| life depends on an essentially continuous exchange of mass and energy between living organisms and their environment. human impact on this vital exchange has occurred on a global or macroclimate scale. understanding the physical principles involved in heat transfer and absorption in the atmosphere is critical to understanding how these physical factors affect living organisms. the specific objectives of this section are to explain the properties of heat transfer, and to describe laboratory activities that can be used at a variety of academic levels with only slight described below are three series of experiments performed in the laboratory to address questions that emphasize the underlying principles of heat transfer. these hands - on experiments focused on principles that relate to conduction and convection. the object was to identify the method of heat transfer through solids, liquids, gases, and between boundaries. understanding these concepts gave us a better understanding of how heat is transferred between our environment and living organisms. these experiments were used as an integral part of the workshop, which consisted of reflections on redesigning or modifying lab exercises to fit personal needs of workshop teachers. these exercises could be adapted for middle school, high school, and college level courses. the methods utilized for the three experiments involved increasing or decreasing the temperature of a solid or liquid, and where applicable, observing the motion of a dye caused by the changes in temperature and density of the medium. | modes of heat transfer : - conduction : heat transfer resulting from direct contact between substances of different temperatures ; heat is transferred from the high - temperature substance to the low by direct molecular - convection : heat transport by a moving fluid ( gas of liquid ). the heat is first transferred to the fluid by conduction, but the fluid motion carries the heat away. - radiative exchange : heat transfer via electromagnetic waves, the amount of radiant energy emitted, transmitted, or ( figure from microsoft encarta ) return to top laboratory apparatus for labs 1 - 3 | lab 1 : heating from below : convection in this experiment, water was heated from below to produce convection. although the atmosphere is composed of air, this experiment was relevant to atmospheric motion as well. the lower atmosphere ( troposphere ) is mostly heated from below because the oceans and continents absorb radiation from the sun and then transfer some of the resulting heat energy to the lower atmosphere. in lab 1, a beaker was heated ( see figure below ). thermometers were placed in 1 / 2 cm below water surface and 1 / 2 cm above the bottom of the beaker. the temperature was recorded at 30 second intervals. drops of dye were added to the bottom


( see figure below ). thermometers were placed in 1 / 2 cm below water surface and 1 / 2 cm above the bottom of the beaker. the temperature was recorded at 30 second intervals. drops of dye were added to the bottom of the beaker between intervals. after three minutes the beaker was removed from the hot plate and temperature reading recorded for another five minutes. convection was visualized by observing the motion of the the motion of the dye was circular from bottom to top and returning to the bottom of the beaker. the energy from heating created a less dense liquid at the bottom, thus causing the upward motion of the dye. upon reaching the surface, the dye was now in the denser medium and therefore returned to the bottom. this motion is an example of convection. this phenomenon is evident in the motion of wind. the difference in densities and kinetic movement of the water molecules driven by temperature change resulted in the movement of air molecules. this lab can be used at lower levels to demonstrate simple properties of heat transfer and convection. at higher levels, this lab illustrates these basic principles, and could be extended to address more complex applications related to convection such as the coriolis 1. explain the process by which the water is heated. 2. describe the motion of the water as made visible by the 3. why does convection occur? 4. did convection cease? when? why? environmental applications of principles of radiative exchange, conduction and convection ( figure from e. zerba, princeton university ; email @ example. com ) return to top | lab 2 : conduction comparison of this experiment with the first illustrated the difference between the rate of heat transfer by conduction and that of convection. it also illustrated the difference in heat capacities between water and the solid materials of the lab 2 was configured similarly to lab 1, but looked at the effect of heating and cooling temperature difference using sand of equal weight as water used in experiment 1. no dye was used in this experiment, as convection was not a the temperature difference between the top and bottom layers of sand indicated that sand heats and cools at a faster rate compared to water. when the beaker was removed from the heat, the temperature continued to increase via conduction from the bottom of the beaker. this lab exercise is useful for demonstrating the concept of conduction to lower level students. upper level students can use this lab to make the connections between conduction and heat capacity of various substances related to heat transfer that occurs between the earth ' s surfaces and the surface


exercise is useful for demonstrating the concept of conduction to lower level students. upper level students can use this lab to make the connections between conduction and heat capacity of various substances related to heat transfer that occurs between the earth ' s surfaces and the surface of living organisms. 1. is there any convection in the sand? explain. 2. why did the temperature recorded by the lower thermometer continue to rise dramatically after the heating ceased? 3. on the basis of heat capacity, explain why the temperature changes for the sand and water were different. 4. using what you have observed in the two experiments, predict whether a cold front will lower temperatures more at inland locations or on the coast. explain your answer. return to top | lab 3 : cooling from above in lakes and oceans, convection is generally the result of cooling from above rather than heating from below. this was demonstrated by adding ice to the water. using an experimental setup that allowed measurement of temperature at the top and the bottom of a beaker of water, ice was added to the top of the beaker. this experiment illustrated the concept that at 4 °c, water has higher density and sinks. convection was visualized by the movement of dye added to the bottom of the beaker which was displaced by the cooler more dense water. this lab demonstrates several physical principles associated with heat transfer, including density, kinetic molecular theory, and convection. on a larger scale, this laboratory exercise demonstrates the process by which seasonal turnovers occur in ponds and lakes. at lower levels, teachers may choose to discuss physical principles of heat transfer only, while at upper levels, teachers may choose to integrate this small - scale investigation with the study of climate processes and lake nutrient stratification and mixing. 1. why does ice float? 2. is there any evidence of convection? why does or does it not occur? 3. draw a diagram to explain how seasonal turnover occurs in a return to top to the passerine birds home


