the spitzer space telescope prior to launch | organization | | nasa / jpl / caltech | | major contractors | | lockheed martin | launch date | | 2003 - 08 - 25, 05 : 35 : 00 utc | | launched from | | cape canaveral, florida | | launch vehicle | | delta ii 7920h elv | | mission length | | 2. 5 to 5 + years ( 9 years, 9 months, and 25 days elapsed ) | mass | | 950 kg ( 2, 100 lb ) | | type of orbit | | heliocentric | | orbit period | | 1 year | | location | | orbiting the sun | | wavelength | | 3 to 180 micrometers | | diameter | | 0. 85 m ( 2 ft 9 in ) | | focal length | | 10. 2 m | | mips | | far infrared detector arrays | the spitzer space telescope ( sst ), formerly the space infrared telescope facility ( sirtf ), is an infrared space observatory launched in 2003. it is the fourth and final of the nasa great observatories program. the planned mission period was to be 2. 5 years with a pre - launch expectation that the mission could extend to five or slightly more years until the onboard liquid helium supply was exhausted. this occurred on 15 may 2009. without liquid helium to cool the telescope to the very cold temperatures needed to operate, most of the instruments are no longer usable. however, the two shortest wavelength modules of the irac camera are still operable with the same sensitivity as before the cryogen was exhausted, and will continue to be used in the spitzer warm mission. in keeping with nasa tradition, the telescope was renamed after its successful demonstration of operation, on december 18, 2003. unlike most telescopes which are named after famous deceased astronomers by a board of scientists, the new name for sirtf was obtained from a contest open to the general public. the contest led to the telescope being named in honor of lyman spitzer, one of the 20th century ' s great scientists. though he was not the first to propose the idea of the space telescope ( hermann oberth being the first, in wege zur raumschiffahrt, 1929, and also in die rakete zu den planetenraumen, 1923 ), spitzer wrote a 1946 report for rand describing the advantages of an extraterrestrial observatory and how it could be realized with available ( or upcoming ) technology. he has been cited for his pioneering contributions to rocketry


) strongly. additionally, the atmosphere is opaque at most infrared wavelengths. this necessitates lengthy exposure times and greatly decreases the ability to detect faint objects. it could be compared to trying to observe the stars at noon. previous space - based satellites ( such as iras, the infrared astronomical satellite, and iso, the infrared space observatory ) were operational during the 1980s and 1990s and great advances in astronomical technology have been made since then. most of the early concepts envisioned repeated flights aboard the nasa space shuttle. this approach was developed in an era when the shuttle program was expected to support weekly flights of up to 30 days duration. a may 1983 nasa proposal described sirtf as a shuttle - attached mission, with an evolving scientific instrument payload. several flights were anticipated with a probable transition into a more extended mode of operation, possibly in association with a future space platform or space station. sirtf would be a 1 - meter class, cryogenically cooled, multi - user facility consisting of a telescope and associated focal plane instruments. it would be launched on the space shuttle and remain attached to the shuttle as a spacelab payload during astronomical observations, after which it would be returned to earth for refurbishment prior to re - flight. the first flight was expected to occur about 1990, with the succeeding flights anticipated beginning approximately one year later. however, the spacelab - 2 flight aboard sts - 51 - f showed that the shuttle environment was poorly suited to an onboard infrared telescope due to contamination from the relatively " dirty " vacuum associated with the orbiters. by september 1983 nasa was considering the " possibility of a long duration [ free - flyer ] sirtf mission ". spitzer is the only one of the great observatories not launched by the space shuttle, which had been originally intended. however after the 1986 challenger disaster, the centaur lh2 / lox upper stage, which would have been required to place it in its final orbit, was banned from shuttle use. the mission underwent a series of redesigns during the 1990s, primarily due to budget considerations. this resulted in a much smaller but still fully capable mission which could use the smaller delta ii expendable launch vehicle. one of the most important advances of this redesign was an earth - trailing orbit. cryogenic satellites that require liquid helium ( lhe, t ≈ 4 k ) temperatures in near - earth orbit are typically exposed to a large heat load from the earth, and consequently entail large usage of lhe coolant, which then tends to dominate the total payload mass and limits mission life


an infrared spectrometer with four sub - modules which operate at the wavelengths 5. 3 – 14 µm ( low resolution ), 10 – 19. 5 µm ( high resolution ), 14 – 40 µm ( low resolution ), and 19 – 37 µm ( high resolution ). each module uses a 128×128 - pixel detector — the short wavelength pair use arsenic - doped silicon blocked impurity band technology, the long wavelength pair use antimony - doped silicon blocked impurity band technology. the principal investigator is james r. houck of cornell university ; the flight hardware was built by ball aerospace. - mips ( multiband imaging photometer for spitzer ), three detector arrays in the far infrared ( 128 × 128 pixels at 24 µm, 32 × 32 pixels at 70 µm, 2 × 20 pixels at 160 µm ). the 24 µm detector is identical to one of the irs short wavelength modules. the 70 µm detector uses gallium - doped germanium technology, and the 160 µm detector also uses gallium - doped germanium, but with mechanical stress added to each pixel to lower the bandgap and extend sensitivity to this long wavelength. the principal investigator is george h. rieke of the university of arizona ; the flight hardware was built by ball aerospace. as an example of data from the different instruments, the nebula henize 206 was imaged in 2004, allowing comparison of images from each device. the first images taken by sst were designed to show off the abilities of the telescope and showed a glowing stellar nursery ; a big swirling, dusty galaxy ; a disc of planet - forming debris ; and organic material in the distant universe. since then, many monthly press releases have highlighted spitzer ' s capabilities, as the nasa and esa images do for the hubble space telescope. as one of its most noteworthy observations, in 2005, sst became the first telescope to directly capture the light from extrasolar planets, namely the " hot jupiters " hd 209458b and tres - 1. ( it did not resolve that light into actual images though. ) this was the first time extrasolar planets had actually been visually seen ; earlier observations had been indirectly made by drawing conclusions from behaviors of the stars the planets were orbiting. the telescope also discovered in april 2005 that cohen - kuhi tau / 4 had a planetary disk that was vastly younger and contained less mass than previously theorized, leading to new understandings of how planets are formed. while some time on


were orbiting. the telescope also discovered in april 2005 that cohen - kuhi tau / 4 had a planetary disk that was vastly younger and contained less mass than previously theorized, leading to new understandings of how planets are formed. while some time on the telescope is reserved for participating institutions and crucial projects, astronomers around the world also have the opportunity to submit proposals for observing time. important targets include forming stars ( young stellar objects, or ysos ), planets, and other galaxies. images are freely available for educational and journalistic purposes. in 2004, it was reported that spitzer had spotted a faintly glowing body that may be the youngest star ever seen. the telescope was trained on a core of gas and dust known as l1014 which had previously appeared completely dark to ground - based observatories and to iso ( infrared space observatory ), a predecessor to spitzer. the advanced technology of spitzer revealed a bright red hot spot in the middle of l1014. scientists from the university of texas at austin, who discovered the object, believe the hot spot to be an example of early star development, with the young star collecting gas and dust from the cloud around it. early speculation about the hot spot was that it might have been the faint light of another core that lies 10 times further from earth but along the same line of sight as l1014. follow - up observation from ground - based near - infrared observatories detected a faint fan - shaped glow in the same location as the object found by spitzer. that glow is too feeble to have come from the more distant core, leading to the conclusion that the object is located within l1014. ( young et al., 2004 ) in 2005, astronomers from the university of wisconsin at madison and whitewater determined, on the basis of 400 hours of observation on the spitzer space telescope, that the milky way galaxy has a more substantial bar structure across its core than previously recognized. also in 2005, astronomers alexander kashlinsky and john mather of nasa ' s goddard space flight center reported that one of spitzer ' s earliest images may have captured the light of the first stars in the universe. an image of a quasar in the draco constellation, intended only to help calibrate the telescope, was found to contain an infrared glow after the light of known objects was removed. kashlinsky and mather are convinced that the numerous blobs in this glow are the light of stars that formed as early as 100 million years after the


, was found to contain an infrared glow after the light of known objects was removed. kashlinsky and mather are convinced that the numerous blobs in this glow are the light of stars that formed as early as 100 million years after the big bang, red shifted by cosmic expansion. in march 2006, astronomers reported an 80 - light - year - long nebula near the center of the milky way galaxy, the double helix nebula, which is, as the name implies, twisted into a double spiral shape. this is thought to be evidence of massive magnetic fields generated by the gas disc orbiting the supermassive black hole at the galaxy ' s center, 300 light years from the nebula and 25, 000 light years from earth. this nebula was discovered by the spitzer space telescope, and published in the magazine nature on march 16, 2006. in may 2007, astronomers successfully mapped the atmospheric temperature of hd 189733 b, thus obtaining the first map of some kind of an extrasolar planet. since september 2006 the telescope participates in a series of surveys called the gould belt survey, observing the gould ' s belt region in multiple wavelengths. the first set of observations by the spitzer space telescope were completed from september 21, 2006 through september 27. resulting from these observations, the team of astronomers led by dr. robert gutermuth, of the harvard - smithsonian center for astrophysics reported the discovery of serpens south, a cluster of 50 young stars in the serpens constellation. scientists have long wondered how tiny silicate crystals, which need high temperatures to form, have found their way into frozen comets, born in the very cold environment of the solar system ' s outer edges. the crystals would have begun as non - crystallized, amorphous silicate particles, part of the mix of gas and dust from which the solar system developed. this mystery has deepened with the results of the stardust ( spacecraft ) sample return mission, which captured particles from comet wild 2. many of the stardust ( spacecraft ) particles were found to have formed at temperatures in excess of 1000 k. in may 2009, spitzer researchers from germany, hungary and the netherlands found that amorphous silicate appears to have been transformed into crystalline form by an outburst from a star. they detected the infrared signature of forsterite silicate crystals on the disk of dust and gas surrounding the star ex lupi during one of its frequent flare - ups, or outbursts, seen by spitzer in april 2008. these crystals were not present in


