this material has 2 associated documents. select a document title to view a document ' s information. the einstein cannon model computes and displays the trajectory of cannonballs ( particles ) shot from a cannon in the vicinity of a black hole. it was created for the study of einstein ' s theory of general relativity and the schwarzschild metric. the main window displays a map of space in the vicinity of the black hole using schwarzschild coordinates and a cannon located a distance r0 from the center black hole ' s center. the position and firing angle of the cannon can be adjusted by dragging a marker and the number of cannon balls and their initial speed can be changed using input fields. the maximum speed of the cannon ball is the speed of light c = 1 in accordance with einstein ' s theory. newton suggested that a cannon ball fired from a high mountain could fall to earth, orbit the earth, or fly away depending on how it was fired. the same is true in general relativity but there are many important differences. this model demonstrates these differences. the einstein cannon model is a supplemental simulation for the article " when action is not least for orbits in general relativity " by c. g. gray and eric poisson in the american journal of physics 79 ( 1 ), 43 - 55 ( 2011 ) and has been approved by the authors and the american journal of physics ( ajp ) editor. the simulation was developed using the easy java simulations ( ejs ) modeling tool and is distributed as a ready - to - run ( compiled ) java archive. double clicking the ejs _ gr _ einsteincannon. jar file will run the program if java is installed. last modified june 12, 2013 this file has previous versions.


a new tool to identify the calls of bat species could help conservation efforts. because bats are nocturnal and difficult to observe or catch, the most effective way to study them is to monitor their echolocation calls. these sounds are emitted in order to hear the echo bouncing back from surfaces around the bats, allowing them to navigate, hunt and communicate. many different measurements can be taken from each call, such as its minimum and maximum frequency, or how quickly the frequency changes during the call, and these measurements are used to help identify the species of bat. however, a paper by an international team of researchers, published in the journal of applied ecology, asserts that poor standardisation of acoustic monitoring limits scientists ’ ability to collate data. kate jones, chairwoman of the uk - based bat conservation trust told the bbc that “ without using the same identification methods everywhere, we cannot form reliable conclusions about how bat populations are doing and whether their distribution is changing. " because many bats migrate between different european countries, we need to monitor bats at a european - as well as country - scale. ” the team selected 1, 350 calls from 34 different european bat species from echobank, a global echolocation library containing more than 200, 000 bat call recordings. this raw data has allowed them to develop the identification tool, ibatsid, which can identify 34 out of 45 species of bats. this free online tool works anywhere in europe, and its creators claim can identify most species correctly more than 80 % of the time. there are 18 species of bat residing in the uk, including the common pipistrelle and greater horseshoe bat. monitoring bats is vital not just to this species, but also to the whole ecosystem. bats are extremely sensitive to changes in their environment, so if bat populations are declining, it can be an indication that other species might be affected in the future.


there were two important publishing events in the field of nutrition this past week. one was bad science about what is good for you ; the other was good science about what is bad for you. the new england journal of medicine published a study on diet and heart disease that found significant benefits to cardiovascular health from eating a “ mediterranean diet. ” the new york times wrote, “ about 30 percent of heart attacks, strokes and deaths from heart disease can be prevented in people at high risk if they switch to a mediterranean diet. ” according to the times article, “ the magnitude of the diet ’ s benefits startled experts. ” ( the mediterranean diet groups ate the foods typically associated with that diet — e. g., fish, beans, peas, lentils, olive oil and wine — but also were allowed poultry and smaller quantities of red meat, soft drinks and baked goods. the control group was told to eat a low - fat diet, but the study reports the people pretty much just ate the diet they had been eating. ) one of the study ’ s authors told the washington post he ’ s going to begin another large study. in this one, everyone will eat the same mediterranean diet — but the study will test the added effect of exercise, calorie restriction and body weight. hold on. the 30 percent reduction is good news. but what about the 70 percent who are sick and dying of heart disease while eating the mediterranean diet? doesn ’ t anybody care about them? in reality, even that 30 percent reduction is a bit of a distortion. the study said, “ only the comparison of stroke risk reached statistical significance. ” the mediterranean dieters showed no significant reduction in heart attacks and deaths. ok, that ’ s depressing. so let ’ s look just at the good news — the decline in stroke risk. clearly, when the researchers saw the greater number of strokes in the control group, they concluded that it must have been something the people ate. but the mediterranean dieters had strokes, too ( and heart attacks and deaths ). so if the members of the control group got their strokes because of something they ate, maybe the mediterranean dieters got their strokes because of something they ate. they just had fewer strokes because they ate less of what causes strokes. but then — what is it that causes strokes? and could we please not eat it? please, scientists : what is the best diet if i don ’ t want to die? they ’ re not telling. why not? one of the study ’ s authors said : “ usually


that causes strokes? and could we please not eat it? please, scientists : what is the best diet if i don ’ t want to die? they ’ re not telling. why not? one of the study ’ s authors said : “ usually, doctors tell you not to do pleasant things. but this is very tasty and easy to follow. you do not need to suffer for the mediterranean diet. ” this man seems torn between being a scientist and being a menu planner. this has to be frustrating for dr. caldwell esselstyn, the author of a landmark study showing that a plant - based diet with whole grains, fruits, vegetables, beans and nuts — with no meat, poultry, fish or fats — can reverse heart disease. the diet has worked in patients whose cardiologists told them they would not live out the year. disclosure : i ’ m a fan of dr. esselstyn ’ s. i have introduced him to some washington policymakers, and i tried to help him get in touch with bill clinton after the ex - president had surgery to reopen a clogged artery in 2010. we failed to reach clinton — or thought we had, until clinton mentioned esselstyn on a cnn interview when he was describing the diet he adopted after his surgery. esselstyn ’ s father had his first heart attack at 43 and died young. esselstyn is 79 years old and looks like zeus. he received his surgical training at the cleveland clinic, where he has been the president of the medical staff, a member of the board of governors, the chairman of the breast cancer task force and the head of thyroid and parathyroid surgery. he has served as president of the american association of endocrine surgeons. he also is an olympic gold medalist and was awarded a bronze star for his work as an army surgeon in vietnam, which has nothing to do with it but is fun to say. esselstyn ’ s research into heart disease, begun in 1985, has been cited by thomas lee, m. d., the editor - in - chief of the harvard heart letter, and endorsed by dr. bernadine healy, former director of the national institutes of health. the second important publication was michael moss ’ new book, “ salt sugar fat : how the food giants hooked us. ” in the book, moss profiles howard moskowitz, who holds a ph. d. in experimental psychology from harvard. moskowitz has perfected the practice of feeding customers snacks


, “ salt sugar fat : how the food giants hooked us. ” in the book, moss profiles howard moskowitz, who holds a ph. d. in experimental psychology from harvard. moskowitz has perfected the practice of feeding customers snacks, gathering their responses and then using statistical methods to discover the perfect blend of salt, sugar, fat, textures, flavors and mouth feel to achieve the “ bliss point ” and create the biggest crave. in the book, moskowitz reflects on his work : “ why do we crave chocolate, or chips? and how do you get people to crave these and other foods? ” here ’ s the point : the food corporation scientists are using all their experimental savvy to maximize the addictive power of foods, while nutritional scientists flinch from discovering and publicizing the full healing power of foods. true, people in good general health are not likely to deprive themselves of food they like based on something they read in a study. but what about a young father with a stroke or heart attack who is determined to do everything possible to live so he can raise and support his kids? what can we tell him? “ try your luck with the mediterranean diet. people on this diet have strokes and heart attacks and die, but it ’ s tasty. ” much of the most highly publicized research into a healthy diet doesn ’ t try to discover what is optimal. in that sense, their research is trumped and skewed by the work of the corporate food scientists. the nutritional researchers don ’ t tell us what the healthiest diet is ; they just recommend the healthiest diet they think we can bear to eat given how hard it is to deprive ourselves of the foods that the corporate scientists have taught us to crave. tom rosshirt was a national security speechwriter for president bill clinton and a foreign affairs spokesman for vice president al gore.


