what : aloe vera, a succulent related to the lily, long used for its ability to heal wounds, burns, and dry skin, as well as treat bug bites, sunburn, and bee stings. the gel from the aloe plant provides a protective layer said to inhibit infection, soothe, and heal. when cut or broken the plant heals itself rapidly, the would barely detectable after only a few minutes. aloe contains over 200 acitve compounds, including vitamins a, b, c, and e, amino acids, enzymes, minerals, and polysaccharides said to stimulate cell renewal and boost circulation. aloe is both hydrating and gentle, making it a suitable for choice for sensitive skin. origin : aloe vera grows in arid climates and is widely distributed in africa, india and other arid areas. to process aloe, the juice is allowed to drain from the cut leaves and then concentrated by evaporation ( dmarp ). aloe is sold for use in this dried juice form or as a gel. aloe gel is made from the leaf pulp of the plant. ( wiki ). products found in : aloe vera is commonly found in facial moisturizers, serums, treatments, healing ointments, body lotions and creams, sunscreens, and after - sun products. aloe can also be used on its own. variations : aloe vera is one of about 250 species of aloes. ( ucc biology department ).


in the federal courts, disclosure requires parties to automatically share routine evidentiary information that would otherwise be available during discovery. disclosure comes in three stages. first, at the beginning of the suit, each party must disclose : - • basic information about each witness the party plans to call - • copies of documents and things supporting the party ' s claims or defenses - • the party ' s computations of the damages it plans on requesting - • information about any insurance agreements that might cover part or all of a judgment against the party. later in the pre - trial process, each party must disclose the identity and qualifications of their expert witnesses. in addition, they must give the other parties a summary of their expert witnesses ' reasoning and conclusions regarding the case. finally, shortly before trial, each party must disclose what evidence they plan to use at trial. this allows the court to address evidentiary objections before trial. disclosure is governed by rule 26 ( a ) of the federal rules of civil procedure. parties are not required to disclose evidence that they plan to use solely for impeachment. see civil procedure. definition from nolo ’ s plain - english law dictionary the making known of a fact that had previously been hidden ; a revelation. for example, in many states you must disclose major physical defects in a house you are selling, such as a leaky roof or potential flooding problem ; and in all states, you must disclose the presence of lead - based paint hazards in buildings constructed before 1978. definition provided by nolo ’ s plain - english law dictionary. august 19, 2010, 5 : 14 pm


international trade law : an overview international trade is “ the exchange of goods [ or ] services ” “ between nations. ” black ’ s law dictionary 285, 1529 ( 8th ed. 2004 ). sources of international trade law constitutional, federal, and international laws govern international trade between the united states and foreign nations ( or persons or entities therefrom ). federal and international laws address a wide range of trade issues, such as customs duties, dumping, embargoes, free trade zones, intellectual property, quotas, and subsidies. the commerce clause of the u. s. constitution empowers congress to “ regulate commerce with foreign nations, ” u. s. const. art. i, § 8, cl. 3, while other article i provisions empower congress to “ lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, ” id. at art. i, § 8, cl. 1, and prohibit states from doing the same without congressional approval, id. at art. i, § 10, cl. 2. pursuant to this authority, congress has enacted numerous federal statutes, including the tariff act of 1930, the trade act of 1974, and the trade agreements act of 1979. article ii of the u. s. constitution empowers the president, “ by and with the advice and consent of the senate, to make treaties, provided two thirds of senators present concur. ” u. s. const. art. ii, § 2, cl. 2. pursuant to this authority, presidents have negotiated numerous international treaties and trade agreements, including the marrakesh agreement establishing the world trade organization, the agreement on trade - related investment measures ( regarding trade in goods ), the agreement on trade - related aspects of intellectual property ( regarding intellectual property ), and the north american free trade agreement. currently, the united states has free trade agreements in force with 17 nations. international trade administration the international trade administration ( " ita " ), a bureau of the u. s. department of commerce, aims to " strengthen the competitiveness of u. s. industry, promote trade and investment, and ensure fair trade through rigorous enforcement of [ u. s. ] trade laws and agreements. " ita, about the international trade administration ( last visited oct. 23, 2010 ). the ita is comprised of four distinct business units : ( 1 ) u. s. and foreign commercial service, ( 2 ) manufacturing and services, ( 3 ) market access and compliance, and


behavioural ( or " behavioral " ) theory in psychology is a very substantial field : follow the links to the left or right for introductions to some of its more detailed contributions impinging on how people learn in the real world. how i have the effrontery to produce a single page on it amazes even me, whatever my reservations about it! - behaviourism is dominated by the constraints of its ( naive ) attempts to emulate the physical sciences, which entails a refusal to speculate about what happens inside the organism. anything which relaxes this requirement slips into the cognitive realm. - much behaviourist experimentation is undertaken with animals and generalised. - in educational settings, behaviourism implies the dominance of the teacher, as in behaviour modification programmes. it can, however, be applied to an understanding of unintended learning. for our purposes, behaviourism is relevant mainly to : - skill development, and - the " substrate " ( or " conditions ", as gagne puts it ) of learning is the process of reflex learning — investigated by pavlov — through which an unconditioned stimulus ( e. g. food ) which produces an unconditioned response ( salivation ) is presented together with a conditioned stimulus ( a bell ), such that the salivation is eventually produced on the presentation of the conditioned stimulus alone, thus becoming a conditioned response. this is a disciplined account of our common - sense experience of learning by association ( or " contiguity ", in the jargon ), although that is often much more complex than a reflex process, and is much exploited in advertising. note that it does not depend on us doing anything. such associations can be chained and generalised ( for better of for worse ) : thus " smell of baking " associates with " kitchen at home in childhood " associates with " love and care ". ( smell creates potent conditioning because of the way it is perceived by the brain. ) but " sitting at a desk " associates with " classroom at school " and hence perhaps with " humiliation and failure "... if, when an organism emits a behaviour ( does something ), the consequences of that behaviour are reinforcing, it is more likely to emit ( do ) it again. what counts as reinforcement, of course, is based on the evidence of the repeated behaviour, which makes the whole argument rather circular. learning is really about the increased probability of a behaviour based on reinforcement which has taken place in the past, so that the antecedents of the


of course, is based on the evidence of the repeated behaviour, which makes the whole argument rather circular. learning is really about the increased probability of a behaviour based on reinforcement which has taken place in the past, so that the antecedents of the new behaviour include the consequences of previous behaviour. the schedule of reinforcement of behaviour is central to the management of effective learning on this basis, and working it out is a very skilled procedure : simply reinforcing every instance of desired behaviour is just bribery, not the promotion of learning. withdrawal of reinforcement eventually leads to the extinction of the behaviour, except in some special cases such as anticipatory - avoidance learning. two points are often misunderstood in relation to behaviourism and human learning : - the scale : although later modifications of behaviourism are known as s - o - r theories ( stimulus - organism - response ), recognising that the organism ' s ( in this case, person ' s ) abilities and motivations need to be taken into account, undiluted behaviourism is concerned with conditioning and mainly with reflex behaviour. this operates on a very short time - scale — from second to second, or at most minute to minute — on very specific micro - behaviour. to say that a course is behaviourally - based because there is the reward of a qualification at the end is stretching the idea too far. - its descriptive intention : perhaps because behaviourists describe experiments in which they structure learning for their subjects, attention tends to fall on ideas such as behaviour modification and the technology of behaviourism. however, behaviourism itself is more about a description of how [ some forms of ] learning occur in the wild, as it were, than about how to make it happen, and it is when it is approached from this perspective that it gets most interesting. it accounts elegantly, for example, for ways in which attempts to discipline unruly students actually make the situation worse rather than better. ( this point is heretical! ) for human beings, reinforcement has two components, because the information may be cognitively processed : in many cases the " reward " element is less significant than the " feedback " information carried by the reinforcement. applied to the theory of teaching, behaviourism ' s main manifestation is " instructional technology " and its associated approaches : click below for useful guides. up - dated 26 feb 2011


there are several problems with te modules used in waste heat recovery applications. first, the te modules themselves are not very efficient ; although some heat energy gets converted into electricity, still much of it is wasted. the next problems have to do with construction of the module itself and durability in its desired environment. inside a te module, semiconductors are soldered in series to copper pads to conduct the electricity. they are limited by temperature ; in many situations where waste heat recovery would be the most desirable, higher temperatures exist than the melting point of the solder used to hold the modules together. the modules would literally melt and fall apart. another problem has to do with the coefficient of thermal expansion ( cte ). when the module is heated, brittle intermetallics form due to the diffusion of ni ( the coating ) into the substrate ( bi2te3 ). the cte of the newly formed ni2te3 is drastically different from the cte of the surrounding materials. it is easy to see how the shear stresses at the interface generated by high or cyclic temperatures would have a tendency to crack the brittle intermetallic that forms in the modules. see project details. currently, most of the processes commonly used in bridge fabrication are fusion welding processes. the problem with fusion welding is that molten and resolidified metal in the weld deposit remains as - cast microstructure in the structure and has mechanical properties greatly dependent on chemistry / dilution and cooling rates. these processes inherently have a potential for creating weld discontinuities such as solidification cracking in the fusion zone [ figure 1 ] or gas and slag entrapment. generic concerns remain in haz grain coarsening and loss of toughness in fusion welds. see project details.


