, declaring that “ all persons held as slaves within any state, or designated part of a state, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the united states, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free. ” his secretary of state, william h. seward, urged him to sit on the proclamation until a union military victory could bolster its credibility. but when such a victory came at antietam on september 17, 1862, lincoln waited only until he had confirmation of the event before re - assembling his cabinet and issuing the proclamation as military law, to become effective on january 1, 1863. on the other hand, invoking the “ war powers ” as a justification limited lincoln to freeing slaves only “ within any state, or designated part of a state, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the united states, ” and so he was forced to exempt kentucky, maryland, delaware, and missouri from its application ( they were not, after all, at war with the united states ) plus a number of zones within the south occupied by federal forces that were already under the civil jurisdiction of “ reconstruction ” governments. as he explained to his impatient abolitionist secretary of the treasury, salmon chase, he could not extend the proclamation further than “ any state, or designated part of a state ” actually in rebellion without undermining the legal rationale of using his “ war powers. ” and that would leave the whole emancipation project liable to interference from the same supreme court that had given the nation the dred scott decision. “ the exemptions were made because the military necessity did not apply to the exempted localities, ” lincoln explained. if, as commander in chief, he tried to emancipate slaves outside the war zones, he would have no more justification for doing so than saying, “ i think the measure politically expedient, and morally right. ” this would surrender “ all footing upon constitution or law ” and plunge him into “ the boundless field of absolutism. ” abolitionists might not worry about the consequences of absolutism, but he did. at the same time, though, as many slaves as he could free, would be free forever. he assured one inquirer in july 1863, that “ i think [ the proclamation ] is valid in law, and will be so held by the courts, ” but even if not, “ i think i shall not retract or repudiate it. those who shall have tasted actual freedom, i believe,


[ the proclamation ] is valid in law, and will be so held by the courts, ” but even if not, “ i think i shall not retract or repudiate it. those who shall have tasted actual freedom, i believe, can never be slaves, or quasi - slaves again. ” and he frankly warned congress in his annual report at the end of 1864 that any move which required him to step back from the proclamation would result in his resignation. “ if the people should, by whatever mode or means, make it an executive duty to re - enslave such persons, another, and not i, must be their instrument to perform it. ” finally, in january 1865, he was able to obtain from congress what he described as the “ king ’ s cure for all the evils ” of slavery — an amendment to the constitution, not merely emancipating slaves, but abolishing the entire legal institution of slavery throughout the nation. perhaps it was only an after - thought on lincoln ’ s part to have included in the emancipation proclamation a recommendation to the newly freed slaves that their next step as free men and women should be into the openness of the markets, that “ in all cases when allowed, they labor faithfully for reasonable wages. ” even in what he termed “ an act of justice, ” lincoln still saw the ultimate realization of freedom in economic terms. this raises the potent question for modern americans about what constitutes reform itself, and whether the emergence of the united states as a great world market - power in the 150 years since lincoln ’ s day should be considered a reform, or the object of reform — whether the operation of market - driven forces carries within it more hope of ameliorating injustice than political ones. these divergent strategies formed the substance of the great debate between w. e. b. du bois and booker t. washington over civil rights in the early twentieth century ; it formed the core of the argument over the new deal and the great society ; and it continues to agitate voices all along our political spectrums. at least we know where lincoln placed himself in this debate, and where he believed the ultimate reformation of american life would always lie. william henry herndon interview with sara bush lincoln ( september 8, 1865 ) and dillard c. donnohue interview with jesse weik ( february 13, 1887 ), in herndon ’ s informants : letters, interviews and statements about abraham lincoln, eds. douglas l. wilson and rodney o. davis ( urbana :


dillard c. donnohue interview with jesse weik ( february 13, 1887 ), in herndon ’ s informants : letters, interviews and statements about abraham lincoln, eds. douglas l. wilson and rodney o. davis ( urbana : university of illinois press, 1998 ), 107, 602 ; herndon, in jesse weik, the real lincoln : a portrait ( boston : houghton mifflin, 1922 ), 110 ; lincoln, “ temperance address ” ( february 22, 1862 ), in collected works of abraham lincoln, ed. roy f. basler et al ( new brunswick, nj : rutgers university press, 1953 ), 1 : 271 - 272, 274. lincoln, “ protest in illinois legislature on slavery ” ( march 3, 1837 ) and “ to albert g. hodges ( april 4, 1864 ), in collected works, 1 : 75, 7 : 281. lincoln, “ to horace greeley ” ( march 24, 1862 ), in collected works, 5 : 169. lincoln, “ speech at worcester, massachusetts ” ( september 12, 1848 ), in collected works, 2 : 3 - 4. phillips, “ philosophy of the abolition movement ” ( january 27, 1853 ) in speeches, lectures, and letters ( boston : j. redpath, 1863 ), 100 ; tappan, “ particular instructions, ” to theodore dwight weld, in letters of theodore dwight weld, angelina grimke weld, and sarah grimke, 1822 - 1844, eds. g. barnes and d. l. dumond ( new york : d. appleton - century, 1934 ), 1 : 124 - 128 ; elizur wright, the sin of slavery and its remedy ; containing some reflections on the moral influence of african colonization ( new york : elizur wright, 1833 ), 9, 39. h. ford douglass, in james m. mcpherson, the negro ’ s civil war : how american negroes felt and acted during the war for the union ( new york : pantheon books, 1965 ), 7 ; phillips, “ lincoln ’ s election ” ( november 7, 1860 ), in speeches, lectures, and letters, 294. lincoln, “ speech at kalamazoo, michigan ” ( august 27, 1856 ) and “ fragment on free labor ” ( september 17, 1859 ), in collected works, 2 : 364 and 3 : 462. lincoln, “ fragment on government ” ( july 1, 1854 ), “ address before the wisconsin state agricultural society, milwaukee,


on free labor ” ( september 17, 1859 ), in collected works, 2 : 364 and 3 : 462. lincoln, “ fragment on government ” ( july 1, 1854 ), “ address before the wisconsin state agricultural society, milwaukee, wisconsin ” ( september 30, 1859 ), and “ speech at new haven, connecticut ” ( march 5, 1860 ), in collected works, 2 : 220, 3 : 479, 481, and 4 : 24. lincoln, “ first debate with stephen a. douglas at ottawa, illinois ” ( august 21, 1858 ), in collected works, 3 : 16. joseph gillespie to w. h. herndon ( january 31, 1866 ), in herndon ’ s informants, 183 ; lincoln, “ fragment on free labor ” ( september 17, 1859 ) and “ message to congress in special session ” ( july 4, 1861 ), in collected works, 3 : 462 and 438 lincoln, “ speech at peoria, illinois ” ( october 16, 1854 ) and “ annual message to congress ” ( december 8, 1863 ), in collected works, 2 : 255 - 256 and 7 : 49 gideon welles, diary entry for july 13, 1862, in the diary of gideon welles, ed. john t. morse ( boston : houghton mifflin, 1911 ) 1 : 70 ; lincoln, “ preliminary emancipation proclamation ” ( september 22, 1862 ) and “ to salmon p. chase ” ( september 3, 1863 ), in collected works, 5 : 434, 6 : 428 - 429. “ to stephen a. hurlbut ” ( july 31, 1863 ) and “ annual message to congress ” ( december 8, 1864 ) and “ response to a serenade ( february 1, 1865 ) in collected works, 6 : 358 and 8 : 152, 254. lincoln, “ emancipation proclamation ( january 1, 1863 ), in collected works, 6 : 30 allen c. guelzo is the henry r. luce professor of the civil war era and director of the civil war era studies program at gettysburg college. he received the lincoln prize in 2000 for abraham lincoln : redeemer president ( 1999 ) and in 2005 for lincoln ’ s emancipation proclamation : the end of slavery in america ( 2004 ). make gilder lehrman your home for history already have an account? please click here to login and access this page. how to subscribe click here to get a free subscription if you are a k - 12 educator or student,


). make gilder lehrman your home for history already have an account? please click here to login and access this page. how to subscribe click here to get a free subscription if you are a k - 12 educator or student, and here for more information on the affiliate school program, which provides even more benefits. otherwise, click here for information on a paid subscription for those who are not k - 12 educators or students. make gilder lehrman your home for history become an affiliate school to have free access to the gilder lehrman site and all its features. click here to start your affiliate school application today! you will have free access while your application is being processed. individual k - 12 educators and students can also get a free subscription to the site by making a site account with a school - affiliated email address. click here to do so now! make gilder lehrman your home for history why gilder lehrman? your subscription grants you access to archives of rare historical documents, lectures by top historians, and a wealth of original historical material, while also helping to support history education in schools nationwide. click here to see the kinds of historical resources to which you ' ll have access and here to read more about the institute ' s educational programs. individual subscription : $ 25 click here to sign up for an individual subscription to the gilder lehrman site. k - 12 school subscription : $ 195 click here to sign up for an institutional subscription, which allows site access to all faculty and students in a single school, or all visitors to a library branch. make gilder lehrman your home for history upgrade your account we ' re sorry, but it looks as though you do not have access to the full gilder lehrman site. all k - 12 educators receive free subscriptions to the gilder lehrman site, and our affiliate school members gain even more benefits! how to subscribe k - 12 educator or student? click here to edit your profile and indicate this, giving you free access, and here for more information on the affiliate school program. not a educator or student? click here for more information on purchasing a subscription to the gilder lehrman site.