the infrared signature of forsterite silicate crystals on the disk of dust and gas surrounding the star ex lupi during one of its frequent flare - ups, or outbursts, seen by spitzer in april 2008. these crystals were not present in spitzer ' s previous observations of the star ' s disk during one of its quiet periods. these crystals appear to have formed by radiative heating of the dust within 0. 5 au of ex lupi. in august 2009, the telescope found evidence of a high - speed collision between two burgeoning planets orbiting a young star. in october 2009, astronomers anne j. verbiscer, michael f. skrutskie, and douglas p. hamilton published findings of the " phoebe ring " of saturn, which was found with the telescope ; the ring is a huge, tenuous disc of material extending from 128 to 207 times the radius of saturn. spitzer observations, announced in may 2011, indicate that tiny forsterite crystals might be falling down like rain on to the protostar hops - 68. the discovery of the forsterite crystals in the outer collapsing cloud of the proto - star is surprising, because the crystals form at lava - like high temperatures, yet they are found in the molecular cloud where the temperatures are about minus 170 degrees celsius. this led the team of astronomers to speculate that the bipolar outflow from the young star may be transporting the forsterite crystals from near the star ' s surface to the chilly outer cloud. in january 2012, it was reported that further analysis of the spitzer observations of ex lupi can be understood if the forsterite crystalline dust was moving away from the protostar at a remarkable average speed of 38 kilometres per second. it would appear that such high speeds can only arise if the dust grains had been ejected by a bipolar outflow close to the star. such observations are consistent with an astrophysical theory, developed in the early 1990s, where it was suggested that bipolar outflows garden or transform the disks of gas and dust that surround protostars by continually ejecting reprocessed, highly heated material from the inner disk, adjacent to the protostar, to regions of the accretion disk further away from the protostar. glimpse and mipsgal surveys glimpse, the galactic legacy infrared mid - plane survey extraordinaire, is a survey spanning 300° of the inner milky way galaxy. it consists of approximately 444, 000 images taken at four separate wavelengths using the infrared array camera. mipsgal is a


galactic legacy infrared mid - plane survey extraordinaire, is a survey spanning 300° of the inner milky way galaxy. it consists of approximately 444, 000 images taken at four separate wavelengths using the infrared array camera. mipsgal is a similar survey covering 278° of the galactic disk at longer wavelengths. on june 3, 2008, scientists unveiled the largest, most detailed infra - red portrait of the milky way, created by stitching together more than 800, 000 snapshots, at the 212th meeting of the american astronomical society in st. louis, missouri. this composite survey is now viewable with the glimpse / mipsgal viewer. artificial color image of the double helix nebula, thought to be generated at the galactic center by magnetic torsion 1000 times greater than the sun ' s. a cluster of new stars forming in the serpens south cloud - spitzer space telescope ( 2008 ). " about spitzer : fast facts ". nasa / jpl. archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 02. retrieved 2007 - 04 - 22. - spitzer space telescope. " spitzer technology : telescope ". nasa / jpl. archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 24. retrieved 2007 - 04 - 22. - spitzer science center. " cycle - 6 warm mission ". nasa / jpl. retrieved 2009 - 09 - 16. - " who was lyman spitzer? ". nasa : for educators. california institute of technology and the jet propulsion laboratory. 11 march 2004. retrieved 6 january 2009. - " up close and personal ". physics world ( institute of physics ). 2 march 2009. retrieved 20 april 2009. - please refer to hubble space telescope. - hubble vision : further adventures with the hubble space telescope. cup archive. 1998. p. 193. isbn 0 - 521 - 59291 - 7. - zimmerman, robert ( 2008 ). the universe in a mirror : the saga of the hubble telescope and the visionaries who built it. princeton university press. p. 10. isbn 0 - 691 - 13297 - 6. - william harwood ( december 18, 2003 ). " first images from spitzer space telescope unveiled ". spaceflight now. retrieved 2008 - 08 - 23. - watanabe, susan ( 2007 - 11 - 22 ). " studying the universe in infrared ". nasa. retrieved 2007 - 12 - 08. - kwok, johnny ( fall 2006 ). " finding a way : the spit


23. - watanabe, susan ( 2007 - 11 - 22 ). " studying the universe in infrared ". nasa. retrieved 2007 - 12 - 08. - kwok, johnny ( fall 2006 ). " finding a way : the spitzer space telescope story ". academy sharing knowledge. nasa. archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 08. retrieved 2007 - 12 - 09. - spitzer science center home page - - public information. - ssc observatory general information page, 4 oct 2009. - ssc observatory overview, 4 oct 2009. - ssc science information home page, 4 oct 2009. - spitzer observers ' manual, reference for technical instrument information, ver 8, 15 aug 2008. - ssc irac ( mid ir camera ) science users information page, 4 oct 2009. - ssc irs ( spectrometer ) science users ' information page, 4 oct 2009. - ssc mips ( long wavelength 24um, 70um, & 160um ) imaging photometer and spectrometer science users ' information page, 4 oct 2009. - press release : nasa ' s spitzer marks beginning of new age of planetary science. - infrared glow of first stars found : scientific american. - jpl news | spitzer catches star cooking up comet crystals - abraham et al. ( published online may 14, 2009 ). " episodic formation of cometary material in the outburst of a young sun - like star ". nature 459 ( 7244 ) : 224 – 226. arxiv : 0906. 3161. bibcode : 2009natur. 459.. 224a. doi : 10. 1038 / nature08004. - bbc news | science & environment | traces of planet collision found - verbiscer, anne ; michael skrutskie, douglas hamilton ( published online october 7, 2009 ). " saturn ' s largest ring ". nature 461 ( 7267 ) : 1098 – 100. bibcode : 2009natur. 461. 1098v. doi : 10. 1038 / nature08515. pmid 19812546. - nasa mission news | spitzer sees crystal rain in infant star outer clouds - poteet, c. a., et al. ( published online june, 2011 ). " a spitzer infrared spectrograph detection of crystalline silicates in a protostellar envelope ". the astrophysical journal letters 733 ( 2 ) : l32. arxiv :


et al. ( published online june, 2011 ). " a spitzer infrared spectrograph detection of crystalline silicates in a protostellar envelope ". the astrophysical journal letters 733 ( 2 ) : l32. arxiv : 1104. 4498. bibcode : 2011apj... 733l.. 32p. doi : 10. 1088 / 2041 - 8205 / 733 / 2 / l32. - juhasz, a., et al. ( published online january, 2012 ). " the 2008 outburst of ex lup — silicate crystals in motion ". the astrophysical journal 744 ( 2 ) : 118. arxiv : 1110. 3754. bibcode : 2012apj... 744.. 118j. doi : 10. 1088 / 0004 - 637x / 744 / 2 / 118. - liffman k. and brown m. ( published online october, 1995 ). " the motion and size sorting of particles ejected from a protostellar accretion disk ". icarus 116 ( 2 ) : 275 – 290. bibcode : 1995icar.. 116.. 275l. doi : 10. 1006 / icar. 1995. 1126. - galactic legacy infrared mid - plane survey extraordinaire, university of wisconsin – madison department of astronomy - press release : spitzer captures stellar coming of age in our galaxy - released images and videos of milky way mosaic - glimpse / mipsgal viewer | wikimedia commons has media related to : spitzer space telescope | - spitzer space telescope official site - spitzer space telescope profile by nasa ' s solar system exploration - spitzer images - spitzer newsroom - spitzer podcasts - spitzer video podcasts - simulation of spitzer ' s orbit - zoomable version of the glimpse / mipsgal surveys a portion of the proceeds from advertising on digplanet goes to supporting wikipedia.


by : brian montopoli, cbs political news president obama won the popular presidential vote in november by slightly less than five million votes : the president received about 65. 9 million votes to mitt romney ' s 60. 9 million. of course, it ' s not the popular vote that matters, as 2000 popular vote winner al gore could tell you. it ' s electoral votes that decide who becomes president. mr. obama ' s electoral vote victory was actually significantly larger than his 3. 9 percentage point popular vote advantage : he took 332 electoral votes to 206 for romney. why the disparity? in part because of the way electoral votes are allocated. most states allocate their electoral votes based on who wins the popular vote : even though mr. obama only won florida narrowly in november, for instance, he got all 29 of its electoral votes. there are two states that do things differently. in nebraska and maine, electoral votes are allocated based on who wins each congressional district. that means that the winner of the statewide popular vote doesn ' t necessarily get all of a state ' s electoral votes - or even the majority of them. the allocation system used by nebraska and maine has never been seen as a big deal, because neither state plays a very big role in deciding the president. ( between them, they only controlled nine electoral votes in 2012. ) but a push by republicans in some crucial swing states to adopt the system used in those two small states has democrats accusing the gop of effectively plotting to steal the next presidential election. republican lawmakers in at least five big states that went to mr. obama in november have floated measures to allocate electoral votes based on the outcome in congressional districts : virginia, ohio, michigan, wisconsin and pennsylvania. in virginia, a bill to shift to such a system goes to a state senate committee on tuesday. state sen. charles w. carrico sr., who sponsored the bill, told the washington post that it would mean that smaller, non - urban communities would have more say in the presidential election. " the last election, constituents were concerned that it didn ' t matter what they did, that more densely populated areas were going to outvote them, " he said. ( in carrico ' s bill, the state ' s two at - large electors would go to whoever wins the most congressional districts. ) mr. obama won four districts in virginia in 2012. romney won seven. under carrico ' s plan, romney would have taken nine of virginia ' s 13 electoral votes, while


