we farm fish and we certainly farm fruits and vegetables. insects are full of protein and while americans don ' t eat them, many other cultures do, so why not farm them? in the future, we may do just that ( unless they get too powerful - - in which case we ' ll probably shoot them down and eat the roadkill ). raising cows, pigs and sheep uses up 2 / 3 of the world ' s farmland and produces 20 % of all the greenhouse gases that are changing our climate. the un wants us to eat less meat, so a natural alternative is insects. global warming. as a result, the united nations and senior figures want to reduce the amount of meat we eat and the search is on for alternatives. in the august 1st edition of the guardian, damian carrington quotes entomologist arnold van huis as saying, " there is a meat crisis. the world population will grow from 6 billion now to 9 billion by 2050 and we know people are consuming more meat. if we continue like this we will need another earth. " on the popsci website, paul adams writes : " tons of edible, sustainable protein swarms all around us, free for the taking. farming edible insects like mealworms and crickets would produce far less greenhouse gas - - 10 times less methane and 100 times less nitrous oxide - - than the large mammals we currently farm. insects are metabolically much more efficient, which makes them far cheaper to feed and raise and since they ' re so biologically different from humans, they are less subject to contagious disease scares like mad cow. they are high in protein and calcium, and with over 1, 000 edible species, offer plenty of delicious variety. " bbc quotes huis as saying, " most of the world already eats insects. it is only in the western world that we don ' t. psychologically we have a problem with it. i don ' t know why, as we eat shrimps, which are very comparable. " where else are you going to read a story like this? here at unknowncountry. com, we always tell you the truth about everything ( and everything else ). you can support the hard work we do if you subscribe today! to learn more, click here and here. art credit : dreamstime. com note : this news story, previously published on our old site, will have any links removed.


the age of reason, as it was called, was spreading rapidly across europe. in the late 17th century, scientists like isaac newton and writers like john locke were challenging the old order. newton ' s laws of gravity and motion described the world in terms of natural laws beyond any spiritual force. in the wake of political turmoil in england, locke asserted the right of a people to change a government that did not protect natural rights of life, liberty and property. people were beginning to doubt the existence of a god who could predestine human beings to eternal damnation and empower a tyrant for a king. europe would be forever changed by these ideas. in america, intellectuals were reading these ideas as well. on their side of the atlantic, enlightened ideas of liberty and progress had a chance to flourish without the shackles of old europe. religious leaders began to change their old dogmatic positions. they began to emphasize the similarities between the anglican church and the puritan congregationalists rather than the differences. even cotton mather, the massachusetts minister who wrote and spoke so convincingly about the existence of witches advocated science to immunize citizens against smallpox. harvard ministers became so liberal that yale college was founded in new haven in 1707 in an attempt to retain old calvinist ideas. this attempt failed and the entire faculty except one converted to the church of england in 1722. by the end of the century, many new england ministers would become unitarians, doubting even the divinity of christ. new ideas shaped political attitudes as well. john locke defended the displacement of a monarch who would not protect the lives, liberties, and property of the english people. jean - jacques rousseau stated that society should be ruled by the " general will " of the people. baron de montesquieu declared that power should not be concentrated in the hands of any one individual. he recommended separating power among executive, legislative, judicial branches of government. american intellectuals began to absorb these ideas. the delegates who declared independence from britain used many of these arguments. the entire opening of the declaration of independence is thomas jefferson ' s application of john locke ' s ideas. the constitutions of our first states and the united states constitution reflect enlightenment principles. the writings of benjamin franklin made many enlightenment ideas accessible to the general public. the old way of life was represented by superstition, an angry god, and absolute submission to authority. the thinkers of the age of reason ushered in a new way of thinking. this new way championed the accomplishments of humankind. individuals did not have to accept despair


what are the different types of modems? modems are distinguished from one another by their architecture, that is, where the processing takes place : in the modem or in the pc. a hardware modem is a " controller - based " modem, and it does all of the work. this type of modem provides the best power and performance, and it does not utilize the pc ' s processing power. all three components ( mcu, dpu, and daa ) are in the modem itself. it can work with many operating systems, and functionality may be upgradeable through rom uploads. controllerless or winmodems controllerless modems ( or winmodems ), as the name implies, do not have an onboard microcontroller. as a result, data compression and the generation of at commands are performed by the pc. since most pcs sold today run the windows operating system, the microcontroller program is usually written specifically for windows, hence the name " winmodem. " they are useful in laptops, as they tend to use less power. winmodems are usually software upgradeable. softmodems are, quite simply, software modems. all processing is done by the pc, and the " modem " is little more than an interface to plug in the phone jack. these modems require the pc to do all of the work, and they will only run in the windows operating system. many pc makers put softmodems in the pcs that they sell to consumers, as they are extremely inexpensive. they are upgradeable. what kind of modems are available?


q. the top of my oleander is turning yellow and dying. will the plant recover if i prune out the affected branches? a. removing the dying branches from your oleander will improve its appearance for a while, but this will not restore the plant ’ s health. your oleander will probably die in a few years if it has oleander leaf scorch. this fatal disease is caused by the bacterium xylella fastidiosa. the bacteria grow inside and soon plug the plant ’ s xylem tissue, which transports water from the roots to the leaves. the upper foliage initially turns yellow and may droop on one or more branches. unfortunately, by the time these symptoms appear, the bacteria have already spread to other parts of the plant that appear healthy. as the disease progresses, more branches are affected and the plant eventually dies. all oleanders ( nerium oleander ) are susceptible to the disease although some cultivars may express symptoms to lesser degrees and live longer when infected. oleander leaf scorch is spread primarily from plant to plant by an exotic sap - feeding insect, the glassy - winged sharpshooter. spraying oleanders with insecticide does not adequately protect plants from sharpshooter feeding and possible infection. the bacterium does not persist in the soil when a plant dies. another oleander could be planted in the same location, but this is not recommended since the new plant could also become infected when sharpshooters feed on the plant. the best permanent solution is to replace dying oleanders with a different ornamental. some possible substitutes are lemon bottle brush ( callistemon citrinus ), purple hop bush ( dodonaea viscosa ‘ purpurea ’ ), american arborvitae ( thuja occidentalis ), toyon ( heteromeles arbutifolia ), and lemonade berry ( rhus integrifolia ). additional plants suggested by four landscape designers are listed in an article, “ good bets for hedges to replace dying oleanders ” at : q. my oranges look ripe, but they taste sour. do i need to fertilize the tree to make the fruit sweet? a. fertilizing an orange tree in winter will not make the fruit sweeter. to develop sweet fruit, orange trees need a full canopy of foliage, a sunny location, warm weather and time. you cannot tell when oranges are ready to eat by the color of their rind. both nave


ban on bottled water spearheaded by cas students when the campus - wide effort to end bottled water sales at uvm began four years ago, it was spearheaded by the vermont students toward environmental protection ( vstep ), a student - run, non - profit organization created in 1988 to expand uvm ’ s recycling program and address environmental issues on vermont campuses. marlee baron ’ 11, a vstep president, was among the initial group of students who wanted to address the bottled water issue and started planning “ bring your own bottle ” days and informational tabling events. baron, a double major in environmental studies and spanish who wrote her senior thesis on “ creating a sustainable beverage system at uvm, ” worked with rubenstein school student mikayla mcdonald ’ 10, to draft the bottled water resolutions that were eventually passed by the sga. marlee, who lives in her hometown of chicago and works for the chicago park district doing planning, outreach and volunteer recruitment around habitat restoration work and other natural resource projects, says that hearing the npr report in january, “ was a really exciting and strange experience. after an arduous struggle, it was affirming to have the significance of this achievement broadcast so widely : that as the first public university in the us to ban bottled water, uvm is making a loud statement to the beverage industry, as well as illuminating the path for other large institutions to follow the lead of a growing number of bottled - water free schools. at the same time, it was strange to not be on campus to hear reactions, see the infrastructural updates taken on by the university in replace of bottled water, and most importantly to celebrate with all of those dedicated students, faculty and staff who came together continuously to make this happen. “ also i couldn ' t ignore the fact that while we can see this as an accomplishment, it should not be viewed as the end of the line. the elimination of bottled water was only one goal within a much broader sustainable beverage system vision which included measures to increase the social responsibility of beverage providers, increase the locality of beverages consumed, and make a much larger impact to waste reduction through eliminating as many single - use beverage containers as possible — not just bottles with water. ” vstep ’ s next president greg francese ’ 12, a double major in political science and geography, also assisted in the effort by helping to collect more than 1, 200 signatures from students in support of a resolution calling for a sustainable beverage system, surpassing the 10 percent requirement for an sga resolution


