an expert panel asked by congress to recommend ways to deal with global warming said thursday that the u. s. should not wait to substantially reduce the pollution responsible and any efforts to delay action would be shortsighted. but that ' s exactly what republicans and some democrats in congress are trying to do. with a majority in the house and many freshman lawmakers skeptical of the science behind climate change, republicans are pushing measures to block the federal government from controlling greenhouse gases. the house passed a bill to do that last month. an identical measure failed to get enough votes in the democratic - controlled senate, but a majority there did support reining in the environmental protection agency ' s plans to reduce heat - trapping pollution. the report released thursday from a 22 - member panel assembled by the national research council strongly suggests that the u. s. should be heading in a different direction. but it also recognizes that some strategies may be politically infeasible. " we know enough, know that acting sooner is better than acting later, and that uncertainty is a reason for acting rather than not acting, " said albert carnesale, the chairman of the committee, which included scientists, economists, former politicians and business leaders. " politics are different now, and they will change over time, " said carnesale, an engineer and chancellor emeritus at the university at california los angeles. the recommendations the panel is making, he said, will be relevant years down the road. the report is the last in a series requested by congress in 2008, when democrats controlled both the house and senate. it offers a stern warning about the risks of global warming and irrefutably affirms what it says is a preponderance of scientific evidence showing that pollution from the burning of fossil fuels is to blame. with every ton of greenhouse gases entering the atmosphere, the panel says, the u. s. is putting itself more at risk and increasing how much it will cost to reduce pollution later. the best and most economical way to address global warming, the panel concludes, is to put a price on carbon pollution through a tax or a market - based system. the democratic - led house, with the support of president barack obama, passed a bill nearly two years ago that would have set up a market for greenhouse gas emissions. it died in the senate amid concerns that it would raise energy prices and a republican campaign calling it " cap - and - tax. " obama said after the election last year that he would seek other ways to combat global warming, since the new house


. it died in the senate amid concerns that it would raise energy prices and a republican campaign calling it " cap - and - tax. " obama said after the election last year that he would seek other ways to combat global warming, since the new house majority would not support his preferred approach. at a meeting in new york thursday with associated press editors and reporters, u. n. climate chief christiana figueres said that congress ' failure to pass legislation is a " very serious hand brake " on global efforts to fight global warming. " i don ' t think it ' s a permanent state of affairs that the world will be able to live with, " said figueres of the u. s. stance. the u. s. is alone among industrial countries in rejecting the existing global agreement. the expert panel thursday said the next - best ways to reduce pollution would be to expand efforts at the local, state and regional levels and for the federal government to adopt standards under the clean air act. the epa ' s use of that law is what republicans in congress are attacking. rep. henry waxman, d - calif., who drafted the bill that passed the house in 2009, said the committee ' s conclusions should be a wake - up call. " republicans in the house should be ashamed of their votes denying climate change and handcuffing the environmental protection agency, " waxman said. " if we wait to act, it may be too late to save the planet from irreversible changes. " sen. john kerry, d - mass., who attempted to get a similar bill through the senate, said thursday that he didn ' t know what additional proof was needed to prompt action on global warming. " they should use these scientific findings as more than kindling in the bonfire of partisanship that ' s stood in the way, " kerry said. but sen. james inhofe, r - okla., one of congress ' most vocal skeptics of the science behind global warming and the sponsor of a senate bill to bar epa from reducing greenhouse gases, seemed undeterred by the panel ' s findings. " what is clear and irrefutable is that the nrc ' s proposals to address climate change would impose massive costs without meaningful benefits, " inhofe said, referring to the belief that u. s. action alone would do little to help reduce the earth ' s rising temperature. the panel recognized the global nature of the problem, but focused on the task assigned to it by congress


st. john ' s college in annapolis, maryland was chartered in 1784 upon a most liberal plan for the benefit of youth of every religious denomination. in 1937 the new program, under which the college still operates, was instituted. under it, we help our students learn to ask fundamental questions and practice thoughtfulness in public. we introduce them to the textual tradition of reason that illuminates such central features of modern life as democracy and technology, as well as to the literary and musical tradition of the west. we are committed to the use of a list of great books that is both fairly stable and under continual review. these are books agreed to be excellent, to form a coherent sequence, and to raise most cogently questions we want our students to consider. we foster literacy in three kinds of texts : verbal, mathematical, and musical. read more … we want our students to develop the intellectual virtues of courage in inquiry, caution in forming opinions, candor about their ignorance, open attentiveness to the words of their colleagues, industry in preparation, and meticulousness in verbal translations as well as in mathematical demonstrations. we give our students the experience of living in a community of learning imbued with attitudes of consideration and respect that foster moral virtues appropriate to their future lives as citizens. we think that the college has a wider mission in contributing to the invigoration of american education by giving help to other institutions that ask for it, by encouraging our students to become teachers, and by providing to a wide constituency occasions for actual learning in the spirit and through the materials of our program.


as we get ready to celebrate our nation ‚ aos birth, we thought this would be a perfect time to share a little trivia about independence day and the early history of our country. ¬ † some of it might come as a surprise to you and it just might come in handy during your fourth of july cookout or get - together. ¬ † how well do you know your american history? ¬ † read on to find out. a ) ¬ † america ’ s independence was actually declared by the continental congress on july 2, 1776. ¬ † the declaration of independence was adopted on the fourth, as is indicated on the document itself, which is, one supposes, the cause for all the confusion. ¬ † as one scholar has observed, what has happened is that the document announcing the event has overshadowed the event itself. john adams refused to acknowledge the fourth of july as the nation ‚ aos independence day, firmly believing that july 2nd was the birth of our nation, and rejected all invitations to celebrate the fourth of july. genuine independence was secured on september 3rd, 1783 with the treaty of paris in which great britainformally abandoned any claim to theunited states. b ) ¬ † “ yankee doodle ” is often thought of as a patriotic song. ¬ † it ’ s even the state anthem of connecticut. ¬ † however, it was originally sung by british officers making fun of backwoods americans. ¬ † the macaroni wig was an extreme fashion in the 1770s and became contemporary slang for foppishness. ¬ † the implication of the verse was that the yankees were so unsophisticated that they thought simply sticking a feather in a cap would make them the height of fashion. after the tide began to turn during the war of independence, americans embraced the song and made it their own, turning it back on those who had used it to mock them. c ) ¬ † the stars on the original american flag were arranged in a circle to ensure that all colonies were equal. ¬ † the design of the flag has been officially modified 26 times since it was created in 1777. d ) ¬ † in 1778, general george washington marked july 4th with a double ration of rum for his soldiers and an artillery salute. ¬ † across the atlantic ocean, ambassadors john adams and benjamin franklin held a dinner for their fellow americans inparis, france. e ) ¬ † betsy ross did not actually design the u. s. flag. ¬ † that distinction belongs to frances hopkinson. ¬ † he is also


john adams and benjamin franklin held a dinner for their fellow americans inparis, france. e ) ¬ † betsy ross did not actually design the u. s. flag. ¬ † that distinction belongs to frances hopkinson. ¬ † he is also credited with designing theu. s. seal. ¬ † we don ‚ aot know who sewed the first flag, but researchers doubt it was ms. ross. ¬ † it ’ s a nice story though, created by her ancestors nearly a century later and kept going by grade school text books and a few historians who didn ’ t bother to check their facts. f ) ¬ † ¬ † the national anthem ( the star - spangled banner ) is actually set to the tune of an old british drinking song called “ to anacreon in heaven ”. ¬ † the lyrics come from the poem, “ defense¬ † of fort mchenry ” written in 1814 by a lawyer named francis scott key. ¬ † the song didn ’ t become the national anthem until march 3rd, 1931. g ) ¬ † our 2nd, 3rd¬ † and 5th¬ † presidents ( john adams, thomas jefferson, james monroe ) all died on the fourth of july. ¬ † ¬ † the 4th¬ † president, james madison, missed dying on independence day by just a few days ( june 28th ). ¬ † adams and jefferson both died on july 4th, 1826 as the nation celebrated the jubilee of freedom event ( 50th¬ † anniversary of the declaration of independence ). ¬ † coincidentally, adams and jefferson were the only declaration signers to be elected as presidents. h ) ¬ † calvin coolidge is the only president to be born on the fourth of july. i ) ¬ † benjamin franklin proposed the wild turkey as the national bird, but was overruled by john adams and thomas jefferson, who wanted the bald eagle. ¬ † regarding the bald eagle, franklin wrote : ¬ † ‚ au … he is a bird of bad moral character, he does not get his living honestly … besides he is a rank coward ; the little king bird, not bigger than a sparrow attacks him boldly and drives him out of the district. ‚ ae j ) ¬ † ¬ † the first fourth of july party held at the white house was in 1801 while john adams was president. k ) ¬ † ¬ † before automobiles became the preferred method of travel, independence day was the worst time of the year for horses. ¬ † the poor animals were harassed by loud noises and unruly children threw firecrackers


was president. k ) ¬ † ¬ † before automobiles became the preferred method of travel, independence day was the worst time of the year for horses. ¬ † the poor animals were harassed by loud noises and unruly children threw firecrackers at them. l ) ¬ † the fourth of july is one of the few federal holidays that have not been moved to the nearest friday or monday. m ) ¬ † each year, the u. s. spends more than $ 200 million importing fireworks from china. n ) ¬ † sadly, the majority of our nation ’ s flags and patriotic paraphernalia in relation to the fourth of july are actually made in china and mexico, not theu. s. o ) ¬ † the famous fourth of july event, nathan ’ s hot dog eating contest, started back in 1916. ¬ † it was supposedly started as a way to settle a dispute among four immigrants as to who was the most patriotic. p ) ¬ † samuel wilson was a meat packer who provided food foru. s. soldiers in the early 1800 ‚ a≤s. ¬ † he stamped the initialsu. s. on his packaged products and supposedly some soldiers began to joke that it stood for uncle sam, giving way to the symbolic ‚ auuncle sam ‚ ae of the united states government. captivation media hopes everyone enjoys our nation ‚ aos independence day. ¬ † we ‚ aore proud to be americans. ¬ † and we ‚ aore proud to call all of you our friends. be safe and have a happy fourth!