- large electors would go to whoever wins the most congressional districts. ) mr. obama won four districts in virginia in 2012. romney won seven. under carrico ' s plan, romney would have taken nine of virginia ' s 13 electoral votes, while mr. obama would have taken just four - despite winning the statewide vote by almost 150, 000 votes. this is due in large part to the fact that romney won most of his districts relatively narrowly - he took more than 60 percent of the vote in just one of them - while mr. obama won his districts by large margin, taking at least 60 percent of the vote in three of his four districts. " it ' s sore losers, it ' s a sore losers bill, " said virginia democratic state senator and former gubernatorial candidate creigh deeds. " we ' re going to do everything we can to defeat it. " emory university political science professor alan abramowitz, who considers the carrico proposal and those like it to be " profoundly undemocratic " because it skews election results toward the party that has drawn gerrymandered congressional districts, found that if all states had allocated electoral votes in 2012 by congressional district, romney would have taken 276 electoral votes ( and with them the presidency ) to mr. obama ' s 262 electoral votes. that ' s despite mr. obama ' s nearly 5 million vote advantage in the popular vote. ( abramowitz ' calculation was based on the notion that the two at - large electors would go to the statewide popular vote winner, not whoever won the most congressional districts. ) according to abramowitz, romney would have won 12 out of 18 electoral votes in ohio, nine out of 16 electoral votes in michigan, 12 out of 20 electoral votes in pennsylvania, and five out of 10 electoral votes in wisconsin - despite losing all four states, in some cases by large margins. ( because of incomplete data, he had to estimate from previous data in some pennsylvania districts. ) it ' s no coincidence that the states where republicans are pushing proposals to shift to allocation based on congressional districts were all won by mr. obama in november - but are controlled by republicans on a statewide level. reince priebus, the newly reelected chair of the republican national committee, said friday that while such efforts are a " state issue, " he is " pretty intrigued by it " and believes " in some cases they should look at it. " in michigan, rep. pete lund, a republican who plans to introduce a bill soon, told the


06 august 2012 with its high poverty levels and low degree of industrialization, africa arguably faces the largest development gap of any region. beyond the usual misery indices and welfare evaluation metrics, we have fundamental challenges that impede meaningful sustainable development. energy is an incontrovertible challenge across sub - saharan africa ( ssa ). data from the world bank and international energy agency ( iea ) on energy poverty does not make for good visuals. two out of three of ssa households — 585 million people — live without electricity. in stark contrast, 99 percent of north african households have electricity supply. only 14 percent of rural ssa households are linked to the grid. this compares unfavorably with latin america where 74 percent of rural households are connected to power. the figures mask a more disturbing fact about electricity supply in most ssa countries : a high frequency of blackouts and unstable power supply. the world bank estimates that ssa households experienced 91 days of blackouts in 2007. beyond low electrification, energy poverty extends into inefficient and perilous forms of domestic energy for cooking attributable to a lack of modern fuels and clean cookers. according to iea reports, more than 80 % of ssa households — 653 million people — use biomass for cooking, with devastating consequences for people and the environment. in 2009, more than 1. 45 million african lives were lost to household pollution caused by inefficient biomass cooking stoves. fewer people died from malaria. business and household implications the most inimical constraints faced by ssa businesses and households revolve around inadequate social infrastructure : electricity, water, communication services, security and transportation. whereas businesses and households on other continents have come to take these services for granted, for african economic units, they remain prohibitively expensive, inadequate and, in some areas, unavailable. as a rule, most businesses in my native nigeria provide a large portion of their own utility services — sometimes pooling with others, but often solo — with dramatic implications for business viability. if you conflate these “ extraneous ” costs with extant country - specific costs, then the threshold for business viability escalates to deleterious levels. to illustrate this phenomenon, let ’ s consider a glass manufacturer i helped raise capital for a few years ago. for confidentiality reasons, let me label it company x. the company, located near a port city in nigeria, had as primary competitors two ailing local manufacturers and low - cost exporters from


manufacturer i helped raise capital for a few years ago. for confidentiality reasons, let me label it company x. the company, located near a port city in nigeria, had as primary competitors two ailing local manufacturers and low - cost exporters from south east asia. on paper, company x should have been very competitive given its seaport location, locally abundant primary raw materials, low real interest rates, and proximity to the domestic market. in reality, its products were uncompetitive with imported products. glass manufacturing requires blasting a furnace round the clock, every day of the week. shutting the furnace abruptly or too quickly could result in very expensive damage. it also requires copious amounts of water for cooling. since the public grid is epileptic, fluctuates when available and was believed destructive for sensitive equipment, company x built its own electricity generation capacity. two plants — each with 150 percent of the required capacity — ran in sequence as the primary energy source. the public grid served as back - up power for none - core equipment. the company also installed a large fuel storage tank and maintained a three - week fuel reserve as a necessary buffer against perennial fuel shortage. the story continues. company x built a borehole, water treatment, and distribution equipment for the factory. it also required certain industrial chemicals as additives in the production process. these chemicals cost roughly the same in south east asia, however, shipping costs ( in 2010 nigeria had the second - highest shipping insurance costs on earth ) and an obtuse clearing process at the port, spiked the costs. in the final analysis, company x ’ s products cost significantly more than its foreign competitors in the domestic market without an appreciable quality advantage. without tariff protection, its performance outcomes fell below projections. the energy challenge a similar narrative exists with small businesses and households. these economic units face challenges in energy supply, potable water, transportation, and — in urban areas — security. while the more affluent households have power generators, boreholes, and private security arrangements, poorer households — which happen to comprise the majority — live with dilapidated public utilities or pre - modern forms of energy supply. increasingly available mobile communications, internet access, and school enrollment, convolve to increase the need for domestic energy. today, more than one in two africans owns a cell phone ( itu data 2011 ) and the attendant energy requirement for charging handsets. in a similar vein, more than two of three children are enrolled in school and often need lighting to read at night. there


than one in two africans owns a cell phone ( itu data 2011 ) and the attendant energy requirement for charging handsets. in a similar vein, more than two of three children are enrolled in school and often need lighting to read at night. there are also a multitude of public and private projects across the region that aim to increase computer usage, ownership and internet access. increasing urbanization, high urban poverty levels, urban congestion, scarcity and cost of modern fuels have deepened the energy challenge households face for cooking. middle - income households and small businesses have either adapted through a bewildering array of sub - optimal solutions or avoided certain modern necessities entirely. energy and the environment there is a temptation to accept the notion that low environmental standards are permissible for countries at a lower stage of development. some emerging market nations — notably china — have argued for exemption from environment protection requirements applicable to oecd nations. their contention is premised on ( i ) equity and ( ii ) development necessity. the equity argument is philosophical at its core. in this paradigm, wealthy industrialized nations produced the preponderance of historic pollution, either in absolute terms or on a per capita basis. wealthier nations should therefore bear a proportional portion of emission reduction. development necessity is a more tenuous argument, given the state of technology today. it is difficult to subscribe to the nation that large - scale development is incompatible with rigorous environmental standards. i believe the following ingredients can catalyze environmentally friendly development : intelligent engineering and design ; sound public policy ; pragmatic regulatory frameworks ; and, stakeholder education. domestic energy solutions decades of planning, international conventions, and development aid have failed to resolve the energy challenge for ssa. if we borrow a leaf from the telecommunications industry, growth and access to communications occurred when the public sector relegated its role to mostly regulation and opened up the industry to private business. furthermore, technology enhanced the scalability and unit cost of mobile telephony to overcome constrains earlier faced by fixed telephony infrastructure. today, scientists have made significant advancements in affordable and clean domestic energy solutions. american researchers continue to create ingenious designs that use a diverse range of energy sources — solar, biomass, fossil fuels, chemicals, and hydro — that can provide domestic energy at affordable costs. the challenge is commercializing these ideas by providing manufacturing scale, distribution, and logistics competence. the prospective market is huge. at viridis energy, we project 180 to 300 million ssa consumers can purchase capital products that


domestic energy at affordable costs. the challenge is commercializing these ideas by providing manufacturing scale, distribution, and logistics competence. the prospective market is huge. at viridis energy, we project 180 to 300 million ssa consumers can purchase capital products that will provide domestic lighting, low electricity and cooking needs. our vision is to provide affordable, clean retail energy solutions to ssa households and small businesses. we are currently building a pipeline of partnerships with innovative individuals and institutions to provide retail energy solutions. we have commenced relationships with researchers, industrial designers and an academic institution with a view to bringing two innovative retail products to market by first quarter 2013. our criteria for product development qualification are simple : a product concept must be affordable, environmentally neutral and easy to transport. we are currently building distribution, support and marketing channels in nigeria, ghana, and kenya. we are optimistic that private sector involvement in investment, and healthy policy contestation and collaboration with governments and non - profits, would secure energy supply without worsening climate change. market - driven measures can improve lighting, access to power, clean cooking facilities and ultimately lead to a massive reduction in energy poverty. matthias chika mordi spent over two decades in the finance industry across africa where he led and co - led the turnaround of three ailing financial institutions. the most notable one is united bank for africa plc, now one of africa ’ s largest banking groups. this article was originally published in the july / august edition of the diplomatic courier.


almost 70 million americans suffer from chronic sleep loss, which translates for adults as getting less than 7 hours each night. new research suggests that not enough sleep leads to weight gain and even obesity. in one study, sleep - deprived folks appeared to burn the same number of calories as people who were well - rested, but they consumed about 300 more calories each day, which can add up to 30 extra pounds a year. dr. michael breus, author of the sleep doctor ’ s diet plan, supports the theory of sleep loss being the missing link in understanding america ’ s obesity epidemic. lack of sleep slows your metabolism and raises your level of cortisol, the stress hormone that increases food cravings for both high - fat and high - carb items such as packaged snack foods. you end up craving fatty and starchy edibles because they release serotonin, the feel - good hormone, which you seek out to help your system calm down. plus, more cortisol is tied to insulin resistance, a risk factor for both diabetes and obesity. people who lack sleep also produce more of the hormone ghrelin, which increases hunger, and less of the hormone leptin, which helps put the brakes on overeating. lastly, those who are not getting at least 7 hours of shuteye every night are losing precious rem sleep, that deep, restful stage where you burn the most calories. in sum, lack of sleep can undermine even the most dedicated dieter. but here ’ s the good news : increasing your sleep by just 1 hour a night – from 7 to 8 hours – can actually help you lose up to 14 pounds a year. all you have to do is follow this easy 4 - step plan.