12, a double major in political science and geography, also assisted in the effort by helping to collect more than 1, 200 signatures from students in support of a resolution calling for a sustainable beverage system, surpassing the 10 percent requirement for an sga resolution. student efforts to reduce the usage of bottled water were already paying off as sales of flat, unflavored water dropped from 362, 000 bottles in 2007 to 235, 000 in 2010. the sga formally voted to approve the end of bottled water sales in the fall of 2011. reflecting on his involvement in the ban, greg says, “ i ' m still pretty proud of the work i was involved with at uvm — and certainly proud of uvm for going through with the ban. also, i can ' t remember when i last bought bottled water. ” currently, greg is a graduate student studying urban and regional planning at the university at albany ( suny ). his concentration is in bicycle and pedestrian planning and his dream job would be working on the development of bicycle and pedestrian infrastructure for a city. he is also the city of albany ' s sustainability intern, which means for the past four months he has been going around albany documenting the location of every single bike rack. he will also be assisting in the development of criteria for safe streets for cyclists in albany. last modified february 19 2013 04 : 50 pm


the japanese government, on wednesday, is expected to announce its first annual trade deficit, since 1980. official trade figures set to be released on wednesday are expected to show that japan recorded a deficit for the first time in three decades, mainly on account of large fossil fuel purchases by utilities for power stations, to make up for the loss of nuclear power, following the fukushima disaster. japanese trade is expected to be in deficit for the next few years, as it tries to overcome the fukushimadisaster that released radiation into the atmosphere and forced the government, in the face of vehement public outcry, to shut down most of its nuclear power stations. import figures for liquefied natural gas jumped to a record last year, as utilities switched to gas - fired power generation to overcome the shortfall left by the shutdown of most nuclear reactors after the march 11 earthquake caused the worst nuclear disaster in 25 years. high crude prices have also seen import values rise, with japan being the world ’ s third biggest consumer of oil. for decades, japan ’ s economy has been propelled by iconic export - led manufacturers like toyota, honda and sony, and the march earthquake has hit these companies hard, with production at toyota only returning to full capacity in the autumn. a rise in the yen to a record last year of fewer than 77 per dollar from more than 250 in 1980 is making japanese exports increasingly uncompetitive and encouraging manufacturers to move overseas. this shift is most evident in the automotive industry. jpmorgan, in its research, says that by 2014, over 75 % of japanese cars will be produced abroad, up from 67 % in 2011. honda, toyota and nissan have all expressed their desire to move production away fromjapan, on the back of the ever - stronger yen. each one yen rise against the dollar, for example, is estimated to cut honda ’ s operating profit by 15bn yen ( $ 195m ). nissan has already shifted a sizeable portion of its production to thailand and mexico and, last year, was the second - biggest importer of vehicles into japan behind volkswagen. honda has also decided to produce its top of the range sports car in the us. earlier in the day, the bank of japan cut its forecasts for 2011 and indicated thatjapan ’ s financial recovery could take far longer than previously anticipated.


maintaining your cat ' s health when cats are sick or in pain, they ’ re notorious for masking their illness and hiding their symptoms, and it ’ s not because they ’ re just too proud or independent to show it. one theory is that this behavior has deep biological roots - in the wild cats would be ‘ prey ’ animals, and showing any sign of weakness would make them more vulnerable. that ’ s why even an injured cat will likely keep moving as if nothing was wrong. knowing this, it ’ s up to us to keep a watchful eye on our beloved feline friends. particularly because animals mature faster than we do - biologically they evolved that way, making them better able to survive disease and predators in the wild. cats are considered senior after about 12 years, so we always have to remind ourselves that with “ accelerated ” health, they may develop disease earlier so we need to check for red flags. a wellness examination is a routine medical examination of a cat that is apparently healthy as opposed to an examination performed when a cat is ill. a wellness examination is often called a “ check - up ” or a “ physical examination ” and the focus of this exam is the maintenance of your cat ’ s health. these exams allow your veterinarian to detect and treat health issues earlier which usually means less expense to you and often a better outcome for your cat. more on health & wellness - how to care for your senior cat - check your cat ' s vital signs at home - why does my cat … mask that he ' s in pain? - pet care should focus more on wellness, less on shots - how to give your cat a pill - how to tell if your cat is ill - cat exercise : keeping your kitty in good shape - summer hazards and your cat - feline arthritis — a condition that ' s more common than you think


interesting article by carolyn handler miller, about the origins of digital storytelling. excerpt : on the vast timetable of human achievements, computer - based interactive storytelling is a mere infant, only coming into being in the mid - twentieth century with the development of modern electronic computer technology. these narratives are also characterized by attributes rarely found in other forms of storytelling : they are interactive ; they are immersive ; they are nonlinear ; and they are participatory, meaning that the audience not only takes part in them but can make choices that directly impact the story. furthermore, the fictional characters in these stories commonly breach the fourth wall – the invisible barrier that separates the story world on one side and the real world on the other. in interactive narratives, it is extremely common for the fictional characters and the audience to communicate with each other and even for audience members to step into the story and play a direct role in it. given the fact that these narratives are so new and that they differ in so many important regards from other forms of storytelling, one might wonder if they are an entirely modern invention. did they enter the world like the greek goddess athena, who sprung into the world from the head of her father, zeus, fully formed, dressed and armed? in other words, are these unique types of works that came into existence only because the development of the electronic computer made them possible? or do the characteristics that make them so different from other forms of narrative possibly have roots in earlier types of storytelling and other human activities?


u. s. representative keith ellison, d minn., speaks at an election night event in st. paul, minn. / hannah foslien, ap last week, the american people voted for fairness. and with the " fiscal cliff " staring us all straight in the face, fairness must guide our decision - making as a nation. fairness demands that the nation prioritize good jobs, particularly after a decade of the most generous tax cuts for the well - to - do. investing in jobs is not only the right thing to do, but it will place america on a path to sustainable economic growth. the best way to be fair to working people, grow the economy, and reduce our deficit is to create jobs. the congressional progressive caucus has a deal for all - - one that puts americans back to work. we can address our crumbling roads and bridges and promote education or we can choose to pass more tax breaks for the wealthiest americans at the expense of our seniors. we cannot afford the latter. progressives can only accept a deal from republicans in congress that invests in jobs, calls on the wealthy to do more, calls on the military to do more, and protects the most vulnerable. our country has a jobs crisis. the biggest risk of congressional inaction is not that the deficit will increase, but that immediate budget cuts will hurt an already fragile economy, costing more american jobs. after the largest economic crisis since the great depression, our unemployment rate has finally fallen below 8 %. but we still have a long way to go. middle income jobs, in particular, have been slow to return and more than 12 million americans are still unemployed. america ' s public workers - teachers, police officers, and firefighters - have had a particularly difficult time finding work. local governments laid off 7, 000 workers between august and september, and further cuts would mean more job losses. as nobel prize - winning economist peter diamond said, " we have an unemployment crisis, in my view. the impacts, both on long - term unemployed and young people, are going to affect them for years and yearsa? ¦we have a debt problem. we don ' t have a debt crisis. " austerity would plunge the economy back into a recession. cutting the u. s. postal service or local fire departments costs public workers their jobs and reduces private sector demand, causing even more layoffs. in europe, rapid cuts in government spending have plunged the entire continent back into recession. great britain, a poster child for austerity, has seen


local fire departments costs public workers their jobs and reduces private sector demand, causing even more layoffs. in europe, rapid cuts in government spending have plunged the entire continent back into recession. great britain, a poster child for austerity, has seen real g. d. p. since the recession plummet to levels lower than after the great depression. workers in spain and greece have had to pick through garbage because of forced government cuts. rep. paul ryan ' s ( r - ohio ) prediction that we risk becoming greece could be accurate if we enact his own proposals to cut services americans need during economic recovery. but we don ' t have to choose between addressing the jobs crisis and reducing the deficit. in fact, putting people back to work will go a long way toward reducing the deficit. the deal for all with four basic principles to protect the middle - class and working families. first, any deal must protect benefits for the millions of american seniors, children, and disabled americans who depend on social security, medicare, and medicaid. one in every four families depends on our social security system, including 36 million retired americans. making workers wait until they ' re older to receive these benefits could cost seniors nearly $ 5, 000 a year. and nearly every american senior depends on medicare to cover health costs. turning medicare into a voucher system, as republicans have proposed, would not only make seniors pay thousands more for medicare, but leave many seniors without any coverage at all. second, an agreement must reform our tax code in a way that asks the most privileged among us to contribute their fair share, and closes corporate loopholes for companies that ship american jobs overseas. if working and middle class people are going to take a hit in tough times, it shouldn ' t be to pay for tax breaks for millionaires and oil companies. third, we must make smart cuts to defense spending, to focus our armed forces on combating 21st century risks. defense spending has more than doubled in the past 10 years alone. we can afford smart, strategic cuts to outdated defense spending without compromising our national security. also, we shouldn ' t fall for the argument from defense contractors and others that defense cuts will hurt the economy. investing in areas like health care for our seniors and education for our youth creates many more jobs than equivalent investment in defense. lastly, any deal must invest in job creation in the near - term. federal investments were already cut by $ 1. 5 trillion in the first round of deficit reduction a?? 60 percent from vital programs such


authorities in japan have evacuated the area around a nuclear power plant after its reactor ' s cooling system failed following friday ' s massive earthquake. pressure began building overnight at the fukushima daiichi plant north of tokyo, prompting officials to consider venting radioactive vapor on saturday. the situation has prompted analysts to debate whether nuclear power is safe to use in earthquake - prone regions. japan has 55 nuclear power plants that produce nearly one - third of the country ’ s electrical output. its also lies in one of the most seismically active zones in the world, known as the pacific ring of fire. nuclear waste specialist kevin kamps at nuclear watchdog beyond nuclear says these two factors put japan at a big risk. " an earthquake that damages multiple levels of the safety systems can lead to a troubled situation very quickly. " kamps said the worst case scenario for the fukushima daiichi plant would be what happened at the chernobyl nuclear power plant in ukraine in 1986, when the radioactivity escaped to the outside environment, causing environmental and health hazards across portions of europe. he said japan should consider other energy options. " there are much safer sources of electricity ; renewables, like wind and solar, could not suffer catastrophic disasters like this that endanger entire regions with hazardous radioactive releases. " analyst jeremy gordon with the world nuclear association, however, said overall the situation is not one in which japan would need to abandon this major source of electricity. he said japan ' s nuclear plants are built with multiple safety layers and earthquakes in mind. " the engineering standard goes so far beyond what you would ever expect, and the regulations go far beyond what you would ever expect. the end result is that the power plants are extremely robust. " gordon said a powerful earthquake that struck the kashiwazaki - kariwa nuclear power plant in 2007 is an example of the effectiveness of nuclear power plant safety measures. " they were hit really hard and there was damage within the plant and it took a long time to repair everything. but the safety system stayed in place and there was no nuclear risk from that earthquake. " kamps said the fukushima daiichi situation, though, should be a wake - up call to the japanese government and the world about the dangers of nuclear power plants. this can include radiological contamination of the environment and genetic damage, cancer and a wide spectrum of disease within people. " a nuclear disaster anywhere is a nuclear disaster everywhere. we saw that at chernobyl with significant nuclear fallout blanketing europe in all directions for many hundreds of miles. we even