this note considers bullying, in particular cyber - bullying ( harassment of people via the net, sms or other digital media ). that harassment may have a lasting psychological impact. it is often associated with physical assaults. the note covers - - academic studies, government report and primers regarding victims, bystanders - making sense of bullying - questions about culture and bullying in police forces, the military and religious institutions - digital bullying of students and teachers - bullying in the electronic workplace law - criminal law, common law, occupational health & safety, discrimination law and other australian law regarding bullying 1 - selected australian litigation regarding school and workplace bullying 2 - further australian bullying cases 3 - recent australian cases and controversies - an indication of damages awarded in australian bullying - australian responses to bullying, including sacking - litigation and anti - bullying developments in the uk, canada, new zealand and other countries - bullying in literature - accounts by bullies and the bullied in australian bullying litigation. supplements discussion elsewhere on this site regarding security and the shape of australian law. people have been nasty to each other as long as there has been recorded history. bullying is not a new phenomenon. it is evident in accounts of schools in mediaeval europe and china, workplace initiations in renaissance florence and 1920s chicago, bastardisation in pharaonic egypt and in australia ' s royal military academy during the 1960s and 1990s, university common rooms in the 1850s and 1980s, and courts over the past two millennia. it may involve an individual or a group. it has variously been characterised as bullying, mobbing, harassment and even psychoterror. injuries can be physical and / or psychological, with those experiencing bullying on occasion being driven to a breakdown, forced out of jobs or pushed to suicide. it has been addressed through a range of law, including workplace safety, criminal, anti - discrimination, employment and common law, on occasion with substantial penalties for perpetrators and organisations that have permitted mistreatment of an individual. digital technology allows bullies new opportunities to " mess with your head ", through sms texts, instant messaging, defamatory web pages and comments in online it has been argued that digital harassment is particularly potent because - is pervasive ( an issue for what has been dubbed the " always on generation " ) and pseudonymity - or merely the relaxation of inhibitions associated with much virtual contact - allows bullies to express themselves with a vehemence that might be tempered in face to face contact in the playground, office or factory. following pages explore cyberbullying in australian schools (


the relaxation of inhibitions associated with much virtual contact - allows bullies to express themselves with a vehemence that might be tempered in face to face contact in the playground, office or factory. following pages explore cyberbullying in australian schools ( and of students or teachers outside the playground or classroom ) and workplaces. they highlight day by day responses, which for some victims have involved abandonment of communication tools such as mobile phones, and questions about legal frameworks. they also highlight selected australian litigation before considering overseas experience. there are few statutory definitions of bullying. as the following pages indicate it has often been conceptualised terms of particular outcomes ( setting fire to an apprentice for example being treated as a criminal act ) or terms of particular enactments and common law ( for example regarding stalking, discrimination, hate - speech, occupational health & safety, defamation and misuse of telecommunication networks ). in australian law is discussed here. perceptions of what is bullying and what is socially ( and legally ) acceptable ' rough play ' or institutional discipline have changed over time. the law society of nsw thus offers one definition of workplace and inappropriate workplace behaviour includes bullying, which comprises behaviour which intimidates, offends, degrades, insults or humiliates an employee possibly in front of co - workers, clients or customers and which includes physical or psychological behaviour. belsey characterised cyber - bullying as using - and communication technologies such as e - mail, cell phone and pager text messages, instant messaging, defamatory personal web sites, blogs, online games and defamatory online personal polling web sites, to support deliberate, repeated, and hostile behaviour by an individual or group, that is intended to harm others. key elements of bullying are behaviour that is unreasonable and that both - intimidates, offends or humiliates places someone ' s physical or psychological welfare at behaviour usually involves repeated and persistent action. it may be passive or active, by an individual or a group, in private or in a public space such as a meeting - room, schoolyard or online forum. it may involve threats and coercive behaviour such as seizure of the target ' s property, sarcasm or unreasonable teasing. it may involve physical isolation or ignoring the target. bullying may be direct or indirect, physical or psychological. it is shrugged off by some targets. other people experience lasting hurt. it is an area of disagreement, with some observers claiming that it is pervasive and serious, other observers warning against a contemporary moral panic or efforts to wrap children in cotton


- about us - programs & services - get info - get involved - news & events we publish regular enews. of all people diagnosed with a mental illness, 29 % experience problems with alcohol or drug use. how does a person develop co - occurring disorders? there are many ways in which co - occurring disorders develop. most people with co - occurring disorders report that the symptoms of mental illness began first, and that they used alcohol or other drugs to cope with the symptoms ( often known as self - medication ). for example, if you feel depressed, you may find that a couple of drinks or a little cocaine makes the depression lift, at least for a while. when the buzz or the high wears off though ; you will probably feel worse. the solution may be to drink or use more. the more you drink or use, the worse you feel, and the cycle of co - occurring disorders begins. the cycle gets worse when the other consequences of substance use - - family difficulties, employment problems, legal issues, or financial troubles – come into play. the cycle doesn ’ t have to start with symptoms of mental illness though. for some people with co - occurring disorders, the cycle begins with substance use. the alcohol or drugs may trigger a genetic predisposition to a mental illness, or the consequences of substance use may generate depression or anxiety. finally, it is possible that the mental health and substance use problems develop independently of each other. no matter how the co - occurring disorders developed, the symptoms of the disorders interact, typically resulting in increased symptoms of both or all disorders.


what is dynamic combinatorial chemistry? dcc methodology utilizes cyclic structures which interchange via reversible covalent bond formation to create a dynamic library of potential receptors. when this thermodynamically controlled mixture is incubated with an analyte of interest, the library responds by shifting the equilibrium towards the receptor that best binds the analyte, i. e. the best receptor is amplified relative to the non - templated state. this is best visualized with the following simple graphic : the experiment begins with a library of “ monomers ”, each of which has two reactive groups on it ; in the example above, the reactive groups are thiols. prior to adding the analyte, the dithiols are oxidized and equilibrated to the complex mixture of disulfides ; three are shown but statistically many hundreds are possible. an analyte is then added under conditions where the library is in equilibrium, such that the library constituents can respond to the analyte by shifting towards the best host - guest pair to establish a new equilibrium. in this competitive binding situation, the best receptor is identified by determining which compound ( s ) was amplified. this differs from a traditional ( static ) combinatorial library because the method simultaneously generates the library and dynamically amplifies / identifies the winner. funding for the cdcc comes from the defense threat reduction agency basic research program administered by the army research office ( w911nf04d0004 )


if you can read this on your own, you can probably turn on the faucet to brush your teeth. and if you can reach the faucet, it ' s a good bet you can get your own drinking glass from a kitchen cabinet. these are all signs that you ' re getting bigger and growing up. but for some kids, growing up comes with something doctors call growing pains. what are growing pains? growing pains aren ' t a disease. you probably won ' t have to go to the doctor for them. but they can hurt. usually they happen when kids are between the ages of 3 and 5 or 8 and 12. doctors don ' t believe that growing actually causes pain, but growing pains stop when kids stop growing. by the teen years, most kids don ' t get growing pains anymore. kids get growing pains in their legs. most of the time they hurt in the front of the thighs ( the upper part of your legs ), in the calves ( the back part of your legs below your knees ), or behind the knees. usually, both legs hurt. growing pains often start to ache right before bedtime. sometimes you go to bed without any pain, but you might wake up in the middle of the night with your legs hurting. the best news about growing pains is that they go away by morning. what causes growing pains? growing pains don ' t hurt around the bones or joints ( the flexible parts that connect bones and let them move ) — only in the muscles. for this reason, some doctors believe that kids might get growing pains because they ' ve tired out their muscles. when you run, climb, or jump a lot during the day, you might have aches and pains in your legs at night. what can i do to feel better? your parent can help your growing pains feel better by giving you an over - the - counter pain medicine like acetaminophen or ibuprofen. kids should not take aspirin because it can cause a rare but serious illness called reye syndrome. here are three other things that might help you feel better : - placing a heating pad on the spot where your legs hurt - stretching your legs like you do in gym class - having your parent massage your legs when to go to the doctor if you have a fever, are limping when you walk, or your leg looks red or is swollen ( puffed up ), your parent should take you to the doctor. growing pains should not keep you from running, playing, and doing what you


has felt fear at some time in their lives, fear of certain things and people. a normal response of fear is triggered by something that other people can fully understand to be a cause of fear. if this cause is removed, then the feeling of fear disappears with it. by contrast, a phobia typically is a continuous condition with no apparent cause. people suffering from a phobia are severely limited in their daily activities. the main symptom of a phobia is a feeling of fear, but this can also be accompanied by psychosomatic symptoms such as a racing heart, trembling, restlessness, difficulties in swallowing, suffocating sensations, failures of perception and thought, urge to pass water, diarrhoea and nausea. phobics may experience veritable attacks of panic for no apparent reason. in some patients, the state of fear can become chronic. about 17 per cent of the population suffer from states of fear or anxiety. according to experts, this percentage will double in the next 25 years, owing to causes of a personal nature, but also to political, religious, social and cultural problems. become the ruler over your fear! build your own empire of fear and wipe out everything and everybody that wants to make use of your fears! you have the right and you have the power! fearpower! at june 11, 2003 02 : 01 pm


