, canada, and the region ' s mines. in the years to come, he ' d leave his mark on the inland northwest, but not for mining. manning was a collector of indian artifacts - - a controversial collector - - and his collection was the starting point for the museum that has since become the northwest museum of arts and culture. along the way, manning met legendary local tribal leaders like chief joseph of the nez perce, chief masseslow of the kalispel tribe and william three mountain the younger of the spokanes. now the mac ' s latest and perhaps most ambitious show since 2001, " living legacy, " is bringing manning ' s collection - - along with other historical materials and contemporary artworks - - out for all to see. & lt ; span class = & quot ; dropcap & quot ; & a & lt ; / span & s early as 1897, a 20 - year - old manning filed for u. s. citizenship in idaho, but then he retreated back to toronto to enroll in a course for mining engineers. although there is no evidence he ever received any kind of degree, he soon found his way back west and put whatever skills he had gained to use ; the 1900 washington state census lists manning as a 23 - year - old assayer in stevens county, which at that time covered the entire northeast corner of the state and encompassed several rich mining districts. that region also boiled with a host of unresolved indian land issues - - although the spokane and colville reservations had been established, there were still families living on traditional lands in the colville and kettle river valleys. a large portion of the kalispel tribe had refused to move to the flathead reservation in montana, and still lived in the pend oreille valley without any treaty benefits at all. manning plunged into these territorial matters when he became involved with some mining claims on first thought mountain just west of orient on the kettle river. and over the next couple of years, manning met chief joseph on the colville reservation and started his collecting by purchasing some artifacts from him. manning described one of them as a council pipe :... of serpentine rock having a solid silver inlay from end to end... it is about 12 inches long, one and a half at large end by three quarters at small end and weighs about a couple of pounds. this pipe was a personal gift from chief joseph and is contained in a leather case which is beaded to represent the design on the pipe. in his account, written two


large end by three quarters at small end and weighs about a couple of pounds. this pipe was a personal gift from chief joseph and is contained in a leather case which is beaded to represent the design on the pipe. in his account, written two decades after the fact, manning related nothing about how he came in contact with joseph, or what he might have done to deserve such a gift, but such exchanges would not have been considered unusual at the time. chief joseph was a well - known figure, respected by many in the white community for the resilience and humanity he displayed during the nez perce conflict of 1877 - 78, and his fame had only increased as he was exiled first to oklahoma and then to the colville reservation. many white collectors recognized the cultural value and craftsmanship inherent in tribal artifacts, and many tribal people sold or made them as a source of income. after joseph ' s death in 1904, headdresses and clothing articles that were said to have belonged to the famous nez perce chief went on display in towns throughout the inland northwest. manning became acquainted with other people on the colville reservation besides chief joseph, and he purchased a range of other artifacts from them. these included a fish spear carved from a cedar shaft 16 feet long that ended in two delicate long tines. the fork was held apart by a spreader, and a running noose of native hemp ran from the lower end to an iron point that fit into a socket in the center. minus the iron spear point, this was exactly the rigging described in words by fur trapper and explorer david thompson when he visited kettle falls in 1811, and shown in a painting by paul kane on the same site in 1847. according to manning, the colville fisherman was well aware of his spear ' s value as both an artifact and a useful tool. " the indian from whom i got this spear would not sell me the 16 - foot pole at any price but permitted me to cut off the pole just above the spear crotch attachment, " manning wrote. " these fish spears are not to be found any more in this section of the country. " & lt ; span class = & quot ; dropcap & quot ; & d & lt ; / span & uring the early years of the 20th century, manning shuttled between colville and spokane, and by 1905 he had signed on as a member of the mining and geology committee for a newly formed historical society in spokane. at the same time he continued to collect tribal artifacts


years of the 20th century, manning shuttled between colville and spokane, and by 1905 he had signed on as a member of the mining and geology committee for a newly formed historical society in spokane. at the same time he continued to collect tribal artifacts, and his contacts branched out from the colville to the kalispel. during that same time, masseslow ( see story, page 24 ) and other kalispel people had also sold a variety of cultural objects to manning, including more than a dozen beautiful flat twined bags, with both traditional and modern designs, constructed of traditional materials such as indian hemp, wild rye, corn husks and rawhide ties. manning had bought gloves, leggings, tobacco pouches, belts, parfleches ( folded bags made from animal hide ), mortars and pestles, cedar weaving needles and a pack saddle fashioned from wood, elk horn and rawhide. when kalispel tribal elder francis cullooyah thumbs through the list of manning purchases today, practically every object reminds him of another scene from his own youth - - leggings he saw at a dance, one old woman dipping fingers into her tobacco pouch, a pack saddle buried in the mud for who knows how long before someone stepped on it while climbing up the bank from a creek. in 1906, manning became a naturalized u. s. citizen. he was still based in stevens county, and the local colville newspaper began running humorous lines about seeing " bill " in spokane with a lady friend named pet cummings, who he later married. during this period, manning ' s job as a road surveyor required him to trace boundary lines on the spokane reservation. there manning developed a relationship with a tribal leader named william three mountain the younger ( see story, page 26 ). once again, the young mining engineer, not yet 30 years old, had stumbled into one of the leading figures of a tribe involved in serious questions of territory, removal and cultural survival. & lt ; span class = & quot ; dropcap & quot ; & i & lt ; / span & n 1916, the spokane historical society, precursor to the current northwest museum of arts and culture, mounted a display of " curios " on the third floor of spokane ' s city hall. an article in a city newspaper recorded the transactions of the meeting. w. m. manning, who has loaned to the historical society the largest single exhibit, said much can be gathered in the way of historical material from the indians if an effort is


. an article in a city newspaper recorded the transactions of the meeting. w. m. manning, who has loaned to the historical society the largest single exhibit, said much can be gathered in the way of historical material from the indians if an effort is made before it is too late. he spent several years in collecting his exhibit. manning valued his collection at $ 1, 200. that original display moved several times over the years, and in 1924 manning removed certain items, including chief joseph ' s council pipe, from the exhibit. aside from the absence of those items, manning ' s collection has remained with the eastern washington state historical society ever since. manning moved to helena in the 1930s. in 1944, while inspecting a mine in the garnet range, he suffered a heart attack and died within a few days. in the early 1950s, joel ferris of the eastern washington state historical society officially purchased manning ' s collection of tribal material from his widow for a price of $ 750. today, that collection is at the center of the mac ' s american indian collection - - and the largest collection of plateau cultural materials anywhere in the world. in going through the artifacts, curators found that manning had collected scattered items from a variety of cultures, including the southwest and coastal traditions. some of these may have been trade items in the possession of local tribes, and manning had misidentified the origin of several of his artifacts. the museum also found that the collector had picked up rather than purchased some of the items. these included a handful of grave goods from the spokane reservation. the robbing of ancestral graves by white collectors has long been a source of tremendous bitterness among tribal members, and manning was certainly guilty of it to some degree. many collectors of his time, no matter how much they respected the work and culture of the tribes, felt that american indians would surely soon be extinct, and that by holding an artifact a white person could " own " pieces of that vanished history. & lt ; span class = & quot ; dropcap & quot ; & b & lt ; / span & ut manning and those many others were wrong. all the plateau tribes survived ; their culture is very much alive. the mac now has an american indian cultural council that oversees their important collection of tribal artifacts, including the manning collection. over time, all objects of ceremonial or spiritual importance associated with his collection have been repatriated to the appropriate tribes - - those items will be represented in " living legacy " as empty spaces. but the articles that he purchased fairly and


manning collection. over time, all objects of ceremonial or spiritual importance associated with his collection have been repatriated to the appropriate tribes - - those items will be represented in " living legacy " as empty spaces. but the articles that he purchased fairly and with respect from tribal members will be on display because the tribes themselves want to share them with the larger community. " we will move on, " says michael holloman, director of the center for plateau cultural studies at the mac, " with the understanding that we are not going to tell the story of these pieces in the same way that manning did. they belong to the history of the tribes that made them. " jack nisbet and his wife claire were consultants for the mac ' s " living legacy " exhibit. by jack nisbet & lt ; span class = & quot ; dropcap & quot ; & o & lt ; / span & ne of william morley manning ' s prized purchases was a beautiful 12 - foot sturgeon - nosed canoe from chief masseslow, a well - known kalispel leader who at the time was fighting a protracted legal battle with the u. s. government over a separate reservation for the kalispel people. " this canoe was made for me in 1905 by totally blind chief massalaw of the boundary ( kalispel ) tribe, pend d ' oreille river, washington, " wrote manning in a brief note. " ends bound with birch bark and sealed with pine pitch. " the following summer manning bought " buckskin moccasins & amp ; other clothing from kalispel indians at 4th of july celebration " in cusick. it ' s impossible to say how much manning might have known about the contentious history of the kalispel situation at the time he was buying these articles, but his collecting habit drew him into contact with the tribe ' s most important political figure of that time. masseslow was born in 1826 near the present kalispel reservation, across the pend oreille river from cusick, wash. his father victor was a secondary leader who grew in stature after the americans assumed control of washington territory. after victor was elected as chief of the kalispel people in 1853, he consistently argued for a kalispel homeland on the pend oreille river, discouraged the encroachment of white settlers and resisted sending kalispel children to the agency school because he thought it was important that they should speak the kalispel language instead of english. in 1884, when the