the array object is used to store multiple values in a single variable. create an array, and assign values to it : you will find more examples at the bottom of this page. an array is a special variable, which can hold more than one value at a time. if you have a list of items ( a list of car names, for example ), storing the cars in single variables could look like this : however, what if you want to loop through the cars and find a specific one? and what if you had not 3 cars, but 300? the solution is an array! an array can hold many values under a single name, and you can access the values by referring to an index number. an array can be created in three ways. the following code creates an array object called mycars : you refer to an element in an array by referring to the index number. this statement access the value of the first element in mycars : this statement modifies the first element in mycars : | is the first element in an array. is the second..... ( indexes start with 0 ) | because of this, you can have variables of different types in the same array. you can have objects in an array. you can have functions in an array. you can have arrays in an array : the array object has predefined properties and methods : for a complete reference of all properties and methods, go to our complete array object reference. the reference contains a description ( and more examples ) of all array properties and methods. the example above makes a new array method that transforms array values into upper case. your message has been sent to w3schools.


pain - heel most frequently heel pain is not the result of any single injury, such as a fall or twist, but rather the result of repetitive or excessive heel pounding. plantar fasciitis is inflammation of the thick connective tissue on the sole of your foot that attaches to your heel. the pain is usually felt at the bottom of your heel and is often worse in the morning because of stiffness that occurs overnight. the following increase your risk of developing this painful problem : - shoes with poor arch support or soft soles - quick turns that put stress on your foot - tight calf muscles - repetitive pounding on your feet from long - distance running, especially running downhill or on uneven surfaces - pronation - - landing on the outside of your foot and rolling inward when walking or running ; to know if you pronate, check the soles of your shoes to see if they are worn along the outer edge bone spurs in the heel can accompany plantar fasciitis, but are generally not the source of the pain. if you treat the plantar fasciitis appropriately, the bone spur is likely to no longer bother you. heel bursitis ( inflammation of the back of the heel ) can be caused by landing hard or awkwardly on the heel, or by pressure from shoes. achilles tendinitis is inflammation of the large tendon that connects your calf muscle to your heel. this can be caused by : - running, especially on hard surfaces like concrete - tightness and lack of flexibility in your calf muscles - shoes with inadequate stability or shock absorption - sudden inward or outward turning of your heel when hitting the ground - rest as much as possible for at least a week. - apply ice to the painful area. do this at least twice a day for 10 to 15 minutes, more often in the first couple of days. - take acetaminophen for pain or ibuprofen for pain and inflammation. - wear proper - fitting shoes. - a heel cup, felt pads in the heel area, or an orthotic device may help. - night splints can stretch the injured fascia and allow it to heal. - apply moleskin to avoid pressure if you have bursitis. - see a physical therapist to learn stretching and strengthening exercises. these help prevent plantar fasciitis or achilles tendinitis from returning. call your health care provider if : - your pain is getting worse despite home treatment - there is little progress after 2 to 3 weeks of home treatment - your pain is sudden


help prevent plantar fasciitis or achilles tendinitis from returning. call your health care provider if : - your pain is getting worse despite home treatment - there is little progress after 2 to 3 weeks of home treatment - your pain is sudden and severe - you have redness or swelling of your heel or you cannot bear weight what to expect at your health care provider ' s office : your doctor will take your medical history and perform a physical examination, including a full exam of your feet and legs. to help diagnose the cause of the problem, your doctor will ask medical history questions, such as : - have you had this type of heel pain before? if so, what was the diagnosis and what caused the problem? - when did this episode of pain begin? - do you have pain upon your first steps in the morning or after your first steps after rest? - where exactly is your pain? - is the pain dull and aching or sharp and stabbing? - is it worse after you exercise? - is it worse when you are standing? - do you have any swelling or redness of your heel? - have you had a fall or have you twisted your foot recently? - are you a runner? how far do you run? how often do you run? on what type of surface do you run? - do you walk or stand on your feet for long periods of time? - what kind of shoes do you wear? - do you have any other symptoms? diagnostic tests that may be performed include a foot x - ray, focusing on the heel. if either plantar fasciitis or bursitis is diagnosed and if shoe changes and the use of orthotics have not been successful, cortisone injections may be tried. surgery is a last resort and is seldom necessary. if achilles tendinitis is diagnosed, anti - inflammatory medicine may be prescribed. heel lifts may be used. stretching can be helpful. in particularly unresponsive cases, a walking cast or boot may be helpful. surgery is usually not necessary. to prevent plantar fasciitis and achilles tendinitis, maintain flexible and strong muscles in your calves, ankles, and feet. always stretch and warm - up prior to athletic activities. wear comfortable, properly fitting shoes with good arch support and cushioning. if you pronate, look for athletic shoes with an antipronation device. if orthotics are prescribed by your provider, wear them in all of your shoes, not just while exercising. sc


shoes with good arch support and cushioning. if you pronate, look for athletic shoes with an antipronation device. if orthotics are prescribed by your provider, wear them in all of your shoes, not just while exercising. schroeder bm. american college of foot and ankle surgeons : diagnosis and treatment of heel pain. am fam physician. 2002 ; 65 ( 8 ) : 1686, 1688. american college of radiology ( acr ), expert panel on musculoskeletal imaging. chronic foot pain. reston, va : american college of radiology ; 2002. donley bg, moore t, sferra j, gozdanovic j, smith r. the efficacy of oral nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory medication ( nsaid ) in the treatment of plantar fasciitis : a randomized, prospective, placebo - controlled study. foot ankle int. 2007 ; 28 : 20 - 23. aldridge t. diagnosing heel pain in adults. am fam physician. 2004 ; 70 : 332 - 338. ho k, abu - laban rb. ankle and foot. in : marx j, ed. rosen ' s emergency medicine : concepts and clinical practice. 6th ed. philadelphia, pa : mosby elsevier ; 2006 : chap 55. | review date : 3 / 4 / 2009 | reviewed by : linda vorvick, md, family physician, seattle site coordinator, lecturer, pathophysiology, medex northwest division of physician assistant studies, university of washington school of medicine ; and c. benjamin ma, md, assistant professor, chief, sports medicine and shoulder service, ucsf dept of orthopaedic surgery. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m., inc. the information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. a licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. call 911 for all medical emergencies. links to other sites are provided for information only - - they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. © 1997 - a. d. a. m., inc. any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.


html unleashed pre. strategies for indexing and search engines : the meta tag html unleashed pre : strategies for indexing and search engines the meta tag getting back to html, you might wonder what the syntax is for adding keywords to a document. of course, the text of a page is the primary source of searchable material, but you may also need to add certain keywords without altering the page content. ( changing text color to make keywords invisible in the body of a document is a really ugly trick ; please never resort to it! ) the meta tag serves this purpose ( as well as several other purposes ). " meta " is a greek word for " over, " and meta tag was intended to carry all sorts of meta - information, that is, information about ( or " over " ) information. you should understand that using meta for specifying keywords is not an html convention, but only one of the widely accepted uses of the tag. a meta tag usually takes the following form : < meta name = "... " content = "... " > as you can see, the names of the meta tag attributes are rather generic, which allows you to use the tag to express virtually any information that may be represented as a name - value pair. for example, you could use meta tags to supply information about yourself ( name = " author " ), the program you used to create the html file ( name = " generator " ), and so on. here ' s how the meta tag is used for introducing your document to search engines : < meta name = " keywords " content = " searching, search engines, keywords, html " > < meta name = " description " content = " a description of major web search engines, spiders, and search - friendly html authoring " > these tags should be placed within the head element. keywords and phrases in the content of the tag with name = " keywords " attribute can be separated by commas for better readability, although spiders usually ignore the separators. the maximum number of keywords depends on the search engine in question ; for some of them, 25 words or 200 characters have been quoted as the upper limit. hopefully, the keywords thus specified will be added to the searchable representation of the document in the engine ' s database, and the description will be stored as the summary to be displayed for the document in a list of results ( in the absence of a description, most search engines will take the first lines of text on


representation of the document in the engine ' s database, and the description will be stored as the summary to be displayed for the document in a list of results ( in the absence of a description, most search engines will take the first lines of text on the page ). another use of the meta tag is for excluding a page from spiders ' attention. by adding the following tag, < meta name = " robots " content = " noindex " > you instruct any spiders that run into your page to bypass it without indexing. however, not all spiders support this convention. a more reliable solution is to add a robots. txt file to the root directory of your web server, with a list of files that must be excluded from indexing. for example, your robots. txt might contain these lines : user - agent : * disallow : / dont _ index _ me. html disallow : / hidden _ dir / with these lines, no robot will scan the dont _ index _ me. html document, nor any document from the / hidden _ dir /. for more information on robots exclusion, refer to http : / / info. webcrawler. com / mak / projects / robots / exclusion. html. revised : sept. 19, 1997