- cigna medicare - individual & family plans - international plans - offered cigna through work? - find a doctor - informed on reform - health and wellness » - cigna home delivery pharmacy purifying your drinking water few things are more important to your health and survival during a long emergency than having water that is safe to drink. knowing how to purify water can help you if your regular water supply becomes contaminated or if you are in a place where clean water is not available. even if you have stored clean water to use in an emergency, you may run out before the emergency situation has ended. water purification can greatly reduce your chance of getting sick from bacteria, viruses, and other living organisms in the water. you can disinfect water using one of the following methods : - bring the water to a rolling boil for 1 minute. if you are at an elevation of 6500 ft ( 2000 m ) or higher, boil the water for 3 minutes. this is the most effective purification method. but may be impractical if you need large quantities of water. it also requires a heat source, which you may not have in some emergency situations. if fuel or power for your heat source is limited, bringing the water to a boil will usually disinfect it, even if you cannot boil it for the recommended time. - or add 16 drops of household liquid bleach for each gallon of water, stir, and let it stand for 30 minutes. if the water does not smell slightly like bleach after 30 minutes, add 16 more drops of bleach and let it stand for another 15 minutes. you should notice a bleach smell. - or use iodine or chlorine purification tablets or drops. you can get these at stores that sell camping equipment and at some drugstores. follow the instructions on the package. purification tablets are not as effective as boiling or disinfecting with bleach. but they do kill some types of organisms. - or use water filters that can get rid of some microorganisms and improve the taste of water. there are many different types of filters. so be sure that you know what kinds of organisms your filter is effective for. none of the purification methods described above eliminates heavy metals, salts, chemicals, or radioactive dust or dirt ( fallout ) from water. many of these substances can be removed by distilling water, a more complicated method of purifying water. radioactive fallout can also be minimized using a homemade filter : - punch holes


, or radioactive dust or dirt ( fallout ) from water. many of these substances can be removed by distilling water, a more complicated method of purifying water. radioactive fallout can also be minimized using a homemade filter : - punch holes in the bottom of a bucket, and cover the bottom with 1. 5 in. ( 3. 8 cm ) of gravel. cover the gravel with a towel. - place the bucket over a larger container, and pour the water into the bucket so that it filters through the towel and gravel and drains into the container below. - disinfect the water by boiling, adding chlorine bleach, or using purification tablets as described above. - replace the gravel after every 50 qt ( 47 l ) of water. | primary medical reviewer | | e. gregory thompson, md - internal medicine | | specialist medical reviewer | | christine hahn, md - epidemiology | | last revised | | april 22, 2011 | | by : | | healthwise staff | | last revised : april 22, 2011 | | medical review : | | e. gregory thompson, md - internal medicine | christine hahn, md - epidemiology © 1995 -, healthwise, incorporated. healthwise, healthwise for every health decision, and the healthwise logo are trademarks of healthwise, incorporated.


soviet war crimes gives a short overview about serious crimes committed by the red army ' s ( 1918 - 1946, later soviet army ) leadership and an unknown number of single members of the soviet armed forces from 1919 to 1990 inclusive including those in eastern europe in late 1944 and early 1945, particularly murder and rape. the red army ( russian : рабоче - крестьянская красная армия r aboche - k rest ' yanskaya k rasnaya a rmiya the red army ( russian : рабоче - крестьянская красная армия r aboche - k rest ' yanskaya k rasnaya a rmiya eastern europe is a general term that refers to the geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the european continent. murder is the unlawful killing of another human person with malice aforethought, as defined in common law countries rape, also referred to as sexual assault, is an assault by a person involving sexual intercourse with or sexual penetration of another person neither by any international military jurisdiction nor the red army ’ s leadership have any of its members have ever been charged with war crimes by a court of law. war crimes are " violations of the laws or customs of war " including but not limited to " murder the ill - treatment or deportation of civilian residents of an occupied on the part of the axis powers an ethnic superiority ideology played a primary role in starting world war ii and led to immediate, constant and systematic war crimes against the soviet civilian population during the german invasion and occupation of russia ( 1941 - 45 ). the axis powers also known as the axis alliance axis nations axis countries or sometimes just the axis were those countries the racial policy of nazi germany refers to the policies and laws implemented by nazi germany, asserting the superiority of the so - called " aryan race " and world war ii, or the second world war, ( often abbreviated wwii ) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world ' s nations, including war crimes are " violations of the laws or customs of war " including but not limited to " murder the ill - treatment or deportation of civilian residents of an occupied an estimated 20 million civilians in the soviet union lost their lives during the war as a direct or indirect result of combat operations and a policy of systematic annihilation. the union of soviet socialist republics ( ussr was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in eurasia


20 million civilians in the soviet union lost their lives during the war as a direct or indirect result of combat operations and a policy of systematic annihilation. the union of soviet socialist republics ( ussr was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in eurasia from 1922 to 1991 on the soviet side, the red army was ideologically orientated and indoctrinated from its first day. it was created in 1918 by the communist soviet regime in order to defend the new regime in the bloody russian civil war. communism is a socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless society based the russian civil war ( 1917 – 1923 was a multi - party war that occurred within the former russian empire after the russian provisional government collapsed leon trotsky, founding father of the red army, used propaganda, indoctrination and ruthless terror to defeat the white army. leon trotsky ( russian :, lev davidovich trotsky, also transliterated leo, lyev, trotskii, trotski, trotskij the white movement ( beloie dvijenie белое движение whose military arm is known as the white army ( belaia armia белая армия or white guard as a result of severe famine that started during world war i and disease, the deaths of civilians in the russian civil war were several times higher than those of combatants. some sources state that the number of civilian dead in this conflict was 9 times higher than that of troops in the field. the soviet union did not recognize tsarist russia ' s assent to the hague conventions ( 1899 and 1907 ) as binding on the new regime and refused to sign it until 1955. the hague conventions were international treaties negotiated at the first and second peace conferences at the hague, netherlands in 1899 and the red army had also helped carry out genocide under stalin, including helping oversee the deaths of millions in ukraine from the holodomor and elsewhere due to collectivization of argiculture, dekulakization, and the resulting famine. genocide is the deliberate and systematic destruction in whole or in part of an ethnic racial religious or national group joseph stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი | iosif vissarionovich dzhugashvili ; march 5 1953 was general secretary of the communist party ukraine ( украіна ukrayina, / ukrɑˈjinɑ / is a country


##არი | iosif vissarionovich dzhugashvili ; march 5 1953 was general secretary of the communist party ukraine ( украіна ukrayina, / ukrɑˈjinɑ / is a country in eastern europe. the holodomor ( голодомор is the famine that took place in soviet ukraine during the 1932 - 1933 agricultural season collective farming is an organization of agricultural production in which the holdings of several farmers are run as a joint enterprise dekulakization ( раскулачивание was the soviet campaign of political repressions including arrests, deportations and executions following the repulse of the german attack on the soviet union and soviet troops entering germany and hungary in 1944, the number of war crimes, plunder, murder of civilians, and especially rape, reached a level of previously unknown proportions. operation barbarossa ( unternehmen barbarossa ) was the codename for nazi germany ' s invasion of the soviet union during world war ii the eastern front of world war ii ( die ostfront 1941 - 1945, der rußlandfeldzug 1941 - 1945 ( russian campaign or der ostfeldzug 1941 - 1945 ( eastern campaign germany, officially the federal republic of germany ( is a country in central europe. hungary ( magyarorszag ' ) officially in english the republic of hungary ( magyar koztarsasag, literally magyar ( hungarian republic rape, also referred to as sexual assault, is an assault by a person involving sexual intercourse with or sexual penetration of another person in soviet and present russian history books on the " great patriotic war " these war crimes are hardly mentioned. russia ( россия rossiya ) or the russian federation ( rossiyskaya federatsiya ) is a transcontinental country extending the term great patriotic war ( великая отечественная воина velikaya otechestvennaya vojna ) is used in russia and some other with rare exceptions ( notably aleksandr solzhenitsyn and lev kopelev ) this evidence was found and published by western historians after some of the soviet archives were opened to the public following the cold war. aleksandr isayevich solzhenitsyn ( александр исаевич солженицын ) (


after some of the soviet archives were opened to the public following the cold war. aleksandr isayevich solzhenitsyn ( александр исаевич солженицын ) ( december 11 1918 – august 3 2008 was a russian novelist lev zalmanovich kopelev ( also lev zinovevich kopelev ; russian : лев залманович копелев or лев зиновьевич копелев cold war is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the united states and the soviet union ( ussr and their respective allies from the crimes committed by the red army in occupied territories ( poland, the baltic states, romania, hungary, the czech republic and slovenia ) between 1939 and 1941 and the follow - up atrocities of 1944 – 1949 have been present in the historical consciousness of these countries since the crimes were committed. poland ( polska officially the republic of poland the baltic states ( balti riigid baltijas valstis baltijos valstybes or baltic countries are three countries in northern europe, all members of the romania ( dated : rumania, roumania hungary ( magyarorszag ' ) officially in english the republic of hungary ( magyar koztarsasag, literally magyar ( hungarian republic the czech republic ( ˈtʃɛskaː short form in cesko ˈtʃɛskɔ also called czechia, slovenia, officially the republic of slovenia ( republika slovenija ) is a country in southern central europe bordering italy to the west nevertheless, a systematic, publicly controlled discussion could begin only after the fall of the soviet union. the soviet union ' s collapse into independent nations began early in 1985. this is also true of the territories occupied by soviet forces in manchuria and the kuril islands after the soviet union breached its neutrality pact with japan in 1945. manchuria ( romanized manchu : manju,, маньчжурия mongolian : манж is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast the kuril islands ( ˈkʊrɪl or / ˈkjuˈriˈl / курильские острова əstrʌˈva ru - latn ' ' kuril ' skie ostrova ' ' or kurile islands in russia the was a pact between the soviet union


