yesterday, your son sounded like he ' s always sounded — like a boy. but today, you heard that first crack in his voice. he ' s started puberty and several things about him are changing. along with obvious changes in physical appearance, his voice will start sounding a whole lot different. for a while, he might have difficulty controlling it and he ' ll make all sorts of odd noises when trying to speak. it ' s the larynx ( or voice box ) that ' s causing all that noise. as the body goes through puberty, the larynx grows larger and thicker. it happens in both boys and girls, but the change is more evident in boys. girls ' voices only deepen by a couple of tones and the change is barely noticeable. boys ' voices, however, start to get significantly deeper. the science behind the squeaking the larynx, which is located in the throat, plays the major role in creating the sound of the voice. two muscles, or vocal cords, are stretched across the larynx and they ' re kind of like rubber bands. when a person speaks, air rushes from the lungs and makes the vocal cords vibrate, which in turn produces the sound of the voice. the pitch of the sound produced is controlled by how tightly the vocal cord muscles contract as the air from the lungs hits them. if you ' ve ever plucked a small, thin rubber band, you ' ve heard the high - pitched twang it makes when it ' s stretched. a thicker rubber band makes a deeper, lower - pitched twang. it ' s the same process with vocal cords. before a boy reaches puberty, his larynx is pretty small and his vocal cords are kind of small and thin. that ' s why his voice is higher than an adult ' s. but as he goes through puberty, the larynx gets bigger and the vocal cords lengthen and thicken, so his voice gets deeper. along with the larynx, the vocal cords grow significantly longer and become thicker. in addition, the facial bones begin to grow. cavities in the sinuses, the nose, and the back of the throat grow bigger, creating more space in the face in which to give the voice more room to resonate. as a boy ' s body adjusts to this changing equipment, his voice may " crack " or " break. " this process lasts only a few months. once the larynx is finished growing, your son ' s voice won


resonate. as a boy ' s body adjusts to this changing equipment, his voice may " crack " or " break. " this process lasts only a few months. once the larynx is finished growing, your son ' s voice won ' t make those unpredictable sounds. those croaks and squeaks in a boy ' s voice are just a part of this normal and natural stage of growth. as a boy gets used to these big changes, his voice can be difficult to handle and it may take a lot of effort to keep it in control. just as he ' s getting used to the big changes in his body, he has to adapt to the sound of what he ' s saying. as puberty continues, his body adjusts to the new size of the larynx, and the croaks and squeaks begin to taper off. after that, the new, deeper voice becomes much more stable and easier to control. along with several other obvious changes in the way he looks, you might recognize a significant change in appearance in a boy ' s throat area. when his larynx grows bigger, it tilts to a different angle inside the neck and part of it sticks out at the front of the throat. this is the " adam ' s apple. " in girls, the larynx also grows bigger but not as much as a boy ' s does, which is why girls don ' t have prominent adam ' s apples. everyone ' s timetable is different, so some boys ' voices might start to change earlier and some might start a little later. a boy ' s voice typically begins to change between ages 11 and 14½, usually just after the major growth spurt. some boys ' voices might change gradually, whereas others ' might change quickly. if your son is concerned, stressed, or embarrassed about the sound of his voice, let him know that it ' s only temporary and that everyone goes through it to some extent. after a few months, he ' ll likely have a resonant, deep, and full voice just like an adult!


lisa ' s son jack had always been a handful. even as a preschooler, he would tear through the house like a tornado, shouting, roughhousing, and climbing the furniture. no toy or activity ever held his interest for more than a few minutes and he would often dart off without warning, seemingly unaware of the dangers of a busy street or a crowded mall. it was exhausting to parent jack, but lisa hadn ' t been too concerned back then. boys will be boys, she figured. but at age 8, he was no easier to handle. it was a struggle to get jack to settle down long enough to complete even the simplest tasks, from chores to homework. when his teacher ' s comments about his inattention and disruptive behavior in class became too frequent to ignore, lisa took jack to the doctor, who recommended an evaluation for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( adhd ). adhd is a common behavioral disorder that affects an estimated 8 % to 10 % of school - age children. boys are about three times more likely than girls to be diagnosed with it, though it ' s not yet understood why. kids with adhd act without thinking, are hyperactive, and have trouble focusing. they may understand what ' s expected of them but have trouble following through because they can ' t sit still, pay attention, or attend to details. of course, all kids ( especially younger ones ) act this way at times, particularly when they ' re anxious or excited. but the difference with adhd is that symptoms are present over a longer period of time and occur in different settings. they impair a child ' s ability to function socially, academically, and at home. the good news is that with proper treatment, kids with adhd can learn to successfully live with and manage their symptoms. adhd used to be known as attention deficit disorder, or add. in 1994, it was renamed adhd and broken down into three subtypes, each with its own pattern of behaviors : 1. an inattentive type, with signs that include : inability to pay attention to details or a tendency to make careless errors in schoolwork or other activities difficulty with sustained attention in tasks or play activities apparent listening problems difficulty following instructions problems with organization avoidance or dislike of tasks that require mental effort tendency to lose things like toys, notebooks, or homework forgetfulness in daily activities 2. a hyperactive - impulsive type, with signs that include : fidgeting or squirming difficulty remaining seated excessive running or


that require mental effort tendency to lose things like toys, notebooks, or homework forgetfulness in daily activities 2. a hyperactive - impulsive type, with signs that include : fidgeting or squirming difficulty remaining seated excessive running or climbing difficulty playing quietly always seeming to be " on the go " blurting out answers before hearing the full question difficulty waiting for a turn or in line problems with interrupting or intruding 3. a combined type, which involves a combination of the other two types and is the most common although it can be challenging to raise kids with adhd, it ' s important to remember they aren ' t " bad, " " acting out, " or being difficult on purpose. and they have difficulty controlling their behavior without medication or behavioral therapy. because there ' s no test that can determine the presence of adhd, a diagnosis depends on a complete evaluation. many children and adolescents diagnosed with adhd are evaluated and treated by primary care doctors including pediatricians and family practitioners, but your child may also be referred to one of several different specialists ( psychiatrists, psychologists, neurologists ) especially when the diagnosis is in doubt, or if there are other concerns, such as tourette syndrome, a learning disability, anxiety, or depression. to be considered for a diagnosis of adhd : a child must display behaviors from one of the three subtypes before age 7 these behaviors must be more severe than in other kids the same age the behaviors must last for at least 6 months the behaviors must occur in and negatively affect at least two areas of a child ' s life ( such as school, home, daycare settings, or friendships ) the behaviors must also not only be linked to stress at home. kids who have experienced a divorce, a move, an illness, a change in school, or other significant life event may suddenly begin to act out or become forgetful. to avoid a misdiagnosis, it ' s important to consider whether these factors played a role in the onset of symptoms first, your child ' s doctor may perform a physical examination and take a medical history that includes questions about any concerns and symptoms, your child ' s past health, your family ' s health, any medications your child is taking, any allergies your child may have, and other issues. the doctor may also check hearing and vision so other medical conditions can be ruled out. because some emotional conditions, such as extreme stress, depression, and anxiety, can also look like adhd, you ' ll likely be asked


, and other issues. the doctor may also check hearing and vision so other medical conditions can be ruled out. because some emotional conditions, such as extreme stress, depression, and anxiety, can also look like adhd, you ' ll likely be asked to fill out questionnaires to help rule them out. you ' ll be asked many questions about your child ' s development and behaviors at home, school, and among friends. other adults who see your child regularly ( like teachers, who are often the first to notice adhd symptoms ) probably will be consulted, too. an educational evaluation, which usually includes a school psychologist, may also be done. it ' s important for everyone involved to be as honest and thorough as possible about your child ' s strengths and weaknesses. adhd is not caused by poor parenting, too much sugar, or vaccines. adhd has biological origins that aren ' t yet clearly understood. no single cause has been identified, but researchers are exploring a number of possible genetic and environmental links. studies have shown that many kids with adhd have a close relative who also has the disorder. although experts are unsure whether this is a cause of the disorder, they have found that certain areas of the brain are about 5 % to 10 % smaller in size and activity in kids with adhd. chemical changes in the brain also have been found. research also links smoking during pregnancy to later adhd in a child. other risk factors may include premature delivery, very low birth weight, and injuries to the brain at birth. some studies have even suggested a link between excessive early television watching and future attention problems. parents should follow the american academy of pediatrics ' ( aap ) guidelines, which say that children under 2 years old should not have any " screen time " ( tv, dvds or videotapes, computers, or video games ) and that kids 2 years and older should be limited to 1 to 2 hours per day, or less, of quality television programming. one of the difficulties in diagnosing adhd is that it ' s often found in conjunction with other problems. these are called coexisting conditions, and about two thirds of kids with adhd have one. the most common coexisting conditions are : oppositional defiant disorder ( odd ) and conduct disorder ( cd ) at least 35 % of kids with adhd also have oppositional defiant disorder, which is characterized by stubbornness, outbursts of temper, and acts of defiance and rule breaking. conduct disorder is similar but features more severe hostility and aggression