american heritage® dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - v. to affect with great wonder ; astonish. see synonyms at surprise. - v. obsolete to bewilder ; perplex. - v. to cause great wonder or astonishment : a sight that amazes. - n. amazement ; wonder. century dictionary and cyclopedia - to confound with fear, sudden surprise, or wonder ; confuse ; perplex. - to strike with astonishment, surprise, or wonder ; astonish ; surprise : as, you amaze me ; i was amazed to find him there. - synonyms surprise, astonish, etc. ( see surprise ) ; to confound, stagger, stupefy, dumfound. - to wonder ; he amazed. - n. astonishment ; confusion ; perplexity arising from fear, surprise, or wonder ; amazement : used chiefly in poetry. gnu webster ' s 1913 - v. obsolete to bewilder ; to stupefy ; to bring into a maze. - v. to confound, as by fear, wonder, extreme surprise ; to overwhelm with wonder ; to astound ; to astonish greatly. - v. archaic to be astounded. - v. chiefly poetic bewilderment, arising from fear, surprise, or wonder ; amazement. - v. be a mystery or bewildering to - v. affect with wonder - from middle english amasen ( " to bewilder, perplex " ), from old english amasian ( " to confuse, astonish " ), from a - ( perfective prefix ) + * masian ( " to confound " ) from * mæs ( " delusion, bewilderment " ), from proto - germanic * mas -, * masonan ( “ to confound, be weary, dream ” ), from proto - indo - european * ma - ( “ to stupefy ” ). akin to old norse masa ( " to struggle, be confused " ), ancient greek ματη ( mate, " folly " ), μεμαα ( memaa, " i was eager " ). more at automatic. ( wiktionary ) - from middle english masen, to bewilder, and from amased, bewildered ( from old english amasod ), both from old english amasian, to bewilder : a -, intensive pref. + *


silbury hill, wiltshire, england. after more than six years of internal wrangling, english heritage have finally, decided on the best way to fix the mighty sibury hill - britain ' s largest ancient mound, 4, 000 years old. silbury is one of britain ' s most enigmatic structures, like stonehenge, it is the only structure like it in britain and so far archaeologists have been unable to suggest a purpose for its construction during the bronze age. it is this enigmatic quality that in many ways has been its undoing ; about thirty years ago, archaeologist atkinson in conjunction with the bbc tunnelled in to the hill but failed to properly sure up the tunnels at the end of the investigation. in 2000 these tunnels started collapsing, causing the hill to subside and raising fears of a major collapse. at the time english heritage closed the hill to public access and asked for urgent funds for the hills repair. yet six years on, english heritage, have finally announced that they have chose a method and a contractor ; skanska to do the work. unfortunately, those concerned for the welbeing of the hill will still have to wait until 2007 before repairs will begin. nigel swift of campaign group heritage action commented that " the total delay will be at least eight years - 70, 000 hours. it has been estimated that a team of fifty men would have taken that long to build the entire hill and have time left for west kennet long barrow! " however, campaigners are in the main relieved that the long wait will soon be over. for more information visit heritage action ' s website www. heritageaction. org. ode to a vandalised stone in june 1996 paint was smeared over the standing stones at avebury ' s famous stone avenue. two stones were daubed with paint, one with the word ' cuckoo ' and the other almost entirely painted red and green. the attack took place during the evening on june 17 or the early hours of june 18. ten years on we remember the damage with a poem from barbara tomlinson. the henge stones ye did not noe that they could goe and nod theyr grizl ' d heads leave theyr mossie beds to whisper antient lore while the moone flees from the shore and darknesse reigns as afore. they maun ' t be seene by mortal eie ' tis death to spie but when the sunne hath his race begun they silent fale stand stille and tall agaynst the