smert ' shpionam, russ смерть шпионам eng death to spies ) were the counter - intelligence departments in order no 270, dated august 16, 1941, was issued by joseph stalin acting as people ' s commissar of defense. the continuation war was fought between finland and soviet union between 1941 and 1944. the continuation war ( jatkosota fortsattningskriget советско - финская воина ( 25 june 1941 & ndash 19 september 1944 ) during the war soviet commando units conducted raids into finnish territory and attacked mostly civilian targets, such as isolated houses and villages. in november 2006, pictures showing atrocities were declassified by finnish authorities. the pictures include images of slain women and children. they had been kept secret for so long in order not to disturb relations with the powerful neighbor to the east. the red army invaded and occupied the eastern part of poland in accordance with the secret protocols of the molotov - ribbentrop pact. later it occupied the baltic states and parts of ukraine and bessarabia. ukraine ( украіна ukrayina, / ukrɑˈjinɑ / is a country in eastern europe. bessarabia ( basarabia in romanian, бесарабія in ukrainian, бессарабия in russian, бесарабия in bulgarian the soviet policy in all newly controlled areas was ruthless, showing strong elements of ethnic cleansing. ethnic cleansing is a euphemism referring to the persecution through imprisonment expulsion or killing of members of an ethnic minority by a majority to achieve ethnic homogeneity nkvd task forces followed the red army to clean the conquered territories of " soviet - hostile elements. " the polish historian tomasz strzembosz has noted parallels between the german einsatzgruppen and these units. tomasz strzembosz ( 11 september 1930 - 16 october 2004 was a polish historian specializing in history of poland during second world war, harcmistrz. einsatzgruppen ( german : " task forces " " intervention groups " were paramilitary groups formed by heinrich himmler and many tried to escape from the soviet nkvd, and those who failed were mostly taken into custody by the red army and afterwards deported to siberia and / or vanished in the " gulag ". siberia ( сибирь sibir ) is the


to escape from the soviet nkvd, and those who failed were mostly taken into custody by the red army and afterwards deported to siberia and / or vanished in the " gulag ". siberia ( сибирь sibir ) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of northern asia and for the most part currently serving the gulag was the government agency that administered the penal labor camps of the soviet union. during 1939 - 1941, for example, nearly 1. 5 million inhabitants of soviet - controlled areas of former poland were deported, of whom 63. 1 % were poles or other nationalities and 7. 4 % were jews. please take note * * * * * * * * * * * * only a fraction of these deportees survived the war. according to the american professor carroll quigley, at least 100, 000 out of 320, 000 polish prisoners of war captured by the red army in 1939, were exterminated. carroll quigley ( november 9, 1910 - january 3, 1977 ) was a noted historian polymath and theorist of the evolution of civilizations deportations, executions, torture as well as numerous other crimes against the population ( murder, hostage taking, burning down of villages ) increased when the red army was forced to retreat from the advancing wehrmacht in 1941. many political prisoners arrested by the nkvd were massacred in order to prevent their falling into german hands. in the baltic states, byelorussia, the ukraine, and bessarabia, imprisoned opponents were executed by the nkvd and attached units of the red army rather than left behind. belarus ( belarusian беларусь / biełarus is a landlocked country in eastern europe, bordered by russia to the north and east ukraine ( украіна ukrayina, / ukrɑˈjinɑ / is a country in eastern europe. bessarabia ( basarabia in romanian, бесарабія in ukrainian, бессарабия in russian, бесарабия in bulgarian these actions by the soviets increased the hatred of those who had helped the soviets, or were suspected of being soviet allies, in particular the jews. please take note * * * * * * * * * * * * as another result, in these countries the einsatzgruppen could rely heavily on volunteers, willing to participate in their brutal operations, and tip - offs, especially in the baltic states.


* * * * * * * * * * * as another result, in these countries the einsatzgruppen could rely heavily on volunteers, willing to participate in their brutal operations, and tip - offs, especially in the baltic states. ( see also nkvd prisoner massacres. the massacre of prisoners refers to a series of mass executions committed by the soviet nkvd against prisoners in poland, the baltic states, ) from the turning point of the war on, the red army did not give up territories to the wehrmacht, but mainly regained lost ground on the eastern front. the battle of stalingrad is a commonly used name in english sources for several large operations by germany and its allies and soviet forces conducted with the the eastern front of world war ii ( die ostfront 1941 - 1945, der rußlandfeldzug 1941 - 1945 ( russian campaign or der ostfeldzug 1941 - 1945 ( eastern campaign this resulted in revenge actions against all those who were accused of being collaborators during the german occupation, similar to the trials of collaborators in liberated france in france after d - day. collaboration is a recursive process where two or more people or organizations work together toward an intersection of common goals — for example an intellectual while in france this part of history is documented, debated and subject of many scientific reviews, very little is known today about what happened in the path of the red army, re - conquering former soviet territory of the baltic states. but some men of these countries voluntarily joined waffen - ss divisions to defend their homelands against the soviets, whenever the red army was approaching. see also list of waffen ss units all divisions in the waffen - ss were ordered in a single series regardless of type in poland, nazi atrocities ended in late 1944, but soviet oppression continued. the role of the red army during the warsaw uprising remains controversial and is still disputed by some historians. the warsaw uprising ( powstanie warszawskie ) was a world war ii struggle by the polish home army ( armia krajowa ) to liberate warsaw soldiers of poland ' s home army ( armia krajowa ) were persecuted, sometimes imprisoned, and often executed following staged trials ( as in the case of witold pilecki, the organizer of auschwitz resistance ). witold pilecki ( may 13 1901 & ndash may 25 1948 ˈvitɔld piˈletski codenames roman jezierski tomasz serafinski druh witold ) was a soldier " auschwitz " red


). witold pilecki ( may 13 1901 & ndash may 25 1948 ˈvitɔld piˈletski codenames roman jezierski tomasz serafinski druh witold ) was a soldier " auschwitz " redirects here for the town see oswiecim auschwitz - birkenau ( ) was the largest of nazi germany ( see also lack of outside support in the warsaw uprising. the warsaw uprising, in 1944 ended in the capitulation of the city and its near total destruction ) for further information see flight and expulsion of germans during and after wwii. german exodus from eastern europe. the german exodus from eastern europe refers to the exodus of ethnic german populations from lands to the east of present - day germany and austria. evacuation of german civilians during the end of world war ii. plans to evacuate german population from the occupied territories in central and eastern europe and from eastern germany were prepared by german authorities according to historian norman naimark, the propaganda of soviet troop newspapers and the orders of soviet high command were jointly responsible for excesses by members of the red army. norman naimark, is a historian and acclaimed author specialising in modern east european history genocide and ethnic cleansing. the general tenor in the writings was that the red army had come to germany as an avenger and judge to punish the germans. the soviet author ilya ehrenburg wrote on january 31, 1945 : the germans have been punished in oppeln, in konigsberg and in breslau. an author is defined both as " the person who originates or gives existence to anything " and that authorship determines responsibility for what is created ilya grigoryevich ehrenburg ( илья григорьевич эренбург ) ( kiev, russian empire ) & ndash august 31, 1967 ( opole ( oppeln is a city in southern poland on the oder river ( odra konigsberg ( karaliaucius low german : konigsbarg ; krolewiec see also other names ) was until 1946 the name of kaliningrad. wrocław ( breslau vratislav vratislavia or wratislavia yiddish : ברעסלוי ) is the chief city of the historical region of lower silesia they have been punished, but yet not enough. some have been punished, but yet not all of them... calls of soviet generals spurred on the soldiers, in addition. on january 12


is the chief city of the historical region of lower silesia they have been punished, but yet not enough. some have been punished, but yet not all of them... calls of soviet generals spurred on the soldiers, in addition. on january 12, 1945, army general cherniakhovsky turned to his troops with the words : there shall be no mercy - for nobody, as there had also been no mercy for us. ivan danilovich chernyakhovsky, also cherniakhovsky, ( иван данилович черняховскии uman, current cherkasy.. the land of the fascists must become a desert … on the german side, any organized evacuation of civilians was forbidden by the nazi government to boost morale of the troops, now for the first time defending the " fatherland, " even when the red army entered german territory in the last months of 1944. german civilians, however, were well aware of the way the red army was conducting war against civilians from reports by friends and relatives who had served on the eastern front and feared the red army. also, nazi propaganda - - originally meant to stiffen civil resistance by describing in gruesome and graphic detail red army atrocities such as the nemmersdorf massacre - - backfired and created panic among civilians. nemmersdorf in east prussia ( today ' s mayakovskoye, kaliningrad oblast ) was one of the first pre - war german villages as a result and whenever possible, when nazi officials had already left, civilians began to flee westward at the last moment and on their own initiative. fleeing from the advancing red army, more than two million people in the eastern german provinces of ( east prussia, silesia, pomerania ) died, some from cold and starvation, in the post - war ethnic cleansing, or killed when they got caught up in combat operations. east prussia ( ostpreußen ; rytu prusija or rytprusiai ; prusy wschodnie восточная пруссия or vostochnaya prussiya ) refers to the main part etymology one theory claims that the name silesia is derived from the silingi, who were most likely a vandalic ( east germanic people the main death toll, however, occurred when the refugee columns were caught up by units of the red army. they were overrun by tanks, looted, shot, murdered ; women and girls were raped and afterward