definition of indigo bird 1. noun. small deep blue north american bunting. generic synonyms : bunting group relationships : genus passerina, passerina indigo bird pictures click the following link to bring up a new window with an automated collection of images related to the term : indigo bird images lexicographical neighbors of indigo bird literary usage of indigo bird below you will find example usage of this term as found in modern and / or classical literature : 1. ornithological biography by john james audubon ( 1832 ) " the indigo bird arrives in the southern states from the direction of mexico, along with its relative the painted finch, and is caught in trap - cages,... " 2. the american cyclopaedia : a popular dictionary of general knowledge by charles anderson dana ( 1874 ) " indican has occasionally been found in tho urine when no indigo has been taken. the dose is from 30 to 120 grains. indigo bird... " 3. the new england farmer by samuel w. cole ( 1854 ) " the beautiful and cheerful songster known to our ornithologists as the purple linen or american linnet, is now frequently seen with the indigo bird,... " 4. the united states of america : their history from the earliest period ; their by hugh murray, james nicol ( 1844 ) "... oriole — rice - birds — indigo - bird — nonpareil — carolina parrot — woodpecker — cuckoo — passenger pigeon — turtle - dove — turkey — quail — ruffed grouse — crane —... " 5. the review of education ( 1902 ) "... printed the following, size 7x10, suitable for framing. two cents each ; the twelve for 20 cents. 1001 gold - finch tanager, indigo bird. 1007 red fox.... " other resources relating to : indigo bird


w. e. b. du bois papers, 1803 - 1984. 328 boxes ( 168. 75 linear feet ). scholar, writer, editor of the crisis and other journals, co - founder of the niagara movement, the naacp, and the pan african congresses, international spokesperson for peace and for the rights of oppressed minorities, w. e. b. du bois was a son of massachusetts who articulated the strivings of african americans and developed a trenchant analysis of the problem of the color line in the twentieth century. the du bois papers contain almost 165 linear feet of the personal and professional papers of a remarkable social activist and intellectual. touching on all aspects of his long life from his childhood during reconstruction through the end of his life in 1963, the collection reflects the extraordinary breadth of his social and academic commitments from research in sociology to poetry and plays, from organizing for social change to organizing for black consciousness. - african americans - - civil rights - african americans - - history - - 1877 - 1964 - crisis ( new york, n. y. ) - du bois, w. e. b. ( william edward burghardt ), 1868 - 1963 - - views on democracy - national association for the advancement of colored people - united states - - race relations - du bois, w. e. b. ( william edward burghardt ), 1868 - 1963


from irish pedigrees ; or the origin and stem of the irish nation by john o ' hart the chiefs and clans of brefney and the territories they possessed in the twelfth century, are, according to o ' dugan, as follows : — 1. o ' ruairc or o ' rourke ; 2. o ' raghallaigh or o ' reilly : these were the princes of the territory of brefney. 3. mactighearnain ( tighearna : irish, a lord or master ), anglicised macternan, mckiernan, and masterson, were chiefs of teallach dunchada ( signifying the tribe or territory of donogh ), now the barony of " tullyhunco, " in the county cavan. 4. the macsamhradhain ( anglicised macgauran, magauran, and magovern ) were chiefs of teallach eachach ( which signifies the tribe or territory of eochy ), now the barony of " tullaghagh, " county cavan. this sirname is by some rendered " somers, " and " summers, " from the irish word " samhradh " [ sovru ], which signifies summer. 5. macconsnamha ( snamh : irish, to swim ; anglicised " ford " or " forde " ), chief of clan cionnaith or clan kenny, now known as the muintir kenny mountains and adjoining districts near lough allen, in the parish of innismagrath, county leitrim. 6. maccagadhain or maccogan, chief of clan fearmaighe, a district south of dartry, and in the present barony of dromahaire, county leitrim. o ' brien states that the macegans were chiefs of clan fearamuighe in brefney : hence maccagadhain and macegan may, probably, have been the same clan. 7. macdarchaidh or macdarcy, chief of cineal luachain, a district in the barony of mohill, county leitrim, from which the townland of laheen may be derived. 8. macflannchadha ( rendered macclancy ), chief of dartraidhe or dartry, an ancient territory co - extensive with the present barony of ross - clogher in leitrim. 9. o


derived. 8. macflannchadha ( rendered macclancy ), chief of dartraidhe or dartry, an ancient territory co - extensive with the present barony of ross - clogher in leitrim. 9. o ' finn and o ' carroll, chiefs of calraighe or calry, a district adjoining dartry in the present barony of dromahaire, and comprehending, as the name implies, an adjoining portion of sligo, the parish of " calry " in that county. 10. macmaoilliosa or mallison, chief of magh breacraighe, a district on the borders of leitrim and longford. 11. macfionnbhair or finvar, chief of muintir gearadhain ( o ' gearon or o ' gredan ), a district in the southern part of leitrim. 12. macraghnaill or macrannall ( anglicised reynolds ), who were chiefs of muintir eoluis, a territory which comprised almost the whole of the present baronies of leitrim, mohill, and carrygallen, in the county leitrim, with a portion of the north of longford. this family, like the o ' farrells, princes of annaly or longford, were of the race of ir or clan - na - rory ; and one of their descendants, the celebrated wit and poet, george nugent reynolds, esq., of letterfian, in leitrim, is stated to have been the author of the beautiful song called " the exile of erin, " though its composition was claimed by thomas campbell, author of " the pleasures of hope. " 13. o ' maoilmiadhaigh or mulvey, chief of magh neise or nisi, a district which lay along the shannon in the west of leitrim, near carrick - on - shannon. the following clans in the counties of cavan and leitrim, not given by o ' dugan, are collected from other sources : 14. macbradaigh or macbrady, was a very ancient and important family in cavan ; they were, according to macgeoghagan, a branch of the o ' carrolls, chiefs of calry. 15. macgobhain, macgowan, or o ' gowan ( gobha : irish, a smith ), a name which has been anglic


, o ' dolan, o ' drom, etc. 27. and several clans in the county leitrim, not mentioned by o ' dugan, as macgloin of rossinver ; macfergus, who were hereditary erenachs of the churches of rossinver, and whose name has been anglicised " ferguson ; " o ' cuirnin or curran, celebrated bards and historians ; mackenny or keaney, maccartan, o ' meehan, etc. brefney : in irish this word is " breifne " or " brefne, " which signifies the hilly country ; it was called by the english " the brenny, " and has been latinized " brefnia " and " brefinnia. " this ancient territory comprised the present counties of cavan and leitrim, with a portion of meath, and a part of the barony of carbury in sligo ; o ' rourke being prince of west brefney or leitrim ; and o ' rielly, or o ' reilly, of east brefney or cavan. brefney extended from kells in meath to drumcliff in the county sligo ; and was part of the kingdom of connaught, down to the reign of queen elizabeth, when it was formed into the counties of cavan and leitrim, and cavan was added to the province of ulster. in this territory tiernmas, the 13th monarch of ireland, was the first who introduced idol worship into ireland ; and set up at moy slaght ( now fenagh, in the barony of mohill, county leitrim ) the famous idol, crom cruach, the chief deity of the irish druids, which st. patrick destroyed. brefney was inhabited in the early ages by the firvolgians ( who are by some writers called belgae and firbolgs ), who went by the name of " ernaidhe, " " erneans, " and " ernaechs ; " which names are stated to have been given them from their inhabiting the territories about lough erne. these erneans possessed the entire of brefney. the name " brefney " is, according to " seward ' s topography, " derived from " bre, " a hill, and therefore signifies the country of hills or the hilly country : a derivation which may not appear inappropriate as descriptive of


name " brefney " is, according to " seward ' s topography, " derived from " bre, " a hill, and therefore signifies the country of hills or the hilly country : a derivation which may not appear inappropriate as descriptive of the topographical features of the country, as innumerable hills are scattered over the counties of cavan and leitrim. on a vast number of these hills over cavan and leitrim are found those circular earthen ramparts called forts or raths, and some of them very large ; which circumstance shows that those hills were inhabited from the earliest ages. as several thousands of these raths exist even to this day, and many more have been levelled, it is evident that there was a very large population in ancient brefney. the erection of these raths has been absurdly attributed to the danes, for it is evident that they must have formed the chief habitations and fortresses of the ancient irish, ages before the danes set foot in ireland ; since they abound chiefly in the interior and remote parts of the country, where the danes never had any permanent settlement. ancient brefney bore the name of hy briuin breifne, from its being possessed by the race of brian, king of connaught, in the fourth century, brother of niall of the nine hostages, and son of eochy moyvane, monarch of ireland from a. d. 357 to 365, and of the race of heremon. that brian had twenty - four sons, whose posterity possessed the greater part of connaught, and were called the " hy - briuin race. " of this race were the o ' connors, kings of connaught ; o ' rourke, o ' rielly, macdermott, macdonogh, o ' flaherty, o ' malley, macoiraghty ( macgeraghty, or geraghty ), o ' fallon, o ' flynn ( of connaught ), macgauran, mactiernan, macbrady or brady, etc. in the tenth century brefney was divided into two principalities, viz., brefney o ' rourke or west brefney, and brefney o ' rielly or east brefney. brefney o ' rourke comprised the present county leitrim, with the barony of tullaghagh and part of tullaghoncho in the county cavan


and brefney o ' rielly or east brefney. brefney o ' rourke comprised the present county leitrim, with the barony of tullaghagh and part of tullaghoncho in the county cavan ; and brefney o ' rielly, the rest of the present county cavan : the river at ballyconnell being the boundary between brefney o ' rourke and brefney o ' rielly ; the o ' rourkes being the principal chiefs. " o ' rourke ' s country " was called brefney o ' rourke : and " o ' rielly ' s country " brefney o ' rielly. the o ' rourkes, and o ' riellys maintained their independence down to the reign of james the first, and had considerable possessions even until the cromwellian wars ; after which their estates were confiscated. — connellan. o ' carroll : according to the de la ponce mss., " o ' carroll " of calry, has been modernized macbrady. from a sad, comfortless childhood giles truelove developed into a reclusive and uncommunicative man whose sole passion was books. for so long they were the only meaning to his existence. but when fate eventually intervened to have the outside world intrude upon his life, he began to discover emotions that he never knew he had. a story for the genuine booklover, penned by an irish bookseller under the pseudonym of ralph st. john featherstonehaugh. free download 23rd - 27th may join our mailing list to receive updates on new content on library, our latest ebooks, and more. you won ' t be inundated with emails! — we ' ll just keep you posted periodically — about once a monthish — on what ' s happening with the library.


