, that copper is 50 cents a pound in new york when the deutsche mark in the foreign exchange market is 25 cents. then purchases, sales, and arbitrage transactions will have brought it about that the price of copper in munich is four times as high in marks as in dollars plus costs of transportation. suppose the dollar is devalued or depreciated so that the mark now exchanges for 40 cents. then, assuming that the price of copper in terms of marks does not change ( and though i have been specifically mentioning marks, dollars, and copper i intend this as a hypothetical and not a realistic illustration ), purchases, sales, and arbitrage transactions will now bring it about that the price of copper in new york will have to rise 60 per cent in terms of dollars. to bring this new adjustment about, more copper will flow from the u. s. to germany. but after this temporary stimulus to american export, the new price adjustment will bring it about that, other things being equal, the relative amount of copper exported may be no different than before the devaluation. a brief period of transition i have been speaking of international commodities, traded on the speculative exchanges, and easily and quickly transportable. in these commodities the international price adjustments will take place in a few days or weeks. the price adjustments of most other goods will, of course, take place more slowly. the main point to keep in mind is that there is a constant tendency for the internal purchasing power of a currency to adjust to its foreign - exchange value — and vice versa. in other words, there is a constant tendency for the internal prices in a country to adjust to the changing foreign - exchange value of its currency — and vice versa. though our modern monetary managers and secretaries of commerce seem to know nothing about this, the purchasing power theory of the exchanges was first explained a century and a half ago