likely a vandalic ( east germanic people the main death toll, however, occurred when the refugee columns were caught up by units of the red army. they were overrun by tanks, looted, shot, murdered ; women and girls were raped and afterward left to die ( see also : prussian nights ). prussian nights ( ostpreussische nachte is a long poem by aleksandr solzhenitsyn, a captain in the soviet red army during the second in addition, fighter bombers of the soviet air force penetrated many kilometers behind the front lines and attacked columns of refugees. ground - attack aircraft are military aircraft designed to attack targets on the ground and are often deployed as close air support for and in proximity to their own ground forces an air force, also known in some countries as an air army or historically an army air corps, is in the broadest sense the national military or armed service those who did not flee suffered by taking the burden of red army ' s occupying rules : murder, rape, robbery, and expulsion. for example, in the east prussian city of konigsberg, in august 1945 there were approximately 100, 000 german civilians still living there after the red army had conquered the city. konigsberg ( karaliaucius low german : konigsbarg ; krolewiec see also other names ) was until 1946 the name of kaliningrad. when the germans were finally expelled from konigsberg in 1948, only about 20, 000 were still alive ( see also expulsion of germans after world war ii ). the expulsion of germans after world war ii was the forced migration and ethnic cleansing of german nationals ( reichsdeutsche ) and ethnic the rampage which the red army in germany went on during the occupation of the rest of eastern germany often led to incidents like demmin, a small city conquered by soviet forces in the spring of 1945. demmin ( dɛˈmiːn is a town in mecklenburg - western pomerania, germany. despite the unconditional and complete surrender of demmin to the red army without any prior fighting in or around the city, nearly 900 people committed suicide after demmin had been declared open for looting and pillaging for three days by soviet commanders. although mass executions of civilians by the red army are not reported on a regular basis, there is a known incident in the treuenbrietzen, where at least 88 male civilians were rounded up and shot on may 1, 1945. treuenbrietzen is a town in the bundesland of brandenburg, germany


regular basis, there is a known incident in the treuenbrietzen, where at least 88 male civilians were rounded up and shot on may 1, 1945. treuenbrietzen is a town in the bundesland of brandenburg, germany. this atrocity took place after a victory celebration of soviet soldiers, at which numerous girls from treuenbrietzen were raped and a lieutenant - colonel of the red army was shot by an unknown person. lieutenant colonel ( lieutenant - colonel in english from the french grade ' s spelling is a rank of commissioned officer in the armies some sources claim even up to 1, 000 executed in this event. upon seizure of polish territories occupied by german forces, soviet soldiers often engaged in plunder, rapes and banditry against poles, turning the attitude of population to dislike, fear, and even hate the soviet regime. red army troops participated in anti - polish actions ( e. g., in augustow region, where about 600 perished ). the augustow chase 1945 ( polish obława augustowska ) was an extraordinary operation undertaken by soviet forces of the red army, the nkvd for more information about this subject, look at cursed soldiers. the ' cursed soldiers ' ( zołnierze wykleci is a name applied to a variety of polish resistance movements that were formed in the later stages of world war ii following the soviet capture of berlin in 1945, one of the largest and most horrible cases of mass rape occurred. soviet troops raped german women and girls. estimates of the total number of rape victims range from tens of thousands to two million. after the summer of 1945, soviet soldiers caught raping were usually punished to various degrees, ranging from arrest to execution. the rapes continued, however, until the winter of 1947 - 48, when soviet occupation authorities finally solved the problem by confining the soviet troops to strictly guarded posts and camps, “ completely separating them from the residential population of eastern germany. norman naimark writes - - in the russians in germany : a history of the soviet zone of occupation, 1945 - 1949 - - that not only had each victim to carry the trauma with her for the rest of her days, [ but ] it [ also ] inflicted a massive collective trauma on the east german nation ( the german democratic republic ). the german democratic republic ( gdr ; deutsche demokratische republik ddr ; commonly known in english as east germany ) was a socialist state naimark concludes " the social psychology of women and men in


the german democratic republic ). the german democratic republic ( gdr ; deutsche demokratische republik ddr ; commonly known in english as east germany ) was a socialist state naimark concludes " the social psychology of women and men in the soviet zone of occupation was marked by the crime of rape from the first days of occupation, through the founding of the gdr in the fall of 1949, until, one could argue, the present. " just during the occupation of budapest, ( hungary ), it is estimated that 50, 000 women and girls were raped in this city alone. the siege of budapest was a siege of the hungarian capital city of budapest, fought towards the end of world war ii in europe budapest ( also / ˈbʊ - / ) is the capital city of hungary. as the largest city of hungary it serves as the country ' s principal political, hungary ( magyarorszag ' ) officially in english the republic of hungary ( magyar koztarsasag, literally magyar ( hungarian republic hungarian girls in general were taken to the soviet quarters where they were incarcerated, raped and sometimes also murdered. the nationality of the rape victims meant nothing to the soldiers, who even attacked the swedish legation. although the red army only crossed a very small part of yugoslavia in 1944, the northeastern corner, its activities there caused great concern for the communist partisans that feared that the resulting rape and plunder by their communist allies would weaken their standing with the population. at least 121 cases of rape were documented later, 111 of which also involved murder. in addition 1, 204 cases of looting with assault were documented. stalin responded to a yugoslav partisan leader ' s complaints at the red army ' s behaviour with " can ' t he understand it if a soldier who has crossed thousands of kilometers through blood and fire and death has fun with a woman or takes some trifle? ". the slovak communist leader vlado clementis complained to marshal i. s. konev about the behaviour of soviet troops in slovakia. ivan stepanovich konev ( иван степанович конев ( & ndash may 21, 1973 ) was a soviet military commander who led red the response was to blame the activities mainly on red army deserters. thanks to the better discipline in marshal tolbukhin ' s army, the relative similarity in cultures, a century of friendly relations, and an open welcome of the soviet troops, there was a relative absence of rapes in bulgaria,


deserters. thanks to the better discipline in marshal tolbukhin ' s army, the relative similarity in cultures, a century of friendly relations, and an open welcome of the soviet troops, there was a relative absence of rapes in bulgaria, especially when compared with the situation during the occupation of romania and hungary. the red army cooperated with the nkvd against polish partizans and civilians. during the augustow chase 1945, more than 2000 poles were captured, and about 600 of them perished. the augustow chase 1945 ( polish obława augustowska ) was an extraordinary operation undertaken by soviet forces of the red army, the nkvd a number of rapes committed by the soviet soldiers were recorded. where soviet soldiers advanced, girls and women fled from their villages and small towns, leaving only boys and men to be found by the soviet soldiers. in general, red army officers declared all cities, villages and farms open to pillaging and looting in romania, hungary and germany. a written order, though, does not exist. but there are several documents in which the way the red army ’ s behaviour pattern is described. one of them is a report of the swiss legation in budapest, describing the events when the red army entered the city in 1945. switzerland ( english pronunciation ; schweiz swiss german : schwyz or schwiiz suisse svizzera svizra officially the swiss confederation a legation was the term used in diplomacy to denote a diplomatic representative office lower than an embassy. budapest ( also / ˈbʊ - / ) is the capital city of hungary. as the largest city of hungary it serves as the country ' s principal political, it states, for example : during the siege of budapest and also during the following fateful weeks, russian ( soviet ) troops looted the city freely. they entered practically every habitation, the very poorest as well as the richest. they took away everything they wanted, especially food, clothing and valuables. every apartment, shop, bank, etc. was looted several times. furniture and larger objects of art, etc. that could not be taken away were frequently simply destroyed. in many cases, after looting, the homes were also put on fire, causing a vast total loss. bank safes were emptied without exception - - even the british and american safes - - and whatever was found was taken. walter kilian, the first mayor of the charlottenburg district in berlin after the war, who was brought into office by the soviets,


perpetrated by the red army against civilian inhabitants of the nevertheless, soldiers of the red army together with members of the nkvd frequently looted transport trains in 1944 and 1945 in poland. the soviet union did not recognise the entry of the tsarist russia to the hague conventions ( 1899 and 1907 ) as binding for itself and refused to sign it until 1955. the hague conventions were international treaties negotiated at the first and second peace conferences at the hague, netherlands in 1899 and this had already led to barbaric treatment of pows on both the polish and the soviet side during the polish - soviet war of 1919 - 21. moreover, the soviet union did not sign the genevan prisoners of war convention of 1929 until 1955. the geneva conventions consist of four treaties formulated in geneva, switzerland, that set the standards for international law for humanitarian accordingly, the red army treated at first polish and later prisoners of war from germany, germany ' s allies and japan in a cruel way from the first days of world war ii on. during 1941 emergency landing german flight crews were shot frequently after the capture. torture, mutilation, murder and other violations of international law were carried out on german aircrews frequently. during the winter of 1941 / 42 the red army took approximately 10, 000 german soldiers as prisoner each month, but the death rate became so high that the absolute number of the prisoners decreased ( or was bureaucratically reduced ). the murder of the prisoners was arranged every now and then by instructions, reports and statements of soviet commanders. throughout the war, 300, 000 german pows in soviet captivity died, a loss rate of 14. 9 %. by contrast, some 3. 3 million soviet pows died in german captivity, a loss rate of 65 %. german prisoners were not released after the war but many were kept in captivity until as late as 1956 under similar conditions as before. the treuenbrietzen massacre took place during the last days of april and the first days of may 1945, after a tough battle in which the red army took and lost control of the village on more than one occasion ; the red army rounded up around 1000 ( mostly male ) civilians and executed them in the nearby forest. treuenbrietzen is a town in the bundesland of brandenburg, germany. these executions were allegedly made as retaliation for the death of a high - ranking soviet officer during the battle for control of the village. according to the united nations report of the special committee on the problem of hungary ( 1957 ) : soviet tanks fired indis