what are infectious diseases? infectious diseases are contracted due to microscopic organisms ( bacteria, viruses, fungi and animal parasites ) that invade the body ’ s natural barriers and immune system to create a wide range of symptoms – from undetectable to severe. who are infectious disease specialists and what do they do? an infectious disease specialist ( or “ id ” specialist ) is an internal medicine doctor ( also called an internist ), or sometimes a pediatric doctor, with additional specialty training in the diagnosis, treatment and management of infectious diseases. infectious diseases may first be diagnosed by a patient ’ s primary care doctor or other healthcare professional who may request a specialty consultation from an id physician. an infectious disease specialist has extensive knowledge of bacteria, parasites, fungi and viruses – whether airborne, communicable, contagious, food - borne or sexually transmitted. id specialists treat conditions in many areas of the body including infections in the bones, bowel, brain, heart and lungs, pelvic organs, sinus, and urinary tract, with many of the conditions treatable with medications, procedures or surgery. they have special insight into antibiotics and their side effects, along with specialized training in immunology ( how infection is fought ), epidemiology ( how infection spreads ) and infection control. many infectious disease doctors also specialize in treating infections due to hiv / aids. what sort of training does an infectious disease specialist undergo? in addition to four years of college, four years of medical school and three years of training as a doctor of internal medicine, an infectious disease doctor also undergoes 2 - 3 years of specialized training in infectious diseases. many are also board certified and have passed a certification examination by the american board of internal medicine in both internal medicine and infectious diseases. when would i need an infectious disease specialist? your primary care physician can take care of most infectious conditions, but sometimes an expert is required to make a diagnosis or suggest treatment. you may need to see an infectious disease specialist when you have a potentially serious infection or when treatment for an infection causes problems. an infectious disease specialist can order tests to diagnose the problem, as well as offer special insight into those tests to prescribe treatment, if needed. if you ’ re hospitalized with an infection or an infection occurs while you ’ re hospitalized, an infectious disease specialist will direct your care and may continue to provide follow - up care after you ’ re discharged from the hospital. when your infection is cured or stabilized, you ’ ll typically resume seeing your regular primary care physician. if


what is optometry? optometry focuses on the study of vision and eye health. an optometrist conducts eye examinations, prescribes corrective lenses, and diagnoses and prescribes treatment for eye conditions. optometrists should not be confused with ophthalmologists, who are medical doctors trained to perform corrective eye surgery, or opticians, who are trained to grind lenses but not licensed to examine or treat patients. optometry is tightly regulated by boards that vary by state. an optometrist may practice a subspecialty, such as pediatric optometry, ocular disease and noninvasive vision therapy. when should i visit an optometrist, and what conditions does an optometrist treat? visit an optometrist for annual eye examinations to ensure healthy eyes, good vision and to catch any problems early. visit the optometrist immediately if you are experiencing eye problems such as red and painful eyes, swollen or flaky eyelids, spots or floaters in your eyes, sensitivity to light, blurred vision or any other discomfort, as these may indicate a serious eye problem. common eye conditions an optometrist treats include acanthamoeba ( bacterial infection ), myopia ( nearsightedness ), hyperopia ( farsightedness ), astigmatism ( blurred vision ), computer vision syndrome, blepharitis ( inflammation of the eyelids ), cataracts, conjunctivitis ( “ pink eye ” ), diabetic retinopathy ( a sight - threatening condition brought on by diabetes ), dry eye, glaucoma, or macular degeneration ( vision loss ). optometrists also test peripheral awareness ( side vision ), eye coordination, depth perception, the ability to focus on an object, and color vision. what is considered good vision? while the term “ 20 / 20 ” is the standard by which normal vision is measured, it does not refer to perfect vision. it is a term used to express a normal level of clarity of vision, which is measured at a distance of 20 feet. if you have 20 / 20 vision, you can see clearly at 20 feet what a person with normal vision should be able to see at that distance. if you have 20 / 80 vision, you must be as close as 20 feet to see what someone with normal vision can see at 80 feet. what preventative measures can i take to


person with normal vision should be able to see at that distance. if you have 20 / 80 vision, you must be as close as 20 feet to see what someone with normal vision can see at 80 feet. what preventative measures can i take to preserve my eyesight? certain vitamins and nutrients contribute to healthy eyes and good vision, including lutein / zeaxanthin ( green leafy vegetables ), vitamin c ( fruits and vegetables ), vitamin e ( nuts and sweet potatoes ), and zinc ( liver or zinc supplements ). these nutrients are credited with reducing the risk of certain eye diseases, including cataracts and age - related macular degeneration. on the job, be sure to wear eye protective gear if you work around dust, projectile objects, etc. if you are working at a computer all day, there is risk of developing computer vision syndrome due to eye strain. to prevent this condition, position the center of the computer screen at least 4 to 5 inches below eye level and at least 20 inches away from your face. use an anti - glare screen to minimize glare. for every 20 minutes you are on the computer, look into the distance for 20 seconds to rest your eyes, and also rest your eyes for 15 minutes after every two hours of computer use.


slot - missing class object slot - name operation & optional new - value = > result * slot - missing ( class t ) object slot - name operation & optional new - value arguments and values : class - - - the class of object. slot - name - - - a symbol ( the name of a would - be slot ). operation - - - one of the symbols setf, slot - boundp, slot - makunbound, or slot - value. the generic function slot - missing is invoked when an attempt is made to access a slot in an object whose metaclass is standard - class and the slot of the name slot - name is not a name of a slot in that class. the default method signals an error. the generic function slot - missing is not intended to be called by programmers. programmers may write methods for it. the generic function slot - missing may be called during evaluation of slot - value, ( setf slot - value ), slot - boundp, and slot - makunbound. for each of these operations the corresponding symbol for the operation argument is slot - value, setf, slot - boundp, and slot - makunbound respectively. the optional new - value argument to slot - missing is used when the operation is attempting to set the value of the slot. if slot - missing returns, its values will be treated as follows : affected by : none. the default method on slot - missing signals an error of type error. defclass, slot - exists - p, slot - value the set of arguments ( including the class of the instance ) facilitates defining methods on the metaclass for slot - missing.


to link to this article, copy this persistent link : ( jul 02, 2008 ) twenty - eight years after acceding to the united nations convention on refugees, on june 5, 2008, nicaragua approved the law on protection of refugees. the legislature passed the law by a nearly unanimous vote. the law mandates the creation of a national commission for refugees ( conar ), which will be in charge of studying each application and granting the status of " refugee " to those persons it considers meet the legal requirements. the representative of the united nations high commissioner for refugees for mexico, central america, and the caribbean, kevin allen, stated that the new nicaraguan statute is one of the most modern in the region. he pointed out the importance for the country to finally have a legal framework regulating the status of refugees. ( ary pantoja, aprueban ley de proteccion a refugiados, el nuevo diario, june 3, 2008, available at http : / / www. elnuevodiario. com. ni. ) | author : | | norma gutierrez more by this author | | topic : | | immigration more on this topic | | jurisdiction : | | nicaragua more about this jurisdiction | search legal news find legal news by topic, country, keyword, date, or author. global legal monitor rss get the global legal monitor delivered to your inbox. sign up for rss service. the global legal monitor is an online publication from the law library of congress covering legal news and developments worldwide. it is updated frequently and draws on information from the global legal information network, official national legal publications, and reliable press sources. you can find previous news by searching the glm. last updated : 07 / 02 / 2008


( wvlt ) - - with november being diabetes awareness month, it ' s important for everyone to be aware of the risks associated with the disease and how to prevent it. type two diabetes can often be prevented with a gradual weight loss plan and proper diet. that ' s why we talked with molly gee, a registered dietitcian for education on diabetes and tips to prevent it. here are some facts and myths about the disease : myth : diabetes is not that serious of a disease and only affects a small portion of the u. s. population. fact : diabetes affects 25. 8 million americans and causes more deaths a year than breast cancer and aids combined. diabetes is the leading cause of heart disease and stroke. myth : eating too much sugar causes diabetes. fact : foods do not cause diabetes but eight in 10 people with diabetes are overweight or obese. studies have shown the benefits of weight loss for people with or at risk of developing diabetes : a slight 5 - 7 % weight loss, plus regular exercise can reduce the rate of onset of type 2 diabetes by 58 percent. gee says, " just small changes, a modest weight loss, 10 to 20 pounds which translates to about 5 to 10 % can make a real difference in controlling your diabetes and really improving your quality of life. " by providing structure around daily eating plans and controlling calorie intake, people can take better control of their diabetes and / or minimize the risks. " having a balanced diet that includes protein, whole grains, fiber is very important, and then most of my patients tell me they ' d love to do it but they run out of time and this is where portion control, calorie control is really important. monitoring their blood sugar is so important, especially when theyre trying to lose weight. i do remind my patients to check with your doctors before you start on a weight loss diet or an exercise diet, but usually monitoring it right before you go to bed or when you get up is a pretty good standard. " also, get active by starting physical activity on a gradual basis. gee says, " the weight control registry really has some clear ideas and one of course is to really keep moving. keeping with the theme of small steps, just starting out with ten minutes a day of walking will put you on the road of good activity and working up gradually to 30 minutes. you really find that you feel better and really, physical activity helps control that blood sugar as well. " for more information on controlling diabetes, visit glucerna. com