how do i tell my kids about the shooting without scaring them too much? there are a couple of pieces [ of information ] you need to convey to kids and it ' s very different depending on the age of the kids. a 5 - or 6 - year - old needs to be reassured and told that this is something that happened, and it ' s terrible, but their parents are in charge of taking care of them and will do their best to never let anything happen to them. it ' s designed to reassure a smaller kid. rare event : an older child has a much larger understanding of this. they need to be talked to about the randomness of these events and the fact that this happened in a place that is very popular among teenagers, but could ' ve happened anywhere. it could have happened in a supermarket, shopping mall, airport. unfortunately there are very disturbed people out there who do this kind of thing, but it is very rare and very random and the adults in the world are doing the very best they can to make sure these things don ' t happen. one of the components of the traumatic experience is the violation of a feeling of safety and compatibility in the world. kids have the added component that those who are supposed to protect them, parents and the larger community, have failed to do that. that sense of safety is critical to everyone, but maybe especially critical to kids - [ they ] are less responsible for their own safety ; part of their world is that adults take responsibility for them. [ the traumatic experience is ] a violation of expectations they have about the world. in the short term, everyone needs to integrate this experience with their understanding of the world. what shouldn ' t i do? parents should always be prepared to deal with emergencies with kids. whether physical emergency or emotional emergency, they shouldn ' t be standing there totally lost and not tell their kids what to do. kids take their lead from their parents, and if parents can handle something and talk about it and be reasonably calm, that ' s what the kid will do. if a parent is hysterical, it will be very frightening for a child. if a parent can be reasonable and have a sense of what they want to say and how to talk to a kid about it, it will be much more reassuring. how do i know my child is dealing with the event appropriately? when should i be concerned? having a nightmare might certainly be a normal [ response ], with all the kids talking about the shooting. kids expressing anger or rage that someone has ruined something


how do i know my child is dealing with the event appropriately? when should i be concerned? having a nightmare might certainly be a normal [ response ], with all the kids talking about the shooting. kids expressing anger or rage that someone has ruined something for them and having anxiety for a short period of time might also be normal. but if our experiences are any indicator, most of us can recover from traumatic events with surprising rapidity. it ' s when these symptoms or difficulties persist for a period of time that we need to become a little more concerned. if someone is still ruminating about this a week later, i would sit down and ask if they want to talk to anyone about it. ask, ' is anything wrong? are you worried about something? ' you can even list multiple possibilities and include the one thing you think it might be. sometimes kids just don ' t want to say it out loud. one really important thing to keep in mind is there is a wide range of normal responses to this type of event. parents and kids can expect to experience both positive and negative emotions. sometimes people worry if they feel happiness after an event like this, but that is normal. it ' s also normal to experience uncertainty, fear and concern. i would tell parents of children to be ready to listen. expect that sometimes your child will not want to talk and sometimes your child will want to talk a lot about it. that can go on longer than someone might expect. do not tell them something they ' re feeling is not o. k. to be feeling. the shooting is all over the news. i want my kids to be informed, but how much should they watch? i don ' t think young kids should watch this kind of stuff, or this repetitive reporting on television. exposure for younger kids should be limited as much as possible. it ' s impossible these days to completely prevent it, but limit it. for adolescents, it ' s always a good idea to have a parent in the room so the event can be discussed and their anxieties and concerns can be addressed on the spot. adolescents are going to see it no matter what because they are independent, but if you ' re watching it on a tv at home or on the radio it ' s always a good idea to have a parent there to talk to. what if i overreacted to a traumatic event in front of my kids? did i blow it? you can apologize for your behavior and say, ' look, i was pretty upset, i think i may have over


history : hard cider in new england before we had widespread refrigeration, before anyone needed to make a distinction between “ sweet ” and “ hard ” cider, all cider was hard. throughout much of the 18th and early 19th centuries, it was the most common beverage in new england. cheap and easy to produce from local seedling apples, the fermented, sometimes fizzy, juice was more popular than ale, kept longer than milk, and in many places was safer to drink than water. farmers routinely steeped their apple mash and pressed it a second time for less - potent “ ciderkin ” for their children, and paid their farmhands partly in drink. larger landholders planted named apple varieties specifically for cider : a mix of bitter, sweet, and tart types, including gilpin, smith ’ s cider, and esopus spitzenberg, among others. most dooryard cider was run - of - the - mill, but through trial and error, some growers refined cidermaking to an art. but the temperance movement, founded in boston in 1826, drained away some of the demand in the 19th century. passionate members took axes to entire orchards. the shift away from an agricultural society – with its attendant waves of urban italian, german, and irish immigrants, who preferred their alcohol made from grapes, or barley and hops – took the commercial cider market down with it. prohibition shut off what little production remained. by 1935, the year yankee was first published, the once - ubiquitous drink had all but disappeared. three years later, the hurricane of ’ 38 flattened most of the apple trees that hadn ’ t already been yanked out, cut down, or lost during the harsh winter of 1934. in their place, farmers planted mcintoshes and cortlands : thin - skinned, mild - fleshed varieties that grew better here than anywhere else on earth. the high quality of the fruit compensated for the difficulty of managing orchards on the region ’ s hilly, rocky land. over the next half - century, those bright - red apples became the profitable signature of new england ’ s autumn harvest. hard cider survived mainly in memory. steve wood knew all this when he took over his family ’ s orchard in lebanon, new hampshire, in the early 1980s. he soon discovered something else besides : that even as his orchard was prospering, the future of the new england apple industry was swinging away from the old stand - bys. for a time, the spread of controlled