( cd ) at least 35 % of kids with adhd also have oppositional defiant disorder, which is characterized by stubbornness, outbursts of temper, and acts of defiance and rule breaking. conduct disorder is similar but features more severe hostility and aggression. kids who have conduct disorder are more likely to get in trouble with authority figures and, later, possibly with the law. oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder are seen most commonly with the hyperactive and combined subtypes of adhd. about 18 % of kids with adhd, particularly the inattentive subtype, also experience depression. they may feel inadequate, isolated, frustrated by school failures and social problems, and have low self - esteem. anxiety disorders affect about 25 % of kids with adhd. symptoms include excessive worry, fear, or panic, which can also lead to physical symptoms such as a racing heart, sweating, stomach pains, and diarrhea. other forms of anxiety that can accompany adhd are obsessive - compulsive disorder and tourette syndrome, as well as motor or vocal tics ( movements or sounds that are repeated over and over ). a child who has symptoms of these other conditions should be evaluated by a specialist. about half of all kids with adhd also have a specific learning disability. the most common learning problems are with reading ( dyslexia ) and handwriting. although adhd isn ' t categorized as a learning disability, its interference with concentration and attention can make it even more difficult for a child to perform well in school. if your child has adhd and a coexisting condition, the doctor will carefully consider that when developing a treatment plan. some treatments are better than others at addressing specific combinations of symptoms. adhd can ' t be cured, but it can be successfully managed. your child ' s doctor will work with you to develop an individualized, long - term plan. the goal is to help a child learn to control his or her own behavior and to help families create an atmosphere in which this is most likely to happen. in most cases, adhd is best treated with a combination of medication and behavior therapy. any good treatment plan will require close follow - up and monitoring, and your doctor may make adjustments along the way. because it ' s important for parents to actively participate in their child ' s treatment plan, parent education is also considered an important part of adhd management. sometimes the symptoms of adhd become less severe as a person grows older. hyperactivity tends to get less as


important for parents to actively participate in their child ' s treatment plan, parent education is also considered an important part of adhd management. sometimes the symptoms of adhd become less severe as a person grows older. hyperactivity tends to get less as people grow up, although the problems with organization and attention often remain. more than half of kids who have adhd will continue to have symptoms as young adults. several different types of medications may be used to treat adhd : stimulants are the best - known treatments — they ' ve been used for more than 50 years in the treatment of adhd. some require several doses per day, each lasting about 4 hours ; some last up to 12 hours. possible side effects include decreased appetite, stomachache, irritability, and insomnia. there ' s currently no evidence of long - term side effects. nonstimulants represent a good alternative to stimulants or are sometimes used along with a stimulant to treat adhd. the first nonstimulant was approved for treating adhd in 2003. they may have fewer side effects than stimulants and can last up to 24 hours. antidepressants are sometimes a treatment option ; however, in 2004 the u. s. food and drug administration ( fda ) issued a warning that these drugs may lead to a rare increased risk of suicide in children and teens. if an antidepressant is recommended for your child, be sure to discuss these risks with your doctor. medications can affect kids differently, and a child may respond well to one but not another. when determining the correct treatment, the doctor might try various medications in various doses, especially if your child is being treated for adhd along with another disorder. research has shown that medications used to help curb impulsive behavior and attention difficulties are more effective when combined with behavioral therapy. behavioral therapy attempts to change behavior patterns by : reorganizing a child ' s home and school environment giving clear directions and commands setting up a system of consistent rewards for appropriate behaviors and negative consequences for inappropriate ones here are examples of behavioral strategies that may help a child with adhd : create a routine. try to follow the same schedule every day, from wake - up time to bedtime. post the schedule in a prominent place, so your child can see what ' s expected throughout the day and when it ' s time for homework, play, and chores. get organized. put schoolbags, clothing, and toys in the same place every day so


schedule in a prominent place, so your child can see what ' s expected throughout the day and when it ' s time for homework, play, and chores. get organized. put schoolbags, clothing, and toys in the same place every day so your child will be less likely to lose them. avoid distractions. turn off the tv, radio, and computer games, especially when your child is doing homework. limit choices. offer a choice between two things ( this outfit, meal, toy, etc., or that one ) so that your child isn ' t overwhelmed and overstimulated. change your interactions with your child. instead of long - winded explanations and cajoling, use clear, brief directions to remind your child of responsibilities. use goals and rewards. use a chart to list goals and track positive behaviors, then reward your child ' s efforts. be sure the goals are realistic ( think baby steps rather than overnight success ). discipline effectively. instead of yelling or spanking, use timeouts or removal of privileges as consequences for inappropriate behavior. younger kids may simply need to be distracted or ignored until they display better behavior. help your child discover a talent. all kids need to experience success to feel good about themselves. finding out what your child does well — whether it ' s sports, art, or music — can boost social skills and self - esteem. currently, the only adhd therapies that have been proven effective in scientific studies are medications and behavioral therapy. but your doctor may recommend additional treatments and interventions depending on your child ' s symptoms and needs. some kids with adhd, for example, may also need special educational interventions such as tutoring, occupational therapy, etc. every child ' s needs are different. a number of other alternative therapies are promoted and tried by parents including : megavitamins, body treatments, diet manipulation, allergy treatment, chiropractic treatment, attention training, visual training, and traditional one - on - one " talking " psychotherapy. however, scientific research has not found them to be effective, and most have not been studied carefully, if at all. parents should always be wary of any therapy that promises an adhd " cure. " if you ' re interested in trying something new, speak with your doctor first. parenting a child with adhd often brings special challenges. kids with adhd may not respond well to typical parenting practices. also, because adhd tends to run in families, parents may also have some problems with organization and consistency themselves and


doctor first. parenting a child with adhd often brings special challenges. kids with adhd may not respond well to typical parenting practices. also, because adhd tends to run in families, parents may also have some problems with organization and consistency themselves and need active coaching to help learn these skills. experts recommend parent education and support groups to help family members accept the diagnosis and to teach them how to help kids organize their environment, develop problem - solving skills, and cope with frustrations. training can also teach parents to respond appropriately to a child ' s most trying behaviors with calm disciplining techniques. individual or family counseling can also be helpful. as your child ' s most important advocate, you should become familiar with your child ' s medical, legal, and educational rights. kids with adhd are eligible for special services or accommodations at school under the individuals with disabilities in education act ( idea ) and an anti - discrimination law known as section 504. keep in touch with teachers and school officials to monitor your child ' s progress. in addition to using routines and a clear system of rewards, here are some other tips to share with teachers for classroom success : reduce seating distractions. lessening distractions might be as simple as seating your child near the teacher instead of near the window. use a homework folder for parent - teacher communications. the teacher can include assignments and progress notes, and you can check to make sure all work is completed on time. break down assignments. keep instructions clear and brief, breaking down larger tasks into smaller, more manageable pieces. give positive reinforcement. always be on the lookout for positive behaviors. ask the teacher to offer praise when your child stays seated, doesn ' t call out, or waits his or her turn instead of criticizing when he or she doesn ' t. teach good study skills. underlining, note taking, and reading out loud can help your child stay focused and retain information. supervise. check that your child goes and comes from school with the correct books and materials. sometimes kids are paired with a buddy to can help them stay on track. be sensitive to self - esteem issues. ask the teacher to provide feedback to your child in private, and avoid asking your child to perform a task in public that might be too difficult. involve the school counselor or psychologist. he or she can help design behavioral programs to address specific problems in the classroom. helping your child you ' re a stronger advocate for your child when you foster good partnerships with everyone involved in your child ' s treatment — that includes teachers, doctors,


the percentage of overweight children in the united states is growing at an alarming rate, with 1 out of 3 kids now considered overweight or obese. many kids are spending less time exercising and more time in front of the tv, computer, or video - game console. and today ' s busy families have fewer free moments to prepare nutritious, home - cooked meals. from fast food to electronics, quick and easy is the reality for many people. preventing kids from becoming overweight means adapting the way your family eats and exercises, and how you spend time together. helping kids lead healthy lifestyles begins with parents who lead by example. is your child overweight? body mass index ( bmi ) uses height and weight measurements to estimate a person ' s body fat. but calculating bmi on your own can be complicated. an easier way is to use a bmi calculator. once your child ' s bmi is known, it can be plotted on a standard bmi chart. kids ages 2 to 19 fall into one of four categories : underweight : bmi below the 5th percentile normal weight : bmi at the 5th and less than the 85th percentile overweight : bmi at the 85th and below 95th percentiles obese : bmi at or above 95th percentile bmi calculations aren ' t used to estimate body fat in babies and young toddlers. for kids younger than 2, doctors use weight - for - length charts to determine how a baby ’ s weight compares with his or her length. any child who falls at or above the 85th percentile may be considered overweight. bmi is not a perfect measure of body fat and can be misleading in some situations. for example, a muscular person may have a high bmi without being overweight ( extra muscle adds to body weight — but not fatness ). also, bmi might be difficult to interpret during puberty when kids are experiencing periods of rapid growth. it ' s important to remember that bmi is usually a good indicator — but is not a direct measurement — of body fat. if you ' re worried that your child or teen may be overweight, make an appointment with your doctor, who can assess eating and activity habits and make suggestions on how to make positive changes. the doctor also may decide to screen for some of the medical conditions that can be associated with obesity. depending on your child ' s bmi ( or weight - for - length measurement ), age, and health, the doctor