alcohol and pregnancy the risks involved with alcohol use during pregnancy : alcohol consumption by the mother is a leading cause of preventable birth defects in the fetus and is the only cause of mental retardation that is completely preventable. everything a mother drinks also goes to the fetus. alcohol is broken down more slowly in the immature body of the fetus than in an adult ' s body. this can cause the alcohol levels to remain high and stay in the baby ' s body longer. in addition, the risk of miscarriage and stillbirth increases with alcohol consumption. even light or moderate drinking can affect the developing fetus. because no amount of alcohol is safe, the us surgeon general recommends that pregnant women avoid alcohol during pregnancy. an infant born to a mother who drinks alcohol during pregnancy can have problems included in a group of disorders called fetal alcohol spectrum disorders ( fasds ). fasds include the following : - fetal alcohol syndrome ( fas ) : these are the most severe effects that can occur when a woman drinks during pregnancy, and include fetal death. infants born with fas have abnormal facial features and growth and central nervous system ( cns ) problems, including mental retardation. - alcohol - related neurodevelopmental disorder ( arnd ) : children with arnd may not have full fas but have learning and behavioral problems due to prenatal exposure to alcohol. these problems may include mathematical difficulties, impaired memory or attention, impulse control and / or judgment problems, and poor school performance. - alcohol - related birth defects ( arbd ) : birth defects related to prenatal alcohol exposure can include abnormalities in the heart, kidneys, bones, and / or hearing. - small for gestational age at birth or small stature compared with their peers - facial abnormalities such as small eyes and thin mouth - poor physical coordination - hyperactive behaviors - learning disabilities - developmental disabilities ( e. g., speech and language delays ) - mental retardation or low iq - problems with daily living - poor reasoning and judgment skills - sleep and sucking problems in infancy there is no cure for fasds, but children who are diagnosed early and receive appropriate physical and educational interventions, especially those in a stable and nurturing home, are more likely to have better outcomes than those who are not. the information on this web page is provided for educational purposes. you understand and agree that this information is not intended to be, and should not be used as, a substitute for medical treatment by a health care professional


| back behavioral enrichment | animals have emotions and feelings. in some respects, animals have basic physical and mental health needs which are similar to our own. they include food, shelter, and in many cases, privacy for breeding as well as general peace and quiet for just doing ' their own thing '. in the wild, much of the animal ' s mental health has to do with eating, or being eaten. in the comfortable environment of a zoo, devoid of predators and competitive pressures, animals get bored easily. and boredom is a zoo animals greatest enemy, affecting both their physical and mental health. behavioral enrichment tries to evoke the natural stresses of the wild and bring out the animals natural instincts and reflexes. these techniques aim to stimulate all of the senses, mostly through the use of food and feeding styles. one enrichment technique is to suddenly change the features of an animal ' s enclosure. this adds zest to the animal ' s life as it tries to figure out what happened, and to reclaim the enclosure as its territory. in many species, especially the mammals, play is serious business. it is vital to ensure a good state of mental health in the animals. an essential element for most wild animals is competition with other species. this is the thinking that lies behind lupazoo ' s preference for mixed exhibits, displaying more than one species together. the resulting heightened alertness leads to livelier behavior.


date uploaded : november 1, 2008, 12 : 56 pm last edited : december 11, 2012, 12 : 10 am print this article article © mail user : inventor there are different ways to weave spheres in chainmaille. you can weave triangles and stitch them together or make reductions of increasing frequency to get something fairly spherical, or you can wrap a spherical object with maille. these techniques work well enough given the appropriate weave as the rings will relax into an approximately spherical shape. but what if we want to make really small spheres, or really spherical spheres? what if we want a sphere that is hollow yet solidly rigid instead of flexible? in that case we need to use the right weave, ring, and material combination, and we also need to know the exact number of rings per row that will create a true sphere. i once created a basket using the reduction method. it turned out nice and round, kind of hemispherical, but not exactly. the night after completing it, i dreamed and awoke with an epiphany! i had realized the math behind making a perfectly spherical chainmaille sphere, or at least as perfect as you can reasonably get. i owe my undergrad calculus teachers a debt of gratitude for teaching me how to set up calculus problems, because the sphere math is based on the way that you set up a spherical surface area calculation. actually you can understand it with only trigonometry, no calculus required ( whew ). the math that caused a light bulb to turn on above my head is illustrated in the figure below. i ' ll spare you the derivation details, but basically the four equations on the upper right are obtained from the drawing on the left, and when you solve them you get the equation in the box, which is repeated below : m = ( 2 * pi * r / ( kh * d ) ) * cos ( ( kv * d / r ) * n ) where the variables are : r is the radius of the sphere d is the inside diameter of the rings kh is the horizontal proportionality constant of the weave kv is the vertical proportionality constant of the weave n is the row index m is the number of rings to put on the nth row. the proportionality constants are a measure of how dense the weave is in each direction. well, technically they are inversely proportional to ring density so they are a measure of how loose the weave is. whatever. you find the proportionality constants for a given weave and ring combination by weaving


how dense the weave is in each direction. well, technically they are inversely proportional to ring density so they are a measure of how loose the weave is. whatever. you find the proportionality constants for a given weave and ring combination by weaving a rectangular patch and then calculating how much of an inside diameter each ring spans. so the simplest possible weave, ordinary chain link, has a proportionality constant of exactly 1 because each ring spans one inside diameter. for a more practical explanation, let ' s say you are using 1 inch rings ( for simplicity ' s sake ) and you observe that it takes 20 rings to span 10 inches. then your proportionality constant would be ( 10 " / 1 " ) / ( 20 rings ) which equals 0. 5. clear as mud? good. for an example we will use kingsmaille ( european 8 in 2 ) with 14 ga 3 / 8 " rings. because we are working with kingsmaille, which is a double weave, we will call each double ring of the kingsmaille a pair and do all our calculations in terms of pairs, not rings. otherwise it gets even more confusing than it already is, sheesh! i have experimentally determined the values of kh = 0. 74 and kv = 0. 895 for this weave. we will make a three inch diameter sphere, so r = 1. 5 ". the inside diameter of the rings, d, is 3 / 8 ". plugging these into the equation we get : m = 34 * cos ( n / 4. 5 ) we start with the equator at n = 0 and calculate m which is the number of pairs to weave into the equator. then we increment n to 1 and solve for the number of pairs to weave into the rows that are adjacent to the equator. then we do n = 2, and so on until we get either zero or a negative number at which point we stop and discard that last value of m because it is non - physical. if we were to solve for theta and plug in those values of n, we would find that m = 0 corresponds to theta equal to exactly 90 degrees, and negative values of m correspond to theta greater than 90 degrees. we are only interested in the region of theta from 0 to 90 degrees. the table for this example is shown below : 0 | 34 1 | 33 2 | 31 3 | 27 4 | 21 5 | 15 6 | 8 7 | 1 this means that we will make a sphere starting at the equator with


to 90 degrees. the table for this example is shown below : 0 | 34 1 | 33 2 | 31 3 | 27 4 | 21 5 | 15 6 | 8 7 | 1 this means that we will make a sphere starting at the equator with 34 pairs, then weave rows above and below the equator that get smaller and smaller until we reach row 7 with 1 pair. that 7th row presents us with a problem : how is a row with only one pair going to look? it would be kinda weird to just have two rings on a row at each pole of the sphere. the solution is to adjust the radius of the sphere to a slightly smaller value than 1. 5, say 1. 45 for example. then we get six pairs on the row six and a negative value for row 7. this will leave us with a circle of rings with a small hole at the poles of the sphere, and due to the tightness of the weave the rings will hold each other in place without the need for a specially sized ring to gather them together. i find that to be kinda kewl that it works out that way. a sphere similar to the example sphere is shown below : obviously the sphere will have an odd number of rows. there is a different form of the equation for making a slight variation on the theme, spheres that have an even number of rows such that the equator actually lies on the joining boundary between two rows instead of the center of the largest row. the equation for a sphere with an even number of rows is : m = ( 2 * pi * r / ( kh * d ) ) * cos ( ( kv * d / r ) * ( 2n + 1 ) / 2 ) where you begin with n = 0 as before, but n = 0 corresponds to the two rows that surround the equator. really, though, you wouldn ' t want to make a sphere with an even number of rows unless you had a special reason to do so. that ' s because for a european weave sphere, an odd number of rows allows you to weave the first three rows all at once using the ordinary way of starting a european weave. after that it ' s pretty much going to be oraat ( one ring at a time ), unfortunately. i suppose in special cases if you got to where you were mass - producing a specific sphere design, you could slip in some closed rings at the right locations between reductions, but aside from that it ' s oraat for spheres. there are some details about the weaving technique that


you got to where you were mass - producing a specific sphere design, you could slip in some closed rings at the right locations between reductions, but aside from that it ' s oraat for spheres. there are some details about the weaving technique that will help you make the most spherical sphere possible. these suggestions will help smooth out irregularities in the spherical surface. if you follow these instructions you will be learning from the mistakes of others, namely me, which will reduce the possibility of creating a useless jumble of rings instead of a spherical sphere. first, you should space the reductions out as evenly as you can around the row. second, you should arrange the reductions so that they do not line up on adjacent rows. in fact, it ' s best if they do not line up on the row after that either. note that you can make slight adjustments to the sphere radius in the equation to create a rings per row table that works out better. for example, if you have three reductions on a row and five reductions on the next row, that is not very good because they are both prime numbers and therefore have no common factors. in other words, an equilateral triangle and a pentagon do not line up elegantly if you are trying to prevent their vertices from overlapping. better would be a situation where you have three reductions on a row and six reductions on the next row because three divides into six and that means that things can line up nicely without overlapping reductions. you can also " cheat " to make your rings per row table work out nicely by changing the number of rings on one or more of the rows. although it is not mathematically kosher to add or subtract a ring or two on any given row, you may find that the overall roundness of the sphere is enhanced by doing this. it is especially useful for weaving really small spheres of very few rings. in any case, having things line up nicely is a lot easier when it comes to counting out ring positions and such. it is possible to find spherical spheres with rings per row such that all of the reductions line up nicely like this, but that is rare. try to at least get the poles of the sphere to line up well since you have less room to space out the reductions there. also, when working with kingsmaille, it is ideal for the last row to have half of the ring pairs as the next - to - last row, and avoid spheres with very low ring count in the last row. third, with a kingsmaille sphere you make