the confederate evacuation of petersburg began about 8 p. m. on the night of the 2nd. the artillery moved first, after disabling heavy guns that could not be carried along. there is a story that some cannon were buried and were given head boards to make the spots resemble graves and that blacks later revealed the locations to union soldiers. the infantry followed. then came the pickets and, last the engineer troops who were to destroy the bridges across the appomattox. longstreet ' s and hill ' s corps and the pickets crossed over the battersea pontoon bridge, headed toward the river road in chesterfield county. later gordon ' s corps and the pickets crossed the pocahontas and railroad bridges, headed toward hickory road. lee is believed to have crossed the battersea bridge. at the mouth of hickory road he paused to watch the passing of the troops. the greater part of the infantry had crossed over into chesterfield not long after midnight. the infantry withdrawn from petersburg numbered about 12, 500, from the richmond - petersburg line between 28, 000 and 30, 000. the last soldier killed in the defense of petersburg may have been a north carolinian who went back across pocahontas bridge to get some baggage and was struck in his side by a fragment of a shell. the withdrawl itself was a difficult movement which was made in good order. some of the residents went out to watch the passing of armies, and even in the hour of evacuation a few soldiers found time to visit homes where they had made friends. when a private of artillery dropped dead on west washington street, his comrades placed his body in the yard of the second presbyterian church, with a note, " please bury me, " pinned on it. beginning their early morning assault, units of the ix corps advanced across empty works. meeting at 4 o ' clock as agreed, members of the common council broke up into little squads which proceeded to the principal entrances of the city carrying a paper signed by mayor w. w. townes, d ' arcy paul, and charles f. collier, as a committee of the common council, offering surrender of the city and requesting protection of persons and property some carried white handkerchiefs on walking sticks. they went out bollingbrook, bank, wythe, south sycamore, harding, halifax, farmer and washington streets. papers of surrender are said to have been accepted by other officers, including general wright of the vi corps, but the city officially was surrendered at 4 : 28 on the morning of


, south sycamore, harding, halifax, farmer and washington streets. papers of surrender are said to have been accepted by other officers, including general wright of the vi corps, but the city officially was surrendered at 4 : 28 on the morning of the 3rd to colonel ralph ely, of the ix corps. assurance of protection was given, and guards were placed on the streets. grant entered the city about 9 a. m. and made temporary headquarters at the residence of thomas wallace. he was eager to be on his way, but he had invited lincoln to visit him. lincoln, wearing a high silk hat and a long - tailed black frock coat, had come part of the way on the military railroad and the remainder on horse. an aide doubted he had ever had a happier moment in his life. observers of the historic scene consisted chiefly of blacks dressed in their sunday best. after lincoln left, grant moved on to the business at hand. he spent the night near sutherland station on the southside railroad. most of the white people in petersburg - - - estimated by union sources at fewer than 5, 000... remained behind closed doors and drawn blinds. sutlers moved into vacant stores and began doing business ; hard money came out of hiding to be invested in such things as cheese and coffee. those who had no hard money and were willing to sacrifice pride were given food by the union commissary, which indeed continued to issue rations through november, 1865. there were some ugly episodes, but union guards established order. residents who ventured into the streets found that decorum prevailed. one who said he had never seen so many people together estimated the total at 50, 000. union soldiers with whom residents talked said they had been surprised to enter the city without a fight and could hardly believe they were in petersburg. one called it the handsomest southern city he had seen, although it suggested a combination of city and village. although cotton and tobacco had been burned the day before, there was still tobacco which could be had without the asking. supplies of apple brandy were discovered, and the effects were soon visible. in vain an undertaker tried to prevent the seizure of 30 rosewood coffins, on the grounds they were private property and not the spoils of war. major r. c. eden and captain c. h. mccreery occupied the plant of the petersburg express and began publishing grant ' s petersburg progress ; the property was returned to its owners in about two weeks. a column of black troops singing " john browns body, " stood


the crum creek watershed conservation plan ( department of conservation and natural resources, 2006 ) is a guidebook for landowners, municipalities, conservation groups, and citizens interested in taking concrete steps to enhance the long - term health of crum creek. the plan can be accessed on line by clicking here ( link to be added soon ), or a copy may be purchased from crc. other studies and plans about crum creek crum creek watershed action plan, chester county water resources authority, 2002. crum creek act 167 stormwater plan, delaware county planning department, to be completed in 2007 ) crum creek source water assessment, schnabel engineering, 2001. crum creek biological and chemical stream assessment study in the upper watershed, conestoga high school students, 1995. available from crc. crum creek landscape conservation and greenway plan, natural lands trust, 2004. crum woods stewardship plan, natural lands trust and continental conservation ( roger latham ), 2004.. upper crum watershed assessment and restoration plan, willistown conservation trust, willistown township. copy is accessible at crc office. watersheds, chester county water resources authority, 2001. watershed assessment of crum creek : decision support for community based partnership, swarthmore college engineering department, 2001. contact dr. arthur mc garrity. delaware county natural areas inventory, pa office, nature conservancy, 1992.


1. a fatal disease of cattle that affects the central nervous system. 4. the small projection of a mammary gland. 8. the act of slowing down or falling behind. 11. a drug combination found in some over - the - counter headache remedies ( aspirin and phenacetin and caffeine ). 12. goddess of the dead and queen of the underworld. 13. a hospital unit staffed and equipped to provide intensive care. 14. a police officer who investigates crimes. 15. divulge information or secrets. 16. a logarithmic unit of sound intensity equal to 10 decibels. 17. a radioactive element of the actinide series. 19. a range of mountains ( usually with jagged peaks and irregular outline ). 24. open - heart surgery in which the rib cage is opened and a section of a blood vessel is grafted from the aorta to the coronary artery to bypass the blocked section of the coronary artery and improve the blood supply to the heart. 25. a piece of furniture that provides a place to sleep. 27. resinlike substance secreted by certain lac insects. 29. a family of sino - tibetan languages spoken in southeastern asia. 31. a highly unstable radioactive element ( the heaviest of the halogen series ). 34. an official prosecutor for a judicial district. 35. a soft silvery metallic element of the alkali earth group. 36. ( greek mythology ) goddess of the earth and mother of cronus and the titans in ancient mythology. 38. the protoplasm of the germ cells that contains chromosomes and genes. 41. the blood group whose red cells carry both the a and b antigens. 42. a summary that repeats the substance of a longer discussion. 46. aircraft landing in bad weather in which the pilot is talked down by ground control using precision approach radar. 47. call upon in supplication. 49. ( irish ) mother of the tuatha de danann. 50. united states liquid unit equal to 4 quarts or 3. 785 liters. 51. a condition ( mostly in boys ) characterized by behavioral and learning disorders. 52. a strategically located monarchy on the southern and eastern coasts of the arabian peninsula. 53. a loose sleeveless outer garment made from aba cloth. 1. a chadic language spoken south of lake chad. 2. a detailed description of design criteria for a piece of work. 3. ( computer science ) a coding system that incorporates extra parity bits


sleeveless outer garment made from aba cloth. 1. a chadic language spoken south of lake chad. 2. a detailed description of design criteria for a piece of work. 3. ( computer science ) a coding system that incorporates extra parity bits in order to detect errors. 4. a bachelor ' s degree in theology. 5. the fatty flesh of eel. 6. by bad luck. 7. a sock with a separation for the big toe. 8. a small faint zodiacal constellation in the southern hemisphere. 9. sour or bitter in taste. 10. a russian prison camp for political prisoners. 18. a person forced to flee from home or country. 20. liquid containing proteins and electrolytes including the liquid in blood plasma and interstitial fluid. 21. not divisible by two. 22. english essayist ( 1775 - 1834 ). 23. a white metallic element that burns with a brilliant light. 26. ( akkadian ) god of wisdom. 28. a compartment in front of a motor vehicle where driver sits. 30. the sixth month of the civil year. 32. united states abolitionist ( 1786 - 1865 ). 33. a bantu language spoken by the chaga people in northern tanzania. 37. in bed. 38. being ten more than one hundred ninety. 39. someone who works ( or provides workers ) during a strike. 40. the arch of bone beneath the eye that forms the prominence of the cheek. 43. the capital and largest city of japan. 44. a rotating disk shaped to convert circular into linear motion. 45. ( irish ) mother of the ancient irish gods. 46. a heavy brittle diamagnetic trivalent metallic element ( resembles arsenic and antimony chemically ). 48. a ductile silvery - white ductile ferromagnetic trivalent metallic element of the rare earth group.