to make positive changes. the doctor also may decide to screen for some of the medical conditions that can be associated with obesity. depending on your child ' s bmi ( or weight - for - length measurement ), age, and health, the doctor may refer you to a registered dietitian for additional advice and, possibly, might recommend a comprehensive weight management program. obesity increases the risk for serious health conditions like type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol — all once considered exclusively adult diseases. obese kids also may be prone to low self - esteem that stems from being teased, bullied, or rejected by peers. kids who are unhappy with their weight may be more likely than average - weight kids to : develop unhealthy dieting habits and eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia be more prone to depression be at risk for substance abuse overweight and obese kids are at risk for developing medical problems that affect their present and future health and quality of life, including : high blood pressure, high cholesterol and abnormal blood lipid levels, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes bone and joint problems shortness of breath that makes exercise, sports, or any physical activity more difficult and may aggravate the symptoms or increase the chances of developing asthma restless or disordered sleep patterns, such as obstructive sleep apnea tendency to mature earlier ( overweight kids may be taller and more sexually mature than their peers, raising expectations that they should act as old as they look, not as old as they are ; overweight girls may have irregular menstrual cycles and fertility problems in adulthood ) liver and gall bladder disease cardiovascular risk factors present in childhood ( including high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes ) can lead to serious medical problems like heart disease, heart failure, and stroke as adults. preventing or treating overweight and obesity in kids may reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular disease as they get older. a number of factors contribute to becoming overweight. genetics, lifestyle habits, or a combination of both may be involved. in some instances, endocrine problems, genetic syndromes, and medications can be associated with excessive weight gain. much of what we eat is quick and easy — from fat - laden fast food to microwave and prepackaged meals. daily schedules are so jam - packed that there ' s little time to prepare healthier meals or to squeeze in some exercise. portion sizes, in the home and out, have grown greatly.


- laden fast food to microwave and prepackaged meals. daily schedules are so jam - packed that there ' s little time to prepare healthier meals or to squeeze in some exercise. portion sizes, in the home and out, have grown greatly. plus, now more than ever life is sedentary — kids spend more time playing with electronic devices, from computers to handheld video game systems, than actively playing outside. television is a major culprit. kids younger than 6 spend an average of 2 hours a day in front of a screen, mostly watching tv, dvds, or videos. older kids and teens average 4. 5 hours a day watching tv, dvds, or videos. when computer use and video games are included, time spent in front of a screen increases to over 7 hours a day! kids who watch more than 4 hours a day are more likely to be overweight compared with kids who watch 2 hours or less. not surprisingly, tv in the bedroom is also linked to increased likelihood of being overweight. in other words, for many kids, once they get home from school, virtually all of their free time is spent in front of one screen or another. the american academy of pediatrics ( aap ) recommends that kids over 2 years old not spend more than 1 - 2 hours a day in front of a screen. the aap also discourages any screen time for children younger than 2 years old. many kids don ' t get enough physical activity. although physical education ( pe ) in schools can help kids get up and moving, more and more schools are eliminating pe programs or cutting down the time spent on fitness - building activities. one study showed that gym classes offered third - graders just 25 minutes of vigorous activity each week. current guidelines recommend that kids over 2 years old get at least 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity on most, preferably all, days of the week. babies and toddlers should be active for 15 minutes every hour ( a total of 3 hours for every 12 waking hours ) each day. genetics also play a role — genes help determine body type and how your body stores and burns fat just like they help determine other traits. genes alone, however, cannot explain the current obesity crisis. because both genes and habits can be passed down from one generation to the next, multiple members of a family may struggle with weight. people in the same family tend to have similar eating patterns, maintain the same levels of physical activity, and adopt the same attitudes toward being overweight. studies have shown that a child


to the next, multiple members of a family may struggle with weight. people in the same family tend to have similar eating patterns, maintain the same levels of physical activity, and adopt the same attitudes toward being overweight. studies have shown that a child ' s risk of obesity greatly increases if one or more parent is overweight or obese. the key to keeping kids of all ages at a healthy weight is taking a whole - family approach. it ' s the " practice what you preach " mentality. make healthy eating and exercise a family affair. get your kids involved by letting them help you plan and prepare healthy meals, and take them along when you go grocery shopping so they can learn how to make good food choices. and avoid falling into these common food / eating behavior traps : don ' t reward kids for good behavior or try to stop bad behavior with sweets or treats. come up with other solutions to modify their behavior. don ' t maintain a clean - plate policy. be aware of kids ' hunger cues. even babies who turn away from the bottle or breast send signals that they ' re full. if kids are satisfied, don ' t force them to continue eating. reinforce the idea that they should only eat when they ' re hungry. don ' t talk about " bad foods " or completely eliminate all sweets and favorite snacks from kids ' diets. kids may rebel and overeat these forbidden foods outside the home or sneak them in on their own. recommendations by age additional recommendations for kids of all ages : birth to age 1 : in addition to its many health benefits, breastfeeding may help prevent excessive weight gain. though the exact mechanism is not known, breastfed babies may be more able to control their own intake and follow their own internal hunger cues. ages 1 to 5 : start good habits early. help shape food preferences by offering a variety of healthy foods. encourage kids ' natural tendency to be active and help them build on developing skills. ages 6 to 12 : encourage kids to be physically active every day, whether through an organized sports team or a pick - up game of soccer during recess. keep your kids active at home, too, through everyday activities like walking and playing in the yard. let them be more involved in making good food choices, such as packing lunch. ages 13 to 18 : teens like fast food, but try to steer them toward healthier choices like grilled chicken sandwiches, salads, and smaller sizes. teach them how to prepare healthy meals and snacks at home. encourage teens to be active every


when you hear of plastic surgery, what do you think of? a hollywood star trying to delay the effects of aging? people who want to change the size of their stomachs, breasts, or other body parts because they see it done so easily on tv? those are common images of plastic surgery, but what about the 4 - year - old boy who has his chin rebuilt after a dog bit him? or the young woman who has the birthmark on her forehead lightened with a laser? what is plastic surgery? just because the name includes the word " plastic " doesn ' t mean patients who have this surgery end up with a face full of fake stuff. the name isn ' t taken from the synthetic substance but from the greek word plastikos, which means to form or mold ( and which gives the material plastic its name as well ). plastic surgery is a special type of surgery that can involve both a person ' s appearance and ability to function. plastic surgeons strive to improve patients ' appearance and self - image through both reconstructive and cosmetic procedures. - reconstructive procedures correct defects on the face or body. these include physical birth defects like cleft lips and palates and ear deformities, traumatic injuries like those from dog bites or burns, or the aftermath of disease treatments like rebuilding a woman ' s breast after surgery for breast cancer. - cosmetic ( also called aesthetic ) procedures alter a part of the body that the person is not satisfied with. common cosmetic procedures include making the breasts larger ( augmentation mammoplasty ) or smaller ( reduction mammoplasty ), reshaping the nose ( rhinoplasty ), and removing pockets of fat from specific spots on the body ( liposuction ). some cosmetic procedures aren ' t even surgical in the way that most people think of surgery — that is, cutting and stitching. for example, the use of special lasers to remove unwanted hair and sanding skin to improve severe scarring are two such treatments. why do teens get plastic surgery? most teens don ' t, of course. but some do. interestingly, the american society of plastic surgeons ( asps ) reports a difference in the reasons teens give for having plastic surgery and the reasons adults do : teens view plastic surgery as a way to fit in and look acceptable to friends and peers. adults, on the other hand, frequently see plastic surgery as a way to stand out from the crowd. according to the asps, more than 300, 000


teens view plastic surgery as a way to fit in and look acceptable to friends and peers. adults, on the other hand, frequently see plastic surgery as a way to stand out from the crowd. according to the asps, more than 300, 000 people 18 years and younger had either major or minor plastic surgical procedures in 2012. some people turn to plastic surgery to correct a physical defect or to alter a part of the body that makes them feel uncomfortable. for example, guys with a condition called gynecomastia ( excess breast tissue ) that doesn ' t go away with time or weight loss may opt for reduction surgery. a girl or guy with a birthmark may turn to laser treatment to lessen its appearance. other people decide they want a cosmetic change because they ’ re not happy about the way they look. teens who have cosmetic procedures — such as otoplasty ( surgery to pin back ears that stick out ) or dermabrasion ( a procedure that can help smooth or camouflage severe acne scars ) — sometimes feel more comfortable with their appearance after the procedure. the most common procedures teens choose include nose reshaping, ear surgery, acne and acne scar treatment, and breast reduction. is plastic surgery the right choice? reconstructive surgery helps repair significant defects or problems. but what about having cosmetic surgery just to change your appearance? is it a good idea for teens? as with everything, there are right and wrong reasons to have surgery. cosmetic surgery is unlikely to change your life. most board - certified plastic surgeons spend a lot of time interviewing teens who want plastic surgery to decide if they are good candidates for the surgery. doctors want to know that teens are emotionally mature enough to handle the surgery and that they ' re doing it for the right reasons. many plastic surgery procedures are just that — surgery. they involve anesthesia, wound healing, and other serious risks. doctors who perform these procedures want to know that their patients are capable of understanding and handling the stress of surgery. some doctors won ' t perform certain procedures ( like rhinoplasty ) on a teen until they are sure that person is old enough and has finished growing. for rhinoplasty, that means about 15 or 16 for girls and about a year older for guys. girls who want to enlarge their breasts for cosmetic reasons usually must be at least 18 because saline implants are only approved for women 18 and older. in some cases, though, such as when there ' s a tremendous size difference between the breasts or one