scientists in oregon have created embryos with genes from one man and two women, using a provocative technique that could someday be used to prevent babies from inheriting certain rare incurable diseases. the researchers at oregon health & sciences university said they are not using the embryos to produce children, and it is not clear when or even if this technique will be put to use. but it has already stirred a debate over its risks and ethics in britain, where scientists did similar work a few years ago. the genes they want to replace aren ' t the kind most people think of, which are found in the nucleus of cells and influence traits such as eye color and height. rather, these genes reside outside the nucleus in energy - producing structures called mitochondria. these genes are passed along only by mothers, not fathers. about 1 in every 5, 000 children inherits a disease caused by defective mitochondrial genes. the defects can cause many rare diseases with a host of symptoms, including strokes, epilepsy, dementia, blindness, deafness, kidney failure and heart disease. the new technique, if approved someday for routine use, would allow a woman to give birth to a baby who inherits her nucleus dna but not her mitochondrial dna. here ' s how it would work : doctors would need unfertilized eggs from the patient and a healthy donor. they would remove the nucleus dna from the donor eggs and replace it with nucleus dna from the patient ' s eggs. so, they would end up with eggs that have the prospective mother ' s nucleus dna, but the donor ' s healthy mitochondrial dna. for you formed my inward parts ; you knitted me together in my mother ' s womb. i praise you, for i am fearfully and wonderfully made. wonderful are your works ; my soul knows it very well. my frame was not hidden from you, when i was being made in secret, intricately woven in the depths of the earth. your eyes saw my unformed substance ; in your book were written, every one of them, the days that were formed for me, when as yet there was none of them. ( psalm 139 : 13 - 16 ) because of the fall, some children are born with illness, just as, because of the fall, some men and women suffer illness in their later years. because of the fall, some children may even be the product of horrific circumstances, but this does not make them any less of a creation of god. this does not make them unworthy of life. earlier this week,


illness in their later years. because of the fall, some children may even be the product of horrific circumstances, but this does not make them any less of a creation of god. this does not make them unworthy of life. earlier this week, controversy arose when indiana republican senate candidate richard mourdock stated that when a woman becomes pregnant during a rape " that ' s something god intended. " it is impossible to not acknowledge the fact that mourdock terrifically garbled his words in this instance. as al mohler stated, " the cause of defending the unborn is harmed when the argument for that defense is expressed badly and recklessly, and mourdock ’ s answer was both reckless and catastrophically incomplete. " nevertheless, even some liberal media realized that, taken in context, mourdock did not in any way intend to condone rape, but rather was affirming that all life, even when created in tragedy, is intentionally created by god. mourdock clarified his intended meaning and later said, " i think that god can see beauty in every life, " mourdock said. " certainly, i did not intend to suggest that god wants rape, that god pushes people to rape, that god wants to support or condone evil in any way. " ( source ) of course, what this man intended to say was that, in spite of the atrocious and tragic circumstances by which a child of rape is brought into this world, it nevertheless is still a human child. that child cannot help how it was conceived, and it does not deserve to be punished with death for the sins of its father. when we read the above verses from psalm 139, we can almost see in our mind ' s eye the delicate manner in which our lord created each precious child. and yet we as a nation do not even flinch at the idea of instantly and violently ripping that life away before it even has a chance to open its eyes in this fallen, yet still beautiful world. when we read those verses, we cannot help but gasp in utter awe and wonder at the perfect design wrought by god as he brings together the genes of one man and one woman. yet now we are willing to push god aside, take the reigns ourselves, and attempt to do better. god, forgive us for our prideful, idolatrous, self - elevating aspirations. we are not you. forgive us for thinking that we are. professing christian obstetrician explains " why i perform abortions " repent


list of threatened species threatened species lists a - z threatened live bearing seastar ( patiriella vivipara ). photo : s bryant species listed under tasmanian threatened species protection act 1995 process for listing threatened species threatened flora within catchments and local government areas threatened species protection act 1995. as nominations are being received all the time, the species or their status may have already changed. where available, these lists contain links to listing statements and recovery plans. more than 600 species of plant and animal are currently threatened in tasmania and are listed on the schedules of the threatened species protection act 1995. threatened species are classified into three levels in tasmania to reflect their risk of extinction. these are endangered, vulnerable or rare. definitions of these terms are outlined in our what these terms mean web page. more information on tasmania ' s approach to conserving tasmania ' s threatened species can be obtained from the threatened species strategy. above. for similar information on threatened fauna species, see the threatened fauna handbook. contact : threatened species section - enquiriesthreatened species section 3rd floor, 134 macquarie street ( gpo box 44 hobart 7001 ) hobart tas 7000 phone : 03 6233 8759 fax : 03 6233 3477 department switchboard : 1300 368 550 ( local call cost within australia ) tasmania online | service tasmania this page - http : / / www. dpipwe. tas. gov. au / inter. nsf / webpages / sjon - 58e2vd? open - was last published on 11 june 2013 by the department of primary industries, parks, water and environment. questions concerning its content can be sent to internet coordinator by using the feedback form, by mail to gpo box 44, hobart, tasmania, australia 7001, or by telephone. please read our disclaimer and copyright statements governing the information we provide on this site. a text version of this page is also available.


about the main monument when was it dedicated? sept. 14, 1887. what is it made out of? sculpture : amherst, ohio silver grey sandstone ; base : amherst, ohio silver grey sandstone. what size is it? sculpture : approx. 12 ft. 4 in. x 3 ft. 1 in. x 3 ft. 1 in. ; base : approx. w. 6 ft. x d. 6 ft. who made it? king, r. r., sculptor. karkadoulias bronze art, founder. what does it depict? sculpture consists on a shaft on a two - tiered base. on the front face of the shaft is a uniformed soldier crouching behind a stone fence. he is firing his rifle and is kneeling on his proper right knee. the 11th corps crescent appears at the top front. this is the site ’ s only sandstone monument and the only ohio monument built with ohio materials. unfortunately, the soft stone does not weather well like harder stones such as granite and the monument is actually slowly melting away under the elements. little can be done to correct this problem what does it honor? it marks the location where the 55th ohio held the ground that the 1st and 11th corps retreated to on july 1, 1863. the 55th ohio maintained its position through july 2 & 3. how is it inscribed? 55th / ohio infantry / arrived at 2 : 20 p. m. july 1, in / this position which it held / throughout the battle / with severe loss. / its skirmishers drove back / those of the enemy / and seized a barn between / the lines, / where 12 of its men were surrounded and captured by / the enemy ’ s main line. / casualties / 6 killed. 31 wounded. / 12 missing. when was this photograph taken? august 26, 2011. where is it located? located gettysburg national military park, east junction of taneytown road, steinwehr avenue, and washington street, gettysburg, pennsylvania 17325. monument is located east side of the taneytown road at its junction with steinwehr avenue and washington street. is this monument located along the nps auto tour route? no. has this monument been moved or changed? this monument has not been moved. new bronze inscription plaques were added in april 1989 by karkadoulias bronze art. commander : col. charles b. gambee ( 1827 - 1864 ) number engaged : 375 casualties : 6 killed, 31 wounded, 12 missing soldiers buried in the ohio plot of the gettysburg national cemetery : - pvt


army corps, army of the cumberland and army of georgia, to july, 1865. service. – moved from grafton to new creek, w. va., february 3, 1862. expedition to romney february 6. expedition to moorefield february 12 - 16. action at moorefield february 12. moved to grafton february 19, and duty there until march 31. moved to green spring river march 31, thence to romney april 10. ordered to join milroy at monterey. battle of mcdowell may 8. march to the shenandoah valley may 26 - 29. near franklin may 26. harrisonburg june 6. battle of cross keys june 8. at middletown until july 7, and at sperryville until august 8. reconnaissance to madison court house july 16 - 19. battle of cedar mountain august 9 ( reserve ). slaughter mountain august 10. pope ’ s campaign in northern virginia august 16 - september 2. catlett ’ s station august 22. battles of bull run august 28 - 30. duty in the defenses of washington, d. c., until december. reconnaissance to bristoe station and warrenton junction september 25 - 28. moved to fredericksburg december 12 - 16. “ mud march ” january 20 - 24, 1863. at falmouth until april. chancellorsville campaign april 27 - may 6. battle of chancellorsville may 1 - 5. gettysburg ( pa. ) campaign june 11 - july 24. battle of gettysburg july 1 - 3. pursuit of lee july 5 - 24. at catlett ’ s station, va., july 25 to september 24. movement to bridgeport, ala., september 24 - october 3. reopening tennessee river october 26 - 29. battle of wauhatchie, tenn., october 28 - 29. chattanooga - ringgold campaign november 23 - 27. orchard knob november 23. tunnel hill november 24 - 25. mission ridge november 25. march to relief of knoxville, tenn., november 28 - december 17. duty in lookout valley until may, 1864. atlanta ( ga. ) campaign may 1 to september 8. demonstrations on rocky faced ridge may 8 - 11. buzzard ’ s roost gap may 8 - 9. battle of resaca may 14 - 15. cassville may 19. advance on dallas may 22 - 25. action at new hope church may 25. operations on line of pumpkin vine creek and battles about dallas, new hope church and allatoona hills may 26 - june 5. operations about marietta and against kenesaw mountain june 10