kingsmaille, it is ideal for the last row to have half of the ring pairs as the next - to - last row, and avoid spheres with very low ring count in the last row. third, with a kingsmaille sphere you make the reductions by putting a single ring in place of a pair in two adjacent pair positions, or in other words you space the reduction over two adjacent pairs. if you make your reductions by removing a whole pair then you may have trouble getting the rings in the next row to span the gap properly, or at least i did. fourth, when you get to the final row or the final few rows at the poles of a kinsmaille sphere, you can spread out the pairs into twice as many single rings. if you look closely at the photos you will see the last row is woven with individual rings instead of more sparsely positioned ring pairs. unless you have a huge sphere, there is typically a large number of reductions relative to the number of rings on the last row, so you can do that and it works out well. oh, one more trick : for a european weave such as kingsmaille, start by weaving a band with the number of pairs in the equator, then * remove * rings to form the reductions on the rows adjacent to the equator. if you don ' t do it that way you ' ll probably get a tangled mess like i did until i figured that trick out. along the same lines, you may find it easier to remove those row 1 reduction rings on one side only, add row 2 on that side, then remove the reduction rings on the other side and finally add row 2 to the second side. this way the reduction rings of row 1 help to hold the equator together while you weave row 2 and this prevents unwanted twisting of the equator at the reduction sites. also, unless you are making a hemisphere, i recommend weaving equally in both directions as you move away from the equator. that is, weave the equator and its adjacent rows as a band first, then weave row 2 on both sides of the band before moving on to row 3. this way you will have your reduction spacing fresh in memory and you can make both hemispheres precise mirror images of each other. this also helps the rings relax into the correct positions relative to each other so you get a sphere, not an egg. to further help the rings relax into position, smoosh the work around a bit after adding each row. in addition to causing the rings to equalize in position, smooshing


to each other so you get a sphere, not an egg. to further help the rings relax into position, smoosh the work around a bit after adding each row. in addition to causing the rings to equalize in position, smooshing or rolling or squeezing the band is a nice relaxing thing to do in between all that tedious weaving - it ' s very tactile, like squeezing a stress reliever ball. wait, there ' s one more tip. you may find that using tie wraps to mark the reduction locations is very helpful. that way you only have to count once, not repeatedly count as you go along. this also reduces annoying mistakes, which minimizes the chance that you will throw the dang thing across the room in frustration! i save my bread tie - wraps for this purpose, didn ' t you always wonder what you could do with those things besides throw them away? at this time the only weave and ring combination that i have discovered to work is kingsmaille with 14 ga 3 / 8 " rings, and i have had success with both aluminum and bronze. you can also mix aluminum and bronze on the same sphere. materials with more springback may not work. i tried 12 ga 1 / 2 " rings but that made a loose sphere that collapsed into a pumpkin shape. an even worse mistake in a european 6 - in - 1 attempt made such a loose, flexible sphere that i just left one end off and declared it to be a small spherical bag. my suggestion for experimenting with new weave and ring size / material combinations for spherical spheres is to select combinations that produce a semi - rigid sheet. too loose and you get a bag, too rigid and your sphere will become too tight to weave at some point and you will end up with something akin to a bracelet. of course, you might actually * want * a spherical bag or a spherically shaped rigid bracelet, in which case i say go for it! if you really want to discover new spherical sphere weave / ring combinations, i suppose you could start by weaving a rectangle of the known good combination ( kingsmaille with 14 ga 3 / 8 " rings ). then you can make rectangles of proposed choices and compare them in terms of flexibility. after all, you ' re going to need a small patch anyway to measure for the values of the horizontal and vertical proportionality constants. ( shouldn ' t you be able to base good combinations for the same weave off of the ar? that is, use the ar of your 14 ga


need a small patch anyway to measure for the values of the horizontal and vertical proportionality constants. ( shouldn ' t you be able to base good combinations for the same weave off of the ar? that is, use the ar of your 14 ga 3 / 8 " rings to find other kingsmaille combos - - ed. ) in my early attempts i made just tiny patches to estimate the constants, then jumped ahead into making the spheres. this didn ' t work out all that well because the constants were not accurate since they were measured from too small a patch ( or just guesstimated, yikes! ), and also because i had no feel for the flexibility of the weave in sheet form compared to the known good weave / ring combination. so once again i suggest that you learn from my mistakes and make patches with about 50 or 100 rings first - save yourself the grief of weaving failed spheres! the spherical derivation assumes a constant radius and a row slope with a tangent that passes through the origin, but you can break those rules if you want. if you can mathematically describe another shape in spherical or cylindrical coordinates such as an egg or an ellipse, or a ming dynasty vase, then you can derive a mathematical expression that tells you exactly how many rings per row to weave in order to create that shape. in my case, college was about 20 years ago and i have forgotten most of the math that i used to know, so i will leave that exercise to the more mathematically inclined among us. also, i imagine that you may not need to describe the entire shape mathematically, just each row. for example you could draw a cross - section of a vase and measure the radius at each row height with a ruler, then calculate the rings per row from that by multiplying by 2 * pi and dividing by kh * d. for this approach to work, you would have to account for sloped rows not having the full row height because they are leaning to one side or the other. that could be done by simply breaking up the curve into equal line segments of the appropriate length for the proportionality constant that you are using. for example draw your cross - section with line segments equal to the vertical proportionality constant times the inside diameter of your rings. that way you get both the horizontal * and * the vertical measurements correct. now i really should stop there, but i ' ll go just one step further. if we abandon the cylindrical symmetry altogether, we could possibly create a way to describe just


. that way you get both the horizontal * and * the vertical measurements correct. now i really should stop there, but i ' ll go just one step further. if we abandon the cylindrical symmetry altogether, we could possibly create a way to describe just about * any * contoured shape we want. it might be practical to do the shape of a person ' s head with nose, eyes, mouth, chin, hair, etc. all described as a very complicated set of reductions. a wide variety of sculpture could be created in rigid sheet maille using this method. in fact, i believe that someone with enough education and programming skill could turn any arbitrary mesh description of a surface into chainmaille form. i ' ll leave that epiphany to someone else though, just doing spheres was challenging enough for me! you can make really round, rigid - shell, spherical spheres with a little math and a lot of patience by following the instructions in this article. the technique works well even for small spheres that cannot be made with other techniques such as weaving triangular sections together. there are many suggested tricks and techniques for ensuring that your spheres turn out well and don ' t end up as unfinished lumps of rings. so far the trusted weave is kingsmaille with 14 ga 3 / 8 " aluminum or bronze rings, but you should be able to utilize your personal mailling wisdom to create spheres of other weaves, ring sizes, and materials. also, it should be possible to create non - spherical objects such as eggs, ellipses, and vases by using math and / or drawing it out on paper. be creative, have fun, and don ' t weave too much or you ' ll start dreaming about the intricate dance of math and rings like i did! enjoy your sphere - weaving adventure! original url : http : / / www. mailleartisans. org / articles / articledisplay. php? key = 507


10 times as many prostate cancers in 2021? managed care may 2011. ©medimedia usa canadian researchers say there could be as many as 267, 329 new cases of prostate cancer diagnosed each year by 2021. that would be 10 times as many as in 2009 ( 25, 355 cases ). researchers in the department of radiation oncology at the sunnybrook health sciences center at the university of toronto calculated prostate cancer cases using best -, most likely -, and worst - case scenarios. “ the trends we ’ re anticipating in canada are going to be very similar to the united states, ” says andrew loblaw, md, lead author. he ’ s a staff radiation oncologist and clinician scientist at the center. “ for clinical executives, this would mean about 650, 000 men diagnosed in the united states. so there ’ s going to be the need for increased capacity to diagnose these men. you ’ re going to need better quality in active surveillance. you ’ re going to have to increase your treatment capacity — both surgery and radiation. and lastly, it ’ s about cost. both countries are struggling to effectively manage those health care dollars, ” he says. the four factors likely to affect the incidence of prostate cancer are an increase in the aging population, increased prevalence of psa screening, lowered psa cutoff to recommend biopsy, and improved sensitivity to prostate biopsy. of the four factors, the aging population and the possible lowering of the psa threshold before biopsy are expected to be the major influencers in new cases. the u. s. centers for disease control and prevention makes no such predictions. jun li, md, phd, mph, an epidemiologist at the cdc, says the latest data available for prostate cancer incidence are from 2006. the agency reports that the incidence of prostate cancer has decreased significantly, by 2. 4 percent per year from 2000 to 2006. with better screening, physicians are better equipped at finding prostate cancer earlier, and plotting an effective treatment plan. loblaw points out that the “ men who died this year from prostate cancer were diagnosed 17 years ago. and those men who are diagnosed today are going to have markedly different treatments, so these men will have different mortality rates 17 years from now. ” source : quon h, loblaw a, nam r. dramatic increase in prostate cancer cases by 2021. bjui. apr 20. doi : 10. 1111 / j. 1464 - 410x. 2011. 10197. x. [