want to enlarge their breasts for cosmetic reasons usually must be at least 18 because saline implants are only approved for women 18 and older. in some cases, though, such as when there ' s a tremendous size difference between the breasts or one breast has failed to grow at all, a plastic surgeon may get involved earlier. things to consider here are a few things to think about if you ' re considering plastic surgery : - almost all teens ( and many adults ) are self - conscious about their bodies. almost everyone wishes there were a thing or two that could be changed. a lot of this self - consciousness goes away with time. ask yourself if you ' re considering plastic surgery because you want it for yourself or whether it ' s to please someone else. - a person ' s body continues to change through the teen years. body parts that might appear too large or too small now can become more proportionate over time. sometimes, for example, what seems like a big nose looks more the right size as the rest of the person ' s face catches up during growth. - getting in good shape through appropriate weight control and exercise can do great things for a person ' s looks without surgery. it ' s never a good idea to choose plastic surgery as a first option for something like weight loss that can be corrected in a nonsurgical manner. gastric bypass or liposuction may seem like quick and easy fixes compared with sticking to a diet. both of these procedures, however, carry far greater risks than dieting, and doctors should reserve them for extreme cases when all other options have failed. - some people ' s emotions have a really big effect on how they think they look. people who are depressed, extremely self - critical, or have a distorted view of what they really look like sometimes think that changing their looks will solve their problems. in these cases, it won ' t. working out the emotional problem with the help of a trained therapist is a better bet. in fact, many doctors won ' t perform plastic surgery on teens who are depressed or have other mental health problems until these problems are treated first. if you ' re considering plastic surgery, talk it over with your parents. if you ' re serious and your parents agree, the next step is meeting with a plastic surgeon to help you learn what to expect before, during, and after the procedure — as well as any possible complications or downsides to the surgery. depending on the procedure, you may feel some pain as you recover, and temporary swelling or bruising


surgeon to help you learn what to expect before, during, and after the procedure — as well as any possible complications or downsides to the surgery. depending on the procedure, you may feel some pain as you recover, and temporary swelling or bruising can make you look less like yourself for a while. procedures and healing times vary, so you ' ll want to do your research into what ' s involved in your particular procedure and whether the surgery is reconstructive or cosmetic. it ' s a good idea to choose a doctor who is certified by the american board of plastic surgery. cost will likely be a factor, too. elective plastic surgery procedures can be expensive. although medical insurance covers many reconstructive surgeries, the cost of cosmetic procedures almost always comes straight out of the patient ' s pocket. your parents can find out what your insurance plan will and won ' t cover. for example, breast enlargement surgery is considered a purely cosmetic procedure and is rarely covered by insurance. but breast reduction surgery may be covered by some plans because large breasts can cause physical discomfort and even pain for many girls. plastic surgery isn ' t something to rush into. if you ' re thinking about plastic surgery, find out as much as you can about the specific procedure you ' re considering and talk it over with doctors and your parents. once you have the facts, you can decide whether the surgery is right for you. share this page using : note : all information on teenshealth® is for educational purposes only. for specific medical advice, diagnoses, and treatment, consult your doctor. © 1995 - the nemours foundation. all rights reserved.


most active stories krwg. org - the region ' s home page sat january 14, 2012 the inquisition : alive and well after 800 years when we talk of inquisition it is usually prefaced with a definite article — as in, the inquisition. but, as vanity fair editor cullen murphy points out in his new book, god ' s jury, the inquisition wasn ' t a single event but rather a decentralized, centuries - long process. murphy says the " inquisitorial impulse " is alive and well today — despite its humble origins with the cathars in france, where it was initially designed to deal with christian heretics. " the temptation, i think, is to think of the inquisition as a kind of throwback, " murphy tells guy raz, host of weekends on all things considered. " nothing quite says ' medieval ' the way the word ' inquisition ' does. and my view is that you should actually adjust the lens fairly substantially. " when you look at the inquisition, he says, what you really see is the beginning of the modern world. " there ' s always been persecution, there ' s always been hatred, " murphy says. the inquisition, however, was such an enormous, sustained effort that it required an infrastructure to collect and retrieve information — over centuries. it was this institutionalizing of the inquisition that revolutionized record - keeping and surveillance techniques, murphy says. modern day parallels if you open a modern day interrogation manual for the police force or the military and place an interrogation manual from the spanish inquisition by its side, murphy says, you ' d be shocked by the similarities. " there isn ' t a trick that is used nowadays that wasn ' t in use by the inquisition. the psychology of interrogation, the ruses that people would use when you ' re questioning, there ' s nothing new under the sun when it comes to interrogation, " he says. interrogation at guantanamo, for example, illustrates that the spirit of the spanish inquisition is alive and well today, murphy says. " the inquisition tried to put restraints on torture. the problem was that in the moment, when people are trying to get information, those boundaries keep being pushed, " he says. " people think, ' you know, one more turn of the screw will get us one more little piece of information '... and torture creeps and creeps and creeps. " are we in danger? murphy says the key ingredients for a modern day inquisition exist today. in order for an inquisition to succeed, he says,


more little piece of information '... and torture creeps and creeps and creeps. " are we in danger? murphy says the key ingredients for a modern day inquisition exist today. in order for an inquisition to succeed, he says, there must be an individual or a group of people who believe they are in the right and want everyone else to toe the line. " but that moral certainty isn ' t enough, " murphy says. there must also be a bureaucracy and methods of surveillance to sustain the persecution. " all of those things are much more advanced right now by an order of magnitude than they were centuries ago, " murphy says. " nowadays [ surveillance ] is done almost automatically — every time you hit the keyboard on your computer or every time you walk by a camera on the street. " murphy fears what could happen if that moral certainty meets the kinds of monitoring tools that exist today. " in the wrong hands, the tools of repression are just more available and dangerous than they have been in a long time, " he says. guy raz, host : it ' s weekends on all things considered from npr news. i ' m guy raz. a few yeas ago, writer cullen murphy took a long, hard look at america ' s place in the modern world, and then he asked a simple question : are we rome? he went on to write a book with that very title, looking at the ancient world and the modern one and concluding not much has changed. well, murphy ' s back on the case. this time, he takes on the inquisition - or, rather, the inquisitions with an s. the book is called " god ' s jury, " and in it, murphy argues that the inquisitions that began in the 12th century were actually a harbinger of the modern world. cullen murphy : the temptation, i think, is to think of the inquisition as a kind of throwback. nothing quite says medieval the way the word inquisition does. and my view is that you should actually adjust the lens fairly substantially. if you do, you begin to see that the inquisition has a lot of characteristics that are not really medieval but in fact modern. you know, there ' s always been persecution, there ' s always been hatred, but the inquisition is something that is institutionalized. and institutions require a kind of infrastructure. you need to be able to keep records, to, you know, amass information, and then you need to be able to find it. and the fact is that in


is something that is institutionalized. and institutions require a kind of infrastructure. you need to be able to keep records, to, you know, amass information, and then you need to be able to find it. and the fact is that in the late medieval world, these kinds of tools are finally coming into existence once again. raz : surveillance, data collecting. murphy : surveillance would be another. keeping tabs on what people are doing, keeping tabs on what people are thinking. so finally, these tools emerge. we see them around us in our own day all the time. we take them for granted. but it ' s not very often that we ask when did governments, when did other institutions begin to have these tools. and the inquisition is a good way to begin to answer that question because it relied on them, you know, essentially. raz : what ' s fascinating is that certain techniques were so proscribed during the inquisition. you talked about these inquisition manuals, and you draw comparisons between those and modern manuals for interrogation. murphy : it ' s uncanny. there ' s an inquisitor named bernard gui. he compiled an inquisition manual, you know, for use by other inquisitors, and it became the basis of many such manuals. and if you look at that and then you look at modern manuals for, for instance, police forces or the military, you begin to see that there isn ' t a trick that is used nowadays that wasn ' t in use by the inquisition, you know, the psychology of interrogation, the ruses that people would use when you ' re questioning. there ' s, you know, there ' s nothing new under the sun when it comes to interrogation. raz : my guest is cullen murphy. he has written a new book. it ' s called " god ' s jury : the inquisition and the making of the modern world. " at one point in the book you draw a comparison between guantanamo and the spanish inquisition. can you explain that? murphy : guantanamo has been a symbol worldwide of many things, but one of them is interrogation gone wrong. and to me, it illustrates something that always happens when you try to put restrictions on a kind of behavior that is inherently problematic. the inquisition tried to put restraints on torture. the problem was that in the moment when people are trying to get information, those boundaries keep being pushed. people think, you know, one more turn of the screw will get us one more little piece of information,