22 - 25. action at new hope church may 25. operations on line of pumpkin vine creek and battles about dallas, new hope church and allatoona hills may 26 - june 5. operations about marietta and against kenesaw mountain june 10 - july 2. pine hill june 11 - 14. lost mountain june 15 - 17. gilgal or golgotha church june 15. muddy creek june 17. noyes creek june 19. cassville june 20. kolb ’ s farm june 22. assault on kenesaw june 27. ruffs station july 4. chattahoochie river july 5 - 17. peach tree creek july 19 - 20. siege of atlanta july 22 - august 25. operations at chattahoochie river bridge august 26 - september 2. farmer ’ s ferry august 27. occupation of atlanta september 2 to november 15. march to the sea november 15 - december 10. siege of savannah december 10 - 21. campaign of the carolinas january to april, 1865. lawtonville, s. c., february 2. north edisto river february 12 - 13. reconnaissance on goldsboro road, near fayetteville, n. c., march 14. taylor ’ s hole creek, aversyboro, march 16. battle of bentonville march 19 - 21. occupation of goldsboro march 24. advance on raleigh april 10 - 14. occupation of raleigh april 14. bennett ’ s house april 26. surrender of johnston and his army. march to washington, d. c., via richmond, va., april 29 - may 19. grand review may 24. moved to louisville, ky., june 10, and duty there until july. mustered out july 11, 1865. regiment lost during service 7 officers and 136 enlisted men killed and mortally wounded and 119 enlisted men by disease. total 262. ohio at gettysburg 4th infantry : : 5th infantry : : 7th infantry : : 8th infantry : : 25th infantry : : 29th infantry : : 55th infantry : : 61st infantry : : 66th infantry : : 73rd infantry : : 75th infantry : : 82nd infantry : : 107th infantry : : 1st cavalry : : 6th cavalry : : 1st artillery h : : 1st artillery i : : 1st artillery k : : 1st artillery l


high blood pressure ( hypertension ) learn about simple tests that assess you risk of having a heart attack or stroke? blood pressure is the pressure of the blood against the walls of the arteries. blood pressure results from two forces. the heart creates one force as it pumps blood into the arteries and through the circulatory system. the other is the force of the arteries as they resist the blood flow. the higher, systolic number represents the pressure while the heart contracts to pump blood to the body. the lower, diastolic number represents the pressure when the heart relaxes between beats. the systolic pressure is always stated first and the diastolic pressure second. for example : 118 / 76 ( 118 over 76 ) ; systolic = 118, diastolic = 76. according to the american heart association, blood pressure below 120 over 80 mmhg ( millimeters of mercury ) is considered ideal for adults. a systolic pressure of 120 to 139 mmhg or a diastolic pressure of 80 to 89 mmhg is considered " pre – hypertension " and needs to be watched carefully. a blood pressure reading of 140 over 90 or higher is considered elevated or high. high blood pressure usually has no symptoms. in fact, many people have high blood pressure for years without knowing it. that ' s why it ' s called the " silent killer. " hypertension is the medical term for high blood pressure. it doesn ' t refer to being tense, nervous or hyperactive. you can be a calm, relaxed person and still have high blood pressure. the only way to find out if you have high blood pressure is to have your blood pressure checked. your doctor or other qualified health professional should check your blood pressure at least once every two years, or more often as necessary. a single elevated blood pressure reading doesn ' t mean you have high blood pressure, but it ' s a sign that further observation is required. how can i tell if i have high blood pressure and what is truly normal? high blood pressure or hypertension is the most common medical diagnosis in the united states with 35 million office visits occurring each year. current treatments to control our nation ’ s elevated blood pressure leave a lot to be desired. most people still have less than ideal blood pressure in spite of medication use. high blood pressure is not the consequence of aging. it is the result of the standard american diet ( sad ) utilized by most developed countries in the world today. rich in processed foods, salt and saturated fat animal products, over many


of medication use. high blood pressure is not the consequence of aging. it is the result of the standard american diet ( sad ) utilized by most developed countries in the world today. rich in processed foods, salt and saturated fat animal products, over many years, takes a toll. as a result, our blood vessels age, stiffen and lose their elasticity. truly " normal " blood pressure readings should remain below 115 over 75. a recently published meta - analysis pooling the results of 61 studies demonstrated that for every incremental increase of 20 mg of systolic blood pressure above 115, heart attack death rates doubled. high blood pressure is also associated with an increased risk of heart failure, kidney failure and strokes ( cva – cerebral vascular accidents ). it also predisposes to dementia and heart arrhythmias. you may have been told in the past that, if your blood pressure is below 140 / 90, it is normal. unfortunately, this is not true. it is average for those above the age of 60, but certainly not normal. being average in america means you are heavily diseased. over 90 percent of adult americans who die in car accidents show atherosclerosis in their coronary arteries on autopsy. the unfortunate reality is that if you eat the standard american diet you will have a 90 percent chance of developing high blood pressure when you get older. you cannot escape from the biological law of cause and effect. the standard american diet is simply heart attack and stroke causing. the only reason the 140 over 90 figures had been used in the past is that it represents the midpoint of blood pressure readings of americans older than sixty. the risk for strokes and heart attacks starts climbing at 115 / 75. nevertheless, you can make a decision not to have high blood pressure and not to have a heart attack or a stroke. you must educate yourself with life - saving information that, when put into action, can prevent the possibility of a heart attack or stroke. this is the purpose of the information here on this site and in my book, eat to live. i am hoping to develop a huge army of heart attack - proof and stroke – proof individuals. primitive populations that did not salt their food demonstrate child – like blood pressure readings in their elderly. in societies where we do not see high rates of heart disease and strokes, we do not see blood pressure increase with age. in rural china the healthy elderly had the same low blood pressure readings as they did when they were children. almost all americans have blood pressure readings


we do not see high rates of heart disease and strokes, we do not see blood pressure increase with age. in rural china the healthy elderly had the same low blood pressure readings as they did when they were children. almost all americans have blood pressure readings that are unacceptably high. at a minimum, we should consider blood pressure higher than 120 / 80 abnormal. with nutritional excellence, which includes salt restriction, we have the opportunity to add many quality years to our lives and free ourselves from the fear of these potentially deadly diseases. the majority of elderly americans develop high blood pressure. the years of dietary abuse eventually takes its toll. before long, doctors will inform you that you have high blood pressure and must take medication for the rest of your life. i encourage my patients to do what it takes to normalize their blood pressure so they do not require medication. prescribing medication for high blood pressure has the effect of a permission slip. medication has a minimal effect in reducing heart attack occurrence in patients with high blood pressure because it does not remove the underlying problem — predominantly atherosclerosis, which created stiff blood vessels. medication just treats the symptoms ; it does not melt away the diseased plaque lining the vessels. the biggest problem with medications is that the patients given medication falsely believe they are protected, and they continue to follow the same disease – causing lifestyle that caused the problem to begin with, until the inevitable occurs – their first heart attack or stroke. maybe, if high blood pressure medications were never invented, doctors would have been forced to teach healthful living and nutritional disease causation to their patients. patients would then be forced to lower their blood pressure with an unsalted diet of natural foods. their arteries would gradually lose the risky plaque that predisposes them to create blood clots, and millions of lives could have been saved, but now they have succumbed to death from heart attack and strokes. do not expect to receive valuable health advice from your typical doctor. physicians usually do not disseminate information to reverse disease. they rush through their patient appointments, especially in the current hmo climate, because they are paid so poorly for each visit and are pressured to see as many patients as possible each day. physicians just write prescriptions to dispense drugs. drugs offer only a slight benefit, still leaving blood pressure sufferers at relatively high risk. your physician is likely doing just as poorly as you are and eating just as unhealthily or worse. after following my guidelines in eat to live, you could


offer only a slight benefit, still leaving blood pressure sufferers at relatively high risk. your physician is likely doing just as poorly as you are and eating just as unhealthily or worse. after following my guidelines in eat to live, you could improve your doctor ’ s health and reduce his or her risk of premature death more than he or she could help yours. even when physicians offer their fullest time and effort, their recommendations are invariably too mild to have a significant benefit. patients should be given the clear facts that medications do not have a significant impact on reducing heart attacks, the leading cause of death in people with high blood pressure. in fact, because of their negative effect on lipids and glucose levels, drug treatments such as beta - blockers and diuretics may even increase the risk of heart attacks in some individuals. some of the side effects of high blood pressure medication are hard to ignore. they include fatigue, headache, swelling, nausea, dizziness and many others. for example, i routinely see patients complaining of sexual dysfunction who are anxious to get off their medication. the main message is that this band - aid approach to high blood pressure is inadequate. for individuals who want to truly protect themselves, they have to look for a comprehensive approach that removes the cause of atherosclerosis and high blood pressure, allowing the body to get well. don ’ t be a medical statistic — disease – proof your body weight loss, high vegetable diets and lots of uncooked fruits and vegetables have all been shown to be effective at reducing blood pressure. with the nutritional interventions i offer my patients, almost all of them are able to normalize their blood pressure and stop taking high blood pressure medication. most physicians do not offer their patients sufficiently aggressive dietary advice to enable them to improve their condition enough to stop medications. patients come to me looking to get well and not just trying to cover up their symptoms with medication. clearly, this advice is not for everyone, but it ' s for those who want to extend their years of vibrant health and life. my book, eat to live, explains my dietary methods that most effectively normalize blood pressure, without using medication. the difference is that the patient has not merely lowered their blood pressure ; they have improved the flow of blood in their vessels by restoring elasticity, removing plaque and restoring a more youthful normalcy to their tissues. instead of the continuation of a disease, causing diet leading to their premature demise, they have chosen a health, promoting diet leading to disease reversal and health protection