math + test = trouble for us economy first - of - its kind study shows us lags many other nations in real - life math skills. for a nation committed to preparing students for 21st century jobs, the results of the first - of - its - kind study of how well teenagers can apply math skills to real - life problems is sobering. skip to next paragraph subscribe today to the monitor american 15 - year - olds rank well below those in most other industrialized countries in mathematics literacy and problem solving, according to a survey released monday. although the notion that america faces a math gap is not new, monday ' s results show with new clarity that the problem extends beyond the classrooms into the kind of life - skills that employers care about. and to the surprise of some experts, the us shortcoming exists even when only top students in each nation are considered. " it ' s very disturbing for business if the capacity to take what you know... and apply it to something novel is difficult for us teenagers, " says susan traiman, director of education and workforce policy at the business roundtable. grim results on such international tests helped build political support for higher standards in us schools in the 1990s, and especially for more consistent testing and tougher accountability measures in the no child left behind act, a centerpiece of president bush ' s domestic program in his first term. the president campaigned to extend that testing regime into us high schools in his second term. the new test results are likely to be exhibit a as the bush administration prepares a new round of education reforms aimed at us high schools. the tests also give educators some clues about teaching programs that are successful and might be transplanted to the us. " these tests are enormously instructive to the us, especially when we look at the instructional programs in other countries to see what works, " says michael casserly, executive director of the council of the great city schools. a key to the success of students in other nations is a very focused curriculum, maintained over time, he adds. " we can ' t do it nationally, " because the us is a vast, diverse country with little appetite for a national curriculum. " but we can do it in cities, and we are. " the international survey was done by the organization for economic cooperation and development ' s program for international student assessment ( pisa ) in 2003, testing 15 - year - olds. but pisa, unlike previous international assessments, is measuring not just whether students have learned a set math curriculum, but whether they can


new discoveries may locate earhart plane published : thursday, august 23rd, 2012 civil air patrol crazy horse squadron had a special meeting on thursday, aug. 16, when jeff glickman, forensic imaging specialist, gave a presentation about the decades - old search for amelia earhart ’ s plane. glickman was one of many other the international group for historic aircraft recovery ( tighar ) members featured in a discovery channel documentary about the search for the plane that disappeared in 1937. glickman was in the area visiting family and gave the presentation as a favor to crazy horse squadron capt. sharon moad. glickman was asked 15 years ago by ric gillespie, executive director of tighar, to help with the case by looking at old photographs taken in the area earhart was believed to have landed. the photos were taken by eric bevington in an effort to expand the british empire through a series of small islands just south of howland island, where earhart was expected to land to refuel the aircraft. glickman was able to identify a small object in the photo, which was no larger than a grain of rice. glickman pored over the small image for nearly two years before tracking down a larger copy of the original photograph. in april 2010, oxford sent a digital scan of the photo to glickman from which he was able to measure the object at 36 ” tall. he later found the object to match part of the tire on earhart ’ s plane. “ i started studying the landing gear of her plane and even traveled to a museum in arizona that had the same model and make of amelia ’ s plane, ” glickman said. available only in the print version of the custer county chronicle. to subscribe, call 605 - 673 - 2217. click here to see more stories like this


a laparoscopy ( lap - uh - ross - coe - pee ) is a surgical procedure in which a small instrument is inserted through an incision in the navel. this instrument, called a laparoscope ( lap - uh - roe - scope ), functions like a miniature telescope, with a light on the end, giving doctors an internal view of the abdominal cavity. sometimes, the abdomen is inflated with carbon dioxide gas, so internal organs can be re - positioned as needed. a laparoscopy may be done to investigate a problem like pelvic pain, or infertility when a tubal blockage is suspected. it ' s also used to remove an ectopic embryo, which is one that ' s developed in a fallopian tube by mistake, instead of in the uterus. one of the most common uses of laparoscopy is in tubal sterilization procedures. here, both the laparoscope and the laser or other cutting instrument are passed through the navel, thus eliminating any abdominal scar. examination of the liver, gallbladder, and appendix may also be done by laparoscopy. regardless of its purpose, the operation is typically done under general anesthesia, on an outpatient basis. to find out more about laparoscopy, speak with a physician.


how the wild west really looked : gorgeous sepia - tinted pictures show the landscape as it was charted for the very first time by rob cooper these remarkable 19th century sepia - tinted pictures show the american west as you have never seen it before - as it was charted for the first time. the photos, by timothy o ' sullivan, are the first ever taken of the rocky and barren landscape. at the time federal government officials were travelling across arizona, nevada, utah and the rest of the west as they sought to uncover the land ' s untapped natural resources. breathtaking landscape : a view across the shoshone falls, snake river, idaho in 1874 as it was caught on camera by photographer timothy o ' sullivan during lt. george m. wheeler ' s survey west of the one hundredth meridian that lasted from 1871 to 1874. approximately 45 feet higher than the niagara falls of the u. s and canada, the shoshone falls are sometimes called the ' niagara of the west '. before mass migration and industrialisation of the west, the bannock and shoshone indians relied on the huge salmon stocks of the falls as a source of food. and the john c. fremont expedition of 1843, one of the first missions to encounter the falls reported that salmon could be caught simply by throwing a spear into the water, such was the stock land rising from the water : the pyramid and domes, a line of dome - shaped tufa rocks in pyramid lake, nevada photographed in 1867. taken as part of clarence king ' s geological exploration of the fortieth parallel, o ' sullivan ' s mesmerising pictures of the other - wordly rock formations at pyramid lake committed the sacred native american indian site to camera for the first time famous photographer : timothy o ' sullivan whose childhood and background are the subject of debate among photographic scholar was of irish ancestry. it is known that as a teenager he worked in the studio of the legendary 19th century photographer mathew brady, who is seen as the father of photo - journalism. a veteran of the american civil war in its first year, o ' sullivan turned his hand to photographing the horrors of war in during the final three years of the conflict before setting out on his cross - continental expeditions. timothy o ' sullivan, who used a box camera, worked with the government teams as they explored the land. he had earlier covered the u. s. civil war and was one of the most famous photographers of the 19th century. he also took pictures of the native american population for the first time as


, worked with the government teams as they explored the land. he had earlier covered the u. s. civil war and was one of the most famous photographers of the 19th century. he also took pictures of the native american population for the first time as a team of artists, photographers, scientists and soldiers explored the land in the 1860s and 1870s. the images of the landscape were remarkable - because the majority of people at the time would not have known they were there or have ever had a chance to see it for themselves. o ' sullivan died from tuberculosis at the age of 42 in 1882 - just years after the project had finished. he carted a dark room wagon around the wild west on horseback so that he could develop his images. he spent seven years exploring the landscape and thousands of pictures have survived from his travels. the project was designed to attract settlers to the largely uninhabited region. o ' sullivan used a primitive wet plate box camera which he would have to spend several minutes setting up every time he wanted to take a photograph. he would have to assemble the device on a tripod, coat a glass plate with collodion - a flammable solution. the glass would then be put in a holder before being inserted into a camera. after a few seconds exposure, he would rush the plate to his dark room wagon and cover it in chemicals to begin the development process. considered one of the forerunners to ansel adams, timothy o ' sullivan is a hero to other photographers according to the tucson weekly. ' most of the photographers sent to document the west ' s native peoples and its geologic formations tried to make this strange new land accessible, even picturesque, ' said keith mcelroy a history of photography professor in tucson. ' at a time when manifest destiny demanded that americans conquer the land, he pictured a west that was forbidding and inhospitable. ' with an almost modern sensibility, he made humans and their works insignificant. ' his photographs picture scenes, like a flimsy boat helpless against the dark shadows of black canyon, or explorers almost swallowed up by the crevices of canyon de chelly. ' native americans : the pah - ute ( paiute ) indian group, near cedar, utah in a picture from 1872. government officials were chartering the land for the first time as part of lt. george m. wheeler ' s survey west of the one hundredth meridian which o ' sullivan accompanied the lieutenant on. during this expedition o ' sullivan nearly drowned in the truckee river ( which runs from


land for the first time as part of lt. george m. wheeler ' s survey west of the one hundredth meridian which o ' sullivan accompanied the lieutenant on. during this expedition o ' sullivan nearly drowned in the truckee river ( which runs from lake tahoe to pyramid lake, located in northwestern nevada ) when his boat got jammed against rocks. breathtaking : twin buttes stand near green river city, wyoming, photographed in 1872 four years after settlers made the river basin their home. green river and its distinctive twin rock formations that stand over the horizon was supposed to the site of a division point for the union pacific railroad, but when the engineers arrived they were shocked to find that the area had been settled and so had to move the railroad west 12 miles to bryan, wyoming. 19th century housing : members of clarence king ' s fortieth parallel survey team explore the land near oreana, nevada, in 1867. clarence king was a 25 - year - old yale graduate, who hired irish tough guy o ' sullivan for his geological exploration of the fortieth parallel. funded by the war department, the plan was to survey the unexplored territory that lay between the california sierras and the rockies, with a view toward finding a good place to lay railroad tracks while also looking for mining possibilities and assessing the level of indian hostility in the area. incredible : tents can be seen ( bottom, centre ) at a point known as camp beauty close to canyon walls in canyon de chelly national monument, arizona. photographed in 1873 and situated in northeastern arizona, the area is one of the longest continuously inhabited landscapes in north american and holds preserved ruins of early indigenous people ' s such as the anasazi and navajo. on this rock i build a church : old mission church, zuni pueblo, new mexico pictured in 1873 where the zuni people of north have lived for millennia. o ' sullivan was famous for not trying to romanticise the native american plight or way of life in his photographs and instead of asking them to wear tribal dress was happy to photograph them wearing denim jeans. 9. native americans : boat crew of the ' picture ' at diamond creek. photo shows photographer timothy o ' sullivan, fourth from left, with fellow members of the wheeler survey and native americans, following ascent of the colorado river through the black canyon in 1871. o ' sullivans work during lt. george m. wheeler ' s survey west of the one hundredth meridian in black canyon has been called some of the greatest photography of the 19th century and a clear inspiration