pend oreille river, discouraged the encroachment of white settlers and resisted sending kalispel children to the agency school because he thought it was important that they should speak the kalispel language instead of english. in 1884, when the aged victor appeared before agent sidney waters on the arm of his son, masseslow, waters described the chief as " the wildest of all indians attached to this agency. " in 1887, victor and masseslow attended a crucial negotiation between the northwest indian commission and the kalispels in sandpoint. there agent john wright, a former tennessee congressman and confederate colonel, promised that if the kalispel people would leave their valley home and resettle on the colville, coeur d ' alene or flathead reservations, the u. s. government would offer them land, implements and an annual stipend for victor. victor replied that he would rather stay and see his home. " the old people that are blind and crawling about. what will become of them? must i take them and pack them on my back to the flathead reservation? " masseslow next rose and stated, " the little quarter of money you offer will not make us happy. we will not be happy till we die. i am a chief, and these are my people. " the kalispels then retired to council together, and over the next three days " obstinately demanded a reservation within the boundary of the lands claimed by them. " although some kalispels did move to the flathead reservation, the treaty submitted to congress was not signed by masseslow and therefore considered invalid. after the pend oreille valley was opened to white settlers in 1890, masseslow continued to resist offers to buy up indian land on the east side of the pend oreille river. reports of ongoing conflicts led to the summoning of captain j. w. bubb from fort spokane to investigate the situation. chief masseslow met directly with bubb and demanded action, " complaining that his people in the calispel valley are being abused by white settlers, taking their lands from them and threatening their lives. " masseslow did befriend some settlers, and the tribal relationship with white residents and visitors was economically complex. when john brown ' s cabin burned, it was masseslow who provided brown ' s family with blankets, cooking utensils and new moccasins for his little girl. during the early 1900s, a steamboat company advertised trips from newport to box canyon as a summer day trip,


, it was masseslow who provided brown ' s family with blankets, cooking utensils and new moccasins for his little girl. during the early 1900s, a steamboat company advertised trips from newport to box canyon as a summer day trip, with a stop at the kalispel tribe ' s summer encampment. during these tourist visits, " kalispel women traded briskly in trinkets and beadwork. " during those same years, masseslow traveled to see agent john webster at the colville agency in miles to plead for a school and church for his people. when webster reciprocated by visiting the kalispels on their homeland around 1905, it marked the tribe ' s first visit from a bureau agent in a decade. since w. m. manning ' s name is mentioned in a business letter to webster, it is possible that the indian agent formed the connection between the miner and the chief, because 1905 also happened to be the year that w. m. manning obtained his sturgeon - nosed canoe from masseslow. since manning stated that masseslow was completely blind by then, kalispel elder francis cullooyah suggests that the canoe may have been fashioned by some or all of the chief ' s four understudies at that time. by 1908, masseslow had named john bigsmoke as his successor, but even in his later years he remained a familiar figure to both locals and visitors. when photographer edward curtis visited the kalispel people, he took several dramatic photographs of the blind chief, and masseslow ' s name appeared regularly in the newport and spokane newspapers. one article describes how father taelman of gonzaga traveled to the calispel valley on christmas eve 1912. he was rowed across the river from cusick to meet masseslow and john bigsmoke, then performed a midnight mass in honor of the holiday. masseslow, more than 85 years old at the time, addressed the congregation in the kalispel language. that same year he retired as chief, but was still active in 1914 when president woodrow wilson finally signed the order creating the kalispel reservation. when masseslow passed away in 1920, he was well into his 90s. he had watched his kalispel people survive the fur trade, missionary, mining and settlement eras, and helped guide them to the return of their homeland sovereignty. william three mountain by jack nisbet & lt ; span class = & quot ; dropcap & quot ; & i & lt ; / span &


, mining and settlement eras, and helped guide them to the return of their homeland sovereignty. william three mountain by jack nisbet & lt ; span class = & quot ; dropcap & quot ; & i & lt ; / span & n 1906, while working as a road surveyor in stevens county, william morley manning first met a tribal leader named william three mountain the younger. the three mountain name predates the early missionary era among the spokane people. spokane tribal elder pauline flett explains that spokane language renders it as chah - tle - hsote, ( three - bare peaks - snag ) and evokes the story of an epic journey. " tle means mountain, " flett says. " we remember hsote, a forest of bare trees, maybe a big burn, maybe a storm of some kind. the original three mountain crossed through that bare forest three times going over the mountain. probably to the coast, we think, because in those days when we said ' the mountain ' we meant the cascade mountains, and crossing over them meant going to the coast. " as a teenager, william three mountain the elder lived with the family of reverend elkanah walker at tshimakain mission near what is now colville as early as 1839. he left after two years, and in time assumed the leadership of a band of spokanes that spent a good part of the year at the mouth of latah creek. after the modern city began to form around spokane falls, this band moved to deep creek and then to the west end of the present spokane reservation. throughout his life, three mountain the elder played a chief ' s role in questions of tribal politics, resettlement and religion. in fact, he was killed trying to mediate a dispute in 1883. william three mountain the younger was born about 1864. he grew into a tall man, " always a head above everyone else " at gatherings. around 1900, he was elected as chief of the band his father had led to the west end opposite the mouth of deep creek. like his father, william took active and sometimes controversial stands in politics and religion. three mountain the younger and his wife mattie developed a farm near detillion bridge, eight miles upstream from the mouth of the spokane river. " there was a distinctive rock in the river there, we called it detillion rock, " recalls pauline flett, " with the old a - frame presbyterian church nearby. william three mountain ' s house was just a stone ' s throw


. " there was a distinctive rock in the river there, we called it detillion rock, " recalls pauline flett, " with the old a - frame presbyterian church nearby. william three mountain ' s house was just a stone ' s throw from detillion rock. " in 1907 and again around 1912, captain john webster of the bureau of indian affairs assessed three mountain the younger ' s work as one of three judges for the agency court sessions : " intelligent, serious, dignified and straight - forward, with courage and integrity. by temperament an old - time indian who recognizes... the new conditions thrust upon his people... he brings to his duties intelligent observation. keen analysis of evidence and strict impartiality. " in 1912, when three mountain strenuously objected to webster ' s attempts to erect a sawmill on the west end, the agent seemed to understand three mountain ' s concern. " like most of the old full bloods he is averse to the introduction of certain devices of the white man on the reservation - - such as railroads, sawmills, etc. " once again, manning may have been introduced to the three mountain through his relationship with john webster. census records show that in 1905, mattie three mountain was living with her husband william near the proposed road between detillion bridge and the turk mines. w. m. manning surveyed this road three years later, and in 1911, mattie three mountain affixed her thumbprint to an agreement giving consent for a new wagon road 20 feet wide to open along the south boundary of her allotment. in return, an existing wagon road that crossed the northwestern corner of her allotment would be closed. at some point during these years, manning purchased a pair of mattie ' s moccasins right off her feet and entered them into his collection as item no. 88. the moccasins are tiny and most beautifully made. woman ' s buckskin moccasins, bought from wife of chief three mountain of the spokanes, who were at the time, wearing them. solid beaded design in blue, green, yellow, old rose and purple. 7 1 / 2 " long. beaded on front and outside only. it was probably also around this time that manning purchased catalogue item no. 105 from mattie ' s husband. bow of iron wood, back lined with deer sinew firmly attached by fish glue. both ends so fashioned as to form when strung a cupid bow. 36 inches long.


that manning purchased catalogue item no. 105 from mattie ' s husband. bow of iron wood, back lined with deer sinew firmly attached by fish glue. both ends so fashioned as to form when strung a cupid bow. 36 inches long. five plain, wooden or target ( bird ) arrows attached. very old, obtained from chief three mountain of spokanes. william three mountain the younger died at his home near detillion bridge in january of 1939. he was survived by his widow mattie and one son. mattie lived in the house until the plans for grand coulee dam forced her to move higher up on the hillside in 1941. a walk through history by ann m. colford & lt ; span class = & quot ; dropcap & quot ; & " t & lt ; / span & he collections you see here are not artifacts, " reads the gallery ' s opening text. " they are a living legacy bound within the continuum of cultural tradition and modern plateau indian life. " that ' s a bold and direct statement of the theme behind the " living legacy " exhibit, the first major display from the mac ' s nationally significant american indian collection in five years. with this exhibit, which just opened last week, the museum team has undertaken two tasks - - to display some of the indian materials that the public has been clamoring to see, and to cast a critical eye on museum practices of the past. around the perimeter, visitors see items collected by william m. manning, including a canoe made for him by kalispel chief masseslow and a cornhusk bag acquired from william three mountain of the spokane tribe. the story of manning ' s interactions with local tribal people illustrates the complexities when two cultures meet - - especially when there ' s a power differential between the two groups. non - indian americans in the victorian era felt comfortable acquiring objects from people perceived as " other " and putting them on display as exotic art objects. on the other hand, indian people frequently participated in this commerce with non - indian collectors - - it was one more source of trade in a changing world. the interpretive text on the walls and at five learning stations tells this story and provides some of the cultural context for the materials on view. but the six glass display cases in the center of the gallery are the visual draw for visitors. the cases hold stunningly colorful beaded bags, detailed woven bags and baskets, tools, toys and articles of clothing, all arranged on glass shelves with no labels or descriptions immediately apparent


recent medical advancements have made it seem possible that the fountain of youth is only a decade away from reality. but even if we could develop something that enables us to achieve immortality, should we? recently, morgan freeman asked a tantalizing question on sci fi ’ s popular show “ through the wormhole. ” it is a question that has baffled scientists, doctors, adventurers and philosophers since humans ’ earliest times. the question of " can we live forever " is beyond fascinating for many of us, and even if it were possible, is that a good thing and is it really " possible " according to the laws of physics? first though, one must consider the broader implications of such a scientific breakthrough that extends beyond the planet earth and even human beings. for example, if in the hypothetical sequence posed, eternal life actually became common, how does it escape most accepted theories of the universe, which explicably say the universe has a beginning and an end? furthermore, there seems to be two competeting theories on the universe and its beginning and demise. the almost collectively accepted theory of the “ big bang ” seems to satisfy a genesis for the universe, whereas its end is controversial. physicists differ on how the universe may end in what are called " the big rip " and " the big freeze " or " big crunch. " see, astronomers have discovered that other stars are moving away from our star, the sun, at a faster rate than light would seemingly allow. this presents a major problem for scientists, because it seemingly violates the laws of physics. but because the universe is filled with exotic things such as dark matter and dark energy, it is impossible to truly calculate why this phenomenon is happening. so let us assume that this dark energy is something that naturally occurred before the big bang, so therefore it does not violate any natural laws, and it explains the faster - than - light growth of the universe and it would give credence to " the big rip " theory. this means, all matter would rip apart, which includes " us, " regardless of how long you have lived. in the other scenario, the universe expands like a big fat balloon and then, presumably gravity, contracts the universe and bang, it crunches " us " all. so again, regardless of age, there seems to be no escape. but, some scientists have explained there are other dimensions that could, again in theory, connect us to other universes ’, which could hypothetically extend life. but until that is proven, it is a long