tried to put restraints on torture. the problem was that in the moment when people are trying to get information, those boundaries keep being pushed. people think, you know, one more turn of the screw will get us one more little piece of information, and that will justify this very messy procedure that, you know, we really wish we didn ' t have to resort to. so that happens again and again, and torture creeps and creeps and creeps. the same thing happened at guantanamo. if you look at the early history, the attempts to get information from detainees, you see the same kind of creep. so that is one thing that guantanamo illustrates where i think the parallel with the way in which the inquisition proceeded is very close. raz : towards the end of the book, you write that not only do all the ingredients for a modern day inquisition exist today but also that they are more prevalent than ever before. how so? murphy : well, this is a real worry of mine. there ' s one thing that every inquisition needs, and that is a person, people, who are possessed of an idea. they think they ' re in the right about something that they want everyone else to toe the line. and you see this in religion, you see this in totalitarian regimes, but that moral certainty isn ' t enough. you need to have something that sustains it that gives it life over time. and those things, like having a bureaucracy, having methods of surveillance, information technology, all of those things are much more advanced right now by an order of magnitude than they were centuries ago. and many of these things are, you know, more or less on cruise control. you know, we know what bureaucracies are like. they don ' t shrink. they expand. we know what surveillance is like. nowadays, it ' s done almost automatically every time you hit the keyboard on your computer or every time you walk by a camera on the street. and so my worry is what happens when you combine that idea of moral certainty with the kinds of tools that exist nowadays? you know, it does seem to me that in the wrong hands, the tools of repression are just more available and dangerous than they have been for a long time. raz : i should probably mention that you are a catholic and a practicing catholic. is that fair to say? raz : and as you point out, many accounts of the inquisition have been biased, either overly critical of the church or overly defensive. and understandably, the church


that you are a catholic and a practicing catholic. is that fair to say? raz : and as you point out, many accounts of the inquisition have been biased, either overly critical of the church or overly defensive. and understandably, the church has been prickly about accounts of the inquisition, but what does the inquisition tell us about the modern day catholic church? murphy : well, the church certainly has been prickly about the inquisition, and there ' s a lot to be defensive about. there ' s no way that you can paint the inquisition in a lovely light. i ' m a catholic who has, you know, long had issues with his church, and one of those issues has to do with a basic mindset. and you can think of it this way : is the church and its teachings fundamentally about absolute certainty that brooks no discussion, or is it fundamentally about something else? it is about humility? does it have a place for tolerance and for doubt in a constructive sense? and these two traditions fight with each other throughout the history of the church. and for a long time, the first tradition has been in the ascendant. and i think it ' s time for the second tradition to emerge. raz : that ' s vanity fair editor - at - large cullen murphy. his new book is called " god ' s jury : the inquisition and the making of the modern world. " cullen murphy, thank you so much. murphy : thank you, guy. transcript provided by npr, copyright national public radio.


john singleton copley ’ s famous painting watson and the shark was commissioned by brook watson to document a harrowing event at age 14 as a maritime sailor. while swimming alone off havana cuba in 1749, watson was repeatedly attacked by a shark. the shark first removed some flesh from watson ’ s right calf, then bit off his entire left foot at the ankle. rescued by his shipmates, the teenager subsequently had to have his left leg amputated below the knee. in the painting copley has depicted watson as a romanticized ghostly, nude figure on his back, woefully vulnerable to the more powerful beast acting on animal instinct. one seldom sees a more graphic vision of the classic theme man versus nature. in los angeles we have made an art form of controlling our environment : manicured palm trees, diverted river water, flood channels, fire breaks. however, once in a while angelenos are starkly reminded of natural threats in our midst — say, by this los angeles times photo last october of a shark breaching in santa monica bay near gladstone ’ s restaurant. as a regular ocean swimmer in this area, such photos are of immense interest to me. in chatting with the photographer, randy wright, i found he has recorded several more shark sightings there. on the shark research committee website, local surfers have posted dozens of similar accounts, including some nibbles by smaller sharks. i hide from my swim buddies the fact that a sea lion pup with head cleanly sheared off was discovered in our redondo beach training area. of course, such photos and reports generate countless theories within the swim / surf community of what provokes a shark attack, or doesn ’ t. for instance, “ they will attack if attracted by sparkly jewelry, or by wetsuits resembling seals. ” “ they won ’ t savagely attack humans because we ’ re not blubbery enough. ” “ they ’ ll only strike in deep water because they spring up from below. ” almost 250 years since copley ’ s painting, shark tales continue to ignite the imagination. it seems there are only three facts everyone can agree on : 1 ) sharks are an important part of the ecosystem unfairly maligned and overhunted. 2 ) swimmers must respect the ocean for what it is — the wild — and acknowledge one ’ s limitations, even a few yards off gladstone ’ s. and 3 ) one ’ s chances of being attacked or being fatally wounded are extremely rare, aggravated by swimming alone — watson ’ s mistake.


post - traumatic stress disorder ( ptsd ) is an anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to a traumatic event or ordeal in which actual physical or emotional harm occurred or was threatened. events that can trigger ptsd include violent personal assaults, such as rape or mugging, natural or human - caused disasters, accidents, or military combat. ptsd can be extremely disabling. many people with ptsd repeatedly re - experience the ordeal in the form of flashback episodes, memories, nightmares, or frightening thoughts, especially when they are exposed to events or objects reminiscent of the trauma. anniversaries of the event can also trigger symptoms. people with ptsd also experience emotional numbness and sleep disturbances, depression, anxiety, and irritability or outbursts of anger. feelings of intense guilt are also common. most people with ptsd try to avoid any reminders or thoughts of the ordeal. ptsd is diagnosed when symptoms last more than one month. co - occurring depression, alcoholabuse, substance abuse, or another anxiety disorder is not uncommon. the likelihood of treatment success is increased when these other conditions are appropriately identified and treated as well. what are the risk factors for ptsd? what are the symptoms of ptsd? how is ptsd diagnosed? what are the treatments for ptsd? how can i reduce my risk of ptsd? what questions should i ask my doctor? what is it like to live with ptsd? where can i get more information about ptsd? - reviewer : rimas lukas, md - review date : 11 / 2012 - - update date : 11 / 26 / 2012 -


stay hydrated and gradually adapt your body to high temperatures, expert says saturday, june 30 ( healthday news ) - - during hot weather, people who exercise outdoors need to take steps to avoid heat injury, according to the american council on exercise. staying hydrated is essential, and can be accomplished by drinking a large amount of fluids ( until you ' re just short of feeling bloated ) 30 minutes before exercising, drinking at least six ounces of fluids every 20 minutes during exercise and drinking beyond the point where you are no longer thirsty after exercise, dr. cedric bryant, the council ' s chief science officer, said in a council news release. water is generally the best fluid, unless your exercise session lasts longer than an hour. in that case, a sports drink may be more beneficial. another tip from the council is to gradually adapt your body to exercising in hot weather. this usually takes 10 to 14 days and can greatly reduce your risk for heat injury. once your body is acclimatized, you will sweat sooner, produce more sweat and lose fewer electrolytes, bryant said. the benefits of acclimatization include a lower body core temperature, a decreased heart rate during exercise and a reduced risk of dehydration. reducing your exercise intensity level during hot weather - - especially during the acclimatization period - - is another good idea, the council suggests. also, don ' t wear rubberized sweat suits or any other clothing that is impermeable to water. this type of clothing prevents the evaporation of sweat from the skin, increasing the risk of heat injury, bryant said. respect the conditions. in general, you should consider forgoing exercise when the temperature is above 90 degrees fahrenheit and the relative humidity is above 60 percent. the texas department of public safety has more about exercising safely in hot weather ( http : / / www. txdps. state. tx. us / trainingacademy / recruiting / hotweatherexercise. htm ). source : american council on exercise, news release, june 19, 2012


- academic search complete provides full text for more than 4, 000 scholarly publications covering academic areas of study including social sciences, humanities, education, computer sciences, engineering, language and linguistics, arts & literature, medical sciences, and ethnic studies. this database is updated daily. - accessible archives a site devoted to primary source material in american history. information archived is from leading historical periodicals and books, and includes eyewitness accounts of historical events, vivid descriptions of daily life, editorial observations, commerce as seen through advertisements, and genealogical records. an online encyclopedia that provides full - text access to articles, research updates, and dictionary terms in all areas of science and technology. also contains biographies, weekly updates on hot topics and discoveries, a student center with resource guides, and links to related sites. updated daily. this resource is available for the kent, salem, and tuscarawas campuses only. - accunet / ap multimedia archive available under its new name, ap images. contains approximately 500, 000 photos and selections of pictures from the ap image and print negative library. pictures cover local, state, national and international subjects. - acm digital library provides bibliographic information, abstracts, index terms, reviews, and the full - text for acm conference proceedings. acm journals, magazines, and newsletters are also available at this site, as well as through the ohiolink electronic journal center. note : not available off - campus. - african american newspapers, 1827 - 1998 part of the readex america ' s historical newspapers collection, african american newspapers, 1827 - 1998 was created from african american newspaper archives of the wisconsin historical society, kansas state historical society and the library of congress. beginning with freedom ' s journal ( ny ), the first african american newspaper published in the united states, the titles in this resource include the colored citizen ( oh ), rights of all ( ny ), wisconsin afro - american, new york age, virginia journal and alexandria advertiser, richmond planet, cleveland gazette, the appeal ( mn ) and hundreds of others from every region of the u. s - african cultural heritage sites and landscapes subsection of the aluka online digital library of scholarly resources from and about africa. focuses on high - quality visual, contextual, and spatial documentation of african heritage sites. - african - american poetry contains the full - text of nearly 3, 000 poems written between 1760 and 1900. provides extensive coverage of age and age - related issues. updated 3 times per year. produced by the national agricultural library, agric