, in the early 1980s. he soon discovered something else besides : that even as his orchard was prospering, the future of the new england apple industry was swinging away from the old stand - bys. for a time, the spread of controlled - atmosphere cold storage prolonged the survival of short - lived macs and cortlands. but a series of changes was steadily eating away the advantages of local orchards. advances in mechanized picking and transportation favored economies of scale. a big orchard by new hampshire standards – 250 acres, say – couldn ’ t compete with orchards two or three times that size in the west and upper midwest, and most of those operations used big, cost - efficient, centralized packing facilities. then growers in new zealand and south africa created a year - round u. s. market for fresh apples. supermarket customers ’ taste homogenized around large, shiny, waxed, perfectly shaped apples. a decade after wood had taken over the orchard, the mcintosh market collapsed. the global export trade had changed the game entirely. speaking metaphorically, wood says, “ granny smith was killing us. ” although he ’ d graduated from harvard with a degree in history, wood nevertheless felt compelled to stay on the farm – to figure out a way to keep his father ’ s orchard productive, to keep working the land. he and his wife, harvard classmate louisa spencer, began grafting and selling old varieties such as esopus spitzenberg ( one of thomas jefferson ’ s favorites ), tiny wickson, golden russet : tasty types once common in early america but now commanding top dollar as uncommon heirloom eating apples in gourmet shops and high - end restaurants. and when they sensed that heirlooms alone wouldn ’ t be enough to keep the land paying, they brought back old cider apples, such as ashmead ’ s kernel and kingston black, and started pressing and bottling traditional hard cider. “ it was a huge gamble, and people called us crazy, ” wood recalls, sitting down with a glass of his extra - dry still cider in the bottling room at the end of a day. he and louisa traveled and talked with old - time cider makers in england and france. they read everything they could find. they experimented with different varieties ; discovered which apples grew well in the unforgiving new hampshire climate ; blended them for just the right proportion of sugars, acids, tannins, and fruitiness. through trial and error, they refined the process. their timing


pius xii gave instructions specifically to save and protect jews magazine to publish 2 wartime letters | 815 hits rome, jan. 29, 2003 ( zenit. org ). - two documents soon to be published reveal pope pius xii ' s preferential help for the jews during the years of nazi persecution. the documents would undercut the accusations that pius xii avoided making express reference to the jews during the nazi era. susan zuccotti, history professor at barnard college in new york, contends in her book " the vatican and the holocaust in italy " that there is no proof of pius xii ' s intervention in favor of the jews. " pius xii never used the terms ' jew ' or ' race, ' " writes zuccotti. " the pope often expressed in general terms his sorrow over the suffering of innocent civilians, but without referring explicitly to the jews. " given these grave accusations, the magazine inside the vatican will publish in its forthcoming issue two letters sent by pius xii in 1940 to bishop giuseppe maria palatucci of campagna, in southern italy, where a major concentration camp was located. bishop palatucci, in cooperation with his nephew giovanni, chief of police in fiume, and with the vatican, looked after the jews interned in campagna. in letter no. 28436 sent by the vatican on oct. 2, 1940, the holy father donated the sum of 3, 000 lire and had it put in writing that " this money is allocated preferably to those suffering for reasons of race. " in a second letter, no. 31514, the pope gave the sum of 10, 000 lire " to be distributed in aid to interned jews. " the amounts were considerable at that time. the letters have just been published in italy in the book " giovanni palatucci, the policeman who saved thousands of jews, " edited by the state police. last oct. 9, cardinal camillo ruini opened the cause of beatification of giovanni palatucci. in 1990, he was proclaimed by israel " righteous among the nations, " and a street in tel aviv has been named after him.


ap u. s. history doing the dbq : in - class practice read the directions at the top of the page and the question. think about the question, then read it again. pay attention to the language of the question and consider what it requires you to do. before reading the documents, make a list of facts you know that are relevant to the question and time period. this is your outside information. you have fifteen minutes to read the documents. as you read, underline significant passages and make marginal notes, particularly including facts not in the documents but relevant to them and the question. after reading the documents, re - read the question and be sure you understand what it asks you to do. go back to the question as often as necessary to keep the central issue or issues in mind. group the documents into as many as three groups or according to the criteria posed by the question. be aware of change over time. this may be an alternative to the organization suggested by the question. if you cannot categorize a document, omit it for the time being. based on your understanding of the question and the documents, draft a thesis statement – just a statement with a framework – don ’ t worry about background now. create an outline for the thesis, noting which documents you will use in each paragraph. add outside information from your notes to the outline in appropriate places. each paragraph must have outside information. if you do not have enough outside information, think harder about the subject of the question, the time period and / or the documents. reconsider the documents you could not classify earlier ; can you now fit them into the organizational system you have created for the question? if not, omit them. draft a complete thesis paragraph for a potential essay. include content - relevant background information. draft a topic sentence for each paragraph and list the documents and outside information you would use in each. be ready to explain your choices to the class tomorrow.