, there seems to be no escape. but, some scientists have explained there are other dimensions that could, again in theory, connect us to other universes ’, which could hypothetically extend life. but until that is proven, it is a long shot, and even if true, these other universes could be inhospitable to us. so why are we fascinated with living forever then, when if you look at the science, even if we prolong life, we will still " die " anyway? well, let us look at the recent fountain of youth advancements that may enable this philosophical paradox to even exist. currently, most data and scientists seem to conclude that the answer for longevity is in the dna. while some believe that singling out specific dna sequencing could help slow the aging process, others look to something called “ removing the garbage. ” essentially, this is based on the belief that proper cell division is hindered because too much “ garbage ” accumulates around the cells, causing them and us to advance more rapidly towards death. it seems that of all the data presented, a combination of gene therapy would be needed, because even if you slow the aging process or remove the dna sequence that makes death inevitable, we would just stay young longer and maybe not as active, or we would just live long but become old and handicapped. either of those two is not ideal, and only when combined is the fountain of youth humans desire accomplished. but again, the eventual death of the universe and the adverse societal impact it would have, makes the fountain of youth a scary proposition. if a sort of combined gene therapy were created that could keep us young and forever living, it would not only be groundbreaking, but dangerous. as we have witnessed with divisive debate over the recent health care bill that simply wanted to allow universal health care, a fountain of youth pill could create a massive war. who would be allowed to live forever? when we look at our current political climate, which even routine things such as raising the debt ceiling are impossible tasks, how could we ever develop a fair system based off of something so naturally intoxicating? well, i do not believe we could, so even if we could develop a form of therapy to allow eternal life, it is pointless for two specific reasons. for one, it still only prolongs the inevitable and it would probably cause the end of the world because something so good would allow people to believe it is ok to kill over, like we have done numerous times through out our history. so


in the 21st century, as technology becomes more sophisticated and available, individuals have access to almost infinite opportunities for participation in their communities, as well as for entertainment and leisure - time activities. in today ’ s workplaces, as computers take over routine tasks, a far greater proportion of employees are engaged in tasks that require them to be flexible and creative problem solvers. in order for today ’ s students to be successful in this environment, schools must provide them with more than basic skills. students also must become proficient at 21st century skills, such as critical thinking, problem solving, collaboration, use of technology, self - direction, and communication. assessing projects meets teachers ’ needs in several ways. you can assessment can provide information about more than a students ’ knowledge or performance at the end of a unit. read about the many different purposes of assessment. in traditional classrooms, student assessment is often limited to tests, papers, and oral presentations. learn about the different types of assessment. research suggests that students experience significant learning benefits when they are in classrooms where assessment is continuous and ongoing. read about the benefits of formative assessment. determining how and when students are using higher - order thinking such as critical thinking, creativity, problem solving, and metacognition, can be a challenge. learn about ways of assessing thinking. the use of formative assessment is a powerful tool for improving student learning, but it does not happen in a vacuum. read about what components are necessary for successful assessment in your school.


what is it? in generalized anxiety disorder, a person has frequent or nearly constant, nagging feelings of worry or anxiety. these feelings are either unusually intense or out of proportion to the real troubles and dangers of the person ' s everyday life. the disorder is defined as persistent worry every day or almost every day for six months or more. in some cases, a person with generalized anxiety disorder feels he or she has always been a worrier, even since childhood or adolescence. in other cases, the anxiety may be triggered by a crisis or a period of stress, such as a job loss, a family illness or the death of a relative. although the crisis eventually goes away and the stress passes, an unexplained feeling of anxiety may last months or years. in addition to suffering from constant ( or non - stop ) worries and anxieties, people with generalized anxiety disorder may have low self - esteem or feel insecure because they see people ' s intentions or events in negative terms, or they experience them as intimidating or critical. physical symptoms may lead them to seek treatment from a primary care doctor, cardiologist, pulmonary specialist or gastroenterologist. stress can intensify the anxiety. experts believe that some people with this disorder have a genetic ( inherited ) tendency to develop it. the disorder probably stems from how a variety of brain structures communicate with each other as they manage the fear response. chemical messengers, gamma aminobutyric acid ( gaba ) and serotonin, transmit signals along the circuits connecting brain regions. the medications used to treat anxiety affect these chemicals. about 3 % to 8 % of people in the united states have generalized anxiety disorder. women have the problem twice as often as men. the average adult patient first seeks medical attention between the ages of 20 and 30. however, the illness can occur at any age. generalized anxiety disorder also has been diagnosed in young children, teenagers and elderly people. the illness is the most common anxiety disorder affecting people age 65 and older. of all psychiatric illnesses, generalized anxiety disorder is the least likely to occur alone. between 50 % and 90 % of people with the disorder also have at least one other problem, usually panic disorder, a phobia, depression, dysthymia ( a less severe form of depression ), alcoholism or some other form of substance abuse. by definition, in generalized anxiety disorder, the person has persistent worry or anxiety that lasts for at least six months. this worry or anxiety is excessive, troubling and hard to control,


depression ), alcoholism or some other form of substance abuse. by definition, in generalized anxiety disorder, the person has persistent worry or anxiety that lasts for at least six months. this worry or anxiety is excessive, troubling and hard to control, and it often interferes with a person ' s ability to function at home, at work or in social situations. to be diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder, a person has to have at least three of the following symptoms : people with generalized anxiety disorder also may have a wide range of anxiety - related physical symptoms that may seem like symptoms of heart disease, respiratory illness, digestive diseases and other medical illnesses. you may consult a primary care doctor first if you suspect your physical symptoms are part of a medical illness. your doctor may do tests to check for medical problems. if the results are normal, your doctor may ask about your family history, your history of any mental distress, current anxieties, recent stresses, and daily use of prescription and nonprescription drugs. some drugs can cause anxiety symptoms. the doctor then may refer you to a psychiatrist for care. your psychiatrist will diagnose generalized anxiety disorder based on a full psychiatric evaluation that includes : the psychiatrist also may order diagnostic tests, if necessary, to check for a medical illness. these won ' t be needed if they already have been done by the doctor who referred you to the psychiatrist. symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder can last for many months, but the condition can last longer ( many years ) especially without treatment, with symptoms occurring over many years. since stress is a normal part of life, there is usually no way to prevent generalized anxiety disorder in someone who is vulnerable. however, once diagnosed, various treatments can effectively reduce symptoms. if you have generalized anxiety disorder, the most effective treatment is usually a combination of medications and psychotherapy. research shows that using both has a more lasting positive effect than either one alone. your doctor may also offer treatment for other conditions that may be making matters worse, such as a medical problem or depression. you may need to try more than one approach before you find the right one. many different kinds of medications can relieve anxiety. here are the most common categories prescribed : a number of psychotherapy techniques may be helpful. here are some examples : your therapist may combine any of the above approaches or may discuss others - - for example, meditation, hypnosis or exercise - - with you so that the approach fits your specific problems and needs. when to call a professional see your doctor if you are troubled


myanmar : peace talks may bring end to conflict and displacement closer displaced woman with her child in eastern myanmar ’ s kayin state, refugees international, 2005 - country statistics - latest idp figure : - more than 450, 000... click here for more - number of refugees : - ( originating from the country ) 214, 594 ( unhcr, as of december 2011 ) - total population : - 48. 7 million ( unfpa, 14 november 2012, p. 113 ) download asia - pacific overview 31 december 2012 myanmar is undergoing major political reforms and has initiated a series of peace processes, but in 2012 it also continued to experience armed conflict and new inter - communal violence that led to significant internal displacement. as of the end of the year, the country was estimated to be hosting at least 450, 000 idps. in western rakhine state, inter - communal violence broke out in june pitting ethnic rakhine against ethnic rohingya and other muslim minorities, and forcing more than 100, 000 people from both communities to flee. the idps took shelter in displacement camps in and around the state capital of sittwe or with host communities. following a new outbreak of violence in october, a further 36, 000 fled, many seeking refuge in the same camps. by the end of the year, more than 125, 000 people were internally displaced in rakhine state. of that total, 115, 000 were registered as idps while more than 10, 000 were not. humanitarian organisations and the government have provided assistance, but the camps are overcrowded and lack access to basic services. health care, education and livelihood opportunities are also limited, and it was not safe for idps to leave the camps. as an indirect result of the violence, several hundred thousand ethnic rohingya living in the north of the state lost access to the much - needed humanitarian assistance they had been receiving for years until trouble first broke out in june. in north - eastern kachin state and the northern part of neighbouring shan state, fighting between the kachin independence army ( kia ) and the myanmar military, which began in june 2011, intensified in december 2012. the military reportedly launched airstrikes on the town of laiza, where kia has its main base. by the end of the year, more than 75, 000 people had been internally displaced. over 40, 000 were living in areas controlled by kia, to which un agencies had only limited access, but they also receive some assistance from local organisations. in the south -