vessels by restoring elasticity, removing plaque and restoring a more youthful normalcy to their tissues. instead of the continuation of a disease, causing diet leading to their premature demise, they have chosen a health, promoting diet leading to disease reversal and health protection. when i discuss the futility of medical interventions and the superior results obtained with the methods described in eat to live with my medical colleagues or even with the esteemed physician - researchers at the medical school that i attended, their typical comment is that very few people will want so restrictive a dietary approach no matter how effective. whether this is true or not is irrelevant. we must, at least, offer patients the alternatives open to them and to let them make the decision. it is unethical to decide for them paternalistically and withhold evidence of the effectiveness of this natural nutritional approach. i believe many physicians would be surprised at the large percentage of patients who would choose a natural approach to recover their health rather than resort to continuous drugging and medical interventions. when individuals are educated about the side effects and risks of drugs and how they treat only the symptoms of high blood pressure without addressing the underlying cause, they routinely become very interested in the natural approach. when they find out it is possible to dramatically lower their blood pressure without drugs and prevent a heart attack or stroke from occurring, they want to learn more. i am surprised at the large number of people who are willing to make the necessary dietary modifications, especially when you introduce delicious new recipes that are healthful and show them how delicious healthy eating can be. numerous scientific investigations have shown that the following interventions have some degree of effectiveness in lowering blood pressure : - weight loss - sodium restriction - increased potassium intake - increased calcium and magnesium intake - alcohol restriction - caffeine restriction - increased fiber intake - increased consumption of fruits and vegetables - increased physical activity or exercise studies have shown controlling sodium intake and weight loss to be effective in reducing blood pressure, even in the elderly. how can you implement these interventions into your lifestyle? it ’ s easy. to start, first read the dietary guidelines in eat to live and you will be on the road to better health. nutritional supplements, instead of drugs even though dietary excellence is the foundation of care for those with high blood pressure, after a lifetime of eating the standard american diet, dietary modification may not result in sufficient protection in the short run. we want to assure the blood pressure and cholesterol levels achieve favorable levels, and we want to achieve this if possible without the use of medications. the judicious


american diet, dietary modification may not result in sufficient protection in the short run. we want to assure the blood pressure and cholesterol levels achieve favorable levels, and we want to achieve this if possible without the use of medications. the judicious use of appropriate nutritional supplements can also be used to lower the blood pressure, lower cholesterol and reduce the risk of blood vessel disease, strokes and heart attacks. i recommend my patients with high blood pressure to take my supplements designed to accelerate reversal of their blood vessel disease. ldl protect – combines 4 natural cholesterol lowering agents to effectively reduce cholesterol without the side effects risks and toxicity of medications. dha + epa purity – an all vegetable - derived ( vegan ) omega - 3 supplement containing dha and epa, beneficial fatty acids normally found in fish - oil tablets. detailed descriptions of these uniquely designed supplements are found in the store here at drfuhrman. com my approach combines dietary modifications, utilizing natural foods that lower cholesterol and blood pressure ( incorporating delicious recipes that do not use salt for flavor ), with intelligent supplementation to further reduce and remove disease risks, without taking on a new set of risks from medications themselves. this program enables people to achieve dramatic reversal in their health conditions and dramatic protection from disease. it is the wisest way to address your problem with blood pressure and cholesterol. this does not mean that medication never has to be used to bring blood pressure down, but it does mean that the necessity for medication will be a very rare occurrence. the majority of patients with high blood pressure die of heart attack, not strokes. medications, therefore, have been shown to have little or no effect in reducing overall cardiovascular mortality in major clinical trials. even when researchers lumped together all nine of the major hypertensive trials to achieve the statistical power of very large numbers, no significant trend was noticed in the ability of high blood pressure medication to reduce the mortality or morbidity of coronary heart disease. in the united states, about 400, 000 people a year suffer from strokes. forty percent of these strokes may be fatal, but the 60 percent that live are often doomed to a life of suffering and disability. the cost of strokes is not just measured in the billions of dollars lost in work, hospitalization and the care of survivors in nursing homes, but the major cost or impact of a stroke is the loss of an independent lifestyle that occurs in 30 % of the survivors. after a stroke, a self - sustaining and enjoyable lifestyle may lose most


hospitalization and the care of survivors in nursing homes, but the major cost or impact of a stroke is the loss of an independent lifestyle that occurs in 30 % of the survivors. after a stroke, a self - sustaining and enjoyable lifestyle may lose most of its quality as the person can no longer walk, feed, or express him / her self normally. the family members find themselves in a new role as caregivers ; it is a true tragedy. what makes these events even more heartbreaking is that they never had to happen in the first place. when patients are given all of the facts, including the real benefits of removing the disease rather than merely disguising its existence with drugs, they almost invariably choose the natural way to a healthy heart, the eat to live way. don ’ t be a statistic! you can choose to protect yourself from both heart attacks and strokes. remember, if you are on medication the effects of this nutritional program are so decisive that you may find yourself dangerously over - medicated. it is important to work with a competent physician who can lower your dose of medications accordingly as your blood pressure and weight decrease. besides office visits, i also offer phone consultations for those needing advice on medication adjustment that will be necessary for those with medical conditions such as diabetes and high blood pressure. lewington s, clarke r, qizilbash n, et al. age - specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality : a meta - analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. lancet 2002 ; 360 : 1903 - 1913.


have you ever stared at a blank computer screen hoping for some inspiring topic to pop into your mind so you can start writing? this can be very frustrating because it not only wastes your precious time, but prevents you from going forward with other business tasks. here are some simple steps to writing an article. 1. select a topic choosing a topic is easy if you know where to look. visit forums, blogs, article directories, create google alerts. create a folder of article topics or write them down on paper as they enter your mind. when reading books, add sticky notes to the pages that contain headings of possible topics on the content you ’ re reading. 2. write an introductory paragraph the first paragraph of your article should point out the a specific problem. describe how bad the problem is by tapping into the emotions of your reader. make them feel the pain then point out the solutions. 3. write the main content the body of your article should contain the main content. outline several solutions to the problem you described in the introduction by writing a paragraph on each one. don ’ t worry about spelling or grammar as you write. just focus on writing to keep your creative juices flowing. if you stop and correct each sentence your creative ideas won ’ t be spontaneous and you ’ ll struggle with writing the rest of the content. write short paragraphs of approximately 5 sentences. if you create create white space between paragraphs and use bullet points it will be easier to read the content. 4. write a concluding paragraph this paragraph summarizes the content of your article. don ’ t use the same words you used in the body but use synonyms. 5. create a resource box this contains a call to action, a little about yourself or your business and a link to your web site. try to include 2 links … one that contains link text and the other your full web site address. 6. proof read your article don ’ t just run your article through a spell checker, but read it aloud to yourself or get someone else to read it. if the sentences sound strange, rewrite them until they sound and flow well. leave the article for a few hours or a day then read it again. taking a fresh look at the content helps you to find better ways to write it and have greater impact on your readers. 7. submit to article directories manually submit your article to the top article directories in the correct categories. don ’ t submit to thousands of directories using automatic submission software. search engines don ’ t spider


new technology aims to prevent drunk driving cars and trucks one day may have built - in blood alcohol detectors, the wall street journal reports. research on the driver alcohol detection system for safety ( dadss ) is progressing more quickly than expected, and could be available within eight to 10 years, experts say. the technology could be built into a vehicle ’ s dashboard or controls. it would check a driver ’ s blood alcohol level, and would not start if the level were above the legal limit. researchers developing the system are working with the alliance of automobile manufacturers and the national highway traffic safety administration ( nhtsa ). the next goal would be to develop a commercially produced vehicle that could drive a drunk owner home, the article notes. about one - third of drivers killed in car crashes have blood alcohol levels of 0. 08 or higher, according to the insurance institute for highway safety. devices called alcohol interlocks are already available to disable a car if the driver is intoxicated. they are primarily used for people who have been caught with blood alcohol levels above the legal limit. about 16 states require people convicted of drunk driving to install these devices in their vehicles. drivers must blow into a tube to verify they are sober before they can start the car. the new technology being developed would not require blowing into a tube. it could be embedded in a starter button or shift lever. a proposed federal transportation bill would give the nhtsa ’ s alcohol detector program $ 24 million over two years. the funding would allow the agency to equip 100 or more cars with prototypes of the new alcohol detection devices. one device would measure alcohol in the driver ’ s breath, while the other would take a reading from the driver ’ s skin.


there are many diseases that follow seasonal patterns, especially infectious diseases. for many people, it is not common to associate infections with the summer season because we are all most familiar with the winter cold and flu season. yet certain infections are most common in the summer. among young children, common summer viral infections include a group of viruses known as enteroviruses. some members of this family are notorious, such as poliovirus. members of my parents ’ generation recall public - health admonitions to avoid swimming pools during the summer because of concerns about polio, a virus that can infect the nervous system and produce chronic paralysis. like other enteroviruses, poliovirus is transmitted by the so - called fecal - oral route, in which fecal material contaminates water or hands and is transmitted to the mouth when the mouth is touched. fortunately, the development of an effective vaccine and its routine use has virtually eliminated polio except in a few remote areas of the world. other common enteroviruses, for which vaccinations do not exist, continue to produce summer illness, albeit not as severe as poliovirus. common symptoms of enteroviral infection in young children can include fever and rash. most such infections resolve without treatment or complication. such infections can be avoided altogether through effective hygiene, such as hand - washing. other summertime infectious illnesses include those transmitted by bugs, such as mosquitoes and ticks. tick - borne diseases are endemic to many areas of the united states, including colorado. colorado tick fever affects up to 15 percent of campers in the state. it is caused by a tick - borne virus and produces fever and flu - like illness within a few days of the tick bite. fortunately, symptoms usually resolve without treatment or complications once the tick is removed. lyme disease, which can cause rash, arthritis and neurological problems, is not common locally, but can affect summer travelers in the northeast, midwest and pacific northwest. many other tick - borne illnesses are common in other parts of the united states. tick - borne diseases are preventable by wearing protective clothing, use of permethrin - containing insect repellants on clothing and skin and also by carefully inspecting for ticks after activities such as hiking or camping. summer infectious diseases are also transmitted by mosquitoes, including viral diseases caused by the arbovirus and flavivirus families of viruses. many such illnesses actually infect birds, horses and livestock, and are transmitted to people through a mosquito bite. examples are