today ’ s technology is transforming life and the way we communicate. new communication networks are replacing traditional telephone conversations and face - to - face meetings. according to the radicati group, each channel - email, instant messaging and social networking – is expected to reach nearly 4 billion accounts worldwide by 2015. platforms like google + hangouts, gchat, yammer and skype empower people to communicate anywhere, anytime. most of these conversations occur in written form where the message can be spread around the globe within seconds. therefore, exercising proper etiquette online is just as important as practicing good behavior offline. words impact image “ when communicating online, be authentic, relevant and don ’ t post anything you wouldn ’ t want your grandmother to read, ” said kent lewis, president and founder of anvil media and formic media. " always keep the conversation clean and civil. when crafting a message, choose your words wisely and be aware of the tone. keep in mind that reading a message electronically lacks the non - verbal cues and lends itself to misinterpretation. depending on the nature of the business and relationship, emoticons may or may not be appropriate. know your audience. follow suit and use them sparingly. " text messaging may be efficient and convenient, but it offers a significant margin of error for misunderstanding. when texting, identify yourself in the message as your information may not be stored in the recipient ’ s phone. be careful to select the intended party from your address book and make sure to respond to the correct sender. “ avoid using all caps and abbreviated text such as lmao $! ” adds lewis. responding in - kind with clients or supervisors may be acceptable in some instances. however, the language may be confusing or deemed inappropriate by others. " “ furthermore, using abbreviations frequently may become habitual and spill into other forms of written communications, ” said sally ramsay, senior vice president at pierpont communications. " best practice : be professional. reserve texting for brief messages, using complete words and sentences such as “ file sent. ” remember, texting can be uncomfortable for some or costly for others depending on the user ’ s plan. " email messages employ the same rules as other forms of business communication. the message needs to be organized and grammatically correct, which includes running spellcheck. start with a relevant subject line that aligns with the email message. in the message, address the reader with an appropriate greeting. then, write the most important


the message needs to be organized and grammatically correct, which includes running spellcheck. start with a relevant subject line that aligns with the email message. in the message, address the reader with an appropriate greeting. then, write the most important points concisely in the first paragraph. bullet point action items and specify the owners as well as the deadlines. finally, add a closure followed by a signature. mailboxes have storage limitations. minimize the amount of attachments and the use of wallpaper. when sending messages to multiple contacts, place recipients in groups to maintain privacy. send only relevant messages and use the “ reply all ” option accordingly. only use the priority status (! ) for messages requiring urgent attention. spreading the message social media is powerful tool that can help a company achieve its business goals and objectives by educating people, disseminating quality, relevant information, and responding immediately to a crisis. according to ramsay, “ companies today are responding faster to complaints made on social media platforms than to telephone calls. when using social media, assign the responsibility to someone who can monitor the conversation, access information and mitigate. ” negative comments will happen, so be prepared. be polite, listen, restate the problem, diffuse the situation and offer a solution. if necessary, use private messaging to move the conversation offline. facebook is personal and is intended for use with friends and family only. “ be cognizant of your posts, knowing the content will be shared and last forever. with photos, tag people judiciously and get permission to tag others, ” said ramsay. " monitor the content on your page, and delete inappropriate comments or tags immediately. decline invitations or unfriend someone who exhibits lewd behavior. remember, you ’ re guilty by association. therefore, be smart about accepting friend requests. " lewis suggests that users create different circles of friends to separate personal from professional and ensure posts are flagged appropriately to mitigate risk. linkedin is a platform for building a professional network. “ when meeting people in person, secure an email address to send an invitation to connect ; ensure invitations reference how you know that person and how a connection will be mutually beneficial ; create value early and share relevant news often, ” said lewis. additionally, when accepting an invitation, respond politely with a personal message. for protection, a company should explain acceptable online conduct in an employee handbook or social media policy, provide ongoing training, review best practices and discuss common sense rules. “ discuss the first amendment with associates and


an invitation, respond politely with a personal message. for protection, a company should explain acceptable online conduct in an employee handbook or social media policy, provide ongoing training, review best practices and discuss common sense rules. “ discuss the first amendment with associates and explain the gravity of leaking confidential information or announcing internal news. regardless of whether the behavior was accidental or malicious, it can have damaging effects on a company, ” asserts ramsay. " today, employees have ample opportunity to interact with clients online and make mistakes. if a mistake occurs, acknowledge it and apologize as soon as possible. " social media disasters have happened and will happen again so be sure to have a plan of action in place. be aware of who you friend and the consequences of your online behavior. “ people have lost jobs, companies have lost accounts and reputations have been tarnished, ” states loren brown, j. d., business law professor at the university of houston - downtown. he cites the case, zeran v. america online, in which the defamed party was injured by defamatory speech of a third party. unfortunately, the injured party lost in court and there was no recourse. on personal and professional levels, communicating online offers convenience, maintains relationships and is useful for sharing information. when conversing online, follow these basic rules to establish a reputation of geniality : be nice, be respectful of others, avoid arguing online, and understand that your actions impact your employer ’ s image as well as your personal brand. to protect your identity, set your account privacy settings and monitor these as privacy policies change without notice. “ finally, remember the adage : fools names and fools faces always seen in public places. be sure to create an awareness and always think before you post or click ‘ send ’, ” concludes ramsay. about the author : michelle wicmandy is a marketing lecturer for the university of houston - downtown, an ethnically diverse liberal arts institutions in the southwest that offers baccalaureate and master ’ s degree programs. she also works as a freelance online marketing consultant and helps clients with their email, social media, and web analytic projects.


mass - produced meat and chicken contaminated with mrsa superbug monday, april 18, 2011 board certified clinical nutritionist byron j. richards, listen to byron ' s recapweekly health podcast > big agribusiness animal farms, which steadily poison the meat and poultry they produce with antibiotics under the pretense of food safety, have massively infected the animals with staphylococcus aureus1 ( 47 percent of meat and poultry recently tested ). 52 % of that is the nasty form of staphylococcus that is resistant to antibiotics ( mrsa superbugs ). in other words, the garbage - quality food industry has unleashed highly infected meat on the u. s. consumer. this not only poses problems for serious food - born illness, it is a likely factor involved with the obesity epidemic. researchers collected and analyzed 136 samples – covering 80 brands – of beef, chicken, pork and turkey from 26 retail grocery stores in five u. s. cities : los angeles, chicago, fort lauderdale, flagstaff and washington, d. c. “ the fact that drug - resistant s. aureus was so prevalent, and likely came from the food animals themselves, is troubling, and demands attention to how antibiotics are used in food - animal production today, ” lance b. price, ph. d., senior author of the study and director of tgen ’ s center for food microbiology and environmental health. in most cases cooking will kill this bacteria. however, cross contamination during food preparation is a major concern. for example, if you buy food at a fast food restaurant, the cook touches the contaminated meat and throws it on the grill and cooks it. meanwhile he touches buns and other items that are not cooked and spreads the germs to them. one would have to be very careful even at home to not get cross contamination. your options are to become a vegetarian or to only buy high quality meat and poultry that is raised without antibiotics. there is a cottage industry devoted to raising healthy animals for food consumption. if you do get mrsa infection from food it will not likely show up as the more commonly understood skin infection. rather, it will be an internal infection most likely related to pneumonia. therefore, respiratory presentation may be your symptoms rather than the typical diarrhea of food poisoning. this type of infection generates large amounts of toxins which will make you feel really sick with horrible headaches or body aches. such severe infections could significantly harm or even kill infants, children or the elderly


the typical diarrhea of food poisoning. this type of infection generates large amounts of toxins which will make you feel really sick with horrible headaches or body aches. such severe infections could significantly harm or even kill infants, children or the elderly. another important aspect of this is low - grade infection of your digestive tract with staphylococcus aureus which disrupts the balance of friendly flora in your digestive tract. this is not the same as an acute illness and may not involve the mrsa form at all. tests on pregnant women3 have found excessive levels of staphylococcus in their digestive tracts in direct proportion to how overweight they were at the start of pregnancy. this problem is also a factor in excess weight gain4 during pregnancy. unfortunately, the staphylococcus overgrowth is passed on to their child5, setting the stage for future obesity. thankfully, taking friendly flora can help this problem and prevent weight gain. in my previous article, how digestive problems prevent weight loss, i explain how toxic lps coming from imbalanced digestive bacteria is a major stumbling block for weight loss for most people who are overweight and can ’ t lose weight with a reasonable weight - loss effort. staphylococcus aureus is a gram positive bacterium, so it does not produce toxic lps. rather it produces a wide variety of other highly toxic compounds such as superantigens, enterotoxins, alpha toxins, beta toxins, and delta toxins. thus, the levels of staphylococcus found in overweight people are capable of a low - grade poisoning of metabolism consistent with the toxic lps of gram negative bacteria. an animal study shows that staphylococcus can impair beta cell function of the pancreas, inducing insulin resistance6. this could help cause either type 1 or type 2 diabetes. this new study exposes a major public health issue and focuses the blame on the fast - food animal production business with its long history of animal abuse and production of sickly animals with compromised immune systems. please note the fda and usda were too incompetent to discover this problem – which simply required looking. their “ solution ” will be to force dangerous irradiation of the food supply on everyone – including those who produce high quality meat and poultry that is not prone to such infection. as americans are coming to realize, government and its regulators are seldom willing to address the source of any problem when those committing the offense pay law


cholesterol is an essential body chemical. it is one of the fat - like nutrients transported in the blood and is used by the body to build cell walls and produce vitamin d and certain hormones. the body produces about one thousand milligrams of cholesterol each day to meet its needs. most of us consume more cholesterol than we need when we eat foods that are high in saturated fat, such as meat and dairy products. if we consume cholesterol, the body slows down production of it, but not enough to prevent blood levels from rising. when there is too much cholesterol in the bloodstream, it can become trapped in the walls of the coronary arteries and build up over time. when the artery that supplies blood to the heart becomes clogged with cholesterol deposits, part of the heart muscle goes without the nutrients and oxygen it needs and dies. the result can be chest pains, a heart attack, and even death. to lower cholesterol blood levels, avoid foods high in saturated fats. eat more foods with polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats which can help lower blood cholesterol and reduce the risk of heart disease. for more information on cholesterol, contact a health care professional.