colorado river through the black canyon in 1871. o ' sullivans work during lt. george m. wheeler ' s survey west of the one hundredth meridian in black canyon has been called some of the greatest photography of the 19th century and a clear inspiration for that other great american photographer ansel adams. landscape : browns park, colorado, as seen by timothy o ' sullivan in 1872 as he chartered the landscape for the first time. historians have noted that even though the photographer had become a more - than - experienced explorer at this point, the ordeals of the wheeler survey tested him to the extremes of his endurance rockies : a man sits on a shore beside the colorado river in iceberg canyon, on the border of mojave county, arizona, and clark county, nevada in 1871 during the wheeler expedition. lieutenant wheeler insisted that the team explore the colorado river by going upstream into the grand canyon - - apparently to beat a rival, who had first gone downriver in 1869. there was no particular scientific reason to do the trip backward. timothy o ' sullivan ' s darkroom wagon, pulled by four mules, entered the frame at the right side of the photograph, reached the center of the image, and abruptly u - turned, heading back out of the frame. footprints leading from the wagon toward the camera reveal the photographer ' s path. made at the carson sink in nevada, this image of shifting sand dunes reveals the patterns of tracks recently reconfigured by the wind. the wagon ' s striking presence in this otherwise barren scene dramatises the pioneering experience of exploration and discovery in the wide, uncharted landscapes of the american west. industrial revolution : the mining town of gold hill, just south of virginia city, nevada, in 1867 was town whose prosperity was preserved by mining a rare silver ore called comstock lode. on the united states geological exploration of the fortieth parallel, clarence king insisted that his men dress for dinner every evening and speak french, and o ' sullivan had no difficulty fitting in. early rails : a wooden balanced incline used for gold mining, at the illinois mine in the pahranagat mining district, nevada in 1871. an ore car would ride on parallel tracks connected to a pulley wheel at the top of tracks. because of his work in u. s civil war of 1861 to 1865, the organisers of the two geological surveys that he photographed knew that o ' sullivan was made of stern stuff and therefore could cope with the rigors of life outdoors far from home silver mining : here


in u. s civil war of 1861 to 1865, the organisers of the two geological surveys that he photographed knew that o ' sullivan was made of stern stuff and therefore could cope with the rigors of life outdoors far from home silver mining : here photographer timothy o ' sullivan documents the actvities of the savage and the gould and curry mines in virginia city, nevada, in 1867 900ft underground, lit by an improvised flash - - a burning magnesium wire, o ' sullivan photographed the miners in tunnels, shafts, and lifts. during the winter of 1867 - 68, in virginia city, nevada, he took the first underground mining pictures in america. deep in mines where temperatures reached 130 degrees, o ' sullivan took pictures by the light of magnesium wire in difficult circumstances untouched landscape : the head of canyon de chelly, looking past walls that rise some 1, 200 feet above the canyon floor, in arizona in 1873. inspiring millions of amateur photographers, o ' sullivan ' s first pivotal canyon de chelly pictures, with his views of indian life and his new mexican churches are now the archetypal images of arizona barren : two men sit looking at headlands north of the colorado river plateau in 1872. as they sailed upstream into the grand canyon, the team commanded by lieutenant wheeler used three boats and o ' sullivan commanded one named ' picture '. during the voyage, ' picture ' was lost along with hundreds of o ' sullivan ' s negatives and food portrait : native american ( paiute ) men, women and children pose for a picture near a tree. the picture is thought to have been taken in cottonwood springs ( washoe county ), nevada, in 1875. known for his dispassionate views towards native americans on his travels, o ' sullivan was more interested in photographing the true lifestyles of the indigenous people and not a preconceived image that those back east had. never asking any native american to change his or her dress, o ' sullivan ' s portraits are noted for their simplicity and truth natural u. s. landscape : the junction of green and yampah canyons, in utah, in 1872. o ' sullivan has been described as the right person who was there at the right time as he managed to document the re - birth of the nation through war in the early 1860 ' s and then managed to be at the nexus of the great wave of exploration and migration westwards as the united states assumed what it thought to be its manifest destiny an earlier visitor : nearly 150 years ago,


the nation through war in the early 1860 ' s and then managed to be at the nexus of the great wave of exploration and migration westwards as the united states assumed what it thought to be its manifest destiny an earlier visitor : nearly 150 years ago, photographer o ' sullivan came across this evidence of a visitor to the west that preceded his own expedition by another 150 years - a spanish inscription from 1726. this close - up view of the inscription carved in the sandstone at inscription rock ( el morro national monument ), new mexico reads, in english : " by this place passed ensign don joseph de payba basconzelos, in the year in which he held the council of the kingdom at his expense, on the 18th of february, in the year 1726 " insight : aboriginal life among the navajo indians. near old fort defiance, new mexico, in 1873. with this simple picture of the navajo indians, o ' sullivan managed to capture the domesticity of a dying people as wave after wave of migration snuffed out their way of life. it is noticeable that there is nothing romantic about the pictures and one profile of timothy o ' sullivan described these scenes as of ' a defeated people trying their best to put back together a life. ' incredible backdrop : the canyon of lodore, colorado, in 1872. after o ' sullivan spent one last season with clarence king in 1872, he returned back to washington d. c to marry laura pywell in e street baptist church, although his parents thoughts on this non - catholic marriage went unrecorded settlement : view of the white house, ancestral pueblo native american ( anasazi ) ruins in canyon de chelly, arizona, in 1873. the cliff dwellings were built by the anasazi more than 500 years earlier. at the bottom, men stand and pose on cliff dwellings in a niche and on ruins on the canyon floor. climbing ropes connect the groups of men. anthropologists and archeologists place the anasazi peoples of native american culture on the continent from the 12th century bc. their unique architecture incorporated ' great houses ' which averaged up to 200 rooms and could take in up to 700 sailing away : the nettie, an expedition boat on the truckee river, western nevada, in 1867. this was the river that o ' sullivan almost died in and according to the magazine harper ' s ' being a swimmer of no ordinary power, he succeeded in reaching the shore... he was carried a hundred yards down the rapids... the sharp rocks... had


' sullivan almost died in and according to the magazine harper ' s ' being a swimmer of no ordinary power, he succeeded in reaching the shore... he was carried a hundred yards down the rapids... the sharp rocks... had so cut and bruised his body that he was glad to crawl into the brier tangle that fringed the river ' s brink. ' he is also supposed to to have lost three hundred dollars worth of gold pieces during the accident too taking a dip : a man bathing in pagosa hot spring, colorado, in 1874. coming to the end of his adventures, o ' sullivan returned to washington to live with his wife laura and worked as a commercial photographer for lieutenant wheeler. in 1876, he buried his only child who was stillborn and it is thought that o ' sullivan buried the baby himself. a man sits in a wooden boat with a mast on the edge of the colorado river in the black canyon, mojave county, arizona. photo taken in 1871, from an expedition camp, looking upstream. at this time, photographer timothy o ' sullivan was working as a military photographer for lt. george montague wheeler ' s u. s. geographical surveys west of the one hundredth meridian. native : maiman, a mojave indian, guide and interpreter during a portion of the season in the colorado country, in 1871. it has been observed that 30 years before edward s curtis began his famous study of native american ' s dying way of life, o ' sullivan was working without prejudice within the field of his photographic art. trying to capture the everyday aspects of life for the indigenous people ' s of north america, o ' sullivan did not use a studio to capture imagery of native americans, like many other photographers were at the time valley view : alta city, little cottonwood, utah, in 1873. o ' sullivan ' s amazing eye and work ethic allowed him to compose photographs that evoked the vastness of the west that future generations would come to recognise in the work of ansel adams and in the films of john houston remarkable landscape : cathedral mesa, colorado river, arizona in 1871. o ' sullivan ' s second expedition employer, lieutenant george wheeler, ' was just interested in knowing what kind of fuss the indians would put up, ' according to a profile in the tucson weekly and the photographs were used to grease the wheels of expansion westwards mountains : big cottonwood canyon, utah, in 1869. a man can be seen with his horse at the bottom near the bridge ( right