in 1900 sperry glacier had an area of 3. 39 km2. by 1938 it had diminished to 1. 58 km2 and by 1946 it was only 1. 34 km2 in area. the estimated loss in volume between 1938 and 1946 was a 23 meter reduction in the level of the surface of the lower half of the glacier during that period. recession proceeded at an annual rate of 15. 3 m. be¬tween 1938 and 1945 ; 11. 9 m. from 1945 to 1947 ; 10. 5 m. from 1947 to 1948 ; and 12. 9 m. from 1948 to 1949 ( dyson, 1950 ). recession of sperry glacier continued from about 1950 - 1970 and has been accompanied by loss of volume of the lower part of the glacier. sperry glacier has been examined in reconnaissance ( johnson, 1958, 1960, 1964 ). comparison of longitudinal and transverse profiles shows that since 1947 the upper part of the glacier has increased in vol¬ume during some years and remained constant during others, whereas the lower part has decreased in volume. throughout this time span slow terminal recession has been continuous. surface ice velocities on sperry glacier average about 3 m. / year. sperry glacier retreated at a slower rate of 5 m / a, from 1950 - 1979 ( cararra and mcgrimsey, 1981 ). the retreat has ranged from 3 - 5 m / a from the 1979 - 1993 period ( key, fagre and menicke, 2002 ). in 1993 0. 87 square kilometers remained. this glacier still has crevasses and is not merely stagnant and melting away. a comparison of imagery from 1991 top ( orange line for terminus ), 2003 middle ( green line ) and 2005 bottom ( blue line ) indicate the marginal changes during this 14 year interval. these images are all from google earth using the historic imagery function. marginal recession averages 95 meters in this period ranging from 20 - 200 meters. the glacier was 1200 meters long in 1990 so this is close to a 10 % loss in length. the current rate of retreat is slightly higher than the 3 - 5 m / a average fro the 1979 - 1993 period. the image in 1991 is from aug. 25th, the glacier still has 70 % of its area covered with snow from the previous winter. this is called the accumulation area ratio and in general must be above 60 at the end of the summer for the glacier to not lose mass. in 2003 the accumulation area ratio is about 30 and this is on sept. 25th


snow from the previous winter. this is called the accumulation area ratio and in general must be above 60 at the end of the summer for the glacier to not lose mass. in 2003 the accumulation area ratio is about 30 and this is on sept. 25th at the end of the melt season. in 2005 the accumulation area ratio is 30 at the most. both years this limited a snowcover would lead to a significant negative mass balance, volume loss. the thinning in the upper portion of the glacier appears limited. there is not an evident change in the upper margin of the glacier. the crevassing which is indicative of movement has also not decreased much suggesting limited changes in the dynamics of the upper glacier. the comparatively slow changes in the accumulation zone, suggests a glacier that still has a consistent accumulation zone and is not likely to melt away rapidly, within the next 30 years, given the current climate. the glacier is showing no signs that it is approaching equilibrium, and that it can survive the current climate. this is in contrast to nearby harrison glacier which is receding quite slowly. there are new outcrops appearing at points a and b in the 2005 image indicating thinning and retreat is continuing. annual layers are evident at point c in the 2005 image. crevassing in the same area at point d is evident in each image. the usgs and the nps have made sperry glacier a focus of field study beginning in 2005. the long term record of glacier area and glacier retreat makes it a good candidate. to date no mass balance data has been completed or reported. this data is essential to understand future terminus and volume responses. this project has been particular good at acquiring historic images to compare to current images 1913 and 2008. bob sihler captured the lack of snow remaining on sperry glacier in 2009., with a month still left in the melt season.


world war two fashion the impact of war on 1940 ′ s fashion in the usa. by tia craig - click world war two influence on 1940s fashion to read the full article from the beginning or to download the free ebook. 4. 1940s silhouette and style changes the spring of 1942 was when the war production board and the civilian production administration “ issued a series of rules for the garment industry that were identified by a number preceded by the letter l, for limitation order. women were able to adjust to it by utilizing fewer amounts of fabric and different colored dyes. the reduction in fabric amount changed the overall silhouette so that clothing would become more practical as women needed more versatility with their wardrobe. there were very strict guidelines on the fashion such as “ a woman ’ s skirt could be no wider than 198cm around. sleeves could measure no more than 36cm around. belts had to be less than 5cm wide. ruffles, pleats, and extra pockets were banned. for women, trim, knee - length skirts replaced long gowns. ” ( lindop ). further more, “ a reduction in the number of fashion colors, especially for wool, was required to conserve chemicals needed for wartime use. ” ( walford ). as a result, dyes were so scarce that blacks, browns, and white replaced the brightly colored attire. however, “ the textile color association of the united states released a palette for fall of 1942 that included a number of shades with patriotic names such as ‘ victory gold ’, ‘ gallant blue ’, and ‘ patriot green ’. ” ( walford ). these restrictions caused new styles to emerge such as the military look which “ included short jackets, narrow skirts, wide shoulders, pantsuits, low - heeled shoes, berets, and peaked caps. ” ( lindop ). this style was primarily worn by women who served in the war as nurses and other military services. another style that appeared was called utility clothing which was the more standard look for women. it included “ squared shoulders, narrow hips, and skirts that ended just below the knee. tailored suits were the dominant form of utility fashion. ” ( the university of vermont ). for the women working in the factories, there was a dress code for them but that will be explained in further detail later on. an additional note to add to the style change was that pants became more popular during this time. many still wore skirts or dresses but pants had become an article of clothing that had a sense of practicality. copyright tia


hepatitis is a contagious disease that is preventable. basic preventive principles include avoiding contact with other people ’ s blood or bodily fluids and practicing good sanitation. in addition, vaccines are available to prevent some types of hepatitis. they are given to people at high risk of contracting the disease. avoid contact with blood and bodily fluids infected blood and bodily fluids can spread hepatitis. to avoid contact : - do not inject illicit drugs, especially with shared needles. seek help to stop using drugs. - do not have sex with partners who have hepatitis or other sexually transmitted diseases. - practice safe sex using latex condoms or abstain from sex. - limit your number of sexual partners. a mutually monogamous relationship is best. - avoid sharing personal hygiene products ( eg, toothbrushes, razors ). - avoid handling items that may be contaminated with hepatitis - infected blood. - donate your own blood before elective surgery so it can be used if you need a blood transfusion. - avoid getting a tattoo or a body piercing. if you get a tattoo or body piercing, make sure the artist or piercer properly sterilizes the equipment. you might get infected if the tools have someone else ' s blood on them. - if you are a healthcare professional, always follow routine barrier precautions and safely handle needles and other sharp instruments and dispose of them properly. wear gloves when touching or cleaning up bodily fluids on personal items, such as : - tampons, sanitary pads, diapers - cover open cuts or wounds. - use only sterile needles for drug injections, blood draws, ear piercing, and tattooing. - if you are pregnant, have a blood test for hepatitis b. infants born to mothers with hepatitis b should be treated within 12 hours after birth. travelling to countries where the risk of hepatitis is higher, follow proper precautions, such as : - only drinking bottled water - not using ice cubes - avoiding certain foods, like shellfish, unpasteurized milk products, and fresh fruits and vegetables practice good sanitation good sanitation can prevent the transmission of some forms of hepatitis. - wash your hands with soap and water after using the bathroom or changing a diaper. - wash your hands with soap and water before eating or preparing food. - carefully clean all household utensils after use. get a vaccine, if recommended get immune globulin ( ig ) injection, if recommended ig, available for hepatitis a and b, is an injection that contains antibodies, which help provide protection. this shot is


last week, in one of the most densely populated places on earth, 150 people addressed a topic usually left to pasture : the future of agriculture. at one point, melina shannon - dipietro, director of the yale sustainable food project, asked the audience, “ how many of you have worked in a garden in the past month? ” over three - quarters of the room raised our hands. shannon - dipietro also said that yale university currently offers 30 classes related to food and agriculture. as recently as 2003, that number was zero. what is happening here and why now? the group in the nyc room was attending agriculture 2. 0 : the conference for innovators & investors, hosted by newseed advisors and spin - farming. there is much to explore, and for now, a few facts have percolated to the top : - many estimate the world ’ s population will grow to 9 billion by 2050. as a result, the asset management arm of deutsche bank foresees a 50 % increase in global caloric demand. we aren ’ t ready. - every year, as the mississippi river flows into the gulf of mexico, the agricultural run - off creates a vast “ dead zone ” in the water. the dead zone can get as large as the state of mississippi and nothing survives in it. - tod murphy of the farmers diner said that as americans consume food carted from thousands of miles away, we eat about 19 % of our country ’ s fossil fuel usage. robert fireman of sky vegetables framed the issue another way : every year, the average american intakes 350 gallons of oil with his meals. we have never had issues like these before in human history. but innovators live in the solution. we have also never been as connected and accessible to one another as we are now. thus, in the spirit of the pioneers at agriculture 2. 0, we have never had opportunities like this before. more to come.