of the year, more than 75, 000 people had been internally displaced. over 40, 000 were living in areas controlled by kia, to which un agencies had only limited access, but they also receive some assistance from local organisations. in the south - east, tensions between the myanmar army and ethnic non - state armed groups ( nsags ) eased during 2012 when compared with previous years, though there were numerous ceasefire violations in the southern part of shan state. there were no clashes in kayah and mon states and bago and tanintharyi regions, with very few isolated incidents between nsag and border guard force personalities in kayin state that were quickly contained. as of the end of the year these areas were estimated to be hosting around 250, 000 protracted idps who had fled their homes to escape armed conflict and human rights violations. many among them face security risks because of the presence of landmines, and they also lack access to adequate food, clean water, sanitation, durable shelter, health services, education and livelihoods. efforts towards a full - fledged peace process continued as the government on either the national or state level signed preliminary ceasefire or peace agreements with the nsags. as of the end of the year, kia was the only group not to have signed such an agreement. the peace donor support group and the myanmar peace support initiative were set up in 2012 with the aim of providing assistance to conflict - affected people, including idps, and support for the ceasefires and ongoing peace - building efforts. the government has also initiated a process of political reform. in parliamentary by - elections in april, candidates of the formerly banned national league for democracy ( nld ) won 43 of the 45 seats that were contested. among the newly elected nld mps was the nobel laureate aung san suu kyi, who also became chair of the lower house ’ s committee for rule of law and peace and stability. the government continued to release political prisoners and liberalise the media, and new legislation and regulations governing demonstrations were also adopted. in response, several countries and regional bodies including the us, norway and the eu, have eased their sanctions on myanmar. a number of high - level officials visited the country in 2012, including president barack obama, the un high commissioner for refugees, antonio guterres, and the un emergency relief coordinator, valerie amos. in 2013, it will be important to ensure that peace - building efforts are matched by an end to fighting on the ground and that the views of idps and a discussion of issues related to


serious and peace elusive. since april 2009, armed conflict between the armed forces and nsags has intensified, as several nsags that had concluded a ceasefire with the government in the 1990s refused to obey government orders to transform into army - led border guard forces. (... ) download full overview 19 july 2011 | | displacement continues in context of armed conflicts ( 19 july 2011 ) html | pdf internal displacement profile " causes, background and patterns of movement ", " overview of the causes of displacement in myanmar " " idp population figures ", " idp population figures " " physical security and integrity ", " physical security and integrity " " basic necessities of life ", " basic necessities of life " " property, livelihoods, education and other economic, social and cultural rights ", " property ", " livelihoods ", " education and other economic ", " social and cultural rights " " national and international response ", " national and international response " previous profile updates - key documents - situation of human rights in myanmar, un ga, 16 november 2012 - changing realities, poverty and displacement in south east burma / myanmar, the border consortium ( tbc ), 31 october 2012 - situation of human rights in myanmar, un special rapporteur on the situation of human rights in myanmar, 25 september 2012 - " the government could have stopped this ", human rights watch ( hrw ), august 2012 - myanmar : the politics of economic reform, international crisis group ( icg ), 27 july 2012 - " untold miseries " - wartime abuses and forced displacement in burma ’ s kachin state, hrw, 20 march 2012 - towards a burmese spring, himal south asian, december 2011 - myanmar : a new peace initiative, international crisis group ( icg ), 30 november 2011


judaki, a small lor tribe of the korramabad region in western persia. it forms part of the bala gariva group of tribes, which inhabits the mountainous region between the kaskan and dez rivers, and which also includes the bayranavand ( q. v. ), dirakvand ( q. v. ), papi, and sagvand tribes. according to the british colonial administrator, arnold talbot wilson ( 1884 - 1940 ), around 1910 the judakis ’ grazing lands were located between the kaskan river and the main dezful - korramabad caravan route, and they occupied the villages of culhul, which was their headquarters, and jaydar, around which were their only cultivated lands, as well as the villages of badamak, camesk, and rikan in what is today the rural district ( dehestan ) of bala gariva ( p. 29 ). their number was estimated at 500 families in the 1870s by albert houtum - schindler ( q. v. ; p. 86 ), at some 800 families in the early 1900s by hyacinth louis rabino ( 1877 - 1950 p. 33 ), and at some 600 families in the early 1930s by masʿud kayhan ( p. 66 ). the linguist oskar mann ( 1867 - 1917 ), who conducted research in iran and central asia between 1901 and 1907, mentions a small group of judaki which he calls judaki - ye hoseynabad on his list of the tribes of the post - e kuh ( p. xxv ). but this group is not mentioned by any other authority on the area. albert houtum - schindler, “ reisen im sudwestlichen persien, ” zeitschrift der gesellschaft fur erdkunde zu berlin 14, 1879, pp. 81 - 124. masʿud kayhan, jografia - ye mofassal - e iran : ii — siasi, tehran, 1932. oskar mann, die mundarten der lur - stamme im sudwestlichen persien, berlin, 1910. hyacinth louis rabino, les tribus du louristan : medailles des qadjars, paris, 1916. arnold talbot wilson, luristan, military report on south - west persia 5, simla, 1910. originally published : june 15, 2009 last updated


| | a discourse on taqwa ( obedience to allah ) ( 1 of 1 ), read 19 times | | | issues : the islamic personality | | | thursday, january 27, 2005 08 : 01 pm | taqwa - fear of allah ibn juzayy said in his dictionary of terms from the introduction to his tafsir : " taqwa ' s meaning is fear, clinging to obedience to allah and abandoning disobedience to him. it is the sum of all good. " and in his commentary : we will discuss taqwa in three sections. concerning its benefits derived from the qur ' an, and they are fifteen : guidance, because of his words " guidance for the muttaqeen ( the people of taqwa ) " ; help because of his words " truly, allah is with the people who have taqwa " ; close friendship [ with allah ] because of his words, " allah is the close friend of the muttaqeen " ; love because of his words, " truly allah loves the muttaqeen " ; covering over [ of wrong actions ] because of his words, " if you have taqwa of allah he will make for you a discrimination and he will cover over for you your wrong actions " ; a way out from unhappiness, and provision from where one does not expect because of his words, " whoever has taqwa of allah he will make a way out for him and provide him from where he does not expect " ; facilitation of affairs because of his words, " whoever has taqwa of allah he will make ease for him in his affair " ; full covering over of wrong actions and magnification of rewards because of his words, " whoever has taqwa of allah he will cover over his wrong actions and magnify a reward for him " ; acceptance of actions because of his words, " allah only accepts from the people of taqwa " ; success because of his words, " have taqwa of allah in order that you might succeed " ; good news because of his words " for them there is good news in this world and in the next " ; entrance into the garden because of his words " truly, there are for the people of taqwa with their lord gardens of bliss " ; salvation from the fire because of his words " then we will save the ones who had taqwa ". there are ten things which awaken taqwa : fear of punishment in the next


taqwa with their lord gardens of bliss " ; salvation from the fire because of his words " then we will save the ones who had taqwa ". there are ten things which awaken taqwa : fear of punishment in the next life ; fear [ of punishment in ] this life ; hope of worldly reward ; hope of the reward of the next world ; fear of the reckoning ; shyness and bashfulness before the gaze of allah, and this is the station of fearful watchfulness ( muraqabah ) ; showing gratitude for his blessings by obeying him ; knowledge, because of his words, " they only fear allah, of his slaves, the ones who have knowledge " ; exalting and honouring his majesty, and it is the station of awe ; sincerity in love because of the words of the one who said : " you disobey god while you make apparent that you love him, this, by my life, in analogy is a marvel. if your love were sincere you would obey him, truly, the lover towards the one he loves is obedient. " and to allah be attributed the good of the one who said : " she said, and she had asked about the state of her lover, ' for allah ' s sake, describe him and do not omit nor exceed! ' i said, ' if he had feared death from thirst, and you had said, " stop! don ' t approach the water! " then he would not have approached. ' " the third section there are five degrees of taqwa : that the slave should protect himself from kufr ( covering over the truth ), and that is the station of islam ; that he should protect himself from acts of disobedience and forbidden things, and it is the station of turning or repentance ( tawbah ) ; that he should protects himself from doubtful matters, and that is the station of caution or carefulness ( wara ' ) ; that he should protect himself from even those things that are permitted, and that is the station of doing without ( zuhd ) ; that he should protect himself from the presence of other than allah in his heart, and it is the presence of witnessing ( mushahadah ). that ends what ibn juzayy al - kalbi wrote on taqwa. edited by administrator