sites. - african - american poetry contains the full - text of nearly 3, 000 poems written between 1760 and 1900. provides extensive coverage of age and age - related issues. updated 3 times per year. produced by the national agricultural library, agricola contains book and journal article citations in the areas of agriculture and related disciplines, including plant and animal sciences, forestry, entomology, soil and water resources, agricultural economics, agricultural engineering, agricultural farming products, alternative farming practices and food and nutrition. - ahfs consumer medication information published by the american society of health - system pharmacists, this resource includes over one thousand drug information monographs written in lay language for consumers. includes “ how to ” monographs for administering different types of medications such as eye drops and inhalers. updated monthly. - aldrich / acd library of ft nmr spectra ( pro version ) electronic version of the print title the aldrich library of 13 c and 1 h ft nmr spectra 3 vol. set ( qd96. f68 p67 1993 ). the electronic library contains cnmr and hnmr spectra of 11, 828 organic compounds as well as information about their physico - chemical properties. you can browse through the database, perform searches according to catalog parameters ( catalog number, cas number, formula, name, and book references, print spectrum, as well as perform some basic operations with a spectrum ( peak picking and integration ). in addition there are features such as multi - level searching using search lists, searching according to molecular weight, chemical properties ( boiling point, melting point, etc. ), structures and sub - structures, spectral parameters ( peaks and solvent ), searching for portions of the spectrum, and substructure search. it is also possible to create and modify reports using the acd / chemsketch chemical graphics application. this database focuses on the many perspectives of complementary, holistic and integrated approaches to health care and wellness. it covers both scholarly and popular resources, with peer - reviewed materials comprising about 25 %. it is possible to limit to scholarly journals only if desired. an online digital library of scholarly resources from and about africa, aluka includes a wide variety of high - quality scholarly materials ranging from archival documents, periodicals, books, reports, manuscripts, and reference works, to three - dimensional models, maps, oral histories, plant specimens, photographs, and slides. one of the site ' s primary objectives is to provide african scholars and students with access


documents, periodicals, books, reports, manuscripts, and reference works, to three - dimensional models, maps, oral histories, plant specimens, photographs, and slides. one of the site ' s primary objectives is to provide african scholars and students with access to scholarly materials originally from africa. - amateur athletic foundation sport library digitized content from several sport - related publications undertaken by the amateur athletic foundation of los angeles. indexed and searchable. - america ' s news magazines ( newsbank ) with this resource, you can search the full text of 22 popular and news magazines. date ranges vary by magazine ; some go back to the early 1990s. - america : history and life provides a complete bibliographic reference to the history of the united states and canada from prehistory to the present. - american & english literature : poetry, drama and prose contains many works of poetry, drama, and prose, based on books and other sources originally published in print. collections include : african - american poetry 1700 - 1900 ; 20th century african - american poetry ; american poetry 1600 - 1900 ; 20th century american poetry ; english poetry ; 20th century english poetry ; american drama ; english prose drama 1280 - 1915 ; english verse dramas 13th - 19th centuries ; early american fiction 1774 - 1850 ; 18th century fiction 1700 - 1800 ; bibliography of american literature ; editions and adaptations of shakespeare ; william butler yeats collection ; the bible in english. - american drama american dramatic literature from 1714 to the present. the database contains more than 2, 000 full - text plays written by over 300 american dramatists. - american folklore this site contains one or more folktales from each state. the target audiences are storytellers, teachers, folklore fans and students. the site is updated regularly. the folktales were rewritten by s. e. schlosser. - american history in video online collection of video available for the study of american history allowing students and researchers to analyze historical events, and their presentation over time, through commercial and governmental newsreels, archival footage, public affairs footage, and important documentaries. - american national biography online covers more than 18, 000 people from all eras who have influenced and shaped american history and culture. includes illustrations and links to select web sites. also includes articles from the oxford companion to united states history, which gives context to the lives included in anb online. all articles originally included in the anb online were on biographical subjects who died before the end of 1995. articles on important figures who have died since 1995 are being added


to united states history, which gives context to the lives included in anb online. all articles originally included in the anb online were on biographical subjects who died before the end of 1995. articles on important figures who have died since 1995 are being added in quarterly updates, b - american periodicals series online american periodicals series online contains page images of more than 1, 100 historic american magazines, journals, and newspapers. these resources illuminate the development of american culture, politics, and society across some 150 years. articles can be searched by author, source, and words in the complete text. updated quarterly. - american poetry database contains the full text of over 40, 000 poems by more than 200 writers from the 17th century to the early 20th century. - american social movements ( sharpe reference online ) this full - text reference encyclopedia examines significant social movements in american history. search, browse or use the topic finder to locate entries. - ancestry library edition available on campus only genealogical database covering u. s., canada and the u. k. includes census records, vital records, immigration records, family histories, military records, court and legal documents, directories, photos and maps. - annual bibliography of english language and literature ( abell ) indexes monographs, journal articles, book reviews, and more on the language, literature, bibliography, and culture of english - speaking areas of the world. coverage includes materials published from the late 19th century to the present. - annual reviews contains critical reviews of significant primary literature in the areas of biology, biomedicine, chemistry, physics, sociology, and related disciplines. published yearly, this is the online, full - text version of the printed annual review of... series. ( 1998 - present ) - anthropology plus anthropology plus combines the anthropological literature ( from harvard university ) with the anthropological index ( from the royal anthropological institute ). gives extensive worldwide indexing of journal articles, reports, commentaries, edited works, and obituaries in the fields of social, cultural, physical, biological, and linguistic anthropology, ethnology, archaeology, folklore, material culture, and interdisciplinary studies. coverage is from the late 19th century to the present. - ap images contains approximately 500, 000 photos and selections of pictures from the ap image and print negative library. pictures cover local, state, national and international subjects. ( formerly accunet / ap multimedia archive. ) - art and architecture database contains approximately 3000 art and architectural images. collections include greek and roman sculpture and architecture, minoan art


library. pictures cover local, state, national and international subjects. ( formerly accunet / ap multimedia archive. ) - art and architecture database contains approximately 3000 art and architectural images. collections include greek and roman sculpture and architecture, minoan art, artists throughout history, and selected images from several art history textbooks. part of the digital media center ( ohiolink ). - art and architecture from the university of cincinnati including works by eisenman, fellheimer & wagner, latrobe, elizabeth nourse, and frank lloyd wright. - art full text [ 1984 - ] this offers full text plus abstracts and indexing of an international array of peer - selected publications, now with expanded coverage of latin american, canadian, asian and other non - western art, new artists, contemporary art, exhibition reviews, and feminist criticism. full text coverage for selected periodicals is also included. reproductions of works of art that appear in indexed periodicals is also included. also includes access to art index retrospective. - art index retrospective [ 1929 - 1984 ] art index retrospective provides searchable indexing of art journalism from international publications, reflecting coverage provided from 1929 through 1984. cites sources published in french, italian, german, spanish, and dutch, as well as english. in addition to periodicals, users will find data from select yearbooks and museum bulletins. - artbibliographies modern artbibliographies modern contains abstracts of journal articles, books, exhibition catalog and reviews and dissertations. its scope covers impressionism up to the late 20th century. emphasis is on adding new and lesser - known artists and coverage for foreign - language literature. about 13, 000 new entries are added each year. - artfl project consists of 2000 texts in the french language ranging from classic works of french literature to various kinds of non - fiction prose and technical writing. - articlefirst ( oclc ) contains citations to journal articles covering the humanities, popular culture, science, technology, business and the social sciences. updated daily. - arts and humanities citation index this " web of science " database covers the journal literature of the arts and humanities, indexing 1, 100 of the world ' s leading arts and humanities journals, and relevant items from over 6, 800 major science and social science journals. updated weekly. artstor is a digital library of nearly one million images in the areas of art, architecture, the humanities, and social sciences with a set of tools to view, present, and manage images for research and pedagogical purposes. images are available for use


is a digital library of nearly one million images in the areas of art, architecture, the humanities, and social sciences with a set of tools to view, present, and manage images for research and pedagogical purposes. images are available for use in presentations for educational or other noncommercial uses. - atla ( ebsco access ) a premier index to journal articles, book reviews, and collections of essays in all scholarly fields of religion representing all the major religious faiths, major denominations, and numerous language groups. major areas of coverage include : archaeology & antiquities, bible, church history, human culture & society, missions & ecumenism, pastoral ministry, philosophy & ethics, religious studies, theology, and world religions. updated twice per year. - audit analytics audit analytics provides detailed research on over 20, 000 public companies and more than 1, 500 accounting firms in the us. ksu subscribes to two modules : audit & compliance and corporate & legal. audit & compliance covers current or past auditor firms, auditor changes, fees, opinions, sox 302 disclosure controls, sox 404 internal controls, legal cases, director and officer changes, company history, share price details, income statement and compliance difficulties. the corporate & legal module is an integrated collection of databases focused on actions, disclosures and correspondence by companies, advisors, regulators and investors. the module is composed of five data sets : sec comment letters, bankruptcies, litigation, shareholder activism and tax footnotes. - audit analytics - through wrds provides detailed research on over 20, 000 public companies and more than 1, 500 accounting firms in the us. kent state university subscribes to two audit analytics products : audit & compliance and corporate & legal. audit & compliance. additional information on the modules is available here : audit & compliance datasheet and corporate & legal datasheet. - avery index to architectural periodicals the avery index to architectural periodicals database offers a comprehensive listing of journal articles on architecture and design, including bibliographic descriptions. it contains over 600, 000 entries surveying over 2, 500 american and international journals, including many that are peer reviewed. publications from professional associations and regional periodicals are also included. - l ' annee philologique core database for scholarship in the study of greek and roman civilization. this includes literature ; linguistics ; political, economic, and social history ; attitudes and daily life ; religion ; cultural and artistic life ; law ; philosophy ; science and technology ; the history of classical studies and more.