list of chinese inventions china has always prided itself with its ancient and ground breaking discoveries. in fact, some of the world ’ s most important inventions were made by the chinese. their inventions have shaped our history. a cursory look at the list of chinese inventions will give you a sense of how critical these discoveries were when it came to building civilizations. joseph needam, a british scholar, recognized the importance of these discoveries. he studied these inventions extensively, even listing four of them as being the greatest inventions of ancient china. these include the compass, gunpowder, paper, and printing. the list of chinese inventions includes familiar tools and some lesser known materials. a lot of these are even still used today. many more are considered as direct descendants of modern day tools and methods. let ’ s take a look at some of these inventions shall we? first up on our list of chinese inventions is the compass. without a doubt, this tool has greatly expedited and eased how our ancestors navigated the globe. to this day, the compass is still considered as an important navigation tool, and little has changed on how compasses are manufactured. next up on our list is gunpowder. it was first discovered in china during 1000 a. d. this was about 300 years before the first recorded gunpowder use in europe. unlike their european brethren, the chinese never really pursued the use of explosives as a weapon. this was a tragic irony for the chinese ; since with the aid of gunpowder, the europeans went on to win their wars against the chinese. another important material included in the list of chinese inventions is paper. first invented somewhere around 105 a. d., we can all thank the chinese for this wonderful and infinitely important piece of discovery. printing was also first discovered by the chinese. this includes both moveable type, and block printing. europeans seem to have learned about block printing from the chinese playing cards which they introduced to europe. tea lovers should be thankful to the chinese since tea drinking was first invented in china. two other forms of beverage – this time alcoholic ones – also originated in china, brandy and whiskey. distillation was discovered in china during the seventh century a. d., well before its twelfth century discovery in the west. these are but a few of the items included in the list of chinese inventions. some of them have been of significant import to us, others, well we can do without. one thing is for certain, those ancient chinese inventors made a lot of impact on our history. “ this article is brought to


the wandering is over haggadah - the four children the four children as we tell the story, we think about it from all angles. our tradition speaks of four different types of children who might react differently to the passover seder. it is our job to make our story accessible to all the members of our community, so we think about how we might best reach each type of child : what does the wise child say? the wise child asks, what are the testimonies and laws which god commanded you? you must teach this child the rules of observing the holiday of passover. what does the wicked child say? the wicked child asks, what does this service mean to you? to you and not to himself! because he takes himself out of the community and misses the point, set this child ’ s teeth on edge and say to him : “ it is because of what god did for me in taking me out of egypt. ” me, not him. had that child been there, he would have been left behind. what does the simple child say? the simple child asks, what is this? to this child, answer plainly : “ with a strong hand god took us out of egypt, where we were slaves. ” what about the child who doesn ’ t know how to ask a question? help this child ask. start telling the story : “ it is because of what god did for me in taking me out of egypt. ” do you see yourself in any of these children? at times we all approach different situations like each of these children. how do we relate to each of them?


create organic farm, aquaponics, vermiculture, larvae entrapment projects - provide aquaponic systems for a families of four. collect unwanted 55 gallon drums and wooden pallets that would normally end up in landfills and have kahuku high and intermediate school students transform them into perpetual food source that will provide local families and communities with fresh, organic vegetables, fruit, herbs and fish in their own backyards powered by a small photovoltaic system. - provide scholarship money for students building the systems instead of paying an hourly wage ( use student payment model used by ma ’ o farms ). partner with experts on aquaponics, sustainability systems, recycling, etc and use them as mentors for students so they can enter college and obtain a meaningful career that will support themselves and their families. - if requested, provide aquaponic systems for church properties, social service providers ( salvation army ), schools, etc. our latest initiative, innovative education, is comprised of filmmakers, scientists, kupuna and agricultural teachers ( dr. don sand, dr. clyde tamaru, dr. kai fox, dr. kendra martin, christian wilson and ben shaffer ) is an additional branch of keac that is writing curriculum and delivering educational programs that engage, inspire, create learning experiences using student relevant subjects such as digital media, current youth issues, sustainability, aquaponics, organic farming, participatory learning and life skills. the “ film club ” is our after school program that currently has 27 active members. our new kahuku sustainability club named halau haloa currently has 20 members. community need being addressed the students living in the ko ’ olauloa district ( ka ’ a ’ awa, punalu ’ u, hau ’ ula, laie, kahuku and sunset beach ) have unmet needs for educational experiences that are relevant to several rapidly growing modern industries such as film, digital media and the sustainability industry. these are fields that will provide jobs and advanced education for those students who are allowed to learn these skill sets early. the traditional school system is slower in responding to these relevant programs that we are helping to bring now, today. the innovation education branch is dedicated to helping students receive programs in these 21st century industries. the programs are developed and delivered in creative, participatory methods that are based on living projects in self - directed ways. it is believed that the students not only learn advanced knowledge in these relevant industries but that they develop actual skills sets needed to become valued


are developed and delivered in creative, participatory methods that are based on living projects in self - directed ways. it is believed that the students not only learn advanced knowledge in these relevant industries but that they develop actual skills sets needed to become valued employees. the students learn business world and college world “ people skills ”, project management skills, leadership, teamwork, time management and problem solving. each target student groups can be inspired accelerate their educational productivity. the “ at risk ” students find that there are reasons for learning traditional subjects in school and the advanced students are allowed to enhance their gifts and dreams. what we do funds and support would help increase capacity of our after school programs including the kahuku sustainability and film clubs and building living sustainability projects. we will continue to develop new advance curriculum and film the student projects as a “ students teaching students ” educational video series a portion of the funds would be used to hold contests around renewable energy issues that would inspire students to learn using a camera as a fun learning tool. our intended participants the goal is to bring these educational experiences to at least 100 per year in the sustainability programs and 100 students in the film - digital media programs. the students will be selected from those attending khis, while 100 more students will be offered program experiences from kahuku elementary school.. outcomes we you expect the outcomes would be measured in terms of the number of students in the programs, learning projects, and learning contests. we will continue to build a platform in kahuku that will become a major pipeline for innovative learning programs, mentors, internships, and courses in 21st century careers skills and knowledge. benefits to students will include a decrease in drop out students, improvement of grades, and more gifted students entering the competitive smart technological fields that add to the quality of life in the islands. how we will measure the expected outcomes the success of our program can be measured by the number of students taking the sustainability and renewable energy classes and the digital media courses. we will also measure the number of students that have received certifications and have participated in our learning experience projects, contests, and field trips. motivation of the students in our programs can be measured by attendance, improvement in grades, and placement in colleges. these accumulated certifications, interactions with mentors, new letters of recommendations, sustainability and digital media contests won will go far to improve the chances of students being accepted in colleges and receiving scholarships. how funds are spent the aquaponic projects will require the purchase of all materials to build the working model including pumps,


of recommendations, sustainability and digital media contests won will go far to improve the chances of students being accepted in colleges and receiving scholarships. how funds are spent the aquaponic projects will require the purchase of all materials to build the working model including pumps, foundation, scaffolding, sun screens, tubs, soil, starter fish and plant seed. a portion of the funds would be used to develop more curriculum in both digital media and agriculture. student incentives would include prizes for the contests and token fees for mini - internships. because of hawaii ’ s ideal location and temperature, its residents can become masters of sustainability and stop being dependent on the grid by paying the most expensive electricity, gas and food in the nation. local food production use simplicity and affordability of aquaponics and vermiculture to encourage the growing organic food in backyards or apartment lanai ’ s of hawaii residents. social transformation in the above areas we need to reduce our dependency on fossil fuels by growing our own food where we live thus reducing the need to : - ship from the mainland and to stores from warehouses, and from warehouse to grocery stores, - drive to a grocery stores and gas stations we need to grow our own produce so we can know : - the source of the food - we can be assured the food is not genetically modified - contaminated with unsafe fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides ( organically grown and harvested ) - we can prepared for a disaster when gas, food and money is not available - we need to be examples to our children and grandchildren that it is possible to live off the food we grow ourselves demonstrate innovation and local leadership our organization will consist of a partnership of forward - thinking individuals who see the value of assisting the youth of our communities to take aquaponics and sustainability as a way of life. they will also recognize the value of the educational process they will be engaged in along the way. have the potential for growth and success due to our involvement it will be relatively easy to scale for growth since aquaponics uses very little space and few resources. every family in hawaii should have access to inexpensive, fresh organic produce. every student in hawaii deserves the chance to learn about aquaponics and fulfill the doe rubrics at the same time. stem from ideas and inspiration that are born in hawai ’ i to meet the needs of hawai ’ i ancient hawaiians were masters of sustainability. we need to re - create how hawaiians turned the most remote islands into sustaining over a million people without modern technology. - employ scala


cloud computing is either a revolutionary it management tool or a nebulous puff of marketing hype, depending on whom you ask. for now, we ’ re thinking it ’ s puffery — but intriguing developments are under way. a cloudy concept rather than house your own it servers or rent the maximum processing and storage capacity you ’ ll ever need, why not pay only for what you use, when you use it? that ’ s the basic idea behind cloud computing — and it ’ s an alluring possibility for many reasons, not least the desire to contain costs and reduce energy consumption. but it turns out that much of the appeal is based on a murky understanding of the concept. according to research by gartner group vice president mark mcdonald, the percentage of cios interested in cloud computing has grown considerably, from 5 % in 2009 to 37 % earlier this year. and the bigger the company, the more likely management is to say that cloud computing is a top - five it priority. interest in cloud computing but three out of four respondents who profess interest in cloud computing report little to none in three of the key technologies it entails : server virtualization, service - oriented architecture, and software as a service. further, nearly half the respondents equate cloud computing with virtualization alone, which shows that many executives have an incomplete view of it. cloud computing has rapidly risen to what mcdonald calls “ the peak of inflated expectations. ” and where is it headed next? the “ trough of disillusionment, ” he says. that ’ s because few people can even seem to agree on what cloud computing is, never mind how on earth it should work. the national institute of standards and technology ( nist ) it laboratory ’ s definition, version 15, is more than 760 words long and includes five characteristics, three service models, four deployment models, and a disclaimer saying, in essence, that the definition will change again soon. is the cloud greener? despite all the confusion about cloud computing, the it laboratory at nist lays out some figures that make a compelling environmental case for it. according to one nist presentation, the number of servers in traditional data centers in the u. s. doubled from 2001 to 2006. power consumption per server quadrupled in the same time period, even though servers typically operate at only 15 % of capacity.