in pushing this position the un demonstrates that emitting co2 is, in fact, not dangerous. why else would they not impose the same requirement on all countries? substitute co2 emissions for mercury or lead being pumped into rivers and the ocean. does it make sense to allow china and india, or any other country, a position in which toxic waste is pumped willy nilly into the water system? of course not. obviously, emitting co2 can ' t be that bad... china and india should be spared the full burden of fighting climate change, the united nations said on tuesday in an agenda - setting report published just days ahead of an intergovernmental conference to agree to a successor to the kyoto protocols. the report of the un development programme recommends that countries such as china and india should be required to reduce their emissions by only 20 per cent by 2050, while the rich industrialised countries shoulder a cut of 80 per cent. the report will provide ammunition for developing countries wishing to avoid adopting stringent targets on emissions. china, india and others have argued that rich countries should carry more responsibility for the climate because most of the stock of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere came from the growth of their industry. but the white house made it clear at international meetings on climate change in september that it would not sign up to any agreement that did not include china and the other developing nations going through rapid industrialisation. heated discussions over the share of the burden that each country should take for cutting emissions are likely to be the main focus of un talks on climate change beginning next week in bali, indonesia. the talks, the most important since the kyoto protocol was drafted in 1997, will mark the first negotiations on a potential successor to the treaty, the main provisions of which expire in 2012. the report estimates that the world needs to spend about 1. 6 per cent of gross domestic product each year until 2030 in order to prevent emissions rising to dangerous levels. developed countries should aim to cut their emissions by 30 per cent by 2020, the undp report said. in a sign of the scale of the task facing ministers at bali the report also risked opening old wounds by questioning whether the carbon - trading system established at kyoto was less effective at reducing emissions than a straightforward carbon tax – such as the one proposed on tuesday by nicolas sarkozy, the french president, in beijing. kevin watkins, lead author of the report, said : “ cap - and - trade is not particularly working. we need to develop the strategy into a carbon tax. ”


washington / london – it turns out that our ancestors — meat - eating or tuber - loving, mediterranean or arctic, roaming or sedentary — all could have used some medicine to help prevent heart disease. a new study of 137 mummified bodies, some as old as 3, 500 years, found a high prevalence of hardening of the arteries, which often presages heart attack or stroke. the condition was common in four groups — ancient egyptians, pre - columbian people in peru and utah, and 19th - century alaska natives — with different diets and ways of life. “ it kind of casts doubt on — makes us pause and think about — whether we understand risk factors ( for cardiovascular disease ) as well as we thought we did, ” said randall thompson, a physician at the university of missouri who headed a research team of 19 cardiologists, radiologists and anthropologists. “ probable or definite ” atherosclerosis was evident in 34 percent of the mummies. only 4 percent, however, had atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries, where it can cause heart attacks. the condition was more common in people who died in middle and old age, but was also seen frequently in those dying in their 30s. the prevalence of diseased arteries in the mummies is not very different from that seen today, leading the researchers to conclude that cardiovascular disease “ is an inherent component of human aging and not characteristic of any specific diet or lifestyle. ” thompson, who is a practicing cardiologist, said he was especially surprised by how common atherosclerosis was in people whose diets are viewed in some quarters as especially healthful. thompson said there could be unknown factors that contributed to the mummies ’ narrowed arteries. he said the ancestral puebloans, who lived in underground caves in modern - day colorado and utah, used fire for heat and cooking. that produced a lot of smoke. “ they were breathing in a lot of smoke and that could have had the same effect as cigarettes, ” he said. the 51 ancient peruvians, who in life presumably ate a lot of beans and complex carbohydrates such as sweet potatoes and manioc, had atherosclerosis in 25 percent of their mummies. three of the five aleutian hunter - gatherers, who ate a “ paleo diet ” high in meat and devoid of sweets and grains, showed atherosclerosis. one woman who died in her late 40s had “ the kind of disease we see


aleutian hunter - gatherers, who ate a “ paleo diet ” high in meat and devoid of sweets and grains, showed atherosclerosis. one woman who died in her late 40s had “ the kind of disease we see in people with bypass surgery, ” he said. “ i think we ’ ll have a debate about just how important diet is and what we ought to be communicating to patients, ” he added. “ a healthy diet and lifestyle may lead to less disease, but it doesn ’ t prevent disease altogether. ” many previous studies have sought to diagnose disease in ancient preserved human remains. one study published two years ago found atherosclerosis common in egyptian mummies. whether that represented what was happening elsewhere in the ancient world, or was only an occupational hazard of butter - slurping layabout priests and pharaohs, was unknown. the new study, presented sunday at the american college of cardiology meeting in san francisco and published online by the lancet, appears to be the first to compare findings from many different mummy populations. heart disease epidemiologists were quick to say the study should not undermine evidence from thousands of studies suggesting that atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is mostly a 20th - century problem. “ heart attack and stroke are modern plagues that have increased and then steadily decreased over modern times, ” said henry blackburn of the university of minnesota, who has documented wildly varying rates of heart attack in different countries with different diets. atherosclerosis is a process in which the wall of an artery fills with fat, fibrous tissue and, in later stages, grains of calcium. if the “ plaque ” gets large enough, it limits the flow of blood. when that happens and tissue downstream dies, the result is a heart attack or stroke. the researchers used ct scanners to detect calcium in arteries. they looked in the aorta, which is the body ’ s main arterial trunk ; the coronary arteries of the heart ; the carotid arteries of the neck ; and the arteries of the thigh and the lower leg. when calcium was present, they concluded the person had atherosclerosis — a diagnosis supported by studies of living patients. of the 137 mummies, 76 were egyptian, with the oldest from about 1800 b. c. ; 51 peruvian, from 900 b. c. to a. d. 1500 ; five puebloans from the american west, from 1500 b. c. to a. d. 1500 ; and five


with the oldest from about 1800 b. c. ; 51 peruvian, from 900 b. c. to a. d. 1500 ; five puebloans from the american west, from 1500 b. c. to a. d. 1500 ; and five aleutian natives from the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries. atherosclerosis was present in 38 percent of the egyptians, 25 percent of the peruvians, 40 percent of the puebloans and 60 percent of the alaska natives ( although the number of mummies of the latter two groups is so small that the percentages are statistically meaningless ). whether any of the mummified people died of atherosclerotic disease could not be determined. only the egyptian bodies were intentionally preserved. the others were naturally mummified by the cold and dry conditions of the places where the people died. as a consequence, they may not be representative snapshots of their populations. nevertheless, a few generalities stand out. one of them is that atherosclerosis increases with age. those with no sign of the condition had an average estimated age at death of 32 years. slightly more than half the mummies in their 40s, however, had at least one calcified artery. for the few mummies older than 50, the prevalence was lower — about 40 percent. studies of present - day populations have found a similar increase in calcium with age as well as atherosclerosis in young adults. a review of 3, 832 autopsies done on troops who died in combat or of unintentional injuries in the iraq and afghanistan wars found that 9 percent had atherosclerosis in the coronaries. that ’ s a dramatic drop from the prevalence found in autopsies of casualties of the korean ( 77 percent ) and vietnam ( 45 percent ) wars. the team plans to examine more remains. next up are naturally mummified bodies from mongolia and “ bog people ” preserved in peat deposits in britain and scandinavia. the latter group may be hard to evaluate, however, because the bogs the bodies were thrown into ( often following execution ) had acidic water that dissolves calcium, including most of the bones.


you have been there before. the best part of any professional development activity is the collaboration with other teachers. hearing the struggles and successes of others helps us to articulate our own ideas and spark new excitement in our own curriculum. we hope to strengthen the community of chemistry educators and provide a place for discussion and collaboration right here at this site. summer is one of my favorite times as a teacher! like most teachers i like to take a little time away from school, but, once i ' ve rested a bit, its my favorite time to do research as well. i encourage you to take time this summer to explore labs and activities that you think may work for your classroom, but just didn ' t have time to examine with your busy teaching schedule. call for symposia and workshops for the 23rd bcce at grand valley state university – greener on the grand : empowering chemical educators for a greener tomorrow, august 3 – 7, 2014 i ’ d like to report on one of the end - of - year research projects that two of my general chemistry students completed during class this year. if you ’ d like read more about these end - of year research projects in general, click here. wow! talk about an interesting idea! a very neat experiment, called “ hydroglyphics ”, has been published by philseok kim, jack alvarenga, joanna aizenberg and raymond sleeper in the journal of chemical education. i came across a simple, yet interesting experiment that was first described by elizabeth sumner walter in 2001. she merely had students pour water into a dish containing some gobstoppers candies. i showed this experiment to some of my college chemistry students while they were workin inquiry is a fluid concept. there are some truly fabulous activities on grand valley state university ' s target inquiry ( ti ) website ( www. gvsu. edu / targetinquiry ). yes, i am biased as i was part of the first ti cohort, but there are several labs now that were written later and they, too, are terrific.