' according to a profile in the tucson weekly and the photographs were used to grease the wheels of expansion westwards mountains : big cottonwood canyon, utah, in 1869. a man can be seen with his horse at the bottom near the bridge ( right ). as people in the east came to see o ' sullivan ' s photographs the legend of the pioneering west as a land of limitless opportunity even for americans came to form. rock formations in the washakie badlands, wyoming, in 1872. a survey member stands at lower right for scale. tragically, o ' sullivan ' s health declined after the death of his boy and he contracted tuberculosis. his wife laura died from the same disease in 1881. tree - mendous : oak grove, white mountains, sierra blanca, arizona in 1873. in 1881, o ' sullivan returned to his parent ' s home in staten island where he died from tuberculosis. seen as an irony as he had survived some of the most inhospitable conditions known to man beforehand, such as death valley and the grand canyon shoshone falls, idaho near present - day twin falls, idaho, is 212 feet high, and flows over a rim 1, 000 feet wide. it is pictured in 1868. these were some of the first iconic pictures of the western expeditions that o ' sullivan took on the united states geological exploration of the fortieth parallel. they were also one of the last places he photographed before he returned home to the east coast and washington d. c rocky : the south side of inscription rock ( now el morro national monument ), in new mexico in 1873. the prominent feature stands near a small pool of water, and has been a resting place for travellers for centuries. since at least the 17th century, natives, europeans, and later american pioneers carved names and messages into the rock face as they paused. in 1906, a law was passed, prohibiting further carving. very plain landscape : a distant view of santa fe, new mexico in 1873. santa fe is one of the oldest continually inhabited places in north america. thought to have been settled by native american ' s in around 1050 ad, the city has grown into one of the most prosperous in new mexico and the southwestern united states


previous dailytech stories have detailed recent cooling experienced by the planet, and highlighted some of the scientists currently predicting extended global cooling. even the un ipcc has stated that world temperatures may continue to decline, if only briefly. now, an expert in geophysics at the national autonomous university of mexico has added his voice to the fray. victor manuel velasco herrera, a researcher at unam ' s institute of geophysics, has predicted an imminent period of cooling intense enough to be called a small ice age. speaking to a crowd at a conference at the center for applied sciences and technological development, herrera says the sun can both cool and warm the planet. variations in solar activity, he says, are causing changes in the earth ' s climate. " so that in two years or so, there will be a small ice age that lasts from 60 to 80 years ", he said. " the most immediate result will be drought. " herrera says satellite temperature data indicates this cooling may have already begun. recent increases in glacier mass in the andes, patagonia, and canada were given as further evidence of an upcoming cold spell. herrera also described the predictions of the intergovernmental panel on climate change ( ipcc ) as " erroneous ". according to herrera, their forecasts “ are incorrect because are only based on mathematical models which do not include [ factors such as ] solar activity ". herrera pointed to the so - called " little ice age " which peaked in the 17th century, as a previous cooling event caused by solar fluctuations. herrera made his remarks at unam, located in mexico city, is the oldest university on the north american continent.


indian space program was rocked by a setback on christmas day. an unmanned indian rocket lifted off from the satish dhawan space center on saturday and blew up live on television after its launch because of a malfunction. the geosynchronous satellite launch vehicle ( gslv ) was carrying an advanced gsat - 5p communication satellite into orbit when it veered off its intended path and exploded moments after take - off. the indian space research organization ( isro ) is citing electronic failure as the cause. performance of the ( rocket ) was normal up to about 50 seconds. soon after that the vehicle developed large altitude error leading to breaking up of the vehicle, " isro chairman k. radhakrishnan said. indicates commands from onboard computers ceased to reach circuits of the first stage ( engines ) but what caused the interruption needs to be studied and we hope to get an assessment of what triggered to some reports, the rocket was deliberately blown up by mission control following the malfunction. originally scheduled for december 20, engineers postponed the launch after they found a leak in one of the russian - made cryogenic engines of the gslv. the failed launch is the second this year for the space agency. the first rocket plunged into the bay of bengal during a developmental flight in april. india has scheduled its first manned space flight for the year 2016.


new solar cell gives its " 110 percent " in efficiency december 20, 2011 6 : 23 pm comment ( s ) - last by like tebow, these new solar cells are giving their " 110 percent " week in and week out. gains to quantum efficiency could yield around a 35 percent gain in conversion efficiency, the key metric using quantum dots - - tiny nanometer scale semiconductor crystals - - researchers at the u. s. national renewable energy laboratory have cracked an important physical barrier and achieved levels of performance long considered impossible for a solar cell. i. giving its 110 percent the special design used by the team utilized quantum dot nanocrystals in the 1 - 20 nm range. the nanocrystals were composed of lead selenide treated with ethanedithol and hydrazine. the photon - harvesting quantum dot - populated plane was sandwiched between a nanostructured zinc oxide layer and a thin gold electrode. a top layer was formed using a transparent conductor. the overall design is in line with the " thin - film " methodology, which is currently rising in commercial production. thin film cells tend to rely on scarce ( i. e. expensive on a per mass basis ) resources, such as rare earth metals. however, they use so little of them - - given the low mass of the thin film - - that they are not significantly more expensive than existing polycrystalline silicon cells. generally, the only major extra cost to thin film is the initial cost of shifting the production technology. the new nrel cell shatters the quantum efficiencies of previous designs, posting a peak external quantum efficiency of 114 ± 1 % and a peak internal quantum efficiency of 130 %. in order to understand these numbers and how any power efficiency device can be more than " 100 percent " efficient, you must understand the meaning of quantum efficiency ( qe ), which is overall quite different, but related to conversion efficiency ( which will be over 100 percent - - or even to 100 percent - - in traditional physics ). the new cell is a thin film design. [ image source : nrel ] quantum efficiency is a measure of how many electrons come out of a cell for every photon that goes into the cell. traditional silicon solar cells can achieve near 100 percent quantum efficiency at around 600 nm, but drop to around 80 percent on either end of the 500 - 1000 nm range ( visible light is 380 to 740 nm ). what this means is that the perfect " color " of light for silicon cells is orangish, while purple light can


but drop to around 80 percent on either end of the 500 - 1000 nm range ( visible light is 380 to 740 nm ). what this means is that the perfect " color " of light for silicon cells is orangish, while purple light can have a less than 45 percent conversion rate. as white light ( sunlight ) is a mixture of different wavelengths, the lower quantum efficiency of certain parts of the spectrum leads to lower average quantum efficiency. external efficiency directly uses the number of input photons and the number of output electrons from a device. internal efficiency, by contrast, uses theory to adjust these numbers to account for losses due to reflection and absorption. we took the liberty of borrowing ( fair use clause title 17 > chapter 1 > § 107 ) the charts for their 0. 72 ev bandgap cell ( their best - performing design ) and comparing it to a traditional pc silicon cell, adding a helpful reference that shows what evs roughly correspond to in the visible light range : comparing the external quantum efficiencies of the new nrel design ( top ) and the ps silicon design ( bottom ) over the visible light range ( middle bar ), we see that the new cell is slightly less efficient in capturing red - end light, but is much more efficient in capturing blue - end light. ( the black line in bottom graph and the blue line in the top right graph are the internal qes. ) overall this could grant up to a 35 percent efficiency gain versus today ' s standard ps silicon cells, according to the paper ' s authors. ii. you " cannot change the laws of physics " - - so pick a better law! the better blue - range performance comes thanks to multiple exciton generation ( meg ), a unique quantum effect, which like other oddball quantum effects, occurs at an extremely small scale. in an meg scenario, a single photon hits an atom, but rather than simply knocking off one electron via the formation of an " exciton " ( an electron / hole pair ), it puts multiple electrons into the flow. meg - - multiple exciton generation - - bends the traditional laws of physics. [ image source : los alamos science & tech mag. / u. s. department of energy ' s nnsa ] the exact quantum mechanics of this phenomena are being debated by physics. currently the three leading hypotheses are : - - the high energy exciton ( " x " ) becomes a " multi " - x, decaying through a dense range of multi - x


of this phenomena are being debated by physics. currently the three leading hypotheses are : - - the high energy exciton ( " x " ) becomes a " multi " - x, decaying through a dense range of multi - x states. - - a mixed " virtual " state consisting of multi - x and x ( think superposition ) is triggered by photon energetic absorption. - - photon absorption creates standard x, but in the special material x waffles back and forth, switching identity from x to multi - x and back, slowly dropping in energy, in the process. without meg, no solar cell can have more than a 100 percent internal or external qe. hence no traditional solar cell has had greater than a 100 percent qe, even at its optimal part of the spectrum ( e. g. orange light for silicon cells ). this means that the overall efficiency ( ce ) of a traditional cell - - even if perfectly optimized - - would not exceed 32 percent. cumulatively this 100 / 32 ( qe / ce ) limit is named the shockley - queisser limit after its discoverers ( s - q limit, for short ). as scotty would say " you cannot change the laws of physics. " but sometimes you have your cake and eat it to, if only you find the right quirk in complex and poorly understood physics of our universe. that ' s fundamentally what has been done here. meg was first theorized by nrel researcher arthur j. nozik, ph. d back in 2001, and was later confirmed to work in quantum dots, thanks to their special scale. this method is also known as " hot carrier generation ". using this quantum effect, later proved in the laboratory, the s - q performance barrier could be shattered. a useful property of quantum dots, is that their size determines their band gap, and hence the efficiency. thus building the " perfect " meg cell is simply a matter of picking the right size dots. as the bandgap tends to decrease as the quantum dot size and efficiency increase, the trick is to pick a quantum dot that is as big as possible, without losing the quantum effects. quantum dots don ' t just look pretty, they have some handy physics quirks too! [ image source : elec - intro ] quantum dots also generate electron / hole pairs easier, with room temperature being enough excite ( generate electricity ) in some quantum dot materials. the most recent paper was [ abstract ] in the peer - reviewed journal