in memory of john hope franklin ( 1915 - 2009 ) and in honor of black history month, this exhibit touches on four periods crucial to understanding the history of african americans in the united states, exploring their dimensions - in a necessarily brief manner - through the words of john hope franklin and the many forms of historical documentation in the collections of the rare book, manuscript and special collections library. through these displays, we can reflect on our past and at the same time, as dr. franklin so strongly urged us, look to the present for the means to free ourselves from injustice, fear, and hatred. " the writing of history reflects the interests, predilections, and even prejudices of a given generation. this means that at the present time there is an urgent need to re - examine our past in terms of our present outlook. " ( john hope franklin, from african american biography, volume 2, 1994 ) exhibit curated by paula jeannet mangiafico and janie morris, with support from the john hope franklin research center for african and african american history and culture : http : / / library. duke. edu / specialcollections / franklin / some material on this page may be protected by copyrights not held by the duke university libraries, all other material is copyright 2009 by duke university libraries. for complete information about use and reproduction of duke materials, please read our use and reproduction policy.


although perl remains a vibrant language with a fiercely loyal following, it has undergone many changes to keep up with new technologies and applications that were not anticipated when perl was first introduced in 1987. through its community - based development model, perl has kept up with changing times and remained fresh when other languages might have stagnated. internally, however, there have remained kinks and stumbling blocks that developers have needed to sidestep, long - abandoned features that have been maintained only for backwards compatibility, misdirected phrasings that have hindered more intuitive syntax structures, and a cacophony of modules that sometimes work well together, but occasionally don ' t. perl continues to have a strong following devoted to its development, but in the meantime, a group of core perl developers have begun working on perl 6, a complete rewrite of the perl language. while perl ' s creative philosophy and common - sense syntax are sure to remain in perl 6, everything else in the language is being re - examined and recreated. perl 6 essentials provides an overview of the current state of perl 6 for those who await its release. written by members of the perl 6 core development team, the book offers an explanation of the various stages of the project, with reference material for programmers who are interested in what changes are planned or who may want to contribute to the project. the book will satisfy their curiosity and show how changes in the language will make it more powerful and easier to use. perl 6 essentials is the first book that offers a peek into the next major version of the perl language. this book is essential reading for anyone interested in the future of perl.


by kevin simmons – the canopy stretches in all directions as far as the eye can see. a gentle breeze rustles the leaves to life in waves, and a shifting light peeks through to illuminate thousands of subtle shades within. the meditative swaying transfixes, one of those moments where time slows and the air is undeniably magically charged. this is what is it like 100 feet above the jungle floor at the top of the rainforest discovery center ’ s observation tower in soberania national park, just 30 minutes outside of panama city. this treetop world is usually reserved for biologists with scientific equipment and a considerable degree of courage. but, in january of 2008, the eugene eisenmann avifauna foundation introduced the rainforest discovery center and a unique ecotourism and educational experience. named to honor panamanian ornithologist eugene eisenmann, the avifauna foundation ’ s primary mission is to protect the birds of panama and their habitat with a commitment to conservation through sustainable tourism. situated on a 50 acres within the national park at the entrance to the pipeline road, the rainforest discovery center offers nature lovers an extensive network of guided trails, a lake for kayaking and canoeing and a visitor ’ s center with a small gift shop and cafeteria. additional educational exhibits are scheduled to open next year. conceptualized by patrick dillon, the lead panamanian architect for panama ’ s museum of biodiversity, the design plays with height and proportion to create a stunning example of expansiveness, ambition and restraint. the center is energy self - sufficient with solar panels and a rainwater collection system from the roof. much of the materials used to build the structures were recycled from old houses in the canal area. the tour begins at the visitor center, built in a small jungle clearing. out on the breezy balcony, the rapid - fire patter of wings is mesmerizing. hummingbirds of all shapes, size and color surround the half dozen feeders perched on the recovered - wood railings. sunlight glints off iridescent plumages of orange, violet, aquamarine, deep red and celadon shine. some of the beaks are perfectly arced while others angle sharply like carnival masks. others still are perfectly straight and seem to be three times as long as the birds ’ fragile bodies. there are 59 known species of hummingbird in panama, one of the knowledgeable guides says. just down a gravel pathway is the 100 - foot observation tower. a 174 - step staircase spirals up the iron


long as the birds ’ fragile bodies. there are 59 known species of hummingbird in panama, one of the knowledgeable guides says. just down a gravel pathway is the 100 - foot observation tower. a 174 - step staircase spirals up the iron structure into the forest, with resting and observation platforms every 25 feet, providing a rare view into the forest habitat. each altitudinal level is home to a distinct variety of plants and animals, many of which spend their entire life cycles without ever stepping outside their level. in some cases, a species ’ home may be as small as a pool of water gathered inside the leaves of a bromeliad. the variations in humidity, precipitation, and solar radiation at different heights create unique environmental conditions. at the topmost layer of the forest, plants and animals must be highly resistant to extreme variations in weather conditions, including cold nights, intense daytime heat, and violent rainstorms. at these altitudes, canopy - dwelling creatures such as toucans also often display brighter colors to arouse the attention of potential mates. through an alliance between the avifauna foundation and the university of panama, each level of the tower will soon have its own small meteorological station to measure and display these weather conditions. and, far above the tower are the data points to monitor and count the approximately 300, 000 birds of prey that fly over the tower every year. tagging select birds helps to assess the health of the forests, the stability of their migration patterns and the continuity of the population. other avifauna projects include an educational program designed for school children, ages 12 to 18, and working with the panamanian association for sustainable tourism on a certification program to train naturalist guides, the first of its kind in panama. the inaugural course will begin in may and will involve more than 400 hours of training. “ we are developing a complete curriculum, using teachers from the united states as well as panama, ” says beatriz schmitt, the executive director of the avifauna foundation. “ it will be very intensive, and provide certification and skills that will be recognized internationally. ” the organization is also consulting with private reserves, including one in coronado, to design and create trail systems and educational displays that will connect residents to their natural environment. at soberania, back on the jungle floor, the apricot light of late afternoon reflects off the lake ’ s glassy surface. far below the riotous abundance of life of the panamanian rainforest, stillness reigns supreme, broken only by the leaves


add to phr a home blood pressure test allows you to keep track of your blood pressure at home. blood pressure is a measure of the force of blood inside an artery. a blood pressure measurement is taken by temporarily stopping the flow of blood in an artery ( usually by inflating a cuff around the upper arm ) and then listening for the sound of the blood beginning to flow through the artery again as air is released from the cuff. as blood flows through the artery, it can be heard through a stethoscope placed on the skin over the artery. blood pressure is recorded as two measurements. these two pressures are expressed in millimeters of mercury ( mm hg ) because the original devices that measured blood pressure used a column of mercury. blood pressure measurements are recorded as systolic / diastolic ( say " systolic over diastolic " ). for example, if your systolic pressure is 120 mm hg and your diastolic pressure is 80 mm hg, your blood pressure is recorded as 120 / 80 ( say " 120 over 80 " ). the general types of blood pressure monitors commonly available are manual and automatic. manual models are similar to those that your doctor might use to take your blood pressure. called a sphygmomanometer, these devices usually include an arm cuff, a squeeze bulb to inflate the cuff, a stethoscope or microphone, and a gauge to measure the blood pressure. blood pressure is displayed on a circular dial with a needle. as the pressure in the cuff rises, the needle moves clockwise on the dial. as the cuff pressure falls, the needle moves counterclockwise. electronic battery - operated monitors use a microphone to detect blood pulsing in the artery. you do not need to listen with a stethoscope. the cuff, which is attached to your wrist or upper arm, is connected to an electronic monitor that automatically inflates and deflates the cuff when you press the start button. the type of blood pressure monitor typically found in supermarkets, pharmacies, and shopping malls is an electronic device. ambulatory blood pressure monitoring ( abpm ) is another method that may be ordered by your doctor if other methods do not give consistent results. it is often used if there is a big difference between the blood pressure readings you get at home and your readings in your doctor ' s office. an ambulatory blood pressure monitor is a small device that is worn throughout the day, usually for 24 or 48 hours. the device takes your blood