these executions were allegedly made as retaliation for the death of a high - ranking soviet officer during the battle for control of the village. according to the united nations report of the special committee on the problem of hungary ( 1957 ) : soviet tanks fired indiscriminately at every building from which they believed themselves to be under fire. the un commission received numerous reports of soviet mortar and artillery fire into inhabited quarters in the buda section of the city despite no return fire. the un commission received reports of " haphazard shooting at defenseless passers - by. " according to many witnesses soviet troops fired upon people queuing outside stores. most of the victims were said to be women and children. many cases of soviet fire upon ambulances and red cross vehicles were reported. for decades, western scholars have generally explained these atrocities in germany and hungary as revenge for german atrocities in the territory of the soviet union and for the mass killing of soviet pows ( 3, 6 million dead of total a 5, 2 million pows ) by the german army. the hungarian revolution of 1956 ( hungarian : 1956 - os forradalom ) was a spontaneous nationwide revolt against the stalinist government of the prague spring ( czech : prazske jaro, slovak : prazska jar ) was a period of political liberalization in czechoslovakia during the soviet war in afghanistan, also known as the soviet - afghan war or just the soviet invasion of afghanistan, was a nine - year conflict involving the april 9 tragedy refers to the events in tbilisi, georgian soviet socialist republic on april 9, 1989, when an anti - soviet demonstration january 1991 events in latviathe january events ( sausio ivykiai were a series of events that occurred from january 11 – 13 1991 in vilnius, lithuania. this explanation is now disputed by military historians such as antony beevor, at least in regard to the mass rapes. antony james beevor ( born 14 december 1946 ) is a british historian, educated at winchester college and sandhurst. beevor claims that red army soldiers also raped russian and polish women liberated from concentration camps, and contends that this undermines the revenge explanation. the polish people, or poles, ( polacy ) are a western slavic ethnic group of central europe, living predominantly in poland. internment is the imprisonment or confinement of people commonly in large groups without trial beevor ' s claims have encountered vast criticism from historians in russia and the russian government. the russian ambassador to the uk said " it is a disgrace to have anything to do with this clear case of


or confinement of people commonly in large groups without trial beevor ' s claims have encountered vast criticism from historians in russia and the russian government. the russian ambassador to the uk said " it is a disgrace to have anything to do with this clear case of slander against the people who saved the world from nazism. " o. a. rzheshevsky, a professor and president of the russian association of world war ii historians, has charged that beevor is merely resurrecting the discredited and racist views of neo - nazi historians, who depicted soviet troops as subhuman " asiatic hordes ". the term neo - nazism refers to post - world war ii political movements social movements and ideologies seeking to revive nazism, other prominent historians such as richard overy have criticised russian " outrage " at the book and defended beevor. richard overy ( born 1947 is british historian who has published extensively on the history of world war ii and the third reich. overy accused the russians of refusing to acknowledge soviet war crimes, " partly this is because they felt that much of it was justified vengeance against an enemy who committed much worse, and partly it was because they were writing the victors ' history " polish sources claim that there are cases of mass rapes in polish cities taken by red army, that in krakow soviet entry brought mass rapes on polish women and girls, as well as plunder of all private property by soviet soldiers. krakow, in english also spelled krakow or cracow ( ˈkrækaʊ m - w : krak ' ou krak ' o is one of the largest and oldest cities in poland according to them, this behaviour reached such scale that even communists installed by soviets were preparing a letter of protest to joseph stalin himself, while masses in churches were held in expectation of soviet withdrawal. joseph stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი | iosif vissarionovich dzhugashvili ; march 5 1953 was general secretary of the communist party. year 1997 ( mcmxcvii ) was a common year starting on wednesday ( link will display full 1997 gregorian calendar


there are many maxims on how to make and save money, but media mogul edward w. scripps has some that are a little unorthodox. scripps began building his media empire in 1878. now, it encompasses 20 newspapers, broadcast television stations, cable networks and along with other media enterprises, it spans many states. scripps was very keen on ethics and keeping his money, business and life in balanced perspective. in his life, he followed a 23 - point code of conduct which he detailed in his essay " some outlandish rules for making money. " here are some highlights : never spend as much money as you earn. the smaller your expenditures, the larger your profits. if you ' re always just breaking even, you ' re setting yourself up for trouble. any bump in the road could spell disaster. never do anything today that you can put off until tomorrow. this may sound like procrastination, but there are always too many things to do in a single day. it is important to prioritize and to apply your time and energy only where it ' s needed. you may even find the things that are not worth doing today are not worth doing at all. never do anything yourself when you can get someone else to do it for you. this may sound like laziness, but when you delegate tasks to others, you are able to focus on the things only you can do - - and do them well. never do anything that someone else is already doing. why compete with anyone else when you could have a monopoly in a different field? find a need within your community that isn ' t being addressed, and design a service to take care of it. if something compels you to compete in a market, make sure that what you are doing is different in every way possible from your competitor. never do the same thing twice. there is always a better way of doing something. make sure that every time you succeed, you try to find out how to make the next round better. this will keep you ahead of any competition, keep you on forward - moving track, and your customers will appreciate the effort. if you ' re succeeding, keep the " how " and " why " under wraps. if you share your key to success, someone else can try to copy your formula. it ' s better to keep your best hand a secret. save money. no one can save themselves rich, but savings are capital. capital can transform into security, investments and additional opportunities. thinking


climate change emergency leading climate change experts and organizations have observed that the world urgently needs a worldwide emergency response to the deteriorating planetary climate change crisis. climate change emergency medical response provides the online resources for this most vital emergency response ever. scientists, clinicians, and health professionals have called for attention to climate change on both practical and ethical grounds. several well - established principles point to a vigorous, proactive public health approach to climate change. but this is not happening. — howard frumkin, md, drph, us centers for disease control and prevention to the american public health association, march 2008 the mission of climate change emergency medical response is to secure a safe global climate for today ' s children worldwide and for future generations. to do this we propose that global climate change be addressed as the human rights / population health / survival issue of our time, potentially of all time. clearly, the current " management model " is not working. a new, more effective approach would be the well known and proven medical emergency assessment and management model. over the past couple of decades, the field of medicine has developed a specialized medical emergency and management model that is super effective and is very different from standard medical assessment and management. right now the life of the planet ( the essential ecosystems of the biosphere ) — meaning the health and survival of future generations — is in peril. according to hansen et al ( 2007 ), tipping points could be breached at any time. if we allow this to happen, we will have no way of controlling the situation and a planetary cataclysm will be unleashed ( ibid ). right now then, code red must be called for the earth, in the hope of saving our planet and our future. the medical model would include integrated climate change risk assessment ( specifically for the health and survival of human populations ) and precautionary catastrophic - risk - averse medical model mitigation ( treatment ) plans. this would be a major upgrade to how global change is being addressed now. global climate change is a uniquely deadly threat to humanity and needs a uniquely effective extreme precautionary risk assessment and management model. global " climate safety " first our hope is to catalyze an international declaration of the dangerous global climate change state of emergency led by the human rights, education, and health care communities. as the may 2009 lancet - university college london report, managing the health effects of climate change, pointed out, global climate change needs to be solved by leading professionals from several disciplines, who all have a stake in the crisis


and health care communities. as the may 2009 lancet - university college london report, managing the health effects of climate change, pointed out, global climate change needs to be solved by leading professionals from several disciplines, who all have a stake in the crisis, all working together. our intention is to focus discussions of global climate change on the worst risks to the most vulnerable populations, rather than the current approach of assessing the most likely impacts based on computer model projections. we also need to work for the inclusion of carbon feedbacks in scientific assessments of global climate change. our goal is to provide an ethics - based human rights and population health definition of " dangerous interference with the climate system, " to inform the decisions of governments and the un framework convention on climate change negotiations. our mission is... - to help raise a strong voice for the ethic of precaution and population survival risk assessment, which should be given first priority in planning and policy making for the protection of human population health from global climate change, for this and all future generations ; - to give strong support to the united states environmental protection agency ( epa ) endangerment finding that greenhouse gases are pollutants, and to work for other nations to follow the example ; - to provide a one - stop planetary emergency response site for human rights, aid, education, and healing professionals ; - to educate these concerned and influential professionals about the unprecedented planetary emergency of global climate change, in order to enable them to educate their professional associations and policy makers at all levels ; - to contribute to a global climate response of these concerned professionals who will inform, on an ethics - driven scientific ( non political ) basis, leaders of government, institutions and professions that there is now - a huge risk to the survival of large regional climate - change - vulnerable populations ( eg, in africa and asia ) - a high risk to the sustainability of civilization, and - a real risk to the " very survival of humanity " ( unep geo - 4, 2007 ) ; - to strengthen the influence and ability of concerned professionals to sound the alarm for the rights of vulnerable regional populations and future generations to live safe from the risks of disastrous and catastrophic global climate change, through dissemination of what they have learned ; - to gather a group of concerned citizens from all walks of life to support this initiative ; - to provide a continually updated state of the climate based on the most current peer - reviewed published literature ; and - to disseminate a statement in support of a planetary climate change emergency declaration. on 7 december 2009, the