flies are a nuisance when buzzing around the home - - especially in large numbers. however, some species of flies also pose a health risk. in particular, house flies can mechanically transmit a wide range of disease - causing microbes, including those responsible for food poisoning, dysentery, tuberculosis, cholera and parasitic worm infections. call ehrlich free at to arrange a free pest inspection or find out how to get rid of flies. flies found in the house there are thousands of different species of flies but the most common fly problems are caused by : - house flies – adults 1 / 4 " - 5 / 16 ". female houseflies lay 400 - 600 eggs in decaying matter or faeces which develop into maggots or larvae. attracted to any uncovered food or organic waste. - blow fly or bottle fly – adults 1 / 4 " - 1 / 2 ", usually metallic blue or green but can be black or grey. significant numbers in a house will often indicate a dead animal ( such as a mouse or rat ) in the property. - cluster fly - adults 1 / 4 " - 3 / 8 ". cluster flies often take shelter over the winter inside homes ( such as in attics ) and can occur in very large numbers in the home as they emerge in the spring. - fruit fly - adults 1 / 10 ” - 1 / 5 ”. small, chunky flies with large eyes, either red or black in color. often seen around food, they are a big pest problem for bars and restaurants. these flies cause a high percentage of the insect contamination of fruit products. - moth fly - adults 1 / 4 " - 3 / 8 ". moth flies, can be identified because their body and wings are very hairy, and they have a heart - shaped appearance. they live in the gelatinous material found in drains which is their preferred breeding habitat. usually a bigger pest problem for businesses. - phorid fly - adults 1 / 6 " - 1 / 8 ". phorid flies, can be identified because of their humpbacked appearance. but the most identifying characteristic are the two heavy veins of the wing. they breed in decaying organic matter that has almost become an unrecognizable state and are attracted to slimy drains, sewer leaks and dirty garbage cans. generally a bigger pest problem for businesses than private homes. to some extent, you can prevent flies around your home by minimizing food sources and larval habitat : - always cover food – flies spread diseases by


when prayers for rain are answered the sight of floodwaters covering tel aviv highways and modi ’ in shopping malls from this week ’ s rains was jarring and unexpected. israel is, in most minds, an arid land bereft of water, not cursed with its superabundance. but a look at geography and history suggests differently, pointing to both the accomplishments of zionist technology and their fragility. where today there are high - tech industries, tourists, and millions of israelis, once there were hippopotami. during most of the past 10, 000 years, israel ’ s coastal plain was swamp. bones recovered from excavations there suggest that hippos may have been present even into hellenistic times, along with an astonishing array of other wildlife. the nahal taninim, which empties into the sea near kibbutz ma ’ agan michael, translates as “ crocodile river ”, describing another long - extinct denizen. today ' s landscape is not only modern — tel aviv skyscrapers, the ayalon freeway, apartment buildings as far as the eye can see — but deceptive. it hints at the existence of nature, in ways that new york and los angeles rarely do, but implies that nature has been overcome. it has not. israel ’ s coastal plain stretches from gaza to haifa. bordering the mediterranean are sand dunes and rocky cliffs, cut by rivers from the east and pummeled by waves and storms from the west. the waves breach the dunes and cliffs and deposit sand in the river mouths, which flood to form swamps. through time, settlements were either located to the east along the foothills, like antipatris, or, like jaffa and caesaria, perched on fossilized dunes or rocky outcrops closer to the sea, with the spaces in between occupied by fish, fowl, and mammals. from the bronze age onward, engineers strove to keep the river mouths open, but silt from the highlands and sand from the sea inevitably closed them off. the immense bronze age and iron age fortifications at tel akko were partly created out of sand dredged from a now - disappeared estuary. then, in the middle of the first millennium b. c. e., the phoenicians started over, some two kilometers to the west, and founded the akko — or acre — that persists today on a rocky outcrop jutting precariously into the sea. such settlement histories are typical. the swamps and hidden recesses of the


, some two kilometers to the west, and founded the akko — or acre — that persists today on a rocky outcrop jutting precariously into the sea. such settlement histories are typical. the swamps and hidden recesses of the coastal plain held abundant resources — and abundant bandits and thieves. as early as the late bronze age, the hittite king burnaburiash wrote angrily to the egyptian king akhenaten accusing one of akhenaten ’ s canaanite princelings of plundering a caravan. graves of these merchants have been excavated where they appear to have been hastily buried, just north of akko. through the crusader period, kings and villagers kept the coast under control, maintaining waterworks and harbors and fighting the battle between too much water and too little. but from the medieval mamluk period onward, sand, silt, and insecurity gradually made the coastal plain a malarial marsh. on the eve of napoleon ’ s invasion of egypt in 1798, the coastal interior was occupied by bedouin who raided coastal plain settlements and whose animals destroyed the fragile vegetation that held sand dunes in check. thereafter, dunes progressed inland at a rate of dozens of feet per year, burying agricultural lands. by the 19th century, the coastal plain, along with much of the country, had fallen into disrepair. before the british mandate, malaria infected a majority of residents ; even in jerusalem, far from the coast, a 1912 survey showed that between 40 and 80 percent of schoolchildren had symptoms. change came quickly. in the 19th century, global interest in palestine, including superpower competition and tourism, began to lift the coast from dereliction. beginning in the 1870s, zionists purchased tracts on the coast and in the jezreel valley and huleh basin, largely unwanted swamps of the coastal plain, and set about making them habitable. the first agricultural settlement — petach tikvah, along the banks of the yarkon river — was quickly abandoned because of malaria. but its settlers ' successors dug canals and planted eucalyptus for drainage and suppressed mosquitoes. bypassing traditional subsistence farming methods, they introduced modern agricultural techniques and multiplied yields. prosperity and labor needs helped ignite mass arab migration to the area, especially from egypt, as well as the purchase by absentee arab landlords of previously abandoned land. along with the drained swamps, the most successful symbol of the zionist mastery of nature was tel aviv itself, founded in 1909 on a sand dune north of jaffa. yet an


well as the purchase by absentee arab landlords of previously abandoned land. along with the drained swamps, the most successful symbol of the zionist mastery of nature was tel aviv itself, founded in 1909 on a sand dune north of jaffa. yet an increasing population on the coast meant, at first, more grazing animals and cutting of forests for fuel ; both increased soil erosion, clogging streams with silt. complex ecosystems with varied plant and animal species were flattened, reduced to mono - crop orange groves feeding the european market. many of palestine ’ s remaining forests fell victim to the building of turkish railroads and world war i. thereafter, the british introduced regulations — later continued by israel — for agriculture, land use, town planning, and architecture, rules largely honored in the breach. the coastal plain is israel ’ s agricultural, industrial and residential heartland. the new state ’ s need for housing, food, and industry was overwhelming and, in turn, overwhelmed sensible planning. by the 1950s, water diverted for all these competing purposes began to reduce the coast ’ s streams and rivers, and discharged waste turned them into toxic trickles. the imperatives of growth led to the 1964 construction of the national water carrier, which routed water from the sea of galilee south through pipes and culverts, thereby dramatically reducing the jordan river, the sea of galilee, and the dead sea. by 1967, almost all the streams south of the galilee were being used for sewage, a problem addressed by treatment plants only in the next decades. despite enormous progress in public health and water efficiency, there remains enormous competition among these sectors for water allocations — as there is between israel and the palestinians. today, israel has over 1, 000 square kilometers of man - made “ impervious surface area ” — buildings, roads, parking lots ; this measure places it within the world ’ s top 100 countries. coastal aquifers have been severely depleted and contaminated by seawater and industrial pollutants. an increasing part of the rain that falls on judean and samarian hills slides down paved streets, highways, sewers, and riverbeds to the sea, failing to recharge the aquifers. the automobile has been especially destructive. in 1960 there were 70, 000 cars in israel ; today there are 2. 5 million. the construction of a modern highway system has constricted the ability of the landscape to drain and recycle water. technological societies like israel and the united states have manipulated environments with determination but little understanding of the long - term impacts


. 5 million. the construction of a modern highway system has constricted the ability of the landscape to drain and recycle water. technological societies like israel and the united states have manipulated environments with determination but little understanding of the long - term impacts. lining riverbeds with concrete, as with the ayalon and throughout los angeles, gives the illusion of mastering nature. in average years, the consequences are mostly invisible ; the absence of thriving ecosystems is apparent, but not the failure of the aquifers to be recharged. then, the inevitable flooding causes surprise. when it comes to environmental issues, liberal democratic societies have been partially self - correcting. they periodically take steps, like dismantling dams in the pacific northwest and reflooding parts of the huleh basin, to ameliorate and undo negative conditions. arguably, however, israel ’ s environmental progress is slipping, a victim of both politics and economics. still, if israel and the united states have been environmentally overconfident and insensitive, other countries have been catastrophically cruel. the communist legacy of environmental destruction in russia, eastern europe, and china is nearly beyond description. soviet engineers reversed the flow of entire rivers and nearly emptied the entire aral sea, leaving a chemical - laden dustbowl. communist politics demanded that technology master and subjugate nature to demonstrate the wisdom and superiority of the party. zionists were never so absolute ; they were and, one hopes, are capable of learning to work with nature. the flooding in israel and elsewhere shows that nature will not be mastered. the response to the hundred - year storm or, worse, the earthquake and tsunami, can be planned up to a point — after which matters are in god ’ s hands. humans push the limits, ignoring, minimizing, or rationalizing risks as only they can. but flooded highways are gentle reminders that nature has its own reclamation project, which will triumph over ours. comments are closed for this article.