[ image source : elec - intro ] quantum dots also generate electron / hole pairs easier, with room temperature being enough excite ( generate electricity ) in some quantum dot materials. the most recent paper was [ abstract ] in the peer - reviewed journal, with matthew c. beard taking the distinction of senior author and octavi e. semonin the distinction of being first author. professor novik was listed second to last, after four additional nrel colleagues. iii. third generation solar cells - - finally a solar tech. worth investing in " first " and " second " generation solar cells use various bulk semiconductors such as silicon, cadmium telluride, or copper indium gallium ( di ) selenide, which are then mixed with third, fourth, and fifth column ( in the periodic table ) elements to improve performance. ideally quantum dot cells could be combined with these traditional thin - film semiconductor cell designs, or applied using a mixture of nanocrystalline quantum dots optimized for different wavelengths. either methodology could yield an optimized " third " generation ( aka. next generation ) design. such a cell would enjoy the best of both worlds - - silicon cells ' excellent red range performance, along with quantum dots excellent performance on the higher end ( blue ) of the visible light spectrum. one approach to make a third generation ultra - efficient cell is to use a mixture of wavelength optimized quantum dots. [ image source : los alamos science & tech mag. / u. s. department of energy ' s nnsa ] while quantum dots are generally thought to be amenable to thin film cell " roll - to - roll " printing processes, the precise methods to do this on a mass production scale still have to be ironed out. furthermore, the quantum dot cells measured in this study exhibited a pretty low 4. 5 percent efficiency. while that sounds quite bad, it ’ s largely a result of the lower amount of quantum dots used in the absorbing layer. if quantum dot deposition techniques can be refined, the aforementioned " third " generation mixed cell could be finally realized. if somebody is going to do that, it will probably be professor nozik ' s team at the nrel. after all, they ' re who first discovered how to play the grand meg prank on the laws of physics in the first place. with these third generation solar cells, the technology may finally have the legs under it to compete with cheaper power generation methods ( e. g. carbon - based fuels and nuclear energy


play the grand meg prank on the laws of physics in the first place. with these third generation solar cells, the technology may finally have the legs under it to compete with cheaper power generation methods ( e. g. carbon - based fuels and nuclear energy ). that ' s not only good news for mankind ' s terrestrial future ; it ' s good news for future interstellar travellers, who will likely rely heavily on a mixture of solar and nuclear ( fusion ) energy this article is over a month old, voting and posting comments is disabled re : the break through needed 12 / 20 / 2011 10 : 17 : 47 pm you can also allow more water to flow through hydro dams at night and when overcast, the point is not to be dependent on one source. re : the break through needed 12 / 21 / 2011 4 : 13 : 34 am exactly. there is too much negativity towards solar. of course it won ' t work if this is our sole method of power generation but it definitely has its place. " well, there may be a reason why they call them ' mac ' trucks! windows machines will not be trucks. " - - microsoft ceo steve ballmer scientists cook up artificial leaf, quantum dots for solar cells march 29, 2011, 8 : 32 am " snowflake " plasma containment field could hold key to fusion ' s future november 8, 2010, 1 : 30 pm ucsd scientists create direct electron to photon circuitry june 23, 2008, 2 : 24 pm nasa introduces asteroid grand challenge to protect earth june 18, 2013, 8 : 48 pm nsa leaker may be killed in drone strike says ron paul june 17, 2013, 11 : 18 am airbus a350 xwb " msn1 " has successful first flight june 17, 2013, 11 : 02 am study : gamers have better visual, decision - making skills than non - gamers june 12, 2013, 11 : 26 am airbus a350 xwb to take first flight friday, looks to challenge boeing dreamliner june 11, 2013, 8 : 20 pm berkeley lab tests artificial photosynthesis with new microfluidic test - bed june 11, 2013, 11 : 41 am most popular articles source : don ' t worry, nsa spies on " 99 percent " of americans ' locations, call records june 14, 2013, 3 : 57 pm xbox chief : if you can ' t get online, don ' t buy an xbox one june 12, 2013, 9 : 57 am gigahertz wars 2. 0?


fine, david j. jewish integration in the german army in the first world war - together with " wartime shanghai and the jewish refugees from central europe " by irene eber, this volume opens up the new series " new perspectives on modern jewish history ". - this ground - breaking study on jewish officers in the german army utilizes published and unpublished sources - including letters, diaries, memoirs, military service records, press accounts, photographs, drawings, and tomb stone inscriptions. - additional material from allgemeine zeitung des judentums aims and scope in jewish integration in the german army in the first world war david j. fine offers a surprising portrayal of jewish officers in the german army as integrated and comfortably identified as both jews and germans. fine explores how both judaism and christianity were experienced by jewish soldiers at the front, making an important contribution to the study of the experience of religion in war. fine shows how the encounter of german jewish soldiers with the old world of the shtetl on the eastern front tested both their german and jewish identities. finally, utilizing published and unpublished sources including letters, diaries, memoirs, military service records, press accounts, photographs, drawings and tomb stone inscriptions, the author argues that antisemitism was not a primary factor in the war experience of jewish soldiers. - xii, 180 pages - type of publication : - anti semitism ; christianity ; world war i ; judaism ; jewish identity ; religion


defining a wireless solution, page 2 5. 1 wireless building blocks before jumping into the mechanics of solution development, it is worth reviewing the basic building blocks that compose a complete wireless solution. while wireless solutions vary widely in characteristics, they all draw items from four categories of architectural components : client devices, wireless applications, information infrastructure, and wireless networks. these components are shown in figure 5. 2. client devices are the most visible component of a wireless solution. they are the physical platform for wireless applications and provide services such as voice communications, data capture and display, information processing, and location detection. these devices may be carried by users, mounted within shipping containers, or installed inside a car. client devices include smart phones, pagers, pdas, e - mail appliances, and special - purpose units for scanning, bar coding, and credit card reading. the components of a complete wireless solution wireless applications supply the business functionality behind the wireless solution. they can cover any need from personal productivity to safety and asset monitoring. depending on the functionality required, these applications may be " off - the - shelf " packages, custom developed, or " re - purposed " from existing web applications. the information infrastructure is the repository of knowledge incorporated within the wireless solution. although these data components are invisible to most users, access to information is the " raison d ' etre " for most wireless solutions. this information may be environmental data captured on an oil rig for display at a monitoring station or it may be an amalgam of customer information drawn from a variety of corporate information systems and databases. the information infrastructure consists of the back - end applications, databases, voice systems, e - mail systems, middleware, and other components needed to support the information requirements of the chosen wireless application. wireless networks serve as the conduit, or transport mechanism, between devices or between devices and traditional wired networks ( corporate networks, the internet, etc. ). these networks vary widely in cost, coverage, and transmission rates ; they include options such as infrared, bluetooth, wlan, digital cellular, and satellite. together, these four components constitute the wireless solution ' s architecture. in the simplest case, this architecture consists of a single device type, using a single application and connected to a single network. however, many business solutions will be more complex, supporting multiple client devices, offering a variety of applications, and stitching together multiple networks to gain the desired level of coverage. the solution ' s implementation and support infrastructure provides the processes, tools, and resources used


many business solutions will be more complex, supporting multiple client devices, offering a variety of applications, and stitching together multiple networks to gain the desired level of coverage. the solution ' s implementation and support infrastructure provides the processes, tools, and resources used to create, operate, and support the wireless solution. this infrastructure ensures that users are trained, data is backed up, secured and synchronized, system and application software is kept up - to - date, devices remain functional, and networks operate efficiently. although not part of the wireless architecture, the quality of this infrastructure is crucial for the success of the overall solution. as such, it merits as much consideration as the other wireless components when designing the solution. business processes form the final component of a complete wireless solution. these are the processes that inspired the solution in the first place. depending on the goals of the project, the wireless solution should enable your company to perform these processes faster, cheaper, and more efficiently than before. gaining these benefits, however, requires redesigning and implementing new versions of processes that take advantage of the wireless solution. to capture the benefits of immediate, on - site invoicing offered by the field service example in chapter 2, a company needs to change processes and job responsibilities in the customer service, field service, and billing organizations. without these changes, work orders will still be entered manually in the company ' s systems by customer service, invoices will still be produced by the billing department, and the wireless device will simply end up as a new toy in the hands of the field service worker. while they are an integral part of a successful solution, business processes are usually outside the scope of responsibility of the technical team implementing and supporting the wireless solution. implementing new business processes is its own project and requires knowledgeable resources backed by management commitment to the change.