to support this initiative ; - to provide a continually updated state of the climate based on the most current peer - reviewed published literature ; and - to disseminate a statement in support of a planetary climate change emergency declaration. on 7 december 2009, the administrator of the epa signed two distinct findings regarding greenhouse gases under section 202 ( a ) of the clean air act. endangerment finding : the administrator finds that the current and projected concentrations of the six key well - mixed greenhouse gases — carbon dioxide ( co2 ), methane ( ch4 ), nitrous oxide ( n2o ), hydrofluorocarbons ( hfcs ), perfluorocarbons ( pfcs ), and sulfur hexafluoride ( sf6 ) — in the atmosphere threaten the public health and welfare of current and future generations. cause or contribute finding : the administrator finds that the combined emissions of these well - mixed greenhouse gases [... ] contribute to the greenhouse gas pollution which threatens public health and welfare. doctors can lead from the front — just as we did when we came to understand the evidence of the harmful effects of smoking.... doctors can understand. we can change the world by speaking up and acting — together and individually — internationally, nationally, and locally.... — richard smith, editor, british medical journal ( 1997 ) return from mission to homepage


autologous bone marrow stem cells for children with autism spectrum disorders the purpose of this study is to determine whether the plasticity of autologous intrathecal hematopoietic cells would improve the neurologic and the social skills of pediatric patients with autism spectrum disorders. | study design : | | allocation : non - randomized endpoint classification : safety / efficacy study intervention model : crossover assignment masking : open label primary purpose : treatment | official title : | | autologous bone marrow stem cells for children with autism spectrum disorders | - idea improvement [ time frame : 6 months ] [ designated as safety issue : yes ] improvement in idea evaluation - cars improvement [ time frame : 6 months ] [ designated as safety issue : yes ] improvement in cars evaluation | study start date : | | november 2012 | | estimated primary completion date : | | november 2013 ( final data collection date for primary outcome measure ) | experimental : experimental : patients children who will receive intrathecal autologous stem cells other : stem cells we will evaluate with idea and cars scales the control group for 6 months with the possibility to change arms after that time. other : stem cells there is accumulating evidence that shows that the administration of hematopoietic cells into the brain in the patients with spectrum autism could help in the physiopathology of the illness. it has been found that after introducing hematopoietic cells in the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord, these cells may be transported through the cerebrospinal fluid and can be delivered more efficiently to the injured area, when compared to the intravenous route. patients will be stimulated for 3 consecutive days with granulocyte colony stimulating factor ( g - csf ) and then their bone marrow will be harvested according to their weight. bone marrow will be processed in order to obtain cd34 + cells and minimize the amount of red blood cells. an inoculum of 5 to 10ml of stem cells will be infused intrathecally. patients will be evaluated with two scales " cars " and the " idea " also we will check the clinical history. on days 0, 30 and 180. | contact : laura villarreal - martinez, md | | + 52 81 83 48 61 36 ext email @ example. com | | contact : consuelo mancias - guerra, md | | + 52 81 83 48 61 36 ext firstname. lastname @ example. org | | hematology service, hospital univer


this archived web page remains online for reference, research or recordkeeping purposes. this page will not be altered or updated. web pages that are archived on the internet are not subject to the government of canada web standards. as per the communications policy of the government of canada, you can request alternate formats of this page on the contact us page. on november 30, the deputy minister of justice replied that the proposed questions were unacceptable. first, he said, the only power allowing admission into the senate was conferred by the bna act upon the governor general. it was evident that the exercise of that power rested on the interpretation of the word “ persons ” in section 24. therefore, the only relevant question was to determine if this word included women. as for the other two questions, he explained, the bna act does not confer any power of amendment to the parliament of canada. irene parlby ( 1878 - 1965 ), suffragette and politician. she was elected president of the women ’ s branch of the united farmers of alberta in 1916 and became a member of the alberta legislature in 1921. she was still a member of parliament at the time of the persons case. photo : courtesy of the glenbow archives, canada, alberta. na - 2204 - 12 it was not until april 24, 1928 that the supreme court of canada rendered its decision and declared that women were not persons. yet, in spite of that decision, minister of justice ernest lapointe declared that women had a legal right to sit in the senate and that measures would be taken to amend the bna act accordingly. but emily murphy was not going to wait for some hypothetical amendment. in may 1928, undaunted, she resolved to appeal to the judicial committee of the privy council in london, england, which was, at that time, the final court of appeal for canadians. “ nothing can stop us from winning ”, she wrote to her colleagues in arms. 11 a copy of her may 1928 letter and a copy of the petition were sent to the deputy minister of justice on july 26, 1928. emily murphy explained in the letter the reasons for the appeal. in the supreme court, she said, discussion had been centred on the meaning of the word “ qualified ” ( used in section 24 of the bna act ) as it applied to the word “ persons ”. the true issue rested elsewhere and their question remained therefore unanswered. she added, a few months later, that by appealing to the british privy council she had wished to remove the issue from the political


it applied to the word “ persons ”. the true issue rested elsewhere and their question remained therefore unanswered. she added, a few months later, that by appealing to the british privy council she had wished to remove the issue from the political arena and have it addressed from a purely legal aspect. 12 on november 16, 1928, she obtained permission to appeal to the privy council. 13 the hearing on the “ persons ” case, which was postponed several times, was finally set for july 18, 1929, and continued on july 23 and 25. the appellants had argued before the supreme court that nothing in the bna act stated that the word “ persons ” did not apply to women. on the contrary, the proof was that the right to vote given to women at the federal level stemmed from an interpretation of the word “ persons ” that included women. the crown based its defence, however, on historical considerations and stated that, at the time the bna act was drafted, women could not hold public positions. there had thus been no intention in the act of admitting women into the senate. 14the british privy council rejected this argument. according to the members, if in the past no women had acceded to such a position, it was because custom prevented it, and that customs became traditions stronger than law and remained unchallenged long after they had lost their raison d ’ etre. on october 18, 1929, the british privy council ruled in favour of women, declaring that they were indeed persons and therefore eligible to sit in the senate of canada. 15 the “ persons ” case cost a total of $ 23, 368. 47 in lawyers ’ fees, paid by the government of canada ; $ 21, 000 was for the appeal to the privy council. four months later, in february 1930, mackenzie king seized the opportunity to be the first leader of the government to allow women into the senate and appointed canada ’ s first woman senator, cairine reay wilson. she had been active in the victorian order of nurses, the young women ’ s christian association, the salvation army, the twentieth century liberal association and the national federation of liberal women of canada. when she was appointed, she had just celebrated her 45th birthday. opening this male - dominated bastion to women was an investment in the future, for in 1930 their political role was still undefined. for many more years, women would be limited to voting, and few women would be elected to the senate, the house of commons or to provincial legislatures. the appointment of


investment in the future, for in 1930 their political role was still undefined. for many more years, women would be limited to voting, and few women would be elected to the senate, the house of commons or to provincial legislatures. the appointment of cairine wilson reassured the senators, one of whom said in a speech : “ we of the humble and gentle sex were apprehensive that one of those strong - minded and determined women with a mission in life and a pair of horned rimmed spectacles would be appointed and we knew that if so she would immediately commence to reform a number of matters that we did not wish reformed... ” 16 behind this humourous speech transpires the heartfelt sentiment of a senator from edmonton : “ oh, we never could have had mrs. murphy in the senate. she would have caused too much trouble. ” 17newspapers echoed the senators ’ sentiments, noting how slim the new senator was, how youthful she looked in spite of having had eight children ; in one word, they all emphasized her femininity. 18 neither emily murphy, who had so wanted to become canada ’ s first female senator, nor nellie mcclung, nor any of the famous five ever got to sit in the red chamber. in king ’ s opinion, emily murphy was “ a little too masculine and perhaps a bit too flamboyant ”. 19 she died in 1933 without ever being appointed to the position for which she had fought so hard. today, a bronze plaque at the entrance to the senate, unveiled in 1938, recalls the victory of the famous five. moreover, a governor general ’ s commemorative award, created in 1979, rewards exceptional contributions to the promotion of equality for women in canada. the famous 5 foundation [ http : / / www. famous5. org / ] key dates in the history of canadian women throughout the 20th century [ http : / / www. swc - cfc. gc. ca / dates / whm / index _ e. html ] the irene parlby fonds from the general inventory of the national archives - rg 13, op. cit., attachment to emily murphy ’ s letter to the deputy minister of justice, july 26, 1928. - national archives of canada, supreme court of canada fonds, rg 125. see petitioners ’ factum and factum on behalf of the attorney general. - rg 13, op. cit., judgment of the lords of the judicial committee of the privy council, october


the university of colorado was selected to contribute one of 24 miniature satellites, known as cubesats, to fly as auxiliary payloads aboard rocket missions scheduled to launch in 2014, 2015 and 2016, nasa announced tuesday. cubesats, as described by nasa, belong to a class of research spacecraft called nanosatellites. they measure about 4 inches on each side, are about 1 quart in volume and can weigh less than 3 pounds. the selections announced on tuesday represent the fourth round of nasa ' s cubesat launch initiative. those selected in the this round will be eligible for flight after final negotiations and when an opportunity for flight is available. the satellites conduct science missions, educational research and technology demonstrations, and usually are the product of significant student contributions. other institutions with cubesat proposals selected by nasa in the latest round come from institutions as diverse as nasa ' s ames research center, moffett field, calif., and merritt island high school, fla. ( in partnership with california polytechnic state university ). nasa has selected 63 missions for flight in three previous rounds of the cubesat initiative, twenty - two cubesat missions are scheduled for flight this year. this is not the first time cu has been selected to participate in the cubesat missions. the colorado student space weather experiment, a collaborative effort between the engineering department and the laboratory for atmospheric and space physics aimed at studying solar flares, launched last year on an atlas v rocket along with 10 other cubesat satellites.