- join over 1. 2 million students every month - accelerate your learning by 29 % - unlimited access for just £4. 99 per month comparing ' cousin kate ' and ' the seduction ', two poems about pregnancy. the first 200 words of this essay... gcse comparative poetry essay the genre of both the poems are about pregnancy, fathering and how pregnancy has effected the lives of virtuous, innocent young women. the main difference between the two poems is that the first one called ' cousin kate ' is set in the past, around the 1914 ' s, while the other one called ' the seduction ' is more modern. this is because of the language used and how the words use syntax. " not mindful i was fair. " " she had met him at the party " the first line was taken from the poem called " cousin kate " while the other one was taken from " the seduction " poem. the sentence structure of the first line has been changed around because, if it were written as a sentence than the poem would not sound correct because the number of syllables would not match the line before or after it. ( i was not mindful, i was fair ). if the second half of the line was not there ( i was fair ) the sentence would not make sense because the reader would not know what the writer is talking about as there is no first, second or third person narrative found what you ' re looking for? - start learning 29 % faster today - over 150, 000 essays available - just £4. 99 a month not the one? we have 100 ' s more comparisons ( view all ) - gcse english spec b - war poetry - still i rise and mid term break analysis - poetry analysis - comparing ozymandias to khubla khan - am going to look at four poem ; hitcher ( simon armitage ) ; my... - london 1802 by william wordsworth ode to a nightingale by jo... - how does john donne and emily dickinson portrays the theme o... - compare and contrast the presentation of seduction in marve... - how have emotional voices in romeo and juliet and the labora... - compare and contrast how blake and wordsworth depict london - compare and contrast the poem " father and son " by... " " yoel lax. religious studies. gcse student. " " m singh. english. a level student.


each school system is required by the code of maryland regulations to provide school psychological services. ( comar 13a. 05. 05. 04. 04 ) the school psychology program is a comprehensive continuum of services and activities based on psychological principles. the goal of the program is to prevent or remediate educational, emotional, or behavioral problems by identifying, analyzing, and reporting psychoeducational needs through consultation, observation, or through psychological and educational assessment. comprehensive school psychological services are comprised of diverse activities in concert with the activities of teachers, administrators, school counselors, and other school staff. these activities complement each other and are most accurately viewed as being coordinated rather than as separate services. the continuum of services and activities include but are not limited to ; q consultation - - meeting with school staff and parents on issues involving psychological principles related to curriculum development, learning, and student development. q psychological counseling — providing individual or group evidence - based interventions with students or parents. q psychological assessments — the process of obtaining data about an individual student in accordance with acceptable, valid practices with the purpose of identifying factors that may impact on a student ’ s ability to learn or function in a school setting. q professional development — provide training for school staff and parents to enhance their capacity to implement strategies and create learning environments that maximize the ability of students to learn in school. q program development — assist school systems in implementing innovative practices such as instructional consultation and positive behavioral interventions and supports. the school psychology specialist at the maryland state department of education assists the local school systems in promoting students ' learning and mental health, and developing the skills of school psychologists across the state through technical support and consultation.


at the bottom of the code page is a text area where you can enter the url for a web accessible dataset and a browse button for selecting a dataset on your computer. either way, the dataset will be read in using read. table with header = t and stored in a dataframe called x. the dataframe, x, will then be attached so you can use the variable names. after your code has be executed three more browser windows will open to display the results. once all of the window are open you can keep typing code into the code window, edit what ' s there, or erase everything and start over. you can cut and paste between an editor window and the code window. you can also cut text or images out of the rweb windows and paste them into documents ( if the document editor supports pasting images ). here is some r code you can use to test things out. # a little regression x < - rnorm ( 100 ) # 100 random numbers from a normal ( 0, 1 ) distribution y < - exp ( x ) + rnorm ( 100 ) # an exponential function with error result < - lsfit ( x, y ) # regress x on y and store the results ls. print ( result ) # print the regression results plot ( x, y ) # pretty obvious what this does abline ( result ) # add the regression line to the plot lines ( lowess ( x, y ), col = 2 ) # add a nonparametric regression line ( a smoother ) hist ( result $ residuals ) # histogram of the residuals from the regression # # boxplots n < - 10 g < - gl ( n, 100, n * 100 ) x < - rnorm ( n * 100 ) + sqrt ( codes ( g ) ) boxplot ( split ( x, g ), col = " lavender ", notch = true ) # scatter plot matrix data ( " iris " ) pairs ( iris [ 1 : 4 ], main = " edgar anderson ' s iris data ", font. main = 4, pch = 19 ) pairs ( iris [ 1 : 4 ], main = " edgar anderson ' s iris data ", pch = 21, bg = c ( " red ", " green3 ", " blue " ) [ codes ( iris $ species ) ] ) # coplots data ( quakes ) coplot ( long ~ lat


", pch = 21, bg = c ( " red ", " green3 ", " blue " ) [ codes ( iris $ species ) ] ) # coplots data ( quakes ) coplot ( long ~ lat | depth, data = quakes, pch = 21, bg = " green3 " ) # image and contour plots ( these are owww - ahhh plots ) opar < - par ( ask = interactive ( ) & &. device = = " x11 " ) data ( volcano ) x < - 10 * ( 1 : nrow ( volcano ) ) x. at < - seq ( 100, 800, by = 100 ) y < - 10 * ( 1 : ncol ( volcano ) ) y. at < - seq ( 100, 600, by = 100 ) image ( x, y, volcano, col = terrain. colors ( 100 ), axes = false ) rx < - range ( x < - 10 * 1 : nrow ( volcano ) ) ry < - range ( y < - 10 * 1 : ncol ( volcano ) ) ry < - ry + c ( - 1, 1 ) * ( diff ( rx ) - diff ( ry ) ) / 2 tcol < - terrain. colors ( 12 ) par ( opar ) ; par ( mfrow = c ( 1, 1 ) ) ; opar < - par ( pty = " s ", bg = " lightcyan " ) plot ( x = 0, y = 0, type = " n ", xlim = rx, ylim = ry, xlab = " ", ylab = " " ) u < - par ( " usr " ) rect ( u, u, u, u, col = tcol, border = " red " ) contour ( x, y, volcano, col = tcol, lty = " solid ", add = true ) title ( " a topographic map of maunga whau ", font = 4 ) abline ( h = 200 * 0 : 4, v = 200 * 0 : 4, col = " lightgray ", lty = 2, lwd = 0. 1 ) par ( opar )


originally posted by chris f early america school system ( after the war about the time of jefferson ) actually took only the best of the best and the others were required to become trade apprentices. so preachers, doctors, lawyers were hand picked and the rest were sent to shop class. just imagine if we did that today. kids who were bright and could excel were pushed. kids who were kardashians were sent to learn a career. the public school system today is severely flawed. this is why other countries beat us in science, math, etc etc. i believe most kids in those days were home - schooled as well, not processed through a government - run public school system like cattle. ben franklin was also a self - taught writer. so there is something to be said for ambition. i think parents need to instill in their kids an intrinsic motivation for achievement. simply upping the pay scale of certain jobs only creates extrinsic motivation. for those who might not be familiar with the differences. when someone is extrinsically motivated to do something, then they are only doing it to receive some kind of external reward ( like a big paycheck ). when they are intrinsically motivated, they do it because they love it and the satisfaction they get from the action itself is all the reward they need.


this article is - freely available epidemiology, molecular epidemiology and evolution of bovine respiratory syncytial virus facultad de medicina veterinaria y zootecnia, universidad nacional autonoma de mexico, circuito exterior, ciudad universitaria, delegacion coyoacan, mexico d. f. 04510, mexico consejo estatal para la prevencion y control del sida - centro ambulatorio para la prevencion y atencion del sida e its ( coesida - capasits ) oaxaca, mexico instituto de diagnostico y referencia epidemiologicos, carpio 470, col. santo tomas, mexico d. f. 11340, mexico * author to whom correspondence should be addressed. received : 29 october 2012 ; in revised form : 22 november 2012 / accepted : 23 november 2012 / published : 30 november 2012 abstract : the bovine respiratory syncytial virus ( brsv ) is an enveloped, negative sense, single - stranded rna virus belonging to the pneumovirus genus within the family paramyxoviridae. brsv has been recognized as a major cause of respiratory disease in young calves since the early 1970s. the analysis of brsv infection was originally hampered by its characteristic lability and poor growth in vitro. however, the advent of numerous immunological and molecular methods has facilitated the study of brsv enormously. the knowledge gained from these studies has also provided the opportunity to develop safe, stable, attenuated virus vaccine candidates. nonetheless, many aspects of the epidemiology, molecular epidemiology and evolution of the virus are still not fully understood. the natural course of infection is rather complex and further complicates diagnosis, treatment and the implementation of preventive measures aimed to control the disease. therefore, understanding the mechanisms by which brsv is able to establish infection is needed to prevent viral and disease spread. this review discusses important information regarding the epidemiology and molecular epidemiology of brsv worldwide, and it highlights the importance of viral evolution in virus transmission. keywords : brsv ; global distribution ; genotypes ; evolution article statisticsclick here to load and display the download statistics. notes : multiple requests from the same ip address are counted as one view. cite this article mdpi and acs style sarmiento - silva, r. e. ; nakamura - lopez, y. ; vaughan,