despite our best efforts to replicate hormones, slow the ageing process and map the human brain, our bodies are smarter than we ' ll likely ever understand. but not everything is so complex. when we ' re feeling tired, stressed or rundown, our bodies let us know with some very basic signals. ignore them at your peril writes rosalind scutt. in a perfect world we ' d live long, healthy lives, free from illness and disease. although developments in medical science are bringing us closer to that point, there is still much we do not understand about our own physiology how it works, and why it breaks down. while we ' re waiting for research to unlock the secrets to infinitely good health, it ' s reassuring to know that very often, before our bodies do malfunction, we ' re likely to see some obvious warning signs associated with a weakening immune system. some common physical symptoms include sweating, headaches, cold sores, thrush and other skin inflammation such as eczema, while emotional symptoms include feelings of irritability, anxiety, aggression or fatigue. these indicators should serve as a serious warning that we require additional rest and care, but many of us are inclined to take a cold and flu tablet and solider on. valiant though this may seem, a growing body of research suggests that this approach may jeopardise our health in the long term with potentially fatal consequences. earlier this year a study titled chronic stress, glucocorticoid receptor resistance, inflammation, and disease risk found that stress affects the body ' s ability to protect against illness by directly impacting the immune system. in particular, the study, which was published in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences, found that cortisol ( a hormone produced during times of stress ) temporarily suppresses the immune system and reduces the body ' s natural inflammatory response to viruses and bacteria. " the immune system ' s ability to regulate inflammation predicts who will develop a cold, but more importantly it provides an explanation of how stress can promote disease, " lead researcher, sheldon cohen, of carnegie mellon university in pittsburgh said. " when under stress, cells of the immune system are unable to respond to hormonal control, and consequently, produce levels of inflammation that promote disease. because inflammation plays a role in many diseases such as cardiovascular, asthma and autoimmune disorders, this model suggests why stress impacts them as well. " dr mark smyth of the peter maccallum cancer centre in melbourne, australia ' s only public hospital


inflammation plays a role in many diseases such as cardiovascular, asthma and autoimmune disorders, this model suggests why stress impacts them as well. " dr mark smyth of the peter maccallum cancer centre in melbourne, australia ' s only public hospital solely dedicated to cancer treatment, research and education agrees. " proper immune function is now appreciated as another important factor in preventing development of some cancers, " he said. understanding more about how stress can impact our immune system may help us learn to listen to our bodies and recognise when they are telling us to slow down. and while maintaining a healthy immune system can help to prevent an individual from contracting disease, it is also hoped that immunotherapy can one day be used to treat and manage existing disease. " we may one day be able to use immunotherapy to artificially induce equilibrium and convert cancer into a chronic, but controllable disease, " smyth said. so, next time you feel the itch of a re - occurring rash, the twitch of a cold sore, or general malaise associated with ongoing fatigue, stop and listen to your body. a course of antibiotics may solve your problem in the short term, but your body is really telling you it needs some urgent nurturing attention and if cohen ' s findings are correct, that attention could be the all that stands between you a life of blissful longevity. - is shopping for beauty products is overwhelming? for the lowdown on products that are right for you and a little beauty news via a free digital magazine check out the beauty advisor app now! - life is full of amazing moments. share your own and read about others ’ on the olay facebook page.


( source : washington university school of medicine in st. louis, news release, aug. 30, 2012 ) tuesday, sept. 4 ( healthday news ) - - at least seven antibiotic - resistant genes have recently passed between soil bacteria and bacteria that cause human disease, according to a new study. further research is needed to determine how widespread this sharing is, and to what extent it could make disease - causing bacteria harder to control, said the researchers at washington university school of medicine in st. louis. " it is commonplace for antibiotics to make their way into the environment. our results suggest that this may enhance drug resistance in soil bacteria in ways that could one day be shared with bacteria that cause human disease, " first author and graduate student kevin forsberg said in a university news release. for this study, the researchers analyzed the dna of bacteria in soil samples collected at various locations in the united states. the findings were published recently in the journal science. the researchers said it ' s important to find the answers to many questions, such as : did the genes pass from soil bacteria to human pathogens or vice versa? are the genes just the tip of a vast reservoir of shared resistance? did some combination of luck and a new technique for studying genes across entire bacterial communities lead to the discovery of the shared resistance genes? while humans only mix their genes when they have children, bacteria regularly exchange genes throughout their lifecycles. that means that when a strain of bacteria develops resistance to antibiotics, it can share this ability not only with its descendants but also with other bacteria, the researchers explained. " i suspect the soil is not a teeming reservoir of resistance genes. but if factory farms or medical clinics continue to release antibiotics into the environment, it may enrich that reservoir, potentially making resistance genes more accessible to infectious bacteria, " study senior author gautam dantas, an assistant professor of pathology and immunology, said in the news release. the u. s. food and drug administration has more about antibiotic resistance. copyright © 2013 scoutnews, llc. all rights reserved. healthdaynews articles are derived from various sources and do not reflect federal policy. healthfinder. gov does not endorse opinions, products, or services that may appear in news stories. for more information on health topics in the news, visit health news on healthfinder. gov.


introduction to web conferencing view as a pdf what is web conferencing? while skype provides audio and video conferencing and a chat tool, web conferencing software provides a broader set of synchronous communication tools. some of these additional features include : - multi - point audio and video - you can have several people in different locations using cameras and microphones. - desktop sharing - you can give live demonstrations of software, go over an assignment in real - time with a student, or even control a participant ' s application remotely. - whiteboard - participants in multiple locations can work together on the same whiteboard - import presentation - you can import a powerpoint file right into the tool, which is useful for giving presentations to remote audiences. - classroom management - you can control the privileges of participants in a session. - ability to record sessions - you can record part or all of a session for later reference. there are several web conferencing tools available on the market, including elluminate, centra, interwise, and webex. at nmu we have licenses for a product called adobe acrobat connect professional. when is web conferencing useful? educational uses of web conferencing range from one - on - one meetings with students to full class sessions. some specific applications where it can be an appropriate tool include : - blended online courses where some aspects are conducted asynchronously on educat ( e. g., assignments, assessments ) and others, such as student presentations, are conducted live via web conferencing. - bringing in a guest speaker - virtual office hours with students in an asynchronous online class. - live distance learning courses that utilize a high level of interaction among students. - live distance learning courses where remote students don ' t have access to itv tools. the " 7 things you should know about virtual meetings " handout from eli outlines some specific applications and scenarios for web conferencing use. who can use acrobat connect? ( licensing ) most commercial software used at nmu has either a site license, meaning anyone on campus can use it ( examples include microsoft office and webct ) or individual licenses, meaning that nmu must have a license assigned to anyone who uses it ( examples include camtasia and adobe photoshop ). acrobat connect is a little different. nmu has a limited number of " named host " licenses for acrobat connect, which are only assigned


license assigned to anyone who uses it ( examples include camtasia and adobe photoshop ). acrobat connect is a little different. nmu has a limited number of " named host " licenses for acrobat connect, which are only assigned to faculty. named hosts have the ability to create virtual meetings and invite other participants to them. participants ( such as students ) in meetings do not get a license. there can be up to 100 people in any meeting session. the named host can create as many meetings as he or she wants, but only one can be in session at a given time. adobe connect is web - based and cross platform ; it runs through a web browser and the flash plug - in, which are both standard on nmu laptops. a free add - in is needed to do some functions, but to install it you just need to click " yes " when prompted to install it. it will then install in just a few seconds - no trip to the help desk needed. signing up for a free trial of acrobat connect because each named host account costs nmu a licensing fee, we only assign them to faculty members who have definite plans to use web conferencing. adobe offers a free, 30 day trial of acrobat connect pro that allows faculty to " test drive " the software before requesting a named host account. for the purposes of the workshop, each of you will sign up for the trial. if, after becoming familiar with acrobat connect, you decide that want to use it with your classes in the fall, contact the cite to request a named host account. here is the url for signing up for the free trial : follow the steps on - screen. your account will be active within a few minutes. a representative from adobe may contact you within a few days of your registering to see if you have questions or if you want to buy a license. just explain to them that your university has a limited number of licenses and that you are evaluating the software before deciding whether to request one. adobe has a nice set of tutorials, documentation ( some of which is provided in your handouts ), and tips in their acrobat connect pro resource center, at http : / / www. adobe. com / resources / acrobatconnect / please be aware that in addition to acrobat connect pro information, there are some references to companion products ( e. g., adobe presenter, audio teleconferencing ) to which nmu does not sub


how are hbsls used? concentrations of contaminants in water are compared to human - health benchmarks in screening - level assessments to provide an initial perspective on the potential relevance of detected contaminants to human health and to help prioritize further investigations. two human - health benchmarks are used in usgs screening - level assessments : u. s. environmental protection agency ' s ( usepa ) maximum contaminant levels ( mcls ) and usgs ' s health - based screening levels ( hbsls ). concentrations of regulated contaminants ( those with mcls ) are compared to their mcls and concentrations of unregulated contaminants ( those without mcls ) are compared to their hbsls, when available. see " guidance on use of benchmarks in screening - level assessments " and sir 2007 - 5106 for more information. comparisons of measured contaminant concentrations in water to mcls and hbsls are useful for local, state, and federal water - resource managers and others charged with protecting and managing drinking - water resources. for example, these comparisons can indicate when measured concentrations may be of potential human - health concern and can provide an early indication of when contaminant concentrations in ambient water resources may warrant further study or monitoring.