in 2006, a new class of medicine for type 2 diabetes was introduced to the u. s. market. called dpp - 4 inhibitors, these drugs work in a way that is different from any previous diabetes treatment. sitagliptin ( brand name januvia ) was the first drug in this class to be approved ; it can be used alone or in combination with other oral diabetes drugs. saxagliptin ( onglyza ), another dpp - 4 inhibitor, received approval in july 2009. at the turn of the 20th century, several different researchers were examining the role of the intestines and the pancreas in diabetes. research soon demonstrated, through experiments with animals and autopsies of people who had died of diabetes complications, that type 1 diabetes was caused by a problem with the pancreas. after extracts of the pancreas were shown to treat diabetes, a research team at the university of toronto ( frederick banting and charles best ) isolated insulin in 1921. further experiments went on to explore the relationship between the pancreas and the intestines. some of these demonstrated that intestinal extracts could lower blood glucose by stimulating the pancreas to produce more insulin. hormones from the intestines with this effect are called incretins. significant research on incretins was not conducted again until the 1960 ’ s, when researchers were faced with a puzzle : when people were given the same amount of glucose at different times by vein and by mouth, the amount of insulin produced was much greater when the glucose was given by mouth. the researchers concluded that the gastrointestinal tract was signaling the pancreas to produce insulin. the hunt was on for the exact chemicals involved in this process, and finally a hormone was isolated : gastric inhibitory polypeptide, or gip. a second hormone called glucagon - like polypeptide 1, or glp - 1, was later isolated. glp - 1 was found to have a profound effect on stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. it was also found to be active for a very short time in the blood. this is because it is broken down quickly by an enzyme called dipeptidyl peptidase 4, or dpp - 4. a drug that could inhibit the action of dpp - 4 would extend the insulin - releasing effect of glp - 1. function in the body drugs that inhibit the action of dpp - 4 are intervening in a complex set of reactions that occur when


a drug that could inhibit the action of dpp - 4 would extend the insulin - releasing effect of glp - 1. function in the body drugs that inhibit the action of dpp - 4 are intervening in a complex set of reactions that occur when food is eaten. in response to meals, specialized cells in the intestines called l cells secrete glp - 1. l cells are mainly found in the ileum, the last segment of the small intestine, and in the large intestine ( also known as the colon ). glp - 1 appears to be secreted, however, before food from a meal reaches these areas of the intestines. the l cells have receptors for a variety of hormones secreted by the digestive system, which helps them determine the type of nutrients that have been consumed and control the amount of glp - 1 they release. it is thought that hormonal signals from the upper intestine, as well as a chemical released by nerves in response to eating, stimulate the release of glp - 1. glp - 1 has several effects in the body other than stimulating the release of insulin. it also slows stomach emptying, inhibits the release of glucagon ( glucagon is a hormone that signals the liver to release glucose and is usually elevated in people with type 2 diabetes ), and enhances the survival and growth of pancreatic beta cells, which secrete insulin. it has been found in laboratory studies that animals treated with dpp - 4 inhibitors seem to have an increased number of pancreatic beta cells, indicating that these drugs may stimulate beta - cell growth ( most likely through the action of glp - 1 ). this effect has not yet been demonstrated in humans, but if confirmed, it means that dpp - 4 inhibitors could play a significant role in delaying and possibly reversing the progression of type 2 diabetes. dpp - 4 is a protein that is found both circulating in the blood and attached to cell membranes. it breaks down several hormones, not just glp - 1, and helps transmit signals from outside cells to the inside. dpp - 4 was originally identified as a protein on lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell in the immune system. it was later found on many different types of tissue, including the kidneys, lungs, liver, intestines, pancreas, blood vessels, and brain. the breakdown of glp - 1 occurs within several minutes of dpp - 4


it was later found on many different types of tissue, including the kidneys, lungs, liver, intestines, pancreas, blood vessels, and brain. the breakdown of glp - 1 occurs within several minutes of dpp - 4 being released into the blood. several studies have shown that people with type 2 diabetes tend to have impaired glp - 1 secretion as well as elevated dpp - 4 activity. this combination results in substantially reduced insulin production. researchers have found that after gastrointestinal surgery to treat obesity ( such as gastric banding or gastric bypass ), glp - 1 levels increase and glucose control improves, suggesting that enhanced glp - 1 activity may be one way that these surgeries help reverse type 2 diabetes in many patients. since dpp - 4 inhibitors only enhance the body ’ s own ability to release insulin and regulate blood glucose, these drugs can only treat type 2 diabetes. their effect is dependent on some function of the insulin - releasing beta cells in the pancreas, and people with type 1 diabetes generally do not have a significant number of functioning pancreatic beta cells. results of clinical trials many compounds believed to inhibit the activity of dpp - 4 have been tested in humans. the ones that have been developed the furthest for medical use are sitagliptin ( januvia ), approved by the food and drug administration ( fda ) in 2006, saxagliptin ( onglyza ), approved by the fda in 2009, and vildagliptin ( galvus ), whose approval has been delayed by the fda pending further data on people with kidney disease. ( vildagliptin was approved in europe in 2007. ) another drug in the same family, alogliptin, was recently tested in large, phase iii trials ( the results of phase iii trials provide much of the information that the fda requires to grant marketing approval ). numerous studies have been carried out to evaluate the effects of dpp - 4 inhibitors in people with diabetes. these studies have generally shown an increase in both glp - 1 and insulin, as well as a decrease in blood glucose and glucagon levels after meals with use of the drugs. long - term dpp - 4 inhibition has been shown to reduce hba1c levels, as well ( hba1c is a measure of blood glucose control over the previous 2 – 3 months ). since only sitagliptin is currently available in the united states, studies of it are probably the most widely


. 05 %. sitagliptin used alone to treat type 2 diabetes generally lowered hba1c levels 0. 77 % more than a placebo did. sitagliptin was also tested in combination with other drugs in four major trials. three of the trials used sitagliptin combined with one other drug. these include studies that compared sitagliptin plus pioglitazone ( actos ) with pioglitazone alone, and ones that compared sitagliptin plus metformin with both metformin alone and glipizide plus metformin. the studies ranged in length from 24 to 52 weeks. when sitagliptin was combined with metformin and with pioglitazone, the average hba1c level of participants decreased by 0. 65 % and 0. 70 % more, respectively, than in those who took metformin alone and pioglitazone alone. when sitagliptin plus metformin was compared with glipizide plus metformin, there was no significant difference in reduction of hba1c levels ; both groups experienced an average drop of 0. 67 % ( from an average starting hba1c level of 7. 5 % ). sitagliptin was also tested in combination with both glimepiride and metformin. ( like glipizide, glimepiride stimulates the pancreas to release more insulin. ) in this study, participants were divided into four treatment groups, receiving either glimepiride only, sitagliptin and glimepiride, metformin and glimepiride, or sitagliptin, metformin, and glimepiride. compared with glimepiride alone, the addition of sitagliptin reduced the average hba1c level by 0. 6 % more, and compared with metformin plus glimepiride, the addition of sitagliptin caused a drop of 0. 9 % more. based on all of the studies mentioned, the recommended dose of sitagliptin is 100 mg taken once daily, either alone or in combination with metformin, a sulfonylurea drug such as glipizide or glimepiride, or a thiazolidinedione such as pioglitazone. it should be noted that these recommendations were created prior to the new warnings that thiazolidinediones may lead to an increased rate


glimepiride, or a thiazolidinedione such as pioglitazone. it should be noted that these recommendations were created prior to the new warnings that thiazolidinediones may lead to an increased rate of heart problems, notably congestive heart failure. sitagliptin is also available in a combination pill with metformin ( janumet ) in two dose sizes. pros and cons as the studies that were just described show, sitagliptin tends to lower hba1c levels about as much as glipizide ( and in some cases, not quite as much ). it is not automatically clear, then, how sitagliptin should fit into diabetes treatment. the american diabetes association has not said in a definitive way how dpp - 4 inhibitors should be used ; it simply states that they may play a role in diabetes care. this is due to the relatively few studies done on sitagliptin compared with the wealth of information available for other drugs, as well as the newness of the data on sitagliptin. yet sitagliptin does have potential advantages over other drugs, as well as known disadvantages and side effects. one disadvantage is that compared with placebo, sitagliptin causes a small weight gain ( about 1 pound on average ). used in combination with metformin, however, it is associated with a loss of 5. 5 pounds on average, compared with a gain of 2 pounds from the combination of metformin and glipizide. since sitagliptin is metabolized, or broken down, primarily by the kidneys and only metabolized by the liver to a small extent, the potential for it to interact with other drugs is relatively low ; this finding has been confirmed in studies that have directly tested drug interactions in humans. however, this also means that the dose size of sitagliptin may need to be reduced for people in the later stages of kidney disease. sitagliptin results in a low incidence of hypoglycemia, comparable to that of placebo, when tested as a stand - alone therapy. it is associated with a somewhat higher rate of hypoglycemia when used in combination with other drugs, especially with a sulfonylurea such as glipizide or glimepiride. as mentioned earlier, dpp - 4 was discovered through its association with the immune system, and some researchers thought that inhibiting it might