john p. cunha, do, is a u. s. board - certified emergency medicine physician. dr. cunha ' s educational background includes a bs in biology from rutgers, the state university of new jersey, and a do from the kansas city university of medicine and biosciences in kansas city, mo. he completed residency training in emergency medicine at newark beth israel medical center in newark, new jersey. melissa conrad stoppler, md, is a u. s. board - certified anatomic pathologist with subspecialty training in the fields of experimental and molecular pathology. dr. stoppler ' s educational background includes a ba with highest distinction from the university of virginia and an md from the university of north carolina. she completed residency training in anatomic pathology at georgetown university followed by subspecialty fellowship training in molecular diagnostics and experimental pathology. photosensitivity ( or sun sensitivity ) is inflammation of the skin induced by the combination of sunlight and certain medications or substances. this causes redness ( erythema ) of the skin and may look similar to sunburn. both the photosensitizing medication or chemical and light source have to be present in order for a photosensitivity reaction to occur. generally, these reactions can be divided into two mechanisms, 1 ) phototoxic reactions and 2 ) photoallergic reactions. phototoxic drugs are much more common than photoallergic drugs. what is the difference between a photoallergic and a phototoxic reaction? in phototoxic reactions, the drug may become activated by exposure to sunlight and cause damage to the skin. the skin ' s appearance resembles sunburn, and the process is generally acute ( has a fast onset ). ultraviolet a ( uva ) radiation is most commonly associated with phototoxicity, but ultraviolet b ( uvb ) and visible light may also contribute to this reaction. rash from a phototoxic reaction is mainly confined to the sun - exposed area of the skin. a phototoxic reaction typically clears up once the drug is discontinued and has been cleared from the body, even after re - exposure to light. in photoallergic reactions, the ultraviolet exposure changes the structure of the drug so that is seen by the body ' s immune system as an invader ( antigen ). the immune system initiates an allergic response and cause inflammation of the skin in the sun - exposed areas. these usually resemble eczema and are generally chronic


so that is seen by the body ' s immune system as an invader ( antigen ). the immune system initiates an allergic response and cause inflammation of the skin in the sun - exposed areas. these usually resemble eczema and are generally chronic ( long - lasting ). many drugs in this family are topical drugs. this type of photosensitivity may recur after sun exposure even after the drug has cleared from the system and can sometimes spread to areas of the skin unexposed to the sun. reviewed by melissa conrad stoppler, md on 7 / 18 / 2012 medical author : melissa conrad stoppler, md k. hecht, phd most people are understandably confused when it comes to choosing a sunscreen because of the baffling array of available choices. common questions about how high should the spf be? should it block uva or uvb? does it matter whether it is a gel, cream, or spray? should it be water - resistant or waterproof? spf stands for sun protection the spf numbers on a product can range from as low as 2 to as high as 60. these numbers refer to the product ' s ability to screen or block out the sun ' s burning rays. the spf rating is calculated by comparing the amount of time needed to produce sunburnon protected skin to the amount of time needed to cause a sunburn on unprotected skin. the higher the spf, the greater the sun protection.


maternal and child health : delivering a better life over half a million women die in pregnancy and childbirth every year - that ' s one death every minute. the child left behind is then 4 times more likely to die prematurely. of these deaths, 99 per cent are in developing countries. as global students we have the duty to lead a legacy of change and to influence the environment and political decisions that have permitted these vast inequities. open letter : universal healthcare & the post 2015 development agenda the lifetime risk of dying in pregnancy and childbirth in africa is 1 in 22, while it is 1 in 120 in asia and 1 in 7, 300 in developed countries. shockingly this is not the complete picture ; most deaths in rural areas are not recorded, with many women buried without trace. the tragedy is that the majority are preventable deaths. join us in signing this letter to call for universal healthcare to be a core component in the post - 2012 development agenda, hence progressing towards health equity in a sustainable way. the letter also points out universal healthcare will pave the way to achieving millennium development goals and help liberate countries ’ reliance from donor countries. david cameron and his cabinet : stop taking breakfasts away from children did you know 1 in 3 children in britain lives in poverty, in london, that ’ s 4 in 10! that is one of the highest rates in industrialised country : shocking in such a well resourced country. increasing numbers of children rely on breakfast clubs held at their schools because their parents cannot afford to provide the meal at home. many of these clubs are now under threat … a breakfast club is a safe place where children can enjoy breakfast with teachers and classmates before school, but it serves a wider purpose just providing breakfast. a study has shown that breakfast clubs are associated with sustained improvement in academic performance! unfortunately, budget cuts have led to increasing closures of breakfast clubs across the country despite best efforts from charity groups ( and even teachers paying out of their own pockets ) ; schools just simply cannot afford to sustain these clubs. subsequently, children from this vulnerable group are stuck in a vicious cycle of low concentration, behaviour problems, and low attainment. this is a problem with a solution! in march 2010, the child poverty act came into force, which requires the secretary of state to consider which groups of children in the uk are disproportionately affected by socio - economic disadvantage, and to consider the likely impact of government policy on children in these groups. this gives legal force to the previous government ’ s commitment to era


consider which groups of children in the uk are disproportionately affected by socio - economic disadvantage, and to consider the likely impact of government policy on children in these groups. this gives legal force to the previous government ’ s commitment to eradicate child poverty by 2020 and will compel successive governments to account for what they are doing to achieve that goal. breakfast clubs are just the tip of the iceberg on how current policies are affective children in poverty. sign the petition on change. org to speak up for this vulnerable group and to make changes happen for the better for these children. check out the girl effect. the girl effect is about girls. and boys. and moms and dads and villages and towns and countries. girls living in poverty are uniquely capable of creating a better future. but when a girl reaches adolescence, she comes to a cross roads. follow the campaign at girleffect. org resources to help you integrate teaching on women ' s health in a global context into your university curriculums. if you are interested in learning more, raising awareness and campaigning on maternal and child health issues such as preventing premature births, female genital mutilation, mother - to - child transmission of hiv, malnutrition and many other problems so many mothers and children face around the world, then please join the new maternal and child health national working group! contact firstname. lastname @ example. org to get involved


osteomalacia has a pathogenesis similar to that of rickets but it is seen in mature bones. because bones mature at different rates, both rickets and osteomalacia can be seen in the same animal. osteomalacia is characterized by an accumulation of excessive unmineralized osteoid on trabecular surfaces. affected animals are unthrifty and may exhibit pica. nonspecific shifting lamenesses are common. fractures can be seen, especially in the ribs, pelvis, and long bones. spinal deformation such as lordosis or kyphosis may be seen. in horses, nutritional osteodystrophy is known as bran disease, miller ' s disease, and “ big head. ” the diet of pampered horses is often too high in grains and low in forage ; such a diet is high in phosphorus and low in calcium. many of the obscure lamenesses of horses have been attributed to nutritional osteodystrophy. the pathologic changes are similar to those in other species, with the provisos that the bones of the head are particularly affected in severe cases and that gross or microscopic fractures of subchondral bone ( with consequent degeneration of articular cartilage and tearing of ligaments from periosteal attachments ) are dominant clinical signs. unilateral facial deformity due to secondary ( nutritional ) hypoparathyroidism has been reported in a 1 - yr - old filly. nutritional osteodystrophy can occur in cattle grazing on arid, infertile soils deficient in phosphorus if they are not given adequate mineral supplementation. affected animals are unthrifty and have a rough hair coat. weight loss, shifting limb lameness, limb deformities, and spontaneous fractures are the most common clinical findings. pica may predispose affected animals to esophageal obstruction, reticuloperitonitis, botulism, or other intoxications. to establish a firm diagnosis, the diet should be evaluated for calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin d content. there is radiographic evidence of generalized skeletal demineralization, loss of lamina dura dentes, subperiosteal cortical bone resorption, bowing deformities, and multiple folding fractures of long bones due to intense localized osteoclast proliferation. levels of hydroxyproline, an amino acid released into


, subperiosteal cortical bone resorption, bowing deformities, and multiple folding fractures of long bones due to intense localized osteoclast proliferation. levels of hydroxyproline, an amino acid released into blood during bone mineralization, can be determined to assess the extent of ongoing bone mobilization. if dietary calcium and phosphorus content cannot readily be determined ( eg, in grazing animals ), soil or fecal samples can be analyzed as crude proxies for dietary intake of these minerals. laboratory values used to assess renal function should be within normal limits in animals with nutritional osteodystrophy. affected animals should be confined for several weeks after initiation of the supplemental diet. response to therapy is rapid ; within 1 wk the animals become more active, and their attitude improves. jumping or climbing must be prevented because the skeleton is still susceptible to fractures. restrictions can be lessened after 3 wk, but confinement with limited movement is indicated until the skeleton returns to normal ( response to treatment should be monitored radiographically ). complete recovery can be achieved within months in animals with no or only minor limb and joint deformities. last full review / revision march 2012 by walter gruenberg, drmedvet, ms, phd, decar, decbhm


during the fall campaign, california ' s attention was focused on the presidential race and gov. jerry brown ' s tax measure. but in a historic, largely overlooked environmental shift, the state ' s voters also triggered a multibillion - dollar tidal wave of new green spending. by overwhelmingly passing proposition 39, voters closed a tax loophole on out - of - state corporations that will generate $ 1. 1 billion a year. but the measure, buried in a crowded ballot, also required that half of that money fund projects to install new windows, better insulation, modern lighting and more efficient heating and air conditioning at thousands of public schools and other government buildings over the next five years. that windfall, roughly $ 550 million a year, or $ 2. 75 billion before it sunsets in 2018, dwarfs anything that california or any other state has ever spent on energy efficiency for public buildings. the new program is on par with the $ 3 billion that voters approved in 2004 for stem cell research and the $ 3. 3 billion that former gov. arnold schwarzenegger committed to his " million solar roofs " plan in 2006. critics worry, however, that lawmakers will fritter the proposition 39 money away because they have too much power to decide the details. while not as flashy as money for solar or wind projects, many experts say such seemingly routine changes as weatherizing buildings and replacing leaky windows is actually one of the cheapest ways to " if we do this well and people see it as money well spent, as an investment that should be mimicked in the private sector, then this could really be a very big deal, " said tom steyer, a san francisco financier who spent $ 32 million bankrolling proposition 39. u. s. schools spend $ 8 billion a year on energy bills. if those were cut 25 percent, it would save $ 2 billion, enough to buy 40 million new textbooks. steyer sees that as easy money for cash - strapped schools, and views his ballot measure as a demonstration project for other property owners. a 55 - year - old stanford mba with a net worth of $ 1. 3 billion, steyer cofounded farallon capital management in 1986 and built the company into the world ' s 17th largest hedge fund. in 2010, he funded a large part of the campaign to defeat a ballot measure by texas oil companies that would have suspended california ' s global warming law. his latest campaign is energy efficiency. one of steyer ' s favorite examples is the empire state building.