the inanda heritage route takes in some of the most important, albeit little - known, historical sites of durban. winding its way through the inanda valley, it provides a snapshot of critical south african history as well as, perhaps surprisingly, india ' s past. inanda ' s recent history dates back to the early 1800s, when kwazulu natal was a boer republic. it was a farm then, which passed hands several times as the boers left and the british arrived, and then when african and indian farmers came here to farm sugar cane. but it was the events that unfolded at the turn of the century that shaped its future. first mahatma gandhi, then a lawyer, arrived in the region to represent an indian client. after being thrown off a train for sitting in a " whites only " section, gandhi stayed on here and started his passive resistance movement. then, in the 1960s, inanda became home to the thousands of people displaced from urban areas under apartheid laws. it quickly grew into a shanty town and then, as segregation laws took further hold, a dense informal settlement that was later the site of intense political violence. in 1994, inanda ' s outlook changed as democracy was born in south africa. to mark the occasion, nelson mandela cast his vote in this historic election at inanda ' s ohlange institute, fitting given that the first - ever president of the african national congress ( anc ), dr. john l. dube, established this school in 1901. it ' s this wealth of history that you can explore on the inanda heritage route. the trail starts in phoenix settlement, established in 1904 by gandhi. here you can see gandhi ' s house, and his international printing press and museum. next it moves on to the ohlange institute, dube ' s house - a national monument - and his grave. a second educational institution on the trail is inanda seminary, the first secondary school for african girls and one of the oldest in south africa. finally the route stops at ebuhleni with a look at the elaborate rituals of the shembe church. combined with a visit to the picturesque inanda dam nearby, this makes for a fascinating day outing.


estimations of magnetic core loss are of great interest to power electronics engineers and magnetic material scientists. however, conventional measurement methods, like four - wire and calorimeters are typically not accurate at high frequency, or are too complicated and time consuming. a cpes research team has developed a series of new methods to measure high - frequency magnetic core loss that are simple, fast, accurate and adaptive for any excitation waveform and dc flux level. the new methods compare the core being tested with air core by using reactive cancellation concept, explains mingkai mu, a ph. d. student who invented these methods. “ since the air core is lossless, ” he says, “ the difference in the two cores represents the loss for the core being tested. ” the measurement accuracy of the new method is more robust with phase discrepancy, which is the major problem for high - frequency core loss measurement, he notes. the new methods are appropriate for high frequency ( 1 mhz – 100 mhz, or even higher ) measurement. “ with these new methods, core loss for different flux waveforms can be accurately measured and many magnetic phenomena and models can be verified, ” he says. the new methods can be the standard methods for high - frequency magnetic materials loss characterization, and be built as high - accuracy measurement instruments. ”


methods used in air pollution prevention air pollution is a major fear, particularly in very inhabited places around the world. the more traffic and people there is in some country the more air pollution that is registered. a little air pollution sums quite fast and with a crowded environment that has in mind in little time at all. the consequences of air pollution can be really damaging to people and animals. it is really abusive to children and those with respiratory problems. experiencing clean air is fundamental for a good quality of life and that is wherefore there is a major concentrate on air pollution prevention. air pollution threats transportation is the most evidential sphere that adds to air pollution. the air pollution induced by vehicles, airplanes, trains and other fashions of transportation is the biggest amount. of course, air pollution can come from other sources. air pollution can be from chemicals, waste material, oil production, nuclear weapons and another toxic substances. on a smaller level air pollution is as well caused by house appliances and cigaret smoking. an important point about air pollution is that even tiny amounts of pollution sum up when there is a heavily inhabited domain. the clean air act is a superb representation of the government ’ s role in air pollution prevention. this act aids to influence and enforce laws that attempt to eliminate or dilute the causes of air pollution. the administration sets the standards and serve up to get everyone engaged for cleaner air. the environmental protection agency as well runs a significant role in air pollution prevention. the epa is working hard to shape the discharges of vehicles. standards are rigorously updated to ensure that the coming vehicles are to a greater extent environmentally friendly then those of the past times. in the engagement for air pollution prevention the newest efforts have involved brand - new applied science and educational activity. technologies like hybrid cars have been one of the greatest break throughs for the prevention of air pollution. vehicles contribute greatly to air pollution and through the use of hybrids that pollution level is greatly minimized. this is likewise being supplemented with ideas for innovative energy forms that can even allow a car to operate with no pollution being emitted. education of the public about air pollution and how to prevent it is evenly being found of the essence. the more people know about the damages of air pollution and what induces it, the better fit they are to do their portion. air pollution prevention in truth is about everyone working together. thus, everyone has to understand the situation and be armed with the necessary info so they can practice their part to prevent air pollution. eco friendly posts : - air pollution prevention information brings


one issue addressed in my lab is : what are the key synaptic proteins that regulate activity - development of the cerebral cortex and how do they regulate synaptic development? the brain develops as a result of a complex interplay between genetic instruction ( nature ) and experience ( nurture ). our laboratory is interested in genes that allow the brain to learn and store information during development. at the heart of both childhood and adult learning and memory are the molecules that regulate the way neurons communicate, namely neurotransmitter receptors and their downstream signaling pathways. recently several forms of childhood cognitive impairment, including fragile x syndrome ( fxs ), have been shown to result from genetic alteration of genes encoding proteins that regulate glutamate receptors signaling and synaptic development. fxs is the most common form of genetically inherited cognitive impairment with a prevalence of approximately 1 : 4000 boys and 1 : 8000 girls. fxs results from genetic silencing of the fragile x mental retardation gene ( fmr1 ), which encodes the fragile x mental retardation protein ( fmrp ). fmrp is a key regulator of synaptic development and belongs to a family of “ synaptopathies ” caused by genetic disruption of genes that encode synaptic proteins that result in altered synaptic development. other synaptic proteins being examined in the laboratory whose disruption leads to cognitive impairment in humans include syngap and sap - 102. finally we are examining the role of the tuberous sclerosis genes ( tsc1 and tsc2 ) in cortical development. the research projects in my laboratory are addressing several key issues : mcmahon ac, barnett mw, o ’ leary ts, stoney pn, collins mo, papadia s, choudhary js, komiyama nh, grant sgn, hardingham ge, wyllie dja and kind pc ( 2012 ) activity - dependent alternative promoter usage and alternative splicing enable syngap isoforms to exert opposing effects on synaptic strength. nature communications. 3. martel m - a, ryan t, bell kf, fowler jh, mcmahon a, al - mubarak b, komiyama n, horsburgh k, kind pc, grant sg, wyllie dj, hardingham ge the subtype of glun2 ( 2012 ) c - terminal domain determines the response to excitotoxic insults. neuron. 74 : 543 - 556. till sm


, grant sg, wyllie dj, hardingham ge the subtype of glun2 ( 2012 ) c - terminal domain determines the response to excitotoxic insults. neuron. 74 : 543 - 556. till sm, wijetunge ls, seidel vg, harlow e, wright a, bagni c, contractor a, gillingwater th, kind pc ( 2012 ) genetic deletion of fmrp alters the trajectory of specific cellular processes during cortical development. human molecular genetics. 21 : 2143 - 2156 jaffer s, vorobyov v, kind pc, sengpiel f ( 2012 ) experience dependent regulation of functional maps in synaptic protein expression in cat visual cortex. eur. j neurosci. in press. kind pc, sengpiel f, beaver cj, kelly gm, matthews rt and mitchell de ( 2012 ) development and activity - dependent expression of aggrecan in the cat visual cortex. cerebral cortex. in press. harlow eg, till sm, russell ta, wijetunge ls, kind pc and contractor a ( 2010 ) critical period plasticity is disrupted in the barrel cortex of fmr1 knockout mice. neuron, 65, 385 - 398. thomson re, kind pc, graham na, etherson ml, kennedy j, fernandes ac, marques cs, hevner rf, iwata t. ( 2009 ) fgf receptor 3 activation promotes selective growth and expansion of occipitotemporal cortex. neural dev. 4 : 4. wijetunge l, till s, ingham c, gillingwater t and kind pc ( 2008 ) mglur5 regulates glutamate - dependent development of the mouse somatosensory cortex. j. neurosci. 28 : 13028 - 13037. watson rf, abdel - majid rm, barnett mw, willis bs, katsnelson a, gillingwater th, mcknight gs, kind pc *, and neumann pe ( 2006 ) involvement of protein kinase a in patterning of the mouse somatosensory cortex. j. neurosci. 17 : 5393 - 5361. * pc kind is communication author. mitchell de, kind pc sengpiel f, murphy k ( 2006 ) short periods of concordant binocular vision prevent the development of deprivation amblyopia. eur. j