vinoba bhave, born vinayak narahari bhave and often called acharya ( in sanskrit and hindi means teacher ), is considered as a national teacher of india and the spiritual successor of mahatma gandhi. he was born in gagode, maharashtra on september 11, 1895 into a pious family of the chitpavan brahmin clan. he was highly inspired after reading the bhagavad gita, one of the holiest hindu scriptures at a very young age. he was associated with mahatma gandhi in the indian independence movement. in 1932 he was sent to jail by the british colonial government because of his fight against british rule. there he gave a series of talks on the gita, in his native language marathi, to his fellow prisoners. these highly inspiring talks were later published as the book " talks on the gita ", and it has been translated to many languages both in india and elsewhere. vinoba felt that the source of these talks was something above and he believed that its influence will endure even if his other works were forgotten. in 1940 he was chosen by gandhi to be the first individual satyagrahi ( an individual standing up for truth instead of a collective action ) against the british rule. bhave also participated in the quit india movement. vinoba ' s religious outlook was very broad and it synthesized the truths of many religions. this can be seen in one of his hymns " om tat " which contains symbols of many religions. he was also a scholar of many languages. vinoba observed the life of the average indian living in a village and tried to find solutions for the problems he faced with a firm spiritual foundation. this formed the core of his sarvodaya ( awakening of all potentials ) movement. another example of this is the bhoodhan ( land gift ) movement. he walked all across india asking people with land to consider him as one of their sons and so give him a portion of their land which he then distributed to landless poor. nonviolence and compassion being a hallmark of his philosophy, he also campaigned against the slaughtering of cows. vinoba spent the later part of his life at his ashram in paunar, maharashtra. he controversially backed the indian emergency imposed by prime minister indira gandhi, calling it anushasana parva ( time for discipline ). he died on november 15, 1982 after refusing food and medicine few days earlier. some indians have identified this as sallekhana. he was


new hybrid deep - sea vehicle is christened nereus unique underwater vehicle is named in nationwide student contest nereus — a mythical god with a fish tail and a man ’ s torso — was chosen sunday ( june 25 ) in a nationwide contest as the name of a first - of - its - kind, deep - sea vehicle under construction at the woods hole oceanographic institution. the vehicle, known until now as the hybrid remotely operated vehicle, or hrov, will be able to work in the deepest parts of the ocean, from 6, 500 meters to 11, 000 meters ( 21, 500 feet to 36, 000 feet ), a depth currently unreachable for routine ocean research. scientists also plan to use it to explore remote, difficult - to - reach areas, including under the arctic ice cap. [ editor ' s note : on may 31, 2009, nereus dove to the deepest part of the ocean — challenger deep in the mariana trench. read the article and interviews with engineers who built nereus. ] engineers and ship ' s crew will be able to transform nereus from a free - swimming vehicle for wide - area ocean surveys to a vehicle tethered by a cable to a surface ship that can be used for or close - up investigation and sampling of seafloor rocks and organisms. the transformation will take 6 to 8 hours and happen on the ship ' s deck. “ nereus best fits the image of our vehicle, which engineers can change shape at sea for various science needs, ” said andy bowen, the whoi engineer overseeing the vehicle ’ s design and development. bowen was among a panel of judges from whoi and engineering consulting groups that selected nereus from 22 entries in a naming contest open to junior high, high school, and college students who participate in the california - based marine advanced technology education ( mate ) center. the program provides students in the u. s. and canada opportunity to explore marine - related careers through internship programs, and it sponsors an annual remotely operated vehicle design competition. “ the students thought it would be appropriate to name it after a greek god who combined two forms, ” said kelly miller, an oceanography and chemistry teacher at monterey high school in california who coordinated the winning name submission for a team of six sophomores, juniors, and seniors. a vehicle that switches modes nereus ( rhymes with “ serious ” ) keeps with a tradition in the whoi deep submergence laboratory of naming vehicles for mythical greek figures. among others in the whoi - operated fleet of vehicles are jason


seniors. a vehicle that switches modes nereus ( rhymes with “ serious ” ) keeps with a tradition in the whoi deep submergence laboratory of naming vehicles for mythical greek figures. among others in the whoi - operated fleet of vehicles are jason ( a fabled adventurer and ocean explorer ), argo ( a ship used by jason ), and medea ( the mythical wife of jason ). several teams proposed names for the new vehicle taken from mythology, including the japanese dragon god ryujin, the greek god of wind aiolos, and the greek god of the sea poseidon. ultimately, bowen said nereus was selected because “ the name most appropriately represented the vehicle ’ s ability to switch modes as needed by scientists. ” the $ 5 - million, battery - operated vehicle will be the first ever designed to transform from a guided, tethered robot to a free - swimming vehicle. each capability offers advantages to deep - sea researchers. in its autonomous mode, the vehicle will be able to fly on pre - programmed missions over swaths of ocean bottom to map the seafloor, to gather remote data, or to search for scientific targets such as hydrothermal vents. in its tethered mode, it will remain connected via a hair - thin, 25 - mile long cable that will enable scientists on the surface ship to send instant commands to the mechanical arm, used for gathering samples of interesting undersea rocks and organisms. scheduled for launch in 2007 sea trials will take place offshore woods hole in early 2007, and scientists will plan to use it for research later that year at challenger deep, a trench in the pacific ocean southwest of guam. it is the deepest area of any ocean, deeper than mount everest is high, extending almost 11, 000 meters ( 36, 000 feet ) beneath the sea surface. the panel of judges involved in the name selection included engineers from whoi as well as engineering consultants working on the vehicle at the johns hopkins university in baltimore and the space and naval warfare systems center in san diego. several teams suggested names inspired by wildlife, including the color - switching lizard chameleon, the aquatic salamander siren, the hawaiian owl pueo, and the scientific name for lobster, homarus. others proposed people names. a newfoundland team suggested jacques, after famed underwater explorer jacques cousteau. harvey, proposed by a florida team, acknowledged marine artist guy harvey. audrey, the only female name, came from a california team honoring the late audrey mestre, who died in 2002 attempting to set a


freely rooting, long, prostrate stems growing across mud or in water and topped with erect, dense, narrowly egg - shaped, pink flower clusters. this aquatic or wetland plant is rather showy when growing in colonies. the genus name is from the greek poly ( many ) and gona ( knee or joint ), as is the family name, and refers to the thickened joints of the stem where a sheath often surrounds the stem at the leaf axil. the genus includes the smartweeds, with tiny flowers in terminal spikes, and the knotweeds, with flower clusters in the leaf axils. this species also occurs in eurasia. its seeds provide food for waterfowl. some authorities recognize two intergrading, environmentally variable varieties in the west. the variety stipulaceum has short oval flower clusters and is not especially aggressive ; the pink flower masses of this variety are very attractive, but since the plants grow quickly, they can become an unwelcome weed in decorative ponds. the variety emersum has lanceolate leaves with narrowly tapering tips and slender flower clusters at least 1 1 / 2 ( 4 cm ) long ; once called p. coccineum, a separate species, this variety is aggressive to the point of being classified as a noxious weed. find native plant species by state. each list contains commercially available species suitable for gardens and planned landscapes. once you have selected a collection, you can browse the collection or search within it using the combination search. view recommended species page


karner blue butterfly and concord ( nh ) pine barrens project photo : lindsay webb / nhfg project goal : to reintroduce the karner blue butterfly ( lycaeides melissa samuelis ) in concord, nh and to maintain the concord pine barrens through habitat management. timeline : nh fish and game ' s nongame program began restoring the concord pine barrens in 2000 and began releasing captive reared karner blue butterflies in 2001. periodic habitat management will always be necessary to maintain the pine barrens as a suitable habitat for karner blue butterflies to survive. captive rearing of the butterflies will end when the federal recovery goals have been met. location : approximately 300 acres of pine barrens habitat in concord, nh. description : in 1999, the karner blue butterfly was thought to be extirpated from new hampshire. the last place it was observed was in a power line corridor in concord. working closely with the u. s. fish and wildlife service, new hampshire fish and game biologists began collecting karner blue butterfly eggs at the next closest and stable population in new york. almost every year new york provides adult butterflies to help maintain genetic diversity in the new hampshire karner blue population. over many years, captive rearing techniques were established and flying adults were released into the wild. in order to tell which butterflies were released into the wild from the captive rearing lab, and which butterflies make it through the life cycle in the wild, biologists write a number on the butterfly ' s wing before releasing it into the wild. a mark - recapture survey during the two flying periods allows biologists to estimate the population. in 2005, a new partnership with roger williams park zoo in providence, rhode island, was established allowing the zoo to help raise larvae through the pupae stage. the pupae are transported back to new hampshire where they are either released into the wild or held in captivity for breeding. in 2008, concerns over the new york karner blue population arose so biologists in nh began captive rearing more larvae in order to give new york pupae to be released back into the wild to augment the wild population in new york at the albany pine bush preserve. habitat management is performed on the concord pine barrens to mimic the historic natural disturbance regimes that maintain pine barrens vegetation. some of the techniques used are controlled burning, brush cutting and planting of native vegetation. nhfg biologists adhere to adaptive management which allows the management techniques to change over time as specific outcomes due to timing and intensity change the


pine barrens vegetation. some of the techniques used are controlled burning, brush cutting and planting of native vegetation. nhfg biologists adhere to adaptive management which allows the management techniques to change over time as specific outcomes due to timing and intensity change the result. controlled burning is performed to reduce leaf litter and duff, reduce non - native vegetative species, and promote sunny and sandy openings for native pine barrens vegetation to grow. " kids for karners " started in 2000 as a way to engage area school children in the karner blue butterfly and concord pine barrens project. every winter, biologists go into classrooms where they talk to kids from pre - k up through high school age about the project. the students then plant wild lupine seeds and take care of the plants until may when they come to the concord pine barrens to plant their wild lupine plants. in some years, students also try growing other essential nectar plants such as new jersey tea and blunt - leaved milkweed. high school students have also helped by cutting and piling brush and planting wild lupine and other plants at a nearby business. the new england zoo and aquarium conservation collaborative, a conservation group initiated by roger williams park zoo, began volunteering in 2000. this group has helped to grow wild lupine and plant it in the concord pine barrens, volunteered in the captive rearing lab and in the field to cut brush, pick wild lupine seed, and help with trail work. albany pine bush preserve commission city of concord national wildlife federation new england wildflower society new england zoo and aquarium conservation collaborative new hampshire army national guard nh department of resources and economic development : division of forests and lands new york department of conservation roger williams park zoo u. s. fish and wildlife service - northeast region funding : private donations have provided the foundation for the nongame and endangered wildlife program since its inception in 1988. contributions support the on - the - ground work and also enable the nongame program to qualify for additional funding through grants from both the state of new hampshire and the u. s. fish and wildlife service. donations made to the nongame program are matched dollar - for - dollar by the state of new hampshire up to $ 50, 000 annually. please help keep this project going by donating to the nongame and endangered wildlife program. ( click here to donate ) the nongame program also receives a portion of proceeds from the sale of the nh conservation license plate ( moose plate ) each year. to learn more please visit the nh moose plate program online at