career and positions part in the removal of opposition through anti - jewish propaganda and incitement ant - jewish boycott of 1933 anti - jewish demonstrations of november 1938 use of his authority as gauleiter in the service of the conspiracy through his words and his deeds julius streicher assumed for himself the unofficial title of " jew - baiter number one " of nazi germany. for the course of some twenty - five years, streicher educated the german people in hatred and incited them to the persecution and to the extermination of the jewish race. he was an accessory to murder, on a scale perhaps never attained before. career and positions. streicher was born in 1885. he became a school teacher in nurnberg and formed a party of his own, which he called the german socialist party. the chief policy of that party was anti - semitism. in 1922 he handed over his party to hitler, who wrote a glowing account of streicher ' s generosity in mein the appointments which streicher held in the party and state were few. from 1921 until 1945, he was a member of the nazi party. in 1925 he was appointed gauleiter of franconia, and he remained until about february 1940. from the time that the nazi government came into power in 1933 until 1945 he was a member of the reichstag. in addition to that, he held the title of obergruppenfuehrer in the sa ( 2975 - ps ). the propaganda which streicher carried out throughout those years was chiefly done through the medium of his newspapers. he was the editor and publisher of " der stuermer ' from 1922 until 1933, and thereafter the publisher and owner of the paper. in 1933 he also founded and thereafter published a daily newspaper called the " fraenkische tageszeitung. " in addition, in later years he published several other papers, mostly local journals, from nurnberg. part in the removal of opposition through anti - jewish propaganda and the course of streicher ' s incitement and propaganda may be traced more or less in chronological order by referring to short extracts from " der stuermer. " the extracts which follow were selected at random. they were selected with a view to showing the various methods which streicher employed to incite the german people against the jewish race, but his newspapers are crowded with them, week after week, day after day. it is impossible to pick up any copy without finding the same kind


showing the various methods which streicher employed to incite the german people against the jewish race, but his newspapers are crowded with them, week after week, day after day. it is impossible to pick up any copy without finding the same kind of invective and incitement in the headlines and in the articles. in a speech which streicher made in 1922 in nurnberg, after abusing the jews in the first paragraph, he went on " we know that germany will be free when the jew has been excluded from the life of the german people. " in a speech in 1924 he stated : " i beg you and particularly those of you who carry the cross throughout the land to become somewhat more serious when i speak of the enemy of the german people, namely, the jew. not out of irresponsibility or for fun do i fight against the jewish enemy, but because i bear within me the knowledge that the whole misfortune was brought to germany by the jews alone. " i ask you once more, what is at stake today? the jew seeks domination not only among the german people but among all peoples. the communists pave the way for him. do you not know that the god of the old testament orders the jews to consume and enslave the peoples of the earth? " the government allows the jew to do as he pleases. the people expect action to be taken. you may think about adolf hitler as you please, but one thing you must admit. he possessed the courage to attempt to free the german people from the jew by a national revolution. that was action indeed. " ( m - 12 ). in a speech in april 1925 streicher declared : " you must realize that the jew wants our people to perish. that is why you must join us and leave those who have brought you nothing but war, inflation, and discord. for thousands of years the jew has been destroying the nations. let us make a new beginning today so that we can annihilate the this appears to be the earliest expression of one of the conspirators ' primary objectives - - the annihilation of the jewish race. fourteen years later it became the official policy of the nazi government. in april 1932 streicher made the following " for 13 years i have fought against " we know that the jew whether he is baptized as a protestant or as a catholic, remains a jew. why cannot you realize, you protestant clergymen, you catholic priests, you who have


made the following " for 13 years i have fought against " we know that the jew whether he is baptized as a protestant or as a catholic, remains a jew. why cannot you realize, you protestant clergymen, you catholic priests, you who have scales before your eyes and serve the god of the jews who is not the god of love but the god of hate. why do you not listen to christ, who said to the jews, ' you are children of the ant - jewish boycott of 1933. when the nazi party came to power, they officially started their campaign against the jews by the boycott of 1 april 1933. the boycott was agreed on and approved by the whole government, as appears from goebbel ' s diary ( 2409 - ps ). streicher vas appointed the chairman of the central committee for the organization of that boycott. he started his work on wednesday, 29 march ( 2156 - ps ). on that same day the central committee issued a proclamation announcing that the boycott would start on saturday at 10 : 00 - am sharp : " jewry will realize whom it has on 30 march, two days before the boycott was due to start, an article was published under the title, " defeat the enemy of the world! by julius streicher, official leader of the central committee to combat the jewish atrocity and boycott campaign " ( 2153 - ps ). the article stated, in part : " jewry wanted this battle. it shall have it until it realizes that the germany of the brown battalions is not a country of cowardice and surrender. jewry will have to fight until we have won victory. " national socialists! defeat the enemy of the world. even if the world is full of devils, we shall succeed in the end. " ( 2153 - ps ). as head of the central committee for that boycott, streicher outlined in detail the organization of the boycott in orders which the committee published on 31 march 1933 ( 2154 - ps ). the committee stressed that no violence should be employed against the jews during the boycott, but not for humanitarian reasons. the order was issued because, if no violence were employed, jewish employers would have no grounds for discharging their employees without notice, and for refusing to pay them any wages. the jews were also reported, apparently, to be transferring businesses to german figureheads in order to alleviate the results of this persecution ; accordingly the committee declared that any property so transferred was to be considered as jewish for the purpose of the boycott


any wages. the jews were also reported, apparently, to be transferring businesses to german figureheads in order to alleviate the results of this persecution ; accordingly the committee declared that any property so transferred was to be considered as jewish for the purpose of the boycott ( 2154 - ps ). it is therefore clear that early in 1933 streicher was taking a leading part, as appointed by the government, in the persecution against the jews. further extracts from streicher ' s newspapers illustrate the form which his propaganda developed as the years went on. an article in the new year ' s issue of a new paper founded and edited by streicher - - a semimedical paper called " the people ' s health through blood and soil " - - is an example of the remarkable lengths to which he went in propagandizing against the " it is established for all eternity ; alien albumen is the sperm of a man of alien race. the male sperm in cohabitation is partially or completely absorbed by the female, and thus enters her bloodstream. one single cohabitation of a jew with an aryan woman is sufficient to poison her blood forever. together with the alien albumen she has absorbed the alien soul. never again will she be able to bear purely aryan children, even when married to an aryan. they will all be bastards, with a dual soul and a body of a mixed breed. their children will also be crossbreeds ; that means, ugly people of unsteady character and with a tendency to illnesses. now we know why the jew uses every artifice of seduction in order to ravish german girls at as early an age as possible ; why the jewish doctor rapes his patients while they were under anaesthetic. he wants the german girl and the german woman to absorb the alien sperm of the jew. she is never again to bear german children. but the blood products of all animals right down to the bacteria like the serum, lymph, extracts from internal organs etc., are all alien albumen. they have a poisonous effect if directly introduced into the blood stream either by vaccination or by injection. by these products of sick animals the blood is ravished, the aryan is impregnated with an alien species. the author and abettor of such action is the jew. he has been aware of the secrets of the race question for centuries, and therefore plans systematically the annihilation of the nations which are superior to him. science and authorities are his instruments for the


and abettor of such action is the jew. he has been aware of the secrets of the race question for centuries, and therefore plans systematically the annihilation of the nations which are superior to him. science and authorities are his instruments for the enforcing of pseudo - science and the concealment of truth. " at the beginning of 1935, the following extract, entitled " the chosen people of the criminals, " appeared in " * * * and all the same, or, let us say, just because of this, the history book of the jews, which is usually called the holy scriptures, impresses us as a horrible criminal romance, which makes the 150 penny - dreadfuls of the british jew, edgar wallace, go green with envy. this ' holy ' book abounds in murder, incest, fraud, theft, and indecency. " in a speech on 4 october 1935 ( the month following the proclamation of the nurnberg decrees ) streicher made a speech which is reported in the voelkischer beobachter and is entitled in that newspaper " safeguard of german blood and german honor. " the report in that article reads in part : " gauleiter streicher speaks at a german labor front mass demonstration for the nurnberg laws. " " we have therefore, to unmask the jew, and that is what i have been doing for the past fifteen years. " in a leading article in " der stuermer " streicher again emphasized the part which he himself had taken in " the ' stuermer ' s ' 15 years of work of enlightenment has already led an army of those who know - - millions strong - - to national socialism. the continued work of the ' stuermer ' will help to ensure that every german down to the last man will, with heart and hand, join the ranks of those whose aim it is to crush the head of the serpent pan - juda beneath their heels. he who helps to bring this about helps to eliminate the devil, and this devil is the jew. " ( m - 6 ). the extraordinary length to which streicher went in his propaganda is illustrated by the publication in " der stuermer " of a photograph of the burning hull of the airship " hindenburg, which caught fire in june 1937 in america. the caption beneath the picture includes the comment : " the first radio picture from the united states of america shows quite clearly that a jew stands behind the explosion of our airship hindenburg.