difference between the blood pressure readings you get at home and your readings in your doctor ' s office. an ambulatory blood pressure monitor is a small device that is worn throughout the day, usually for 24 or 48 hours. the device takes your blood pressure automatically. the device periodically inflates and takes blood pressure measurements, which are recorded for later printout and analysis. the devices are usually loaned by a clinic or hospital. if you are required to use an ambulatory blood pressure monitor, keep in mind that it is important for a health professional to properly size the cuff, which fits around your arm. fitting does not take long. health tools help you make wise health decisions or take action to improve your health. home blood pressure monitoring measures your blood pressure at different times and in different places ( such as at home and at work ) during the day. it may be done to : ambulatory blood pressure monitoring ( abpm ) is often used if there is a big difference between the blood pressure readings you get at home and your readings in your doctor ' s office. remember that blood pressure readings vary throughout the day. they usually are highest in the morning after you wake up and move around. they decrease throughout the day and are lowest in the evening. if you have an ambulatory blood pressure monitor, you do not need to do anything to prepare. the monitor will automatically take your blood pressure while you do your normal daily activities. when you buy a blood pressure monitor, be sure to buy the correct size. the size of the blood pressure cuff and where you place the cuff on your arm can change your blood pressure readings. if the cuff is too small or too large, the measurements will not be accurate. hospital and medical supply stores generally carry many cuff sizes and can help make sure that your cuff fits you. take your new monitor to your doctor ' s office to make sure it is working right. have your health professional take your blood pressure and then compare that result with your own device. ask your health professional to watch you use your monitor to make sure that you are using it correctly. it is a good idea to have your monitor checked every year. your blood pressure in your right arm may be higher or lower than the blood pressure in your left arm. for this reason, try to use the same arm for every reading. blood pressure readings also rise and fall at different times during the day. they are usually highest in the morning and lowest in the evening. ask your doctor if you should take your blood pressure at the same


try to use the same arm for every reading. blood pressure readings also rise and fall at different times during the day. they are usually highest in the morning and lowest in the evening. ask your doctor if you should take your blood pressure at the same time of day each time you take it, or if you should take your blood pressure at different times of the day. the instructions for using blood pressure monitors vary depending upon the type of blood pressure monitor you choose. here are some general guidelines : sit with your arm slightly bent and resting comfortably on a table so that your upper arm is on the same level as your heart. expose your upper arm by rolling up your sleeve but not so tightly as to constrict blood flow. if you are not able to roll up your sleeve, remove your arm from the sleeve or take off your shirt. wrap the blood pressure cuff snugly around your upper arm so that the lower edge of the cuff is about 1 in. ( 2. 5 cm ) above the bend of your elbow. a large artery ( called the brachial artery ) is located slightly above the inside of your elbow. you can check its location by feeling for a pulse in the artery with the fingers of your other hand. if you are using a stethoscope, place the earpieces in your ears and the bell of the stethoscope over the artery, just below the cuff. the stethoscope should not rub on the cuff or your clothing, since this may cause noises that can make your pulse hard to hear. if you are using a cuff with a built - in stethoscope bell, be sure the part of the cuff with the stethoscope is positioned just over the artery. the accuracy of a blood pressure recording depends on the correct positioning of the stethoscope over the artery. you may want to have another person who can use a stethoscope properly help you take your blood pressure. close the valve on the rubber inflating bulb. squeeze the bulb rapidly with your opposite hand to inflate the cuff until the dial or column of mercury reads about 30 mm hg higher than your usual systolic pressure. ( if you don ' t know your usual pressure, inflate the cuff to 210 mm hg or until the pulse at your wrist disappears. ) the pressure in the cuff will stop all blood flow within the artery temporarily. now open the pressure valve just slightly by twisting or pressing the valve on the bulb. the pressure should fall slowly


mm hg or until the pulse at your wrist disappears. ) the pressure in the cuff will stop all blood flow within the artery temporarily. now open the pressure valve just slightly by twisting or pressing the valve on the bulb. the pressure should fall slowly at about 2 to 3 mm hg per second. some blood pressure devices have a valve that automatically controls this rate. as you watch the pressure slowly fall, note the level on the dial at which you first start to hear a pulsing or tapping sound through the stethoscope. the sound is caused by the blood starting to move through the closed artery. this is your systolic blood pressure. if you have trouble hearing the start of your pulse through the stethoscope, you can check your systolic blood pressure by noting the level on the dial when you are able to feel the pulse at your wrist once again. continue letting the air out slowly. the sounds will become muffled and will finally disappear. note the pressure when the sounds completely disappear. this is your diastolic blood pressure. finally, let out all the remaining air to relieve the pressure on your arm. be sure to write your numbers in your log book, along with the date and time. sit with your arm slightly bent and resting comfortably on a table so that your upper arm is on the same level as your heart. expose your upper arm by rolling up your sleeve but not so tightly as to constrict blood flow. if you are not able to roll up your sleeve, remove your arm from the sleeve or take off your shirt. wrap the blood pressure cuff snugly around your upper arm so that the lower edge of the cuff is about 1 in. ( 2. 5 cm ) above the bend of your elbow. for electronic models, press the on / off button on the electronic monitor and wait until the ready - to - measure " heart " symbol appears next to zero in the display window. then press the start button. the cuff will inflate automatically to approximately 180 mm hg ( unless the monitor determines that you require a higher value ). it then begins to deflate automatically, and the numbers on the screen will begin to drop. when the measurement is complete, the heart symbol stops flashing and your blood pressure and pulse readings are displayed alternately. at first it is a good idea to take your blood pressure 3 times in a row, 5 or 10 minutes apart. as you get more comfortable taking your own blood pressure, you will only need to measure it once or twice each time


displayed alternately. at first it is a good idea to take your blood pressure 3 times in a row, 5 or 10 minutes apart. as you get more comfortable taking your own blood pressure, you will only need to measure it once or twice each time. check your blood pressure cuff frequently to see that the rubber tubing, bulb, valves, and cuff are in good condition. even a small hole or crack in the tubing can lead to inaccurate results. you may feel some discomfort when the blood pressure cuff inflates, squeezing your arm. there are no risks or complications from this test. 119 or below 79 or below 120 to 139 80 to 89 140 or above 90 or above blood pressure readings of less than 90 / 60 mm hg are normal as long as you feel well. in general, the lower your blood pressure, the better. but if you have low blood pressure and feel lightheaded, faint, or like you may vomit, talk to your doctor. reasons you may not be able to have the test or why the results may not be helpful include : blood pressure normally goes up and down from day to day and even from minute to minute, depending upon how active you are, whether you are standing up or sitting down, and what medicines you are taking. other things that can change blood pressure include being too hot or too cold, whether you have recently eaten, and whether you are relaxed or feeling stressed. home blood pressure monitoring works best when you also record your daily activities, such as the time you take medicine if you feel upset or stressed, in a diary. this can help explain changes in your blood pressure readings and help your doctor adjust your medicines. your blood pressure may only be high when you go to your doctor ' s office. this is called white - coat ( or office ) hypertension and may be caused by stress about seeing your doctor. when you regularly check your blood pressure at home, you may find that your blood pressure is lower when you are not at the doctor ' s office. visit the american heart association ( aha ) website for information on physical activity, diet, and various heart - related conditions. you can search for information on heart disease and stroke, share information with friends and family, and use tools to help you make heart - healthy goals and plans. contact the aha to find your nearest local or state aha group. the aha provides brochures and information about support groups and community programs, including mended hearts, a nationwide organization whose members visit people with heart problems and


and plans. contact the aha to find your nearest local or state aha group. the aha provides brochures and information about support groups and community programs, including mended hearts, a nationwide organization whose members visit people with heart problems and provide information and support. the u. s. national heart, lung, and blood institute ( nhlbi ) information center offers information and publications about preventing and treating : citationsjoint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure ( 2003 ). seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure jnc express ( nih publication no. 03 – 5233 ). bethesda, md : u. s. department of health and human services. other works consultedamerican heart association. ( 2005 ). recommendations for blood pressure measurement in humans and experimental animals. part 1 : blood pressure measurement in humans. aha scientific statement. hypertension, 45 ( 1 ) : 142 – 161. joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure ( 2003 ). seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure jnc express ( nih publication no. 03 – 5233 ). bethesda, md : u. s. department of health and human services. pickering tg, et al. ( 2008 ). call to action on use and reimbursement for home blood pressure monitoring. a joint scientific statement from the american heart association, american society of hypertension, and preventive cardiovascular nurses association. hypertension, 52 ( 1 ) : 10 – 29. last revised : april 5, 2011 author : healthwise staff medical review : e. gregory thompson, md - internal medicine & robert a. kloner, md, phd - cardiology to learn more visit healthwise. org © 1995 - 2013 healthwise, incorporated. healthwise, healthwise for every health decision, and the healthwise logo are trademarks of healthwise, incorporated. print close directions