the environmental interpretation centre is located on the shores of the faja da caldeira de santo cristo on sao jorge island on the azores archipelago of portugal. the islands are very remote and located smack dab in the middle of the atlantic and not particularly well - known, but are quite beautiful. the government is trying to increase tourism and education of their parks and the centre is one of their projects to aid that effort. the centre will help provide information on the area, serve as an education center on the local environment, support architectural heritage and serve as a center to further study the local flora and fauna. design work began on the environmental interpretation centre in 2007 with construction starting in 2009. the original property features a one story stone building, which was used as the foundation for the reconstruction. this building was faithfully restored using the original plans, but adding a second story and then an additional building behind it. the main building serves as the education center and the building behind is a temporary apartment for visiting researchers. thick stone walls act as thermal mass to slow the transfer of heat and keep the interior comfortable. deep window wells provide natural light but minimize heat gain. in the future a campsite will be created and the interpretation centre will serve as its headquarters. images ©fg + sg – fotografia de arquitectura


nothing! optional ; cards of the letters you want to practice. students are divided into teams. the target sounds are written on the blackboard as letters. the first student from each group stands up in front of the blackboard with a fan. the teacher says a word which uses a target sound, and the students have to hit the letter which makes that sound. the first student to hit the correct letter is the winner. have the students stand in lines to save time while taking turns. vowel sound variationedit this variation of the game distinguishes between different vowel sounds. instead of using letters, use picture cards to represent the particular sounds. the teacher will say a word, and the students have to hit the picture with the same vowel sound. this variation concentrates on the ' y ' sound. write the kanji for ' year ' ( 年 ( ねん - nen? ) ) and ' ear ' ( 耳 ( みみ mimi? ) ) on the blackboard. say the word ' year ' or ' ear ', and students have to hit the correct kanji. this variation concentrates on only two words. write two similar words on the blackboard, such as ' right ' and ' light ' and the students have to hit the correct word. see pronunciation problems for a comprehensive list. in a similar fashion to how karuta is played, students in a group have the cards in front of them and try to be the first to hit them. this variation enables a higher level of student involvement. this lesson plan was taken from the sixth edition of team taught pizza.


in preparation for the fifth centenary of the reformation in 2017, the vatican and the world lutheran federation are preparing a joint document on the course of events in the early sixteenth century. the humboldt university in berlin is also building up to the centenary with lectures and discussions. i was honored to take part in a disputatio with professor notger slencka, a foremost connoisseur of luther ’ s work, under the auspices of the romano guardini foundation, on may 7, 2012, in which i took the side of erasmus as we re - argued the famous discussion on free will between the humanist and the reformer. the epoch of the renaissance and the reformation sought to overcome scholastic metaphysics by a return to the sources, a purification of language, and a new encounter with the realities of human experience and biblical revelation. overcoming metaphysics in theology means protecting the biblical language and the biblical phenomena against the insidious falsification brought about by metaphysical habits of thought. the late scholasticism that both luther and erasmus resisted lives on today in the usa among analytical philosophers of religion who believe that it is the sole business of theology of puzzles over metaphysical riddles such as a the apparent incompatibility between divine simplicity and the multiplicity of divine attributes and actions, or between divine omnipotence and the existence of evil, or between divine foreknowledge and predestination and the reality of free will. these philosophers think that modern theology has lost its intellectual grip through its strategy of avoiding these hard problems. thanks to the reformation and to historical biblical scholarship, theology today is more richly based in scripture than was the case in the middle ages. before getting caught up in metaphysical conundrums, theologians test them against the biblical vision of god and the world. they discern that the god of analytical neoscholastic philosophy is very remote from the god of abraham, isaac, and jacob, the living, saving god presented in church preaching. the analytical debate about god is a factory for producing refined philosophical concepts and arguments, but its value for christian theology remains slight. in his ratio verae theologiae ( 1519 ), erasmus taught that scripture contains all christian doctrine and dogmas. he influenced his fellow humanist and luther ’ s comrade in arms, philip melanchthon, who in his loci communes ( 1521 ) sought to draw all the essential theological truths from an exegesis of the epistle to the romans. erasmus felt he stood on solid ground, then, when he challenged luther


melanchthon, who in his loci communes ( 1521 ) sought to draw all the essential theological truths from an exegesis of the epistle to the romans. erasmus felt he stood on solid ground, then, when he challenged luther ’ s denial of free will exclusively on the basis of biblical texts, in his diatribe de libero arbitrio ( discussion on the freedom of the will ) in 1524. luther ’ s powerful riposte, in de servo arbitrio ( on the bondage of the will ) in 1525, showed that he understood the return to the bible in a far more radical sense than erasmus did. a truly biblical view of god and humanity, he showed, would overthrow not only the scholastics but also the quiet humanistic reasonableness of erasmus. luther finds erasmus to be radically defective as a theologian, due to a lack of existential authenticity, and an evasive and diluting attitude to the claim of the biblical word. both luther and erasmus thought that they had left scholastic metaphysics behind, but both of them reached back to scholastic distinctions in the course of their discussion. paradoxically, luther, the scorner of philosophy, uses starkly metaphysical arguments to bolster his biblical case. his deep sense of human weakness and divine power leads him to adopt a primitive metaphysical determinism that both reflects and reinforces a deeply problematic aspect of his thinking. defenders of de servo arbitrio try to play down this metaphysics and the extremism it reflects, focusing instead on luther ’ s witness to biblical realities. luther himself saw this text, along with the commentary on galatians ( 1531 / 1535 ), as his most important work, so the stakes are high. luther was certainly a great witness to the gospel and offered the church a priceless treasure in his doctrine of justification. but there is also a dark and unwholesome side to his thought, and it is on display in this classic text. i shall formulate three criticisms of his metaphysical utterances : they override the dignity of human freedom ; they imply a fatalistic, deterministic view of reality ; they project a monstrous image of god. the dignity of human freedom erasmus is usually seen as a great loser in the history of theology, yet today his tolerance and humanism seem a blessed oasis amid the violence and fanaticism of the sixteenth century. luther ’ s reaction to erasmus ’ s mild and modest intervention augured ill : ‘ i will kill the satan


the history of theology, yet today his tolerance and humanism seem a blessed oasis amid the violence and fanaticism of the sixteenth century. luther ’ s reaction to erasmus ’ s mild and modest intervention augured ill : ‘ i will kill the satan with my feather, as i killed munzer, whose blood lies at my throat. ’ erasmus was doomed to lose, for the age of humanistic reason was ceding to one of sectarian absolutism. his very long reply to de servo arbitrio, the hyperaspistes or ‘ shield, ’ has received shamefully little attention. some claim that luther detected in erasmus a champion of what was to be the great heresy of the modern world, a proud emphasis on human autonomy. in reality there is nothing revolutionary about erasmus ’ s recognition of ‘ a power of human willing, through with man can turn to that which leads to eternal salvation or can turn away from it ’ ( ausgewahlte werke, darmstadt = aw iv, 37 ). this is little more than a quotation from origen, who in the third century defended free will against a gnostic determinism based on inborn ‘ evil natures ’ ( de principiis iii, 1, 18 ). for revolutionary modernity in this period, one should look rather to pico della mirandola, who sees humans as created without fixed identity, called to be self - shapers and self - surpassers, an ideal that recurs in fichte and sartre. schleiermacher is a follower of luther when he objects to fichte that there is no unconditional sense of freedom, but that freedom is always subordinate to a sense of unconditional dependence ( on god ). luther might score valid points against the modern absolutization of freedom - from at the expense of freedom - for. nonetheless, what luther saw as heresy is the orthodoxy of the modern world. ‘ man is born free, ’ wrote rousseau in 1762 ( the social contract ), ‘ and everywhere he is in chains ’ — chains he can break. who remembers archbishop christophe beaumont and cardinal gerbil, defenders of original sin against rousseau? who would wish to return of bossuet ’ s view that ‘ all men are born subjects ’? we have embraced the credo that ‘ all men are created equal, ’ with rights to ‘ liberty and the pursuit of happiness ’ ( declaration of independence, 1776 ). the inviolability of human freedom


‘ all men are born subjects ’? we have embraced the credo that ‘ all men are created equal, ’ with rights to ‘ liberty and the pursuit of happiness ’ ( declaration of independence, 1776 ). the inviolability of human freedom is a central theme of christian preaching today. there is no stepping back to a pre - modern mentality of subservience. how did luther understand the words : ‘ for freedom christ has set us free ’ ( gal 5 : 1 )? ‘ it is freedom from the law, sins, death, from the power of the devil, the wrath of god, the last judgment, ’ and all other freedoms are but droplets in comparison with ‘ the majesty of theological freedom ’ ( weimarer ausgabe = wa 40 / ii, 3 ). this freedom is negatively defined, in relation to fear that is overcome, and in strict distinction from ‘ freedom of the flesh ’ and ‘ political freedom. ’ in the de servo arbitrio we do not hear much even about this negative freedom. luther had found warmer tones in on the freedom of a christian ( 1520 ), but in the year of the peasants ’ revolt, in which he had played a grisly role, he was no longer so freedom - friendly. an enslaved will, moved by grace as if it were a puppet, would be a travesty of evangelical freedom, ‘ the glorious freedom of the children of god ’ ( rom 8 : 21 ). erasmus celebrates instead the freed will of the redeemed. he holds that human digntiy and also the dignity of the holy spirit require that grace acts only though awakening and empowerment of human freedom. he follows origen, who saw the multiplicity of human characters and the corresponding multiplicity of divine handlings of the human soul. as souls are innumerable, ’ wrote origen, ‘ so are the mores, decisions, movements, drives, desires of each one ’ ( de principiis iii, 1, 14 ). he uses greek philosophical words, ethe, protheseis, kinemata, hormai, epiboulai, giving them a pluralistic twist. this pluralism of experience is not irreconcilable with the conviction that everything depends on god ’ s grace, or that justification consists only in believing acceptance of the merits of christ. luther, too, seems to respect the dignity of human freedom when he writes : ‘ through his spirit we are made slaves and captives ( which however is