##game and endangered wildlife program. ( click here to donate ) the nongame program also receives a portion of proceeds from the sale of the nh conservation license plate ( moose plate ) each year. to learn more please visit the nh moose plate program online at www. mooseplate. com. the habitat management of the concord pine barrens is funded through a mitigation agreement with the new hampshire army national guard until 2010. volunteering : volunteer opportunities to help on this project, including planting wild lupine, brush piling, and helping in the captive rearing lab are usually made available every spring and summer on specified dates. check your spring wildlines newsletter or contact the wildlife division at email @ example. com or ( 603 ) 271 - 2461. | number of butterflies released ( both broods ) in the concord pine barrens | | number of plants kids for karners planted in the concord pine barrens | | number of acres burned in the concord pine barrens | - karner blue butterfly and concord pine barrens and other nongame program news - karner blue butterfly fact sheet - wildlife action plan karner blue butterfly profile - u. s. fish and wildlife service - karner blue butterfly - new! " propagation handbook for the karner blue butterfly "


contemporary industrial organization : a quantitative approach december 2010, ©2011 part i microeconomic foundations. 1 industrial organization and imperfect competition : what, how, and why? 1. 1 what is industrial organization? 1. 2 how we analyze imperfect competition. 1. 3 why : antitrust policy and industrial organization theory. appendix – excerpts from key antitrust statutes. 2 basic microeconomics. 2. 1 competition versus monopoly : the poles of market performance. 2. 2 intertemporal considerations and constraints on monopoly power. 3 technology and cost relationships. 3. 1 production technology and cost function for single - product firms. 3. 2 cost relations for multiproduct firms. 3. 3 non - cost determinants of market structure. 3. 4 empirical application : cost function estimation, scale and scope economies. 4 market structure and market power. 4. 1 measuring market structure. 4. 2 measuring market power — the lerner index again. 4. 3 empirical application : monopoly power : how bad is it? part ii price and nonprice tactics for firms with market power. 5 price discrimination and monopoly. 5. 1 the feasibility of price discrimination. 5. 2 first - degree price discrimination. 5. 3 price discrimination with less information. 5. 4 second - degree price discrimination : menu pricing. 6 price discrimination, product variety, bundling & tying. 6. 1 price discrimination and product quality. 6. 2 price discrimination and product variety. 6. 3 bundling and tying. 6. 4 empirical application : price discrimination, product variety, and monopoly versus competition. part iii oligopoly and strategic interaction. 7 static games and quantity versus price competition. 7. 1 a brief introduction to game theory. 7. 2 dominant and dominated strategies. 7. 3 the static cournot model. 7. 4 the bertrand model. 7. 5 strategic substitutes and complements. 7. 6 empirical application : brand competition and consumer preferences — evidence from the california retail gasoline market. 8 dynamic games and first and second movers. 8. 1 the stackelberg model of quantity competition. 8. 2 sequential price competition 8. 3 sequential quality choice. 8. 4 commitment and credibility in dynamic games. 8. 5 the chain - store paradox. 9 entry deterrence and predation. 9. 1 market structure over time ; random process & stylized facts. 9. 2 deterring entry. 9. 3 predation and asymmetric information. 9. 4 long - term contracts as a barrier to entry. 9.


predation. 9. 1 market structure over time ; random process & stylized facts. 9. 2 deterring entry. 9. 3 predation and asymmetric information. 9. 4 long - term contracts as a barrier to entry. 9. 5 predatory conduct and public policy. 9. 6 empirical application : entry deterrence in the pharmaceutical industry. 10 price fixing and repeated games. 10. 1 the cartel ' s dilemma. 10. 2 repeated games. 10. 3 empirical application 1 : estimating the effects of price - fixing. 10. 4 cartels in practice : facilitating factors and practices. 10. 5 antitrust policy toward cartels ; deterrence and detection. 10. 6 empirical application : an experimental investigation of leniency programs. part iv contractual relationships between firms. 11 horizontal mergers. 11. 1 horizontal mergers and the merger paradox. 11. 2 mergers and cost synergies. 11. 3 merged firms as stackelberg leaders. 11. 4 sequential mergers. 11. 5 horizontal mergers and product differentiation. 11. 6 public policy and horizontal mergers. 11. 7 application : evaluating the impact of mergers with computer simulation. 12 vertical and conglomerate mergers. 12. 1 procompetitive vertical mergers. 12. 2 vertical mergers, price discrimination, and competition. 12. 3 vertical mergers, oligopoly, and foreclosure. 12. 4 a reappraisal : the ge - honeywell merger once more. 12. 5 a note on conglomerate mergers. 12. 6 empirical application : vertical integration in the ready - mixed concrete industry. 13 vertical restraints. 13. 1 vertical price restraints and antitrust policy : a brief history. 13. 2 vertical price restraints and suppressed competition. 13. 3 arguments in support of vertical price restraints. 13. 4 retail price maintenance and uncertain demand. 13. 5 nonprice vertical restraints. 13. 7 empirical application : exclusive dealing in the u. s. beer industry. part v topics in nonprice competition : advertising and research and development. 14 advertising, market power, and information. 14. 1 advertising and monopoly power : the dorfman - steiner condition. 14. 2 advertising as consumer information. 14. 3 advertising, information, and competition. 14. 4 complements, advertising, and brand names. 14. 5 empirical application : advertising, information, and prestige. 15 research and development. 15. 1 a taxonomy of innovations. 15. 2 market structure and the incentive to innovate. 15. 3 a more complete model


and brand names. 14. 5 empirical application : advertising, information, and prestige. 15 research and development. 15. 1 a taxonomy of innovations. 15. 2 market structure and the incentive to innovate. 15. 3 a more complete model of competition and innovation. 15. 4 evidence on the schumpeterian hypothesis. 15. 5 product and process innovation : cournot versus bertrand. 15. 6 r & d cooperation between firms. 15. 7 empirical application : r & d spillovers in practice. 16 patents and patent policy. 16. 1 optimal patent length. 16. 2 optimal patent breadth. 16. 3 patent races. 16. 4 monopoly power and “ sleeping patents. ” 16. 5 patent licensing. 16. 6 recent patent policy developments. 16. 7 empirical application : patent law and patent practice in the semiconductor industry. part vi special topics : networks and strategic trade policy. 17 network markets. 17. 1 market provision of a network service. 17. 2 networks, competition, and complementary services. 17. 3 systems competition and the battle over industry standards. 17. 4 application : network externalities in computer software — spreadsheets. 18 strategic commitments : confronting potential entrants and international rivalry. 18. 1 the strategic value of commitment. 18. 2 strategic complements and substitutes : cats, dogs, and the lean and hungry look. 18. 3 strategic commitments in international markets. 18. 4 trade agreements and commitment devices. answers to selected problems. - concise, calculus - based introduction to industrial organization in the imperfect market conditions of the real world. - 14 optional empirical real - world applications plus significant coverage on econometric studies. - robust integration of calculus, game theory, information economics, econometric studies, contracting issues, useful derivations and reality checkpoints. - clear writing by a successful and established author team conveys the vitality and relevance of industrial organization theory and practice. - current research on real business behavior and public policy. - regulation and antitrust issues, including coverage of european enforcement of american firms. - - james dana, northeastern university “ the authors have implemented their vision quite successfully, in my opinion. calculus - based arguments and formal models are employed throughout the text. i think that the authors do a good job of describing the issue / problem of interest and then proceed to how one might think of this problem in the context of a formal model. ” - - jennifer f. reinganum, vanderbilt university “ it is very concise, yet the explanations and applications