, he funded a large part of the campaign to defeat a ballot measure by texas oil companies that would have suspended california ' s global warming law. his latest campaign is energy efficiency. one of steyer ' s favorite examples is the empire state building. two years ago, a sunnyvale company, serious materials, replaced all 6, 500 windows on the new york city landmark. it was part of a $ 13. 2 million upgrade with new insulation, lighting and ventilation, which the building ' s owners calculate will cut energy costs 38 percent and pay for itself in three years. " people in the public sector often confuse expenditures and investments, " steyer said. " if you go out to dinner that ' s an expenditure. if you send your kid to college, that ' s an investment. if this money is used wisely, we will get multiples of it back in savings down the road that can be used for schools. " all the new money has some sacramento observers nervous, however. " look at the high - speed rail authority, the stem cell money, the tobacco tax funds and the state recycling fund, " said jon coupal, president of the howard jarvis taxpayers association. " there have been slush funds and corruption in all of them. we have very little confidence this money will be spent effectively unless there is a sea change in sacramento. " proposition 39 does not spell out in much detail where the $ 550 million a year should be spent. it says the money should pay to retrofit schools, colleges, universities and other public buildings ; it can also be used to fund job - training programs in energy efficiency - - and incentives to put solar panels on homes. joe caves, a longtime environmental lobbyist who wrote the measure, said the lack of specifics is on purpose. the measure notes that the legislature must appropriate the money, which means next year lawmakers will pass a bill to create new programs in one or more agencies like the state department of education or the california energy commission, he said. those agencies will set up grant programs for school districts and other local governments to compete for the money. " it ' s got to go through existing public agencies, and the projects have to be evaluated as cost effective, " caves said. " it ' s not like legislators are going to be able to say, ' i want $ 100, 000 to go this project or $ 50, 000 to that one. ' and they can ' t make the grants to private businesses. we built in a lot of controls. " the


going to be able to say, ' i want $ 100, 000 to go this project or $ 50, 000 to that one. ' and they can ' t make the grants to private businesses. we built in a lot of controls. " the measure also creates a new nine - member oversight committee of engineers, architects and economists to commission yearly audits and post the results online. for now, steyer said, he ' d like to see much of the money go to schools. " when you drive around california and look at the physical condition of some of the schools, it can be a little shocking, don ' t you think? " he said. as soon as next week, state sen. kevin de leon, d - los angeles, will introduce a bill to spell out how to spend the money. de leon said he would like to see most of it go to schools, with strict criteria, such as ranking schools by kilowatt hours of electricity used. " it ' s not going to be a program of pork, " he said. " we are going to go to schools of highest need, schools that don ' t have the resources to move forward with energy - efficiency projects, and do the work there and create jobs. " de leon said that for roughly $ 500, 000 each, crews could retrofit half of california ' s 10, 000 public schools using proposition 39 money. for that amount, they could replace windows, boost insulation, and fix leaks and lighting. in some cases, they could upgrade heating and cooling systems. a study last year by the epa found that public schools can easily save 20 to 40 percent on utility bills - - which run in the tens of thousands of dollars a year - - through simple energy - efficiency work. since 2009, the california energy commission has doled out $ 132 million to retrofit public buildings. but much of that came from federal stimulus dollars that have now run out. there are success stories : the sacramento city unified school district, for example, replaced lighting, put in led exit signs and made other upgrades, saving the average high school $ 53, 000 a year, with a payback of seven years. one of the state ' s top energy experts, stanford university engineering professor jim sweeney, said he ' s watching the rollout carefully. " fixing insulation and leaky windows isn ' t as sexy as saying, ' look at our new solar installation, ' " he said. " but for every $ 1 spent you will save more on energy efficiency than a


mit team finds that the ratio of component atoms is vital to performance. there are many ways to define power, but manuel castells, distinguished visiting professor of technology and society, defines power as the ability to make people think the way you want them to think - - or to convince those who disagree that they can ' t do anything about it. " the battle ( for power ) is in the people ' s minds, " said castells, communication professor at the annenberg school for communication at the university of southern california, during a march 12 lecture on " communication technology, media and power, " part of the spring colloquium held by mit ' s program in science, technology and society. now, however, new information technology has shifted the battlefield, castells said. political battles have been traditionally waged in the " public space " of mass media - - television, newspapers and radio. the emergence of the internet and mobile informational technology " has reshaped the public space. " perhaps the most dramatic example of this shift is the mobile - phone video capturing sen. george allen ' s " macaca " remark. the video was widely distributed over the internet and allen was defeated, giving democrats a senate majority. but the internet is not just new technology, it ' s a new culture. italian prime minister silvio berlusconi misread that culture ; he sent a political text message just before an election to 30 million phones, thinking the phone was " just like a tv, " castells said. italians, who saw the phone as a personal device, thought otherwise, and berlusconi went down in defeat. " throughout history, communication and information are fundamental sources of power and counterpower in our societies - - of both domination and social change, " castells said. everything " depends on how people think and what they believe in. " that does not mean power is in the hands of the media. mass media is constrained by market forces ( " they must win an audience " ) and journalists ' own ethics. but mass media " constitutes the space where power is decided, " castells said. and " what is not in the mass media does not exist. " thus " a political message is necessarily a media message, " castells said. furthermore, the " most powerful message is a simple message attached to an image. " and that image is often a face. " people vote for faces. " indeed, character assassination has become a primary political tool all over the world ; with no scarcity


, the " most powerful message is a simple message attached to an image. " and that image is often a face. " people vote for faces. " indeed, character assassination has become a primary political tool all over the world ; with no scarcity of damaging material to dig up on opponents, media politics has become scandal politics, castells said. the result is a general mistrust of all politicians. democracy " is at an historical low point, " he noted. latin americans, for example, don ' t want dictatorships, but they don ' t like what they see of western democracy. the emergence of what castells calls " mass self communication " is changing political dynamics. instead of information passing from " one to many, " it may go from " many to many " - - whether via blogs, chat forums, wikis or places like myspace. consider some statistics : there are 60 million blogs worldwide ; one is created every second and 55 percent of new bloggers are still posting after a month. two - thirds of blog posts are in non - english languages. only 9 percent of blogs are strictly political ; still, that ' s a lot of blogging, he said. also, studies indicate an interest in the internet increases political interest and activity, he said. most importantly, the internet in - creases the belief that you have power. and the belief that you have power, in castells ' formulation, constitutes real power.


about the photographer one of the pioneers of pop art, andy warhol is known for destabilizing the division between consumer culture and fine art and for undermining conventional notions of originality. iconic works such as his silkscreen reproductions of campbell ' s soup cans and sculptural replicas of retail packaging — most notably brillo boxes — adopt the mass - produced forms of consumer products in a deadpan manner. in other works, such as silkscreen paintings of legends like marilyn monroe, warhol tapped into the growing cult of celebrity. ultimately, warhol ' s expansive practice encompassed numerous artistic media and merged the roles of artist, impresario, and businessman, as the head of a studio he dubbed the factory. warhol ' s photographs were rarely exhibited during his lifetime, but the medium played a central role in his practice from early on. throughout his career he made photographs in different formats and used photographic images as the basis for other works. more generally, he drew inspiration from the mechanical qualities of the camera and the photograph ' s inherent flatness. the 156 photographs by warhol in mocp ' s collection include examples of polaroid portraits and black and white 35mm snapshots. these groups of images offer insight into the artist ' s working process and reveal his attachment to the camera as a means to create a visual diary. in the early 1960s warhol used the photomechanical silkscreen process to reproduce publicity stills of celebrities or clippings from newspapers and magazines. towards the end of the decade he grew concerned about copyright lawsuits, and began making his own photographic material. around 1970, warhol was introduced to the polaroid big shot, an instant film camera that he used thereafter as the starting point for a steady business of silkscreen commissions. with a fixed focal length and a built - in flash, the big shot was designed for portraits, framing a sitter ' s head and shoulders. warhol ' s portrait sessions were systematic and repetitive, yielding a large reserve of raw material — up to 200 images per sitting — from which warhol and his subject would select the best image for the silkscreen. he aimed to create an aura of glamour and often had his female sitters wear white make - up to cover any imperfections, a technique that yielded photographs that translated well as flattened silkscreen images. in addition to portraits, the museum holds a number of polaroids by warhol of male nudes and miscellaneous objects. in 1976 warhol was introduced to the minox 35 el, a small


yielded photographs that translated well as flattened silkscreen images. in addition to portraits, the museum holds a number of polaroids by warhol of male nudes and miscellaneous objects. in 1976 warhol was introduced to the minox 35 el, a small 35mm camera, which he began to carry with him constantly. recording his social activities, friends, and environment became a lasting obsession. for warhol these photographs were not utilitarian material for art, like his polaroids were. instead, the snapshots comprise a visual record of his life during the 1970s, illuminating the ranks of the rich and famous and publicizing his inclusion among them. warhol once claimed, " a good picture is one that ' s in focus and of a famous person doing something unfamous. " he was largely indifferent to technique, and his black and white snapshots are deliberately amateurish and sometimes banal ; it is not the image itself that sparks interest but the celebrity it depicts. selections of the images were published in three books during warhol ' s lifetime and printed in interview, the magazine he co - founded in 1969. these photographs were donated to mocp by the andy warhol photographic legacy program, which was founded by the warhol foundation in 2007 to increase public access to warhol ' s photographs. to date, over 28, 000 photographs have been distributed to university and college museums throughout the united states.