the beer house having thus far cultivated the bog - trotter by washing and currying his person, forming his movements, refining his manners, and giving him some ideas of delicacy of behaviour, it now remained to introduce him in a knowledge of politics ; and for this purpose, as he could not read the gazettes, or other publications, it became necessary to give him the opportunity of oral information on political questions : and as attending the debates of congress, and hearing only in the galleries, would not put it in his power to join occasionally, in the debates, and exercise himself in speaking ; the attending private clubs, or spending evenings occasionally at beer houses, seemed the more eligible means to be adopted accordingly, an evening after this, the captain taking him to a beer house, and occupying a bench, called for a mug of ale, and bade teague attend to the conversations that were going forward. the redemption of what are called certificates was at that time the subject of debate. it is well known to the readers of the present day in america, but which perhaps will not be so well understood when this work comes to be read an hundred years hence, that the united states, having incurred debts during the war with great britain, and being unable at that time to discharge them, could only give certificates of the respective sums due to the several creditors : these they did give to the soldiers of their army, to those from whom they had purchased articles, or who had rendered any service : the prospect not being immediate of the public being in a condition of taking up these, and the necessity of may of the holders pressing, they had transferred their right in the certificates for a fourth, fifth, or sixth of their nominal value ; in some cases, at a much lower rate. - - the question was, whether, under these circumstances, the original holder should be bound by the contract, and transferee ought to take the whole sum from the public. it was stated on one side, that it was the folly of the holder to make the contract. there was no fraud or imposition in the case ; what he did was with his eyes open. there was no undue advantage on the part of the purchaser, for he took no more than the place of the holder ; and the bargain was fair and equal on both sides. the one had a present certainty which he preferred : the other an uncertainty of a greater sum, of which he chose to run the risk. the purchaser who gave credit to the bills of the states


the bargain was fair and equal on both sides. the one had a present certainty which he preferred : the other an uncertainty of a greater sum, of which he chose to run the risk. the purchaser who gave credit to the bills of the states, stood in a better point of view than the holder, who distrusting payment, had parted with them. on the other side it was contended, that the certificates being only the evidence of the debt, the receiving that was no payment ; that real service was rendered, and real payment should be made ; that the purchaser discovered a distrust of the credit of the government as well as the holder, in not giving the full value, and therefore stood on no better ground ; that from the prevailing ideas under which these contracts were made, the holder did conceive himself parting with these securities at an under value, and the purchaser, as obtaining them at that rate, but neither had an idea that the loss on the one hand, or the advantage on the other, could be so great as on the principle of the provision made for the discharge of the public debt it had come to be ; that for these and other reasons measures ought to have been adopted of a discrimination between the original holders and the transferees. teague had listened attentively, and, contrary to the injunction of the captain, with his mouth open. he would willingly have taken a part in the debates, but the captain, thinking the subject too abstruse to begin with, did not seem to approve of it, and shaking his head, repressed the disposition of the bog - trotter. the next topic of argument was that of the assumption of the state debts. in order to understand this, we must state, that, in carrying on the war against great britain, contracts were made, and debts incurred, on the faith of the confederate states, by their representatives in congress, and this was called the continental debt. at the same time, contracts were made and debts incurred, on the faith of individual states, by their representatives in the state legislature, and this was called the state debt. this whole debt, continental and state, had been thrown into one mass, and the payment assumed by the congress. the policy of this measure was now canvassed. on the one side it was contended, that as the whole debt, continental or state, was payable by the united states, each state paying the quota apportioned by the resolves of the former congress, and having credit for what


. on the one side it was contended, that as the whole debt, continental or state, was payable by the united states, each state paying the quota apportioned by the resolves of the former congress, and having credit for what state debt contracted on account of the war, was over or beyond this quota, the question was no more than this, whether the ways and means of raising money for the discharge of its proportion of the state debt, should remain with any state, as was before in the case of furnishing its quota ; or whether the united states, assuming the debt in the first instance, should take upon themselves to discharge the whole ; that it came to the same thing, as the debt was payable by the whole, and the only question was, with whom it should lie to devise ways and means, to discharge it ; that the system of finance became more simple, when the united states assumed the whole, and provided for the payment by ways and means of their own at once ; that it would contribute to the energy and secure the establishment of the federal government, to have that government the immediate debtor of the whole amount. to this was answered, that each state was a better judge of the ways and means, within itself, for the raising money to discharge its debt ; and while the united states, now having command of the imposts, should necessarily take upon them to collect and provide for the discharge of the continental debt, properly so called ; yet it might be left with each state as before, to collect and pay over what is called the state debt ; receiving credit from the united states, and having a right to draw from thence, any overplus of that proportion which by the resolves of the former congress they ought to pay of the whole debt. the captain thinking this subject also above the comprehension of the irishman, was not willing that he should speak yet. the next topic was that of the incorporation of the bank of the united states, some contending that no power was given by the constitution to the general government to incorporate banks ; others asserting, though not expressly, yet under the article of paying debts, & c. and making laws necessary for that purpose, it was by implication given. the captain thought this also above the reach of teague, and obliged him to be silent. the next subject of argument was the policy of the war carrying on against the indians. by some it was contended that an indian was a good creature, simple and inoffens