drugs, especially with a sulfonylurea such as glipizide or glimepiride. as mentioned earlier, dpp - 4 was discovered through its association with the immune system, and some researchers thought that inhibiting it might impair the immune system. so far, data from clinical studies have not demonstrated a serious immunosuppresive effect. they do indicate, though, that sitagliptin increases the risk of upper respiratory infections and nasopharyngitis ( inflammation of the nose and pharynx ), found in 6. 3 % and 5. 2 % of study subjects, respectively, who took sitagliptin versus 3. 3 % and 3. 4 % for placebo. the most worrying side effects are those reported since the drug came onto the market. these reactions seem to be allergic in nature and include anaphylaxis, a bodywide reaction that results in low blood pressure, and angioedema, a swelling of the tongue, face, and throat. both of these may be life - threatening. the reactions have occurred anytime from immediately after taking the first dose until three months after starting the drug. there have also been reports of skin reactions, including a very severe type of drug reaction called stevens – johnson syndrome. other diabetes drugs are not typically associated with stevens – johnson syndrome. one more choice dpp - 4 inhibitors may be a useful addition to the treatment options for type 2 diabetes. while the current dpp - 4 inhibitors do not seem to have major, clearcut advantages over other therapies, they may be a reasonable alternative for people who cannot take certain other drugs. they may also be used with metformin when blood glucose control is not ideal. whether these drugs could be used to preserve or improve pancreatic beta - cell function, as well, will be determined through further clinical trials. as options for treating type 2 diabetes expand, new drugs, including dpp - 4 inhibitors, help make it possible for more people to follow an effective, individualized plan for their diabetes.


you can continue to add to your list of positive characteristics and skills by being in tune to the things other people say about you. how often has someone tried to pay you a compliment and rather than thanking them for their kind words and recognition, you tell them they are wrong? not only are you not accepting the compliment, but you are not accepting them or their opinion, and you are likely making it less likely for them to say such things to you again in the future. if you are struggling with self - esteem, let those around you tell you those things that make you special. often those closest to you have a more accurate view of you than you do. if you have a healthy support team, you will hear positive things about yourself, not negative. teach yourself to say “ thank you ” to every compliment! would you allow someone else to put your child or best friend down in front of you or him / her? do not allow people to do the same to you. most importantly, do not accept negative comments from yourself! we are often our own harshest critics. the thoughts you have about yourself directly effect your self - esteem. have you ever listened to the messages you give yourself, the things you say within your own head or even say about yourself to others? how much of what you say is positive and uplifting v. negative and defeating? no matter how supportive those around you are, you cannot escape yourself and you have the most impact on yourself, your feelings, and your self - assessment. if you were choosing a roommate, best - friend, or significant other, someone that would be around you frequently, you would want to choose someone who wasn ’ t saying negative things about you. are you treating yourself as well as you would treat someone else? start responding to the negative things you say to yourself like you would respond to someone you care about if you heard them say those same things about themselves. instead of thinking about how slowly you ’ re losing weight, remind yourself of how often you are working out and how you are drinking more water every day. instead of focusing on all the tasks that need to be done, remind yourself of all that you have achieved and that you are capable of doing the rest in time. instead of focusing on your height, consider your adorable nose. i would love to hear some positive messages that you use and could help others! march 4th, 2009


| related fields and sub - fields | information technology ( it ) is the application of computers and telecommunications equipment to store, retrieve, transmit and manipulate data, often in the context of a business or other enterprise. the term is commonly used as a synonym for computers and computer networks, but it also encompasses other information distribution technologies such as television and telephones. several industries are associated with information technology, such as computer hardware, software, electronics, semiconductors, internet, telecom equipment, e - commerce and computer services. in a business context, the information technology association of america has defined information technology as " the study, design, development, application, implementation, support or management of computer - based information systems ". the responsibilities of those working in the field include network administration, software development and installation, and the planning and management of an organisation ' s technology life cycle, by which hardware and software is maintained, upgraded, and replaced. humans have been storing, retrieving, manipulating and communicating information since the sumerians in mesopotamia developed writing in about 3000 bc, but the term " information technology " in its modern sense first appeared in a 1958 article published in the harvard business review ; authors harold j. leavitt and thomas l. whisler commented that " the new technology does not yet have a single established name. we shall call it information technology ( it ). " based on the storage and processing technologies employed, it is possible to distinguish four distinct phases of it development : pre - mechanical ( 3000 bc – 1450 ad ), mechanical ( 1450 – 1840 ), electromechanical ( 1840 – 1940 ) and electronic ( 1940 – present ). this article focuses on the most recent period ( electronic ), which began in about 1940. history of computers devices have been used to aid computation for thousands of years, probably initially in the form of a tally stick. the antikythera mechanism, dating from about the beginning of the first century bc, is generally considered to be the earliest known mechanical analog computer ; it is also the earliest known geared mechanism. comparable geared devices did not emerge in europe until the 16th century, and it was not until 1645 that the first mechanical calculator capable of performing the four basic arithmetical operations was developed. electronic computers, using either relays or valves, began to appear in the early 1940s. the electromechanical zuse z3, completed in 1941, was the world ' s first programmable computer, and by modern standards one of the first machines that could be considered a complete computing


valves, began to appear in the early 1940s. the electromechanical zuse z3, completed in 1941, was the world ' s first programmable computer, and by modern standards one of the first machines that could be considered a complete computing machine. colossus, developed during the second world war to decrypt german messages was the first electronic digital computer. although it was programmable, it was not general - purpose, being designed to perform only a single task. it also lacked the ability to store its program in memory. instead, programming was carried out using plugs and switches to alter the internal wiring. the first recognisably modern electronic digital stored - program computer was the manchester small - scale experimental machine ( ssem ), which ran its first program on 21 june 1948. early electronic computers such as colossus made use of punched tape, a long strip of paper on which data was represented by a series of holes, a technology now obsolete. electronic data storage, which is used in modern computers, dates from the second world war, when a form of delay line memory was developed to remove the clutter from radar signals, the first practical application of which was the mercury delay line. the first random - access digital storage device was the williams tube, based on a standard cathode ray tube, but the information stored in it and delay line memory was volatile in that it had to be continuously refreshed, and thus was lost once power was removed. the earliest form of non - volatile computer storage was the magnetic drum, invented in 1932 and used in the ferranti mark 1, the world ' s first commercially available general - purpose electronic computer. most digital data today is still stored magnetically on devices such as hard disk drives, or optically on media such as cd - roms. it has been estimated that the worldwide capacity to store information on electronic devices grew from less than 3 exabytes in 1986 to 295 exabytes in 2007, doubling roughly every 3 years. database management systems emerged in the 1960s to address the problem of storing and retrieving large amounts of data accurately and quickly. one of the earliest such systems was ibm ' s information management system ( ims ), which is still widely deployed more than 40 years later. ims stores data hierarchically, but in the 1970s ted codd proposed an alternative relational storage model based on set theory and predicate logic and the familiar concepts of tables, rows and columns. the first commercially available relational database management system ( rdbms


' s general - purpose computers doubled every 18 months during the same two decades ; the global telecommunication capacity per capita doubled every 34 months ; the world ' s storage capacity per capita required roughly 40 months to double ( every 3 years ) ; and per capita broadcast information has doubled every 12. 3 years. massive amounts of data are stored worldwide every day, but unless it can be analysed and presented effectively it essentially resides in what have been called data tombs : " data archives that are seldom visited ". to address that issue, the field of data mining – " the process of discovering interesting patterns and knowledge from large amounts of data " – emerged in the late 1980s. in an academic context, the association for computing machinery defines it as " undergraduate degree programs that prepare students to meet the computer technology needs of business, government, healthcare, schools, and other kinds of organizations.... it specialists assume responsibility for selecting hardware and software products appropriate for an organization, integrating those products with organizational needs and infrastructure, and installing, customizing, and maintaining those applications for the organization ’ s computer users. " the business value of information technology lies in the automation of business processes, provision of information for decision making, connecting businesses with their customers, and the provision of productivity tools to increase efficiency. | category | | 2012 spending | | 2013 spending | | data center systems | | 141 | | 147 | - breaches of copyright by those downloading files stored without the permission of the copyright holders - employers monitoring their employees ' emails and other internet usage - unsolicited emails - hackers accessing online databases - web sites installing cookies or spyware to monitor a user ' s online activities - " format " refers to the physical characteristics of the stored data such as its encoding scheme ; " structure " describes the organisation of that data. - daintith, john, ed. ( 2009 ), " it ", a dictionary of physics, oxford university press, retrieved 1 august 2012 ( subscription required ) - " free on - line dictionary of computing ( foldoc ) ". retrieved 9 feb. 2013. - chandler, daniel ; munday, rod, " information technology ", a dictionary of media and communication ( first ed. ), oxford university press, retrieved 1 august 2012 ( subscription required ) - on the later more broad application of the term it, keary comments - " in its original application ' information technology ' was appropriate to describe the convergence of technologies with application in the broad field of data storage, retrieval, processing, and dissemination.


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