india ’ s economy is one of the fastest growing in the world. it has seen an explosion in the increase of foreign business investment, outsourcing and indian companies venturing overseas. doing business in india offers immense benefits for international organisations, however there are a number of key cultural challenges that can create misunderstanding and conflict as well as huge direct and indirect costs to the organisation if overlooked. navigating the challenges of doing business in india can be difficult without a comprehensive understanding of indian social and business culture. going through cultural awareness training like communicaid ’ s doing business in india programme will ensure you and your organisation have the right level of knowledge and skills to successfully deal with some of the following key challenges of doing business in india. attitudes towards authority – traditionally a caste society with roots in hinduism, indian culture places a high importance on authority and status. communication between levels is relatively closed so valuable insight or suggestions from employees in lower positions will rarely be shared with their superiors. without understanding the complexity of indian attitudes to authority and how they impact business, organisations doing business in india will struggle to implement change as quickly as necessary, and fail to harness the experience and value of its employees. concepts of time – india is a polychronic culture, in other words, people tend to change priorities depending on their importance and attitudes towards punctuality are relaxed. most large global organisations require adherence to strict deadlines and fast decision - making, so they struggle to cope with the idea that when doing business in india, time cannot be controlled and is not absolute. cultural awareness training can help you better understand indian concepts of time and develop strategies for dealing with them. adherence to rules – india has a high tolerance to uncertainty and has created a society which runs on the basis of a set of assumptions. it generally accepts social etiquette and norms instead of rules and regulations. even though rules do exist, the low level of adherence to them creates huge challenges for organisations setting up business in india who are required to follow a set of home - country regulations. building relationships – the indian business culture focuses a lot on relationship and trust building rather than working hard and quick towards specific business objectives. a doing business in india cultural awareness course helps you to develop strategies to avoid the immense frustration, delayed projects, failure to reach tangible results and general clash as a result of different preferences for relationships and tasks and processes. levels of english – most university graduates and indians residing in major urban centres have a very high level of english. understanding indian english can be challenging, however,


reach tangible results and general clash as a result of different preferences for relationships and tasks and processes. levels of english – most university graduates and indians residing in major urban centres have a very high level of english. understanding indian english can be challenging, however, as a result of the different vocabulary and expressions as well as heavy accents. many people are unaware of these differences and expect communication with indians to be simple. instead, many international organisations incorrectly interpret the indian english they use to be a result of poor education and language skills. being aware of indian english can help you reduce misunderstandings and loss of time. communication style – indians have a preference for indirect, high context communication. in other words, indians prefer to see the whole picture, place a high importance on the impact relationships, body language and emotion have on communication and will often avoid saying ‘ no ’. the differences in communication style can cause a large challenge to overcome for someone who is used to communicating in a more direct and low context way. understanding the cultural differences which exist when doing business in india is only the first step. international organisations must also understand the what, why and how behind them to develop strategies to effectively cope with these cultural challenges. a doing business in indiacultural awareness training programme will help organisations maximise the immense opportunities and benefits of doing business in india while it will also help develop an interculturally competent workforce, giving the organisation a huge advantage in this fiercely competitive global world. © communicaid group ltd. 2010


pdt staff report according to the national weather service, scioto, pike, adams, jackson and lawrence counties in ohio are under a severe thunderstorm watch. greenup county in kentucky is also under a severe thunderstorm watch. for each county, the watch expires at 6 a. m. a severe thunderstorm as defined by the national weather service is a storm with hail equal to or larger than 3 / 4 of an inch in diameter or convective wind gusts equal to or greater than 58 miles per hour. even if a storm is not severe, it still remains a potential killer. lightning, flash flooding, wind blown hail ( even small hail ), and general thunderstorm wind gusts pose a threat to life and / or property. severe thunderstorms also have the potential of producing a tornado with little or no advanced tornado warning. power outages often accompany severe thunderstorms. the public utilities commission of ohio ( puco ) is reminds ohioans exercise caution during power outages. downed electric lines, equipment and vegetation can potentially be hazardous and should be avoided. do not attempt to touch or move downed electrical lines and equipment. downed lines pose a serious hazard to anyone who comes in contact with them and can be deadly. immediately report downed lines to emergency responders and your local utility. do not attempt to move fallen debris in the vicinity of a downed power line and keep at a safe distance at all times. additional safety tips during a power outage include : • if using a generator, be sure it is properly ventilated to avoid carbon monoxide poisoning. • do not attempt to use a gas stove or oven to heat your home. • unplug electrical devices in case of a power surge. leave one lamp on so you know when power has been restored. • if possible, use only battery - powered light sources for emergency lighting instead of candles. matches, lighters and candles are fire hazards. • check on your neighbors, friends and family to ensure they are okay. • call an electrician if you have standing water near electrical wiring or appliances. do not enter the flooded area. for additional safety tips during electrical power outages, visit the ohio emergency management association ’ s website at www. ema. ohio. gov. to review the puco ’ s guide to being prepared for power outages, please visit the puco website at www. puco. ohio. gov.


this tutorial, developed for high school physics students, uses multiple graphs and animations to study the relationship between the motion of an object and its graph of velocity vs. time. users explore the relationship between position and velocity, positive and negative velocities, slope and shape of graphs, and acceleration. interactive self - evaluations are included. see related materials for an accompanying lab by the same author. this item is part of the physics classroom, a comprehensive set of tutorials and multimedia resources for high school physics. editor ' s note : education research indicates that many students have difficulty differentiating velocity and acceleration, and often plot velocity graphs as the path of an object. see related materials for a free research - based diagnostic tool to probe misconceptions related to velocity. 6 - 8 : 4f / m3b. if a force acts towards a single center, the object ' s path may curve into an orbit around the center. 9 - 12 : 4f / h1. the change in motion ( direction or speed ) of an object is proportional to the applied force and inversely proportional to the mass. 9 - 12 : 4f / h8. any object maintains a constant speed and direction of motion unless an unbalanced outside force acts on it. 9. the mathematical world 9b. symbolic relationships 6 - 8 : 9b / m3. graphs can show a variety of possible relationships between two variables. as one variable increases uniformly, the other may do one of the following : increase or decrease steadily, increase or decrease faster and faster, get closer and closer to some limiting value, reach some intermediate maximum or minimum, alternately increase and decrease, increase or decrease in steps, or do something different from any of these. 9 - 12 : 9b / h4. tables, graphs, and symbols are alternative ways of representing data and relationships that can be translated from one to another. 9 - 12 : 9c / h3c. a graph represents all the values that satisfy an equation, and if two equations have to be satisfied at the same time, the values that satisfy them both will be found where the graphs intersect. common core state standards for mathematics alignments expressions and equations ( 6 - 8 ) represent and analyze quantitative relationships between dependent and independent variables. ( 6 ) 6. ee. 9 use variables to represent two quantities in a real - world problem that change in relationship to one another ; write an equation to express one quantity, thought of as the dependent variable, in terms of the other quantity, thought of


) 6. ee. 9 use variables to represent two quantities in a real - world problem that change in relationship to one another ; write an equation to express one quantity, thought of as the dependent variable, in terms of the other quantity, thought of as the independent variable. analyze the relationship between the dependent and independent variables using graphs and tables, and relate these to the equation. understand the connections between proportional relationships, lines, and linear equations. ( 8 ) 8. ee. 5 graph proportional relationships, interpreting the unit rate as the slope of the graph. compare two different proportional relationships represented in different ways. use functions to model relationships between quantities. ( 8 ) 8. f. 5 describe qualitatively the functional relationship between two quantities by analyzing a graph ( e. g., where the function is increasing or decreasing, linear or nonlinear ). sketch a graph that exhibits the qualitative features of a function that has been described verbally. high school — functions ( 9 - 12 ) interpreting functions ( 9 - 12 ) f - if. 4 for a function that models a relationship between two quantities, interpret key features of graphs and tables in terms of the quantities, and sketch graphs showing key features given a verbal description of the relationship.? linear, quadratic, and exponential models? ( 9 - 12 ) f - le. 1. b recognize situations in which one quantity changes at a constant rate per unit interval relative to another. f - le. 1. c recognize situations in which a quantity grows or decays by a constant percent rate per unit interval relative to another. f - le. 2 construct linear and exponential functions, including arithmetic and geometric sequences, given a graph, a description of a relationship, or two input - output pairs ( include reading these from a table ). common core state reading standards for literacy in science and technical subjects 6 — 12 craft and structure ( 6 - 12 ) rst. 9 - 10. 4 determine the meaning of symbols, key terms, and other domain - specific words and phrases as they are used in a specific scientific or technical context relevant to grades 9 — 10 texts and topics. range of reading and level of text complexity ( 6 - 12 ) rst. 9 - 10. 10 by the end of grade 10, read and comprehend science / technical texts in the grades 9 — 10 text complexity band independently and proficiently. this resource is part of a physics front topical unit. topic : kinematics : the physics of motion unit title : graphing a companion to the resource above