above the reach of teague, and obliged him to be silent. the next subject of argument was the policy of the war carrying on against the indians. by some it was contended that an indian was a good creature, simple and inoffensive, like a young child ; that you might put your finger in his mouth and he would not bite ; that by speaking softly and kindly, and giving him victuals and drink, and leggins, and breech - clouts, and blankets, you might do what you please with him ; that when you gave him ammunition and fire - arms, he would go out and kill turkies, and shoot down squirrels, and bring you in a deer now and then ; and there was no such thing as an indian stealing a horse, or burning a house, or taking a scalp, unless you had first stolen his horse, or burnt his house, or taken his scalp ; that when you made a treaty with these people, they had such a love of justice, such a sense of honour, such a perfect command of themselves, and their young men, that there was no danger of their departing from the treaty. on the other hand it was advanced, that, as a savage differed little from a beast of prey ; a wolf, or a panther of the woods ; was rude, his passions violent, attached to no farm, cultivating no art ; his only amusement or sense of honour war, or hunting, the image of war ; his sense of justice little, his sense of honour none at all ; no government in his state of society ; no security for individual or national engagements ; that fear pervading the mass, by reaching the feelings, and apprehensions of each individual was the only principle by which they could be governed ; that instead of giving goods, as heretofore, it became us to retaliate by a heavy war. such were the arguments on each side of this question ; when the captain looking at teague, and observing that he was anxious to advance his opinion, assenting with a bow, or inclination of his head, he seemed to signify that he might speak. but before we hear him, it will be necessary to observe, that during the preceding arguments, the company had taken notice of him, as he sat beside the captain with a mug of beer before them ; and had wondered in their own minds who he could be ; for though he was a little brushed up by this time, as may be supposed, having been at the levee


, as he sat beside the captain with a mug of beer before them ; and had wondered in their own minds who he could be ; for though he was a little brushed up by this time, as may be supposed, having been at the levee, and taught to dance, and received lessons of delicacy ; nevertheless, there was still and uncouthness in his appearance that could not be all at once shaken off. he therefore the more easily engaged attention, when raising his voice, he began as follows : plase your anours, said he, i have heard of dese indians, when i was tratting wid de captain my master. - - i came acrass one odem, who affered a hundred dallars for my scoolp ; he was going to a traty here abouts. but my good master de captain took my part, and didnt let him take it aff ; de vile savages! o! i have heard of dese indians, plase your anours, dey come out of de woods, and stale shape, like de rabbers in ireland, and burn houses, and take scoolps ; trade wid dese! i would trate wid dem, wid a good shelelah, or tomahawk to break der heads. give dem goods! by shaint patrick, i would give dem a good bullet hole in deir faces ; or shoot dem trough de backside for deir pains. if i was in cangress, and god love your shouls, i wish you would put me dere, i would make a law to coot dem aff, every one odem. o! if my uncle phelim, and my cousins dennis and dermot, and my brother murtock, and de oder boys was here, we would chase dem, as you would chase one of deir own shape ; and keep dem aff de country, and send dem home to ate paratoes. god love your shouls, raise a good party and go out upon dem, and bring dem to de coort, and not let dem be staling shape, and taking scoolps from de poor people. you tink to plase dem, by spaking good words to dem. spake a good cudgel upon der heads, and bid dem be asy dear honies, and keep at deir homes, and plant paratoes, and be hangd in dei


lobelia commonly called cardinal flower is an orchid - like red wildflower that is native to the woodland areas in north america. i first discovered this woodland flower while hiking in the valley just bellow the ridge where our home resides. the flower was growing close to the banks of a stream and i noted that it attracted butterflies and the red throat hummingbirds. i used a spoon to loosen the soil around the stem. the roots were close to the soil surface and the plant was easy to dig up. i quickly returned home so that i could transplant the lobelia cardinal flower to my garden. i planted the cardinal flowers to the back border of my part sun to shade garden. the following year i had many cardinal flowers blooming in my garden. the one plant self seeded and i also planted additional seeds in spring. cardinal flower looks good growing in the back border of your garden as the stems can reach the height of 3 to 4 feet. you can also grow it with assorted wildflowers in a woodland setting. flowers bloom in late summer and will continue to bloom well into autumn or until the end of season frost. | cardinal flower growing along stream : wikipedia commons | where to grow grow cardinal flower in zones 3 to 8. choose a garden site that has sun to part shade. also select an area where the soil is evenly moist but not wet. when to plant plant the seeds outside in may or june when the ground warms to 74 degrees. get the garden site ready for planting. remove the sod, weeds and all debris. loosen the soil to one foot. break up the clumps of soil so that soil is fine. planting seed in masses : mix the seeds with compost or manure. place the compost in a wheelbarrow and add water. the compost should be moist, not wet. mix the seeds into the compost. add other wildflower seeds to the compost if you are planting a prairie garden. scoop up the compost and place it on the soil. rake the compost into the fine soil. cover the seeds with soil to the depth of a half inch. planting seeds for small gardens : use the eraser end of a pencil to dig holes in the soil that are a half inch deep. space the seeds a foot apart. set the seed in the center of the hole and cover the hole with the soil. care for lobelia cardinal flowers : apply a thin layer of grass clippings or mulch around the plant stems. this organic mulch will aid in retaining moisture