" hindenburg, which caught fire in june 1937 in america. the caption beneath the picture includes the comment : " the first radio picture from the united states of america shows quite clearly that a jew stands behind the explosion of our airship hindenburg. nature has depicted clearly and quite correctly that devil in human guise. " although it is not clear from that photograph, the meaning of that comment is apparently that the cloud of smoke in the air is in the shape of a jewish face. in a speech in september 1937 at the opening of the wilhelm gustloff bridge in nurnberg, streicher declared : " the man who murdered wilhelm gustloff had to come from the jewish people, because the jewish text books teach that every jew has the right to kill a non - jew, and, indeed, that it is pleasing to the jewish god to kill as many non - jews as " look at the way the jewish people have been following for thousands of years past ; everywhere murder, everywhere mass murder. neither must we forget that behind present - day wars there stands the jewish financier who pursues his aims and interests. the jew always lives on the blood of other nations ; he needs such murder and such victims. for us who know, the murder of wilhelm gustloff is the same as ritual murder. " " it is our duty to tell the children at school and the bigger ones what this memorial means. " " the jew no longer shows himself among us openly as he used to. but it would be wrong to say that victory is ours. full and final victory will have been achieved only when the whole world has been rid of jews. " ( m 4 ) extracts from the correspondence columns of " der stuermer, " show another method which streicher employed in his propaganda ( m - 26 ; m - 27 ; m - 28 ). the correspondence columns of every issue are full of purported " letters " from germans protesting that some german has been buying shoes from a jewish shop, etc., thus by printing these letters assisting in the general boycott of the jews. " ritual murder " propaganda. another form of propaganda employed by streicher concerned the " ritual murder. " sometime in 1934 " der stuermer " began publishing accounts of jewish ritual murder which horrified the whole world to such an extent that even the archbishop of canterbury, together with people from every country in the world, protested that any government should allow such matter to be published in their national newspapers. streicher based his ritual murder


which horrified the whole world to such an extent that even the archbishop of canterbury, together with people from every country in the world, protested that any government should allow such matter to be published in their national newspapers. streicher based his ritual murder propaganda on a medieval belief that during their eastertide celebrations the jews were in the habit of murdering christian children. streicher misrepresented this medieval belief to make it appear that not only was this done in the middle ages, but that the jews are still doing it and still want to do it. a few passages from " der stuermer " together with descriptions of photographs published therein will illustrate the type of propaganda that streicher was putting out concerning " ritual murder " : " this the french front - line soldier should take with him to france : the german people have taken a new lease of life. they want peace, but if anyone tries to attack them, if anyone tries to torture them again, if anyone tries to push them back into the past, then the world would see another heroic epic ; then heaven will decide where righteousness lies - - here, or where the jew has the whiphand and where he instigates massacres, one could almost say the biggest ritual murders of all times. if the german people are to be slaughtered according to the jewish rites, the whole world will be thus slaughtered at the same time. " " as you have drummed morning and evening prayers into your children ' s heads, so now drum this into their heads, so that the german people may gain the spiritual power to convince the rest of the world which the jews desire to lead against us. " ( m - 2 ). a photograph published in " der stuermer " in april 1937 purports to show three jews ritually murdering a girl by cutting her throat, with the blood pouring out into a bucket on the ground the caption underneath that photograph is as follows : " ritual murder at polna. ritual murder of agnes hruza by the jews hilsner, erdmann, and wassermann, taken from a contemporary postcard. another article in " der stuermer ", in april 1937, describes what is alleged to happen when ritual murder takes place, and the blood is mixed with the bread and drunk by the jews in their feast. during the feast the head of the family is supposed to explain : " may all gentiles perish - - as the child whose blood is contained in the bread and wine


blood is mixed with the bread and drunk by the jews in their feast. during the feast the head of the family is supposed to explain : " may all gentiles perish - - as the child whose blood is contained in the bread and wine. " ( 2699 - ps ). an article in " der stuermer " for july 1938 has these further remarks to make on " ritual murder " : " whoever had the occasion to be an eye - witness during the slaughtering of animals or to see at least a truthful film on the slaughtering - will never forget this horrible experience. it is atrocious. and unwillingly, he is reminded of the crimes which the jews have committed for centuries on men. he will be reminded of the ritual murder. history points out hundreds of cases in which non - jewish children were tortured to death. they also were given the same incision through the throat as is found on slaughtered animals. they also were slowly bled to death while fully conscious. " ( 2700 - ps ). on special occasions, or when streicher had some particular subject matter to put before germany, he was in the habit of issuing special editions of " der stuermer. " " ritual murder " was such a special subject that he issued one of these special editions dealing solely with it, in may 1939. one of the photographs published in this issue shows a child having knives stuck into its side, from which blood is spurting ; and below the pedestal on which the child stands are five presumably dead children bleeding on the ground. the caption beneath that picture reads as follows : " in the year 1476 the jews in regensburg murdered six boys. they drew their blood and tortured them to death in an underground vault which belongs to the jew josfel. the judges found the body of the murdered boys ; and blood stains are on an altar. " two other pictures are explained by their captions. one reads : " for the jewish new year celebrations in 1913, world jewry published this picture. on the jewish new year and on the day of atonement the jews slaughtered a so - called ' kapores ' cock ; that is to say, dead cock, whose blood and death is intended to purify the jews. in 1913 the ' kapores ' cock had the head of the russian czar nicholas ii. by publishing this postcard the jews intended to say that nicholas ii would be their next purifying sacrifice. on 6 july 1918, the czar was


1913 the ' kapores ' cock had the head of the russian czar nicholas ii. by publishing this postcard the jews intended to say that nicholas ii would be their next purifying sacrifice. on 6 july 1918, the czar was murdered by the jews jurowsky the other picture shows the jews holding a similar " * * * the ' kapores ' cock which has the head of the fuehrer. the hebrew script says that one day jews will kill all hitlerites. then the jews will be delivered from all misfortunes, but in due course the jews will realize that they have reckoned without an adolf hitler. in addition to reproductions of a number of previous articles on " ritual murder " beneath a picture of streicher, another picture bears the caption : " at the passover meal. the wine and matzoh, unleavened bread, contains non - jewish blood. the jew prays before the meal. he prays for death to all the fifth page of this same issue reproduces some of the european and american newspaper articles and letters protesting against this propaganda on " ritual murder. " among these is the " stuermer ' s " answer to the letter from the archbishop of canterbury, written to the editor of the london times in protest ( m - 10 ) page 6 contains another picture of a man having his throat cut ; again the usual spurt of blood falling into a basin on the floor, with the following caption : " the ritual murder of the boy heinrich. in the year 1345 the jews in munich slaughtered a non - jewish boy. the martyr was declared holy by the church. " on page 8 appears another picture entitled : " the holy gabriel. this boy was crucified and tortured to death by the jews in the year 1690. the blood was drawn off him. " page 11 reproduces a piece of sculpture on the wall of the wallfahrts chapel, representing the ritual murder of a boy named werner. the picture shows the boy strung up by his feet and being murdered by two jews. page 12 reproduces another picture taken from the same place. the caption is : " the embalmed body of trient who was tortured to death by the jews. " page 13 contains another picture ; somebody else having a knife stuck into him ; more blood coming out into a basin. on page 14 are two pictures. one is said to show the ritual murder of the boy andreas. the other is the picture of a tombstone, and


another picture ; somebody else having a knife stuck into him ; more blood coming out into a basin. on page 14 are two pictures. one is said to show the ritual murder of the boy andreas. the other is the picture of a tombstone, and the caption reads as follows : " the tombstone of hilsner. this is the memorial to a jewish ritual murderer, leopold hilsner. he was found guilty of two ritual murders and was condemned to death by hanging in two trials. the emperor was bribed and pardoned him. masaryk, the friend of the jews, liberated him from penal servitude in 1918. on his tombstone iying jewry calls this twofold murderer an the next page produces yet another picture of a woman being murdered by having her throat cut in the same way. page 17 produces a picture of the archbishop of canterbury together with a picture of an old jewish man, with a caption reading : " dr. lang, the archbishop of canterbury, the highest dignitary of the english church, and his allies, a typical example of the jewish race. " the last page contains a picture of " holy simon, who was tortured to death. " this issue of " der stuermer " is nothing but an incitement to the people of germany who read it, an incitement to murder. it is filled with pictures of murder, murder alleged to be against the german people. it is an encouragement, to all who read it to avenge themselves in the same way. in january 1938 the persecution of the jews became more and more severe another special issue of " der stuermer " was published. a passage from the leading article in that issue written by streicher, states : " * * * the supreme aim and highest task of the state is therefore to conserve people, blood, and race. but if this is the supreme task, any crime against this law must be punished with the supreme penalty. ' der steurmer ' takes therefore the view that there are only two punishments for the crime of polluting the race : " 1. penal servitude for life for attempted " 2. death for committing race the following are some of the headlines on the articles contained in that edition : " jewish race polluters at work. " " fifteen year old non - jewess ravaged. " " a dangerous race polluter. he regards german women as fair game for himself. " " the jewish sanatorium. a jewish institution for the cultivation of race pollution


being demolished! julius streicher himself inaugurates the work by a speech lasting more than an hour and a half. by his order - - so to speak as a prelude of the demolition - - the tremendous star of david came off the cupola. " ( 2711 - ps ). streicher took active part in the november demonstrations of that year, particularly in his gau of franconia. the nurnberg demonstrations were reported as follows in the " fraenksche tageszeitung, which was streicher ' s paper, on 11 november : " * * * in nurnberg and furth it resulted in demonstrations by the crowd against the jewish murders. these lasted until the early hours of the morning. far too long had one watched the activities of the jews in germany. " " after midnight the excitement of the populace reached its peak and a large crowd marched to the synagogues in nurnberg and furth and burned these two jewish buildings where the murder of germans had been preached. " the fire - brigades, which had been notified immediately, saw to it that the fire was continued to the original outbreak the windows of the jewish shopkeepers, who still had not given up hope of selling their junk to the stupid goims, were smashed. thanks to the disciplined behavior of the sa men and the police, who had rushed to the scene, there was no plundering. " on 10 november, the day of the demonstrations, streicher made a speech stating in part as follows : " from the cradle, the jew is not being taught, like we are, such texts as, ' thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself, ' or ' if you are smitten on the left cheek, offer then your right one. ' no, he is told : ' with the non - jew you can do whatever you like. ' he is even taught that the slaughtering of a non - jew is an act pleasing to god. for 20 years we have been writing about this in ' der stuermer ' ; for 20 years we have been preaching it throughout the world and we have made millions recognize the truth. " " the jew slaughtered in one night 75, 000 people ; when he emigrated to egypt he killed all the first - born, i. e. a whole future generation of egyptians. what would have happened if the jew had succeeded in driving the nations into war against us, and if we had lost the war? the jew protected by foreign bayone