on god ’ s grace, or that justification consists only in believing acceptance of the merits of christ. luther, too, seems to respect the dignity of human freedom when he writes : ‘ through his spirit we are made slaves and captives ( which however is royal freedom ), so that we want and gladly do what he wants ’ ( wa 18, 635 ). he suggests that just as the sinner is not free to break with sin, so too, as long as the spirit and grace last, the saint is not free to turn away from god, both are enthralled by their own willing dedication. unfortunately, there follows immediately the image of the draught animal ( iumentum ), whom either god or satan rides, which again undermines human dignity, and also implies a manichean equilibrium between god and satan. according to erasmus, origen teaches that ‘ whether we turn to salvation or turn away lies in our hand ’ ( hyperaspistes ii, opera omnia, louvain, x, 1501d ). in origen ’ s own words : ‘ there is placed in us the power to give ourselves either to a praiseworthy or a culpable life ’ ( de principiis iii, 1, 1 ). this does suggest an underestimation of the bondage of the will and the power of grace. elsewhere origen is anxious to tie election to merits, accrued in past lives, which led st jerome to characterize him as the father of pelagianism. but the common lutheran perception of erasmus as ( at least ) a semi - pelagian is unfair. erasmus can cite augustine with empathy, and he distances himself from his friend st john fisher, who claimed that man could contribute to his salvation ‘ from merely natural powers ’ ( 1480a ). he holds that the fallen will was ‘ so degraded that it could not recall itself by its own resources to a better course, but having lost liberty was forced to serve sin, to which it voluntarily bound itself ’ ( aw iv, 40 ). he explains : ‘ i ascribed nothing to free will except that it responds to the grace that knocks, cooperates with the grace that operates, and that it can turn away from both ’ ( 1480b ). ‘ when i say that free will does some good, i link it with grace ; as long as it obeys grace it is happily acted on and acts ; when it resists, it merits to be deserted by grace, and when deserted


). ‘ when i say that free will does some good, i link it with grace ; as long as it obeys grace it is happily acted on and acts ; when it resists, it merits to be deserted by grace, and when deserted it does only evil acts ’ ( aw iv, 414 - 16 ). here he presents not a neutral, independent will, which decides sovereignly by itself whether to obey grace or its own vices, addictions, obsessions, and bad habits. the unfreedom of the will lies deeper than these, in the fundamental option by which one ’ s life is directed. erasmus does not preach a will that always remains free to choose between the proud, self - centered motivation and the orientation to god ’ s will and his kingdom. he sees that the will can be freed from self - bondage only through grace, though he lacks luther ’ s concrete feeling for this tragic servitude and for how little we have the power of choice in our own hands. luther was shocked that erasmus referred to the question of the role played by free will in the process of salvation as a matter of superfluous speculation. the genre of the diatribe gave the impression that he wanted to treat the role of free will as a quaestio disputata, in which the pelagians also were given a respectful hearing. his defense of free will sounds as if it is merely a question of correct, approved opinion, rather than a matter of ultimate concern. luther found this detachment intolerable. this was not because the bible had given a clear and unambiguous answer, as luther wanted to believe, but more because augustine and the church had detected and denounced the pelagian error of giving the primary role in salvation to our free will. luther ’ s years as an augustinian monk and theologian shaped his reception of scripture. erasmus must also claim, like luther, that the bible gives a clear answer, since the holy spirit ‘ cannot fight with itself ’ ( aw iv, 156 ), and he, too, underestimates the plurality and contradictoriness of the biblical statements. luther shows that the sinner is totally enslaved, and he gives to the righteous only a freedom that comes from outside, the freedom of passive obedience, not that of creative cooperation with divine grace. a synergy between human freedom and divine grace in the event of justification is what he most vigilantly excludes, and perhaps there is no real contradiction on this particular issue between


freedom of passive obedience, not that of creative cooperation with divine grace. a synergy between human freedom and divine grace in the event of justification is what he most vigilantly excludes, and perhaps there is no real contradiction on this particular issue between him and erasmus, trent, and modern catholic theology. but that grace works in and through creative human freedom is the best insight of christian humanism, which luther, at least in de servo arbitrio, holds at a distance. it is true that the text does refer occasionally to cooperation between god and human freedom, but only in a muted and concessive way, emphasizing so massively the asymmetry between the divine and human element, that the latter scarcely attains any vivid profile. only grudgingly and in subclauses does he use expressions such as ‘ whereby the creature cooperates with god who operates ’ ( 18, 753 ), whereas it is with great rhetorical and existential force that he declares, ‘ our freedom is nothing ’ ( 18, 720 ). had luther made an effort to build on what he and erasmus had in common, the future of lutheran and ecumenical theology might have been brighter. erasmus notes luther ’ s concessions, but likewise fails to build on them, preferring to see them as contradictions : luther said first that free will had only the power to sin, then that ‘ it is nothing at all, ’ and finally, that ‘ as if reborn, free will cooperates with grace in good works and with the aid of grace can do all things ’ ( 1480 ). luther uses weak metaphysical arguments to boost his case. he asks how the will can be free if neither angels nor humans can exist for a moment by their own power ( 18, 662 ), as if it were impossible for god to create and sustain free beings. even adam and eve, made in the divine image, had no free will. the fall is not a loss of free will but a consequence of its absence. adam and eve were unhappy that god had given them no power of free decision in regard to their relationship with him. even the editors of the weimar edition note that luther ’ s claim that augustine was totally on his side ( wa 18, 640 ) comes to grief here, since augustine denies the necessity of adam ’ s sin. luther ’ s thesis of the non - existence of free will is not biblical, and needs to be shored up by metaphysical arguments, which are constructed ad hoc. erasmus saw that when luther spoke as a scholastic


the necessity of adam ’ s sin. luther ’ s thesis of the non - existence of free will is not biblical, and needs to be shored up by metaphysical arguments, which are constructed ad hoc. erasmus saw that when luther spoke as a scholastic, in defense of his exaggerations, he had lost the authentic biblical perspective. later melanchthon, who remained on good terms with erasmus to the end, would considerably tone down this radical denial of freedom, and he met no resistance from luther, who had perhaps realized that the metaphysical claim was not so important or so certain as he had claimed. aquinas distinguishes between a necessitas consequentiae and a necessitas consequentis. what god knows from eternity cannot fail to happen, but in the realm of secondary causes contingency and freedom remain real. luther dismisses this as vain words ( wa 56, 382 ), and indeed it does seem rather feeble. he himself tends to emphasize a stark contrariety between divine power and human freedom. but in scarcely noticeable concessions he seems close to the scholastic distinction in that he denies that god ’ s predetermination of our acts implies any compulsion ( coactio ). yet he also uses deterministic language that seems to deny human freedom altogether, even the normal freedom we enjoy in everyday affairs, which he generally upholds. erasmus also speaks contemptuously of the scholastic distinctions : ‘ it was wrong to plunge with irreligious curiosity into those recondite, not to say superfluous matters — whether god foreknows something contingently, whether our will effects something in the things that pertain to eternal salvation, or merely undergoes the action of grace ’ ( aw iv, 12 ). however he let his colleague louis ber persuade him to use the scholastic distinction in defending the freedom of judas, who contingently, freely betrays christ, though the act is necessary in view of divine foreknowledge. luther sees this as a concession to his own view : ‘ they are compelled to concede that all things are done by necessity, with the necessitas consequentiae ( as they say ), but not with the necessitas consequentis. thus they elude the violence of this question ’ ( wa 18, 616 ). he himself denies that judas suffers any necessitas coactionis, and affirms rather a necessitas immutabilitatis, a necessitas infallibilitatis ad


question ’ ( wa 18, 616 ). he himself denies that judas suffers any necessitas coactionis, and affirms rather a necessitas immutabilitatis, a necessitas infallibilitatis ad tempus, which does not impinge on judas ’ s freedom ( 720 - 1 ). here again erasmus might have built on a rough agreement between luther and himself, but instead he rejects luther ’ s proposal as philosophically feeble ( x, 1424 ). in tit for tat style he mocks luther as a metaphysician in several places, and pounces on his inconsistencies : ‘ judas willingly betrayed the lord, luther admits, though he elsewhere teaches that the human will performs nothing either in good or evil ’ ( 1424 ). what turned judas from being a faithful apostle into a traitor? luther would answer, ‘ the divinely willed withdrawal of grace. ’ erasmus sees this as ‘ a kind of force, ’ and insists that ‘ judas could have not taken up the will to betray, or having taken it up he could have put it down again ’ ( 1425 ). this sounds self - evident, but for luther it is blasphemy, not only because it underestimates the power of sin to bind the will and the inability of the will to free itself, but because it takes the salvation or damnation of the sinner out of god ’ s hands. yet in insisting that judas is nonetheless not forced, luther implicitly refers to the same double register that he has denounced as eluding the violence of the question. when he reached for the weapons of metaphysics to defend grace from the claims of human autonomy, luther thought he could use them tactically, in the service of the biblical matter, without having to bow to the rigors of classical metaphysical logic. he often imaginatively gives scholastic terminology a surprising new concrete and biblical meaning, but at the price of much inaccuracy and ambiguity. in de servo arbitrio his high - handed way with metaphysical terms and arguments boomerangs on him, causing a distortion of his message, which takes on the monstrous appearance of a metaphysical determinism. his true aim was not to profess a metaphysical determinism but to make grace alone the cause of salvation, excluding any contribution from human agency. this sounds like a false problem, solved long ago by augustine, who saw grace as acting through the free acts whereby sinners are enabled to respond to