” build a plane that ’ s as heavy as a car, but uses only as much energy as a scooter. and stay aloft with just the energy of the sun — even after sunset. that, pilot andre borschberg says, is the challenge facing the solar impulse team as it stares down its biggest challenge yet : flying around the world in a solar - powered plane. you might have heard about solar impulse when the sun - powered plane project made its maiden flight in 2009, or in 2010 when borschberg set the endurance record by piloting the aircraft for 26 consecutive hours, running on stored solar energy from on - board batteries after the sun went down. now he and teammate bertrand piccard are off on even more ambitious ventures, which they came to new york to discuss last night. first, in 2013, they will fly their solar - powered plane across the united states. then, in 2015, they will pilot a larger version around the world. “ - solar impulse team to attempt first ever solar - powered cross - u. s. a flight in history ( inhabitat. com ) - solar powered plane will circumnavigate the globe in 2015 ( can even fly at night ) ( cleantechnica. com ) - tackling an around - the - world plane flight — without fossil fuel ( news. cnet. com ) - solar - powered plane flies through the night ( techonomy. com ) - sun - powered plane to circle the world in 20 days ( news. softpedia. com )


this from eurekalert : you may think that with faster internet connectivity, internet phone calls and ipods, that we ' re living in a technological nirvana. but according to a new analysis we are fast approaching a new dark age. the results show that the number of technological breakthroughs and patents peaked a century ago and have been falling steadily ever since. but this is a controversial view not held by most futurologists. the reason why an observation like this is controversial is that futurologists take a determinedly optimistic view of the future. i suspect this is a survey of american patent applications. there is a subjective increase in the wealth and comfort of americans that leads them to think that they must be in a golden age. but wasn ' t rome similar prior to its collapse? the romans had become decadent, they suffered from an internal rot and cultural decline. they embarked on fruitless foreign adventures as a means of distracting an overlarge, and underused military. the recent resource wars in the middle east seem aimed at distracting the world with a sleight of hand allowing america to parasitize iraq without feeling morally inferior. if we truly are in a worldwide decline in creativity, what does that mean? victorian scientists used to predict that all of the major discoveries had been made and the future was going to be a period of filling the gaps and creating a prosperous age of automation. were they right? our explanations of the fine detail of what goes on is a little more precise, but really we have just been adding decimal points to the accuracy of our picture. the whole of twentieth century physics has involved creating pictures of the world that even their inventors didn ' t understand or trust! einstein made significant advances in quantum physics in an attempt to falsify it on aesthetic grounds! maybe the lull is exemplified by the history of artificial intelligence? artificial intelligence grew out of the availability of computing hardware in postwar america ( called giant brains at the time ) and the theoretical advances that had been made prewar by the likes of turing, and von neumann et al. von neumann and turing both took a mechanistic view of the brain, that it was to all intents and purposes a " computer made of meat ". there was great optimism that the algorithms of the brain would be quickly understood, and a means to emulate the brain would be found in " 10 or 20 years ". minsky and others were finding ways to simulate neurons in hardware. all in all it seemed that ai would flourish in the 70s providing added impetus to the