" sunshine vitamin ' may treat asthma ' ", bbc news informs us, as a new lab - based study suggests vitamin d could help control symptoms of severe asthma. asthma is caused by inflammation of the airways, related to malfunctioning of the body ' s immune system. in theory, the immune system mistakes harmless substances, such as dust mites, as a threat and triggers inflammation of the lungs and airways ( which causes the symptoms of asthma ). the study in question looked at il - 17a, which is one of the molecules thought to be associated with the malfunctioning immune response seen in asthma. researchers examined whether vitamin d had an effect on the levels of the molecule produced by white blood cells in a laboratory experiment. researchers found that vitamin d reduced the levels of il - 17a produced by cells from people with asthma. this included cells from people who had previously failed to respond to the treatment of choice for severe asthma - oral corticosteroids - often referred to as steroids. while this study suggests that vitamin d can have an effect on il - 17a levels in the laboratory, it is certainly too early to hail vitamin d as a potential " cure " for asthma. a positive effect on cells in the lab does not guarantee vitamin d supplements will improve symptoms for people with asthma. clinical trials in people with asthma are ongoing to test whether this will be the case. where did the story come from? the study was carried out by researchers from king ' s college london ; queen mary, university of london, and the homerton university nhs foundation trust. it was funded by asthma uk and the national institute for health research, and some researchers received medical research council funding. the study was published in the peer - reviewed journal of allergy and clinical immunology. this study was reported by the bbc, daily mail, and the daily express. the bbc correctly points out that treating asthma patients with vitamin d " has not yet been tested ". the main text of the mail ' s coverage is generally accurate, although their headline suggests that " vitamin d ' helps beat the symptoms of asthma ' ", when this was not assessed by the study. the express ' s coverage over - interprets the results by suggesting that " soaking up sun could be a cure for asthma " or could be " the best way of treating asthma ". what kind of research was this? this was a laboratory study looking at the effect of vitamin d on one type of white blood cell ( t helper cells called th17 cells ) from people


or could be " the best way of treating asthma ". what kind of research was this? this was a laboratory study looking at the effect of vitamin d on one type of white blood cell ( t helper cells called th17 cells ) from people with asthma. one type of t helper cell called th2 is known to be involved in inflammation of the airways in asthma. however, some evidence suggests that other t cells may also play a role. th17 cells are involved in defending the body against bacterial and fungal infections. there is some evidence that these cells may be involved in severe asthma. also, one of the inflammatory substances produced by these cells, called il - 17a, may exacerbate asthma and reduce patients ' ability to respond to standard treatment for severe asthma - oral corticosteroids ( steroids ). previously, studies had shown that vitamin d could influence the t cells from patients with severe asthma, and also affect th17 cells. the researchers in the current study wanted to see if vitamin d affected il - 17a production by th17 cells collected from asthma patients. they also wanted to see whether this effect was different in people who were resistant to steroid treatments. what did the research involve? the researchers took blood from 10 healthy adults and 28 patients with moderate to severe asthma and extracted white blood cells, including t cells. the patients had to have had diagnosed asthma for at least six months. of the patients, 18 had asthma that did not respond as well to oral steroid treatment ( steroid resistant asthma ), and 10 had asthma that responded to steroids. the researchers grew the white blood cells in the laboratory, either with or without vitamin d and the steroid dexamethasone, and looked at how much il - 17a was being produced. they assessed whether this varied between people with and without asthma, or in people with steroid resistant asthma. what were the basic results? white blood cells from people with asthma produced higher levels of il - 17a than those from non - asthmatic patients. furthermore, white blood cells from people with steroid resistant asthma produced the highest levels of il - 17a. treating the white blood cells with vitamin d reduced the production of il - 17a. this reduction occurred in cells from people with steroid - resistant asthma and steroid - sensitive asthma, and was not affected by adding the steroid dexamethasone. how did the researchers interpret the results? the researchers concluded that their results support the hypothesis that vitamin d could improve disease control


##roid - resistant asthma and steroid - sensitive asthma, and was not affected by adding the steroid dexamethasone. how did the researchers interpret the results? the researchers concluded that their results support the hypothesis that vitamin d could improve disease control in people with asthma by reducing il - 17a levels, regardless of whether the person ' s asthma is steroid - resistant. the current laboratory study suggests that vitamin d can reduce white blood cell production of an inflammatory molecule implicated in asthma. these results were obtained from cells in the laboratory, and further research will be needed to determine whether this effect will also be seen if people with asthma are given vitamin d. while the results perhaps give a reason to investigate vitamin d further, not all treatments showing initially positive results in laboratory studies go on to have a positive effect on real - world clinical outcomes. the good news is, as the daily mail reports, the results of this study are being followed up with a randomised controlled trial in participants with steroid resistant asthma. randomised controlled trials are the best way of testing if treatments are effective. this trial, and others, will tell us if vitamin d works as a treatment for asthma and if so, who it might be effective at treating. links to headlines sunshine vitamin ' may treat asthma '. bbc news, may 20 2013 vitamin d ' helps beat symptoms of asthma '. daily mail, may 20 2013 soaking up sun could be a cure for asthma. daily express, may 20 2013 links to science nanzer am, chambers es, ryanna k, et al. enhanced production of il - 17a in patients with severe asthma is inhibited by 1?, 25 - dihydroxyvitamin d3 in a glucocorticoid - independent fashion. the journal of allergy and clinical immunology. - nhs choices links - 8 ways to look after yourself with asthma - paula radcliffe on asthma - treatments for asthma


dictionary of wisconsin history search results for : the letter ' n ' term : north freedom [ origin of place name ] definition : village located in the northern part of the town of freedom, hence north freedom. where the roads meet in the center of the section was originally called hackett ' s corners from the families residing there. when the railroad was built two plats were made, one called bloom for george w. bloom and one called north freedom. afterwards, bloom station was changed to north freedom. iron ore used for paint was later discovered and the name became bessemer in honor of sir henry bessemer, who invented the process of reducing iron ore. the name of north freedom was later decided upon. [ source : cole. baraboo and other place names of sauk county. ] 340 records found nabob [ origin of place name ] nabob, washington co. nagawicka lake, waukesha co. nagawicka [ origin of place name ] nager, edward 1927 naleid, roy e. 1901 namakagon [ origin of place name ] namakagon, town of, bayfield co. namekagon ( town and river ) [ origin of place name ] namekagon river ( historic marker erected 1967 ) namekagon, bayfield co. namekagon, town of, bayfield co. namekagon - court oreilles portage ( historic marker namur, door co. nancy, town of, washburn co. naples, town of, buffalo co. narrow gauge ( railroads ) narrows creek, sauk co. nasbro, dodge co. nasewaupee [ origin of place name ] nasewaupee, town of, door co. nash, charles dennis 1819 - 1897 nash, charles w. 1864 - 1948 nash, philleo 1909 nash, william francis 1847 - 1916 nashotah ( town ) [ origin of place name ] nashotah lakes, waukesha co. nashotah mission ( historic marker erected 1968 ) nashotah, village of, waukesha co. nashotah, waukesha co. nashville, forest co. nashville, town of, forest co. nasonville [ origin of place name ] nasonville, wood co. nass, stephen l. 1952 nation ' s first cooperative generating station ( his nation ' s first watershed project ( historic marker national soldiers ' home ( historic marker erected 1 national soldiers ' home ( milwaukee ) national women ' s party nattestad, ole knudsen


l. 1952 nation ' s first cooperative generating station ( his nation ' s first watershed project ( historic marker national soldiers ' home ( historic marker erected 1 national soldiers ' home ( milwaukee ) national women ' s party nattestad, ole knudsen 1807 - 1886 natural bridge, richland co. naugart, marathon co. navarino, brown co. navarino, town of, brown co. nebagamon, town of, douglas co. necedah [ origin of place name ] necedah, juneau co. necedah, town of, juneau co. necedah, village of, juneau co. neda, dodge co. neenah guards ( civil war ) neenah rifles ( civil war ) neenah [ brief history ] neenah [ origin of place name ] neenah, town of, winnebago co. neenah, winnebago co. neillsville [ origin of place name ] neillsville, clark co. nekimi [ origin of place name ] nekimi, town of, winnebago co. nekoosa junction, wood co. nekoosa [ origin of place name ] nekoosa, wood co. nelma, forest co. nelsen, betty jo 1935 nelson dewey - first governor of wisconsin ( historic nelson [ origin of place name ] nelson, adolphys peter 1872 - 1927 nelson, buffalo co. nelson, gaylord a. 1916 - 2005 nelson, george bliss 1876 - 1943 nelson, john mandt 1870 - 1955 nelson, town of, buffalo co. nelson, village of, buffalo co. nelsonville ( historical ), eau claire co. nelsonville, portage co. nelsonville, village of, portage co. nemadji river [ origin of place name ] nemahbin, town of, milwaukee co. nemodji, town of, douglas co. nenno, washington co. neoclassical revival ( architecture ) neopit, menominee co. neopit, menominee leader,? - 1913 neopope, sauk warrior, dates unverified neosho [ origin of place name ] neosho, dodge co. neosho, village of, dodge co. nepeuskun, town of, winnebago co. neptune, richland co. nerike, pierce co. neshkoro [ origin of place name ] neshkoro, marquette co. neshkoro, town of, marquette co. nes