determinism but to make grace alone the cause of salvation, excluding any contribution from human agency. this sounds like a false problem, solved long ago by augustine, who saw grace as acting through the free acts whereby sinners are enabled to respond to it. in any case, his metaphysics led luther into a view of freedom that has little to do with sin or grace. he argues that humans are unfree, not because of sin or the sovereignty of grace, but because god ’ s infallible foreknowledge entails that all things happen of necessity. the drama of sin and grace is flattened out and becomes one instance of the deterministic character of god ’ s rule. what led luther into this unbiblical blind alley? can luther ’ s philosophical determinism be cleanly separated from his theological concern? ‘ everything we do, everything that happens, even when it seems to us to happen mutably and contingently, in reality happens necessarily and immutably, if one considers god ’ s will... to happen contingently, however, means... not that the work itself happens contingently, but rather that it happens through a contingent and mutable will, such as is not found in god ’ ( wa 18, 615 - 16 ). here luther makes the same kind of distinctions as boethius and aquinas, leaving free play to contingency and putting the necessity of the divine will in the background. this ultimate necessity does not seem to affect the foreground realities of freedom and choice at all. luther could have presented the phenomenology of the enslaved will just as effectively without drawing on it at all. a short work on free will by the humanist scholar lorenzo valla, edited in 1518, had an influence on luther ’ s deterministic thinking. valla finds the medieval harmonization of omnipotence and free will to be shallow, and quotes romans 9 : 11 - 21 to show that the contradiction between them is unsolvable for human thought. ‘ god lays no necessity on us, nor does he rob us of freedom of will, when he hardens the one and has mercy on the other, for he does this in great wisdom and holiness. the basis for it, however, he has as it were stored away and hidden in a treasure chamber. ’ this is intended as a blow against the metaphysical complacency of boethius and others who serenely harmonized omnipotence and free will. humility


, he has as it were stored away and hidden in a treasure chamber. ’ this is intended as a blow against the metaphysical complacency of boethius and others who serenely harmonized omnipotence and free will. humility before the unsearchable divine mystery and trust in christ is the path that opens up when our thinking is thus left in the lurch by philosophy. yet valla ’ s own account of the abysses of predestination is more a metaphysical construction than a datum of biblical revelation. luther praised valla ’ s ‘ steadfastness and sincere zeal for the christian faith ’ ( wa 6, 183 ). melanchthon followed valla in his loci communes of 1521, in which he sharpened the deterministic ideas he received from luther, but in the last edition of the loci he declares that valla ’ s rejection of freedom and contingency comes from stoic philosophy and has no place in the church. melanchthon also rejects the ‘ stoic necessity ’ of the geneva theologians, which in calvin ’ s eyes meant that melanchthon had fallen away from biblical thought back into metaphysical rationalism. justification as a free act of divine mercy is an event that cannot be brought under a philosophical concept. for calvin, predestination and the eternal divine decree are the seal of the gratuity of this event, but many lutherans see theorizing about predestination as a falling back into the search for metaphysical grounds. luther himself, from 1528 on, played down the predestinarian excesses of de servo arbitrio. in a sermon of 1540 he says that to think that god does not give blessedness to everyone is despairing or godless. the believer looks to christ and find in him assurance of divine election. a preaching that undermines this confidence in a skeptical way must be problematic. karl barth ’ s judgment is telling : the thesis on the bondage of the will is not a decision for determinism : ‘ that this is not clear in luther ‘ s de servo arbitrio is the objection that one cannot fail to make to this famous text, and also to the conceptions of zwingli and calvin ’ ( kirchliche dogmatik iv / 2 : 559 ). the hidden god luther constructs, behind the phenomena of biblical revelation, a hidden story going on in the wings. he distinguishes between the god who is ‘ preached, revealed,


( kirchliche dogmatik iv / 2 : 559 ). the hidden god luther constructs, behind the phenomena of biblical revelation, a hidden story going on in the wings. he distinguishes between the god who is ‘ preached, revealed, presented, and revered by us ’ and the god who is ‘ not preached, not revealed, not presented, not revered, ’ with whom we have no concern ( wa 18, 683 ). in other texts luther celebrates the ‘ joyous exchange, ’ whereby christ takes on our sins to share with us his own righteousness. but as if this good news were merely the surface, he now stresses that we must ‚ keep separate the god who stands with us in exchange and sharing, insofar as he is preached and revered, and the god who is not revered and preached, that is, god as he is in his nature and majesty ’ ( 685 ). we can rise above the preached god, but ‘ nothing can rise above the god who is not honored, not preached, as he is in his nature and majesty, but all is under his mighty hand. ’ but the bible does proclaim the divine nature and majesty, and nowhere suggests that there is another way of seeing them. luther goes on to say that we should not concern ourselves with the hidden divine majesty but only with god as he robes himself in his word. this preached god seeks to take away sin and death but the hidden god ‘ neither laments death nor takes it away, but effects life, death and everything whatsoever, ’ as a blind, indifferent force. the preached god wants all to be saved, but the hidden god does not intervene to save them, for inscrutable reasons of his own ( wa 18, 685 - 6 ). ‘ god is light, and in him there is no darkness at all ’ ( 1 jn 1 : 5 ). if luther were to say that this text speaks only of the revealed god, he would be radically undercutting the integrity of biblical revelation much as the ancient gnostics did. he would probably say, ‘ i am obliged to believe that god is light, but when i think of his hidden face, i am tempted by the idea that god is darkness. ’ the allegedly hidden face actually impinges forcefully on his imagination in the doctrine of predestination : ‘ i myself have more than once been offended by it even unto the depth and abyss of despair ’ ( wa 18, 719 ). only when the light of glory is


latter. in the name of a biblical literalism, luther overrides a basic principle of christian ontology, namely, that a good god can never create evil or be responsible for sin. luther may have felt that in doing so he was overcoming metaphysics in a liberating way, but in reality he instead becomes captive of a bad metaphysics. confusing evangelical assurance with metaphysical certitude, he accuses anyone who queries his understanding of biblical texts of being a pelagian and a doubter of divine omnipotence. any objection to the arbitrariness he ascribes to god is seen not a criticism of himself but as an offense against god or an attempt to replace the active, free, sovereign god of scripture with the cold and indifferent god of aristotle. luther sticks to his rigid metaphysics, to provoke and annoy the minds of those whose dislike of his doctrine is interpreted as a sign of rebellious resentment against god. the bible presents a god who is always working for the welfare and salvation of his creatures. luther succumbs to a bad metaphysics when he probes behind this revelation, seeking its ultimate ground in the hidden depths of the divinity, which may even contradict the revealed, gracious face of god. but when believers think of the ultimate source of revelation, they should follow the lines of the biblical word that point back to the gracious mystery of the loving father, rather than impose models of divine ineffability and incomprehensibility drawn from platonism, or worse, from ancient ideas of cruel and inevitable fate. the biblical sense of gracious divine mystery may seem vague and soft to the hard - headed philosopher, but in the case of god we are always learning the basic phenomena, and are never ready to overleap them to an ambitious speculation on the workings of the divine mind. schleiermacher ’ s location of god as the ‘ whence ’ of our existence, of whose absolute goodness it would be senseless to doubt, is ultimately saner and more biblical than the image of sinners caught in the hands of an inscrutable, unpredictable, and angry deity. biblical passages such as romans 9 - 11, which nourished so much predestinarian brooding from augustine on, must be interpreted in this perspective of indubitable divine goodness. dark pages such as john 8, which suggests that some are predestined by their very nature to be children of the devil, must be put aside, as we


on, must be interpreted in this perspective of indubitable divine goodness. dark pages such as john 8, which suggests that some are predestined by their very nature to be children of the devil, must be put aside, as we learn to know the gracious countenance of god ever better. ‘ scripture is its own interpreter, ’ luther taught ; it is also its own corrector. as always, when one reviews a bitter controversy from church history, one is left wondering if there was any value in the discussion and whether it has not become entirely meaningless today. it is depressing to think that so much ink, not to mention blood, was spilt over such arcane disputes. the best way to salvage something from that past is to focus on the most vibrant and persuasive witness offered by the disputants. stefan zweig has done this for erasmus, in a monograph of 1935, where he upholds erasmus ’ tolerance and humanity over against the barbaric fanaticism of luther. karl barth, known as a critic of luther, is also his best defender, in that he quotes him two hundred times ( often from de servo arbitrio ) in the first part of the church dogmatics, using luther to light up the experience of encountering the word of god. for despite his vehemence, misstatements, and exaggerations, luther did attest to the power of the biblical word, and did draw from it a luminous clarification of the gospel. his tragic vision of human weakness and bondage has enough truth to ensure its perpetual relevance, and his defense of the sovereignty of grace, in the spirit of augustine, retains its power to free us from the prison of anxious pelagian efforts at self - justification. published in the japan mission journal, june, 2012


thank the simple wasp for that complex glass of wine originally published on mon october 22, 2012 9 : 33 am that ' s because those big scary flying insects whose stings can be especially painful may be the secret to the wonderful complex aroma and flavor of wine. " wasps are indeed one of wine lovers ' best friends, " says duccio cavalieri, a professor of microbiology at the university of florence in italy. cavalieri and his colleagues discovered that these hornets and wasps bite the grapes and help start the fermentation while grapes are still on the vines. they do that by spreading a yeast called saccharomyces cerevisiae — commonly known as brewer ' s yeast and responsible for wine, beer and bread fermentation — in their guts. when the wasps bite into the fruit, they leave some of that yeast behind. cavalieri says one of the reasons the discovery is so exciting for him is that it ' s an example of just how connected the natural world is and how humans rely on this interconnection in ways we simply cannot perceive. " it ' s important because it ' s telling to me it ' s crucial to look at conservation and the study of biodiversity, " says cavalieri, one of the authors who published his findings in the journal proceedings of the national academy of sciences recently. " everything is linked, " he adds. of course, cavalieri says, winemakers can add yeast later. but wines would not taste the same without wasps. different yeasts applied at different times have a big impact on flavors. the wasps also introduce other microorganisms to the grapes, which add flavors to the wine. " one of the most beautiful things of wine is the fact that basically it ' s complex ; it ' s made of several parts and it communicates to several parts of your brain, " he says, which could be lost without the wasps and hornets. cavalieri comes by his interest in wine naturally. he ' s from a family of winemakers in the chianti region of italy. he first had the inkling of hornets ' special role when he saw them piercing the skin of grapes during field research in the region 15 years ago. insects have long helped out with wine and other crops, we just didn ' t know why. at least since the time of the ancient romans, winemakers have planted flowers near their vines to lure certain insects. the researchers were able to unwrap the mystery of the insects ' role by using dna sequencing techniques to analyze the genes of the yeast