- 5361. * pc kind is communication author. mitchell de, kind pc sengpiel f, murphy k ( 2006 ) short periods of concordant binocular vision prevent the development of deprivation amblyopia. eur. j. neurosci. 23 : 2458 - 2466. barnett mw, watson r, vitalis t, porter k, komiyama nh, stoney pn, gillingwater th, grant sgn and kind pc syngap regulates pattern formation in the trigeminal system of mice. j. neurosci. 26 : 1355 - 1365. porter k, komiyama nh, vitalis t, kind pc & grant sgn ( 2005 ) differential expression of two nmda receptor interacting proteins, psd - 95 and syngap during mouse development. eur. j. neurosci. 21 : 351 - 362. spires tl, molnar z, kind pc, cordery pm, upton al, blakemore c, hannan aj. ( 2005 ) activity - dependent regulation of synapse and dendritic spine morphology in developing barrel cortex requires phospholipase c - b1 signalling. cereb. cortex 15 : 385 - 393. mitchell de, kind pc, sengpiel f, murphy k. ( 2003 ) brief daily periods of binocular vision prevent deprivation - induced acuity loss. curr. biol. 13 : 1704 - 8. sengpiel, f and kind, pc ( 2002 ) the role of activity in the development of the visual system. curr. biol. 12 : r818 - 826. vitalis t, cases o, gillies k, hanoun n, hamon m, seif i, gaspar p, kind pc, and price dj ( 2002 ) interactions between trkb - signalling and serotonin excess in the developing murine somatosensory cortex : a role in tangential and radial organisation of thalamocortical axons. j. neurosci. 22 : 4987 - 5000. kind pc, mitchell de, ahmed b, blakemore c, bonhoeffer t and sengpiel f ( 2002 ) correlated binocular activity guides recovery from monocular deprivation. nature 416 : 430 - 433. hannan aj, blakemore c, katsnelson a, huber k, roder jk, bear m, kim d


make art like the ancient greeks : black - figure vase painting when is a vase just a vase and when is it art? can it ever be both? in ancient greece, vases were not only utilitarian but they were also visual masterpieces. decorating a vase in the style of the ancient greek artists isn ' t difficult at all ; all you need are a few basic materials and your imagination. so grab your supplies, find a space to work, and get ready to go back in time! hands - on activities like this are a great way to spark your child ' s interest in art history and ancient cultures by bringing the subject to life. reading about greek vases in a textbook can be dull, but making your own is a lot of fun! what you need : - art books on ancient greek art from the library or images downloaded from the internet - plain, unadorned terracotta flower pot ( any size ) - black permanent markers ( fine and extra fine ) or acrylic paint what you do : - before beginning the vase, start by doing a little research into classic greek black - figure pottery with your child. flip through the art books from the library or look at the images downloaded from the internet. as you do, talk about recurring design motifs and the overall style of the black - figure paintings. - using a pencil, have him sketch a design onto the flower pot. while the greeks most often painted scenes from literature, mythology, or daily life on their vases, creating an original design is the most fun part of the project. encourage him to be imaginative and creative with his pattern design or scene. - when he is satisfied with his design, have him erase any stray marks and make sure that his outline is dark enough to guide him when he starts painting. - now have him go over his design in either sharpie or with black acrylic paint. for highly detailed designs, it ' s best to use an extra - fine sharpie. also keep in mind that the greeks weren ’ t afraid of leaving blank space on their vases so remind him to let some of the natural terracotta show through! did you know? there were a number of steps to making and decorating a vase in ancient greece. after the potter shaped the vase on a pottery wheel and allowed it to dry, the designs were painted on using a slip that would change color when fired. additional details could be incised after the pot was fired or added using a special glaze. greek vases are one of


8. scurrula buddleioides ( desrousseaux ) g. don, gen. hist. 3 : 421. 1834. 生 dian zang li guo ji sheng shrubs 0. 5 - 2 m tall, young branchlets, leaves, and inflorescences with dense short grayish yellow, rarely brown, verticillate and stellate hairs. branches brownish, glabrous, scattered lenticellate. leaves opposite ; petiole 4 - 12 mm, pilose ; leaf blade ovate, ovate - oblong to oblong, 6 - 10 × 3. 5 - 8 cm, papery or thinly leathery, abaxial surface minutely tomentose, adaxial surface glabrous, lateral veins 4 or 5 pairs, base obtuse to rounded, apex acute. racemes 2 - 5 - fascicled, axillary, sometimes at leafless nodes, 3 - 5 ( - 7 ) - flowered ; peduncle and rachis 1. 5 - 5 mm, brownish or grayish yellow tomentose. flowers densely alternate ; bracts ovate, ca. 1 mm. pedicel 1 - 1. 5 mm. calyx pyriform, 2 - 3 mm, limb annular, ciliate. mature bud tubular, 1. 5 - 2 cm, tip ellipsoid. corolla red, slightly curved and inflated, tomentose, lobes lanceolate, ca. 5 mm, reflexed. style red ; stigma subcapitate. berry pyriform, 8 - 10 × 3. 5 - 4 mm, pilose, base tapering into stalk. fl. and fr. jan - dec. forests, thickets, mountain slopes, valleys ; 1100 - 2200 m. sichuan, xizang, yunnan [ india ]. recorded hosts include species of caprifoliaceae, coriariaceae, fagaceae, moraceae, rosaceae, rutaceae, and tiliaceae.


origin and taxonomy of einkorn wheat derived from the german term “ einkorn ”, meaning “ single grain ”, einkorn wheat is either triticum boeoticum ( wild wheat ), or triticum monococcum ( domesticated species ). domesticated and wild forms of wheat may be considered either as separate species, or as triticum monococcum ’ s subspecies. einkorn is among hulled wheat ’ s diploid species, with its grains being tightly enclosed with tough husks, also called the hull. apart from the larger seeds and the intact nature of the ear when ripe, cultivated forms of einkorn wheat are similar to its wild counterparts. although einkorn wheat was found in abundance millennia ago, it is limited to only a few regions today. the crop is not often planted, and has become popular as a super food in recent times. origins of einkorn wheat along with triticum dicoccum ( emmer wheat ), einkorn wheat is recognised among the forms of wheat that were first cultivated by humans. grains of the wild form were traced back to tens of thousands of years ago, and the first domestication of wild einkorn was recorded approximately around 7500 bc. it is believed to originate from the fertile areas of the tigris - euphrates regions. the origination of the wheat is believed to be a result of crossing the triticum speltoides ( wheat grass ) and triticum monococcum ( domesticated wheat ) naturally. dna finger - printing has shown evidence to suggest the domestication of einkorn wheat was carried out close to the mountains of kacara dag, located in the south - eastern parts of turkey. however, the bronze age saw a decrease in the cultivation of the grain. the crop can be found in mountainous regions of morocco, france, turkey, and parts of the former soviet union. it survives and thrives on soils where most other forms of wheat do not flourish. einkorn was among the first cereals that were cultivated, following its wide distribution around transcaucasia, the middle east, south - western europe, the balkans and the mediterranean areas. taxonomy of einkorn wheat einkorn wheat differs from varieties of modern wheat. similar to other ancient forms of the crop ( spelt and emmer ), einkorn is classified as “ covered wheat ”. if un - branched, the inflorescence or head of cereal crops


can childhood obesity hinder the brain? reading, math worse in kids with many obesity - related risk factors by denise mann reviewed by louise chang, md the risks for metabolic syndrome include : researcher antonio convit, md, says the bottom line is, " we are seeing brain changes in kids with metabolic syndrome and we don ' t know if this is reversible. " children with metabolic syndrome scored 10 % lower on mental tasks that are important for learning, he says. the findings appear in pediatrics. what to do? in the new study, obese or overweight teens with metabolic syndrome could not read as well, scored worse on math tests, and took longer to complete tasks than children who did not have metabolic syndrome. what ' s more, their brains also had physical differences. the new study included 49 teens with metabolic syndrome and 62 without it. the more metabolic syndrome risks that participants had, the more pronounced the brain changes were, the study shows. convit calls for testing for insulin resistance among at - risk children, particularly those who are very overweight and those who have a family history of diabetes or heart disease. other solutions include having physical education programs in school. " we should invest more in physical education so kids are fitter and less likely to have insulin resistance, which is the main driver of these brain changes. " insulin resistance affects brain insulin is a hormone that helps the body turn sugar into energy. insulin resistance occurs when the body does not use insulin properly. michele mietus - snyder, md, says the new findings should serve as a wake - up call. " every cell in every organ system requires energy to live and insulin is the gatekeeper, " she says. " insulin resistance has reached beyond the traditional organ systems to the brain. " " we need to be very vigilant when children start to gain belly fat because we don ' t want children to fall behind the metabolic eight ball. " if that occurs, it becomes a catch - 22. " how can you expect someone to make healthy choices when they are [ mentally ] impaired? " scott kahan, md, mph, is the director of the national center for weight and wellness in washington, d. c. " metabolic syndrome was unheard of in kids until recently, " he says. " it is striking that a significant number of kids have metabolic syndrome, but the fact that we can show further consequences in the brain is even more striking. " sources : antonio convit, md, professor of psychiatry and medicine, nyu


english plus + news, december 1998 last week, for the second time in the 222 year history of the united states a president was impeached. the lower legislative body, the house of representatives, voted to accuse president clinton of certain crimes including perjury and obstruction of justice. according to the u. s. constitution, the charges are sent to the senate, the upper legislative body, where a trial is held and the senate votes on whether or not to remove the president from office. almost immediately there were calls for some kind of compromise or plea bargain. most of these calls were for censure. and that is where the language problems began. censure and censor are similar - sounding and involve some kind of government regulation or judgment. however, these two words mean something very different. if you do not confuse them, it will help you follow a variety of political events more closely. both words are politically loaded. i have seen them frequently misused, even by people who should know better. in the case of censor, i believe that sometimes the people do know better, they do it deliberately. censure is a " formal rebuke " or " official displeasure. " it is done by someone, usually some kind of assembly, in authority. the s in the word is pronounced like as sh, just as in the word sure. the u. s. congress has censured its members a number of times for unbecoming conduct. usually there is no specific punishment, just an official notice. in the u. s. congress, that may mean the end of a political career, but not always. about ten years ago two congressmen were censured for sexual activity with underage house pages. one resigned as a result of the censure ; the other has been re - elected and still serves. censure can be either a noun or a verb, though the verb is more common. noun example - - " the censure of sen. mccarthy effectively ended his career. " verb example - - " the synod voted to censure the priest for his unauthorized activities. " censor means " to regulate or prohibit writing or speech. " this is normally a verb. when used as a noun, censor is " a person who censors. " verb example - - " soldiers ' letters from war zones are frequently censored to avoid passing on sensitive information. " noun example - - " the soldier would have to carefully word his letter so that it would pass