, winnebago co. neptune, richland co. nerike, pierce co. neshkoro [ origin of place name ] neshkoro, marquette co. neshkoro, town of, marquette co. neshkoro, village of, marquette co. neshonoc [ origin of place name ] neshonoc, town of, la crosse co. neshoto, manitowoc co. [ origin of place name ] net tonnage ( maritime ) neubauer, jeffrey a. 1955 neuern, kewaunee co. neumann, mark w. 1954 neva corners, langlade co. neva township [ origin of place name ] neva, langlade co. neva, town of, langlade co. nevada, green co. neville, arthur courtenay 1850 - 1929 nevin, james 1854 - 1921 nevins, clark co. new amsterdam, la crosse co. new auburn [ origin of place name ] new auburn, chippewa co. new auburn, village of, chippewa co. new berlin, town of, waukesha co. new berlin, waukesha co. new boston, town of, brown co. new buffalo [ origin of place name ] new buffalo, town of, sauk co. new cassel [ origin of place name ] new chester ( historical ), adams co. new chester, town of, adams co. new city ( historical ), trempealeau co. new denmark, town of, brown co. new dexter, town of, wood co. new diggings, lafayette co. new diggings, town of, lafayette co. new fane, fond du lac co. new franken, brown co. new glarus ( historic marker erected 1962 ) new glarus [ origin of place name ] new glarus, green co. new glarus, town of, green co. new glarus, village of, green co. new haven [ origin of place name ] new haven, town of, adams co. new haven, town of, dunn co. new holstein [ brief history ] new holstein, calumet co. new holstein, town of, calumet co. new hope, portage co. new hope, town of, portage co. new lisbon, election precinct of, grant co. new lisbon, juneau co. new london [ origin of place name ] new london, waupaca co. new lyme


hope, portage co. new hope, town of, portage co. new lisbon, election precinct of, grant co. new lisbon, juneau co. new london [ origin of place name ] new london, waupaca co. new lyme, town of, monroe co. new mason, town of, bayfield co. new milladore, town of, wood co. new miner, juneau co. new munster, kenosha co. new paris, sheboygan co. new post, sawyer co. new prospect, fond du lac co. new red sandstone ( mining ) new remington, town of, wood co. new richmond cyclone ( historic marker erected 1997 new richmond tornado ( 1899 ) new richmond, st. croix co. new rome ( historical ), adams co. new rome, adams co. new rudolph, town of, wood co. new seneca, town of, wood co. new sigel, town of, wood co. new vesper, town of, wood co. new wood, town of, wood co. new york indians new york recording laboratories newald, forest co. newald, town of, forest co. newark valley, town of, adams co. newark, rock co. newark, town of, rock co. newark, town of, washington co. newbold, oneida co. newbold, town of, oneida co. newburg, village of, washington co. newburg, washington co. newhall house fire ( 1883 ) newhall, daniel 1821 - 1895 newman, alfred william 1834 - 1898 newport [ origin of place name ] newport, town of, columbia co. newry, vernon co. newton corners, jefferson co. newton [ origin of place name ] newton, manitowoc co. newton, town of, manitowoc co. newton, town of, marquette co. newton, vernon co. newtonburg, manitowoc co. newville, rock co. niagara ( shipwreck, 1856 ) niagara, marinette co. niagara, town of, marinette co. niagara, village of, marinette co. nichols shore acres, winnebago co. nichols, outagamie co. nichols, village of, outagamie co. nicholson, isaac lea 1884 - 1906 nicholson, kenneth 1901 nicholson, waupaca co. nickels, justin michael, 1987 - nicolet national forest ( historic marker erected 1 nicolet, jean 1598 - 1642 niebler, john h. 1941 niedecker, lori


1906 nicholson, kenneth 1901 nicholson, waupaca co. nickels, justin michael, 1987 - nicolet national forest ( historic marker erected 1 nicolet, jean 1598 - 1642 niebler, john h. 1941 niedecker, lorine ( 1903 - 1970 ) ( historic marker erec niedecker, lorine, 1903 - 1970 nieman, lucius william 1857 - 1935 nikolay, frank l. 1922 nischke, ann 1951 nitschke, elmer c. 1911 nix corner, eau claire co. noah ' s bluff [ origin of place name ] nobleton, washburn co. nohl, mary louise 1914 - 2001 nohr, harry 1897 - 1976 nojoshing [ origin of place name ] nokomis, town of, oneida co. nolen, john 1869 - 1937 non - commissioned officers ( civil war ) noonan, josiah a. 1813 - 1882 noque, bay of nora, dane co. nordberg, bruno victor 1858 - 1924 norma, chippewa co. norman, kewaunee co. norquist, john o. 1949 norrie, marathon co. norrie, town of, marathon co. norse pottery ( 1903 - 1913 ) norske, waupaca co. north andover, grant co. north bay, door co. north bay, racine co. north bay, village of, racine co. north bend, jackson co. north bend, town of, jackson co. north bend, town of, washington co. north bloomfield, walworth co. north branch, jackson co. north bristol, dane co. north cape, racine co. north clayton, crawford co. north crandon, town of, forest co. north creek, trempealeau co. north eau claire, town of, eau claire co. north fond du lac, fond du lac co. north fond du lac, village of, fond du lac co. north freedom [ origin of place name ] north freedom, sauk co. north freedom, village of, sauk co. north grimms, manitowoc co. north hall ( historic marker erected 1974 ) north hudson, st. croix co. north hudson, village of, st. croix co. north la crosse, la crosse co. north lake, waukesha co. north lancaster, town of, grant co. north leeds, columbia co. north lowell, dodge co. north menomonie, dunn co. north pepin, town of, dunn co


crosse co. north lake, waukesha co. north lancaster, town of, grant co. north leeds, columbia co. north lowell, dodge co. north menomonie, dunn co. north pepin, town of, dunn co. north prairie, village of, waukesha co. north prairie, waukesha co. north readfield, waupaca co. north red wing, pierce co. north shore, jefferson co. north star rifles ( civil war ) north star, portage co. north tomah, monroe co. north west company north york, ashland co. north, sterling, 1906 - 1974 northeim, manitowoc co. northern highland ( historic marker erected 1956 ) northern wisconsin center for the developmentally northfield, jackson co. northfield, town of, jackson co. northfield, town of, monroe co. northland college ( historic marker erected 1976 ) northland, waupaca co. northline, st. croix co. northport, door co. northport, waupaca co. northwest ordinance ( ordinance of 1787 ) northwest portal of wisconsin ( historic marker ere northwestern regiment ; wisconsin regulars ( civil w northwoods beach, sawyer co. norton, dunn co. norwalk [ origin of place name ] norwalk, monroe co. norwalk, village of, monroe co. norway grove, dane co. norway ridge, monroe co. norway settlement, census district of, dane co. norway [ origin of place name ] norway, town of, jackson co. norway, town of, racine co. norwegians in wisconsin norwich, town of, waushara co. norwood, town of, langlade co. notestein, barbara 1949 nowakowski, richard c. 1933 nowell ( historical ), waupaca co. noyes, george henry 1849 - 1916 nugent, william p. 1917 nuttelman, norbert 1911 nutter, edmondson john masters 1879 - 1953 nutterville, marathon co. nye, edgar wilson ( " bill nye " ) 1850 - 1896 nye, edgar wilson ( 1850 - 1896 ) ( historic marker ere nye, polk co.


on the horizon : diseases targeted for vaccine development while vaccines may be the greatest public health success story of all time, there remain many serious illnesses for which no vaccines exist and others for which current vaccines offer limited protection. the wistar institute vaccine center is responding to the urgent need for new and improved vaccines, in the united states and around the globe, by targeting the following life - threatening diseases. a response to an epidemic according to the world health organization, some 40 million people are living with hiv worldwide. the epidemic is growing, especially in sub - saharan africa, where more than two - thirds of all new infections occurred in 2006. an hiv vaccine approach developed by wistar scientists has shown promise in animal studies, and researchers are now pursuing funding for human clinical trials. the experimental vaccines take advantage of sophisticated biotechnologies and the special characteristics of a class of viruses called adenoviruses to create a series of vaccines that, when given in sequence, generate a stronger immune response than might otherwise be possible. seeking a universal flu solution influenza viruses are estimated to be associated with 200, 000 hospitalizations and 36, 000 deaths annually in the united states, as well as hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide. wistar researchers hope to create a universal vaccine that would work against all strains of influenza. current “ flu ” vaccines have to be redesigned annually to account for evolving variations of the virus and are not always effective. a universal vaccine would eliminate this problem and protect against a flu pandemic, which occurs when a new strain of flu emerges that is both deadly and highly contagious. the 1918 “ spanish flu ” pandemic killed an estimated 50 million people worldwide. notably, a universal influenza vaccine would protect people from the avian influenza virus, as well as other emerging strains of flu. help for the developing world wistar already has developed a human vaccine effective for protecting against rabies and for preventing infection when administered as part of post - exposure treatment. the institute also has developed a wildlife vaccine. wistar researchers now aim to develop a human vaccine better suited for the developing world, where some 55, 000 people, mostly children, still die from this lethal but preventable virus each year. the scientists will strive to create a vaccine that is affordable, can be given in a single dose, and will work better under the conditions found in these regions. meeting a mosquito - borne menace according to the world health organization, a million people die each year of malaria — most of them children living in africa. in the united states, more than 1


and will work better under the conditions found in these regions. meeting a mosquito - borne menace according to the world health organization, a million people die each year of malaria — most of them children living in africa. in the united states, more than 1, 000 new cases are reported each year by travelers returning from malaria - endemic areas. there is no vaccine to prevent the disease, which is borne by mosquitoes, and drugs used to treat malaria are becoming less effective as the parasite that causes the illness adapts to them. wistar researchers are collaborating with colleagues at oxford university to develop a vaccine against this deadly disease. combating a public health threat the hepatitis c virus infects 3 to 4 million people each year and causes chronic liver disease, including cirrhosis and liver cancer. a blood - borne infection, hepatitis c is thought to be responsible for two - thirds of liver transplants worldwide. with no vaccine to prevent the disease, hepatitis c constitutes an increasing public health concern. without more effective therapies, deaths due to the virus are predicted to double or triple in the next 15 to 20 years. collaborating with colleagues at emory university, wistar scientists are working to combat the virus. the researchers are exploring the possibility of creating a therapeutic vaccine that would be given to people infected with hepatitis c to help their immune systems fight the virus. cancer and autoimmune diseases the leading edge of vaccine research wistar researchers are making remarkable strides toward creating effective vaccine therapies for cancer and autoimmune diseases. combining a deep understanding of the immune system and leading - edge skills with recombinant genetic technologies, wistar leads a wide - ranging vaccine development program that encompasses treatment vaccines against colorectal cancer, melanoma, and human papillomavirus, which causes cervical cancer. in addition, institute scientists ’ depth of autoimmune expertise informs their development of novel new therapies for autoimmune diseases such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.