at least since the time of the ancient romans, winemakers have planted flowers near their vines to lure certain insects. the researchers were able to unwrap the mystery of the insects ' role by using dna sequencing techniques to analyze the genes of the yeast, then tracing them to the guts of wasps. they even did a lab experiment to see if hornets could pass the yeast to their offspring, and they did. other insects and birds also carry the yeast, cavalieri says. but hornets seem to play a special role because they both harbor the yeast over winters and can pass them along to their offspring. you can imagine a vineyard might be interested in pest control — but perhaps it should be careful about which bugs it considers pests. evolutionary biologist anne pringle of harvard, who was not involved in the study, says the findings have two strong messages : great wines need bugs and people still know almost nothing about ecology. " if you ' d like to have your grapes fermented by local yeasts, which i think many vineyards do, then you have to have these insects around, " she says. steve inskeep, host : before the next time you take a sip of wine, you might want to make a toast to wasps. those big scary insects play a key role in making wine, we ' re told. npr ' s elizabeth shogren reports new research reveals their special function and suggests that preserving biodiversity might be more important than you think. elizabeth shogren, byline : years ago, italian microbiologist duccio cavalieri was doing field research in the vineyards of the chianti region, and he noticed something special about the relationship between grapes and wasps, particularly a type of wasp called the european hornet. duccio cavalieri : if you are looking at the berry and who was eating the berry, who could actually eat the berry were these big hornets. shogren : other insects couldn ' t pierce grape skin. cavalieri had an inkling that he was observing an important secret about wine. it took nearly 15 years and some sophisticated dna sequencing to prove his hunch. cavalieri : wasps are indeed one of wine lovers ' best friends. shogren : it turns out wasps have yeast in their bellies and they regurgitate it into the grapes they bite. yeast is the stuff that turns grape juice into wine. the type of yeast a winemaker uses will affect the way it tastes. so the yeast in the wasps gut gets passed into the wine and imbues it with the flavor of the region. cavalier


is the stuff that turns grape juice into wine. the type of yeast a winemaker uses will affect the way it tastes. so the yeast in the wasps gut gets passed into the wine and imbues it with the flavor of the region. cavalieri : since the times of the romans we have realized that it was important to improve some qualities and characteristics of the wine to have flowers and insects around the vineyard. and now we really know more about it. shogren : cavalieri comes from a family of winemakers in the chianti region, so he ' s delighted to be able to unveil one of the mysteries of wine. he published his team ' s results in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences. he says what ' s really important to him about his discovery is that it hints at just how interconnected the natural world is. cavalieri : i think everything is linked. shogren : those links aren ' t always apparent to us. winemakers never knew that wasps were kicking off the fermentation process for them. cavalieri : yet, if we lose this, we lose complexity. and one of the most beautiful things of wine is the fact that basically it ' s complex, it ' s made of several parts and it communicates to several parts of your brain. shogren : harvard evolutionary biologist anne pringle wasn ' t involved in the research, but she says it sends a warning to wine growers who might be inclined to use pesticides to get rid of wasps and hornets. anne pringle : if you ' d like to have your grapes fermented by local yeasts, which i think many vineyards do, then you have to have these insects around. shogren : pringle says there ' s a larger message. pringle : personally, what this tells me is how little we know about how the world works and we ' re running out of time. shogren : the natural world is changing quickly because of stresses like climate change, invasive species, habitat loss and pollution. and pringle says many species already have been lost or may soon vanish before we learn what magic they perform for earth ' s ecology. elizabeth shogren, npr news. transcript provided by npr, copyright national public radio.


pelvic inflammatory disease ( pid ) is a serious infection of the female reproductive system that can develop from an untreated sexually transmitted disease ( std ). in most cases, it occurs when bacteria from the std in the vagina or cervix move into the uterus and upper genital tract. the most common organisms that lead to pid are gonorrhea and chlamydia, both of which are highly contagious stds. untreated pid can damage the fallopian tubes, ovaries, and uterus, which can lead to chronic pelvic pain and serious damage to the reproductive system. pid is the most common, preventable cause of infertility, and can also lead to ectopic pregnancies. the good news is that when pid causes symptoms, it can be diagnosed and treated with antibiotics. the essential part is to detect it before it leads to serious health problems. however, since symptoms can be mild, many cases of pid are unrecognized and, therefore, may be untreated if people aren ' t screened for stds. so women who are sexually active should take precautions to keep from contracting stds, and eventually pid, and be screened for stds regularly. signs and symptoms of pid can range from mild to severe, and can appear weeks after exposure to an std. sometimes, there are no symptoms at all. when symptoms of pid occur, they may include : abnormal vaginal discharge, possibly with an odor pain during urination or more frequent urination aching pain in the lower abdomen pain in the upper abdomen or more frequent urination fever and chills nausea and vomiting irregular menstrual bleeding pain during sex if your daughter complains of any symptoms associated with pid, she should see her doctor as soon as possible. you should be especially alert to these symptoms if she has had pid before because they may signal a repeat infection. the stds that can lead to pid are very contagious. all sexual partners of someone who is diagnosed with chlamydia or gonorrhea should be notified and treated with antibiotics, even if they have no signs or symptoms. if pid is not treated or goes unrecognized, it can continue to spread through a girl ' s reproductive organs. untreated pid may lead to long - term reproductive problems, including : scarring in the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and ut


unrecognized, it can continue to spread through a girl ' s reproductive organs. untreated pid may lead to long - term reproductive problems, including : scarring in the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and uterus. widespread scarring may lead to infertility ( the inability to have a baby ) and chronic pelvic pain. a teen girl or woman who has had pid multiple times has more of a chance of being infertile. ectopic pregnancy. if someone who has had pid does get pregnant, scarring of the fallopian tubes may cause the fertilized egg to implant in one of the tubes rather than in the uterus. the fetus would then begin to develop in the tube, where there is no room for it to keep growing. this is called an ectopic pregnancy. an untreated ectopic pregnancy could cause the fallopian tube to burst suddenly, which might lead to life - threatening bleeding. tubo - ovarian abscess ( toa ). a toa is a collection of bacteria, pus, and fluid that occurs in the ovary and fallopian tube. a woman with a toa often looks sick and has a fever and pain that makes it difficult to walk. the abscess will be treated in the hospital with antibiotics, and surgery may be needed to remove it. because stds can lead to pid, the best way to prevent it is to abstain from having sex ( abstinence ). sexual contact with more than one partner or with someone who has more than one partner increases the risk of contracting any std. when properly and consistently used, condoms decrease the risk of stds. latex condoms provide greater protection than natural - membrane condoms. the female condom, made of polyurethane, is also considered effective against stds. although birth control pills offer no protection against stds, they may provide some protection against pid by causing the body to create thicker cervical mucus, making it more difficult for bacteria to reach the upper genital tract. using douche can actually increase a female ' s risk of contracting stds and developing pid because it can change the natural flora of the vagina and flush bacteria higher into the genital tract. a teen who is being treated for pid also should be tested for other stds, and should have time alone with the doctor to openly discuss things like sexual activity. not all teens will be comfortable talking with


bacteria higher into the genital tract. a teen who is being treated for pid also should be tested for other stds, and should have time alone with the doctor to openly discuss things like sexual activity. not all teens will be comfortable talking with parents about these issues. but it ' s important to encourage them to talk to a trusted adult who can provide the facts. pid can be treated with antibiotics, which kill the bacteria that cause the disease. if damage has already occurred in the reproductive organs, antibiotics will not be able to reverse it but will stop further spread of the infection. in some cases, girls with pid do have to be hospitalized, particularly if they develop a high fever, severe nausea, and vomiting ; if they need intravenous antibiotics ; or if the diagnosis is uncertain. in trying to diagnose pid, the doctor will likely ask questions about your daughter ' s medical history, method of birth control, and her sexual activity and that of her partner. the doctor may then perform a pelvic exam to find out if her reproductive organs are tender or swollen and to identify the location of the infection. it ’ s not always easy to diagnose pid. some other conditions, like appendicitis, can cause symptoms similar to pid. during the pelvic exam, the doctor may take samples to look for the germs that cause gonorrhea and chlamydia infections. blood tests also may be done. other procedures may be required to determine whether the fallopian tubes are swollen or if an abscess ( collection of pus ) is present. prompt treatment of pid and follow - up care can cure the infection and prevent complications. rest can help your daughter recover. hot baths and heating pads applied to the lower back and abdomen can help relieve discomfort. your daughter should finish all medicines as prescribed because the pid infection may continue even after the symptoms disappear. to prevent re - infection, her partner also should be examined and treated. it ' s important to abstain from sex until treatment of both partners is completed and the doctor determines that the infection is gone. if your teen is thinking of becoming sexually active or already has started having sex, it ' s important to discuss it. make sure your teen knows how stds can be spread ( during anal, oral, or vaginal sex ) and that these infections often don ' t have symptoms, so a partner might have an std without knowing it. it can be difficult to talk about stds