transcript for happy birthday, emancipation proclamation! - - kenneth c davis. even if it goes through american history - - you probably learn something about abraham lincoln. no he was not the vampire. most. abraham lincoln was the great emancipated. he freed... see more - - kenneth c davis. even if it goes through american history - - you probably learn something about abraham lincoln. no he was not the vampire. most. abraham lincoln was the great emancipated. he freed the slaves in january 1863. when he signed the emancipation proclamation. right. well not exactly. 150. years of bloody civil war - - - - union armies crushed in a string of defeats. confederate armies knocking - - beat washington dc lincoln attacked daily by friend and everything that could go wrong was going wrong. so what did lincoln do with the world crashing down around him lincoln announced a preliminary version of the emancipation proclamation. if the confederate states did not surrender lincoln would free - - slaves on the first day of 1863. it was a threat pure and simple and the timing was no accident. few days. union army when a crucial victory at the - - battle and - - in one day more than war. thousand men - - another 171000. were wounded and missing. still the worst single day in american military history but this costly victory gave - - - - the political cover he needed. to announce his plan to free the slaves. the confederate ignored - - - - the war reached on and on january 1 1863. abraham lincoln issued the formal emancipation. proclamation. so lincoln freed the slaves right. again not exact. the formal proclamation applied only to slaves in the rebellious states. there was still slaves in some union states in lincoln ' s proclamation also did not apply to confederate areas in union hands. in the end. the great emancipated or. freed very few slaves but the political and emotional impact of lincoln ' s decision was enormous with a scratch of his pen he turned a fight to save the union into - - war and slavery. african americans celebrated it but some abolitionist thought it was too little too late. others saw an illegal abuse of power. and many union and refused to fight to free slaves one reason lincoln - - so unpopular when he ran again in 1864. the actual end of slavery had to wait for the end of the war. and the thirteenth amendment. i ' m kenneth c davis and you don ' t know much just - - this transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100 % accurate.


( new york ) - - seafood raised on pig feces and crawling with flies is being sold to u. s. consumers, according to a new report. the november issue of bloomberg markets magazine, in a piece on food poisoning and safety, says that it is common practice in some parts of asia to feed fish pig waste. it describes, for example, the sanitary conditions at a fish factory on the southern coast of vietnam. " flies, " it says, " crawl over baskets of processed shrimp. " the shrimp at some plants are packed in ice, which is good. what ' s bad is that it ' s ice made from water often found to be contaminated with bacteria and unfit for human consumption, say bloomberg ' s reporters in hanoi. vietnam ships 100 million pounds of shrimp a year to the u. s., about 8 percent of the shrimp sold in america. outside hong kong, at a tilapia farm, fish are fed a diet that includes pig and geese feces. that practice, michael doyle tells bloomberg markets, is unsafe for u. s. consumers, because the manure may be contaminated with salmonella. doyle is director of the center for food safety at the university of georgia. fish farmers, he says, use fecal matter as a cheaper alternative to commercial fish food. the u. s. food and drug administration inspects food shipments to the united states, including seafood shipments, but the agency ' s resources are limited, says bloomberg ' s report. it is able to inspect fewer than 3 percent of shipments. of that, reports bloomberg, much is sent back. the fda has rejected 1, 380 shipments of vietnamese seafood since 2007, finding filth and salmonella. kevin fitzsimmons, a professor and research scientist at the university of arizona college of agriculture and life sciences, tells abc news he has read the bloomberg article and finds it " a little misleading. i do a lot of work in asia and am headed there now for a conference on tilapia. they [ bloomberg ] are cherry - picking a few items to make things sound as bad as possible. " fitzsimmons is an officer of the american tilapia association and an expert on seafood production in asia. for starters, he says, seafood shipments from asia to the u. s. number in the " hundreds of thousands, if not millions, " so the fact that 1, 380 from vietnam have been returned since 2007 is relatively insignificant. second, he says, the practice in asia of putting hog feces into fish


a thorough knowledge of the root system of plants is essential if their growth, flowering, and fruiting responses are to be understood. the structure and growth habits of roots have a pronounced effect on the size and vigor of the plant, method of propagation, adaptation to certain soil types, and response to cultural practices and irrigation. the roots of certain vegetable crops are important as food. roots typically originate from the lower portion of a plant or cutting. they possess a root cap, have no nodes and never bear leaves or flowers directly. the principal functions of roots are to absorb nutrients and moisture, to anchor the plant in the soil, to furnish physical support for the stem, and to serve as food storage organs. in some plants they may be used as a means of propagation. types of roots a primary ( radicle ) root originates at the lower end of the embryo of a seedling plant. a taproot is formed when the primary root continues to elongate downward. this makes them difficult to transplant and necessitates planting only in deep, well - drained soil. the taproot of carrot, parsnip, and salsify is the principal edible part of these crops. a lateral, or secondary root is a side or branch root which arises from another root. a fibrous root system is one in which the primary root ceases to elongate, leading to the development of numerous lateral roots. these then branch repeatedly and form the feeding root system of the plant. a fibrous root is one which remains small in diameter because of a lack of significant cambial activity. one factor which causes shrubs and dwarf trees to remain smaller than standard trees is the lower activity rate of the cambium tissue which produces a smaller root system. if plants that normally develop a taproot are undercut so that the taproot is severed early in the plants life, the root will lose its taproot characteristic and develop a fibrous root system. this is done commercially in nurseries so that trees, which naturally have tap roots, will develop a compact, fibrous root system. this allows a higher rate of transplanting success. the quantity and distribution of plant roots is very important because these two factors have a major influence on the absorption of moisture and nutrients. the depth and spread of the roots is dependent on the inherent growth characteristics of the plant and the texture and structure of the soil. roots will penetrate much deeper in a loose, well - drained soil than in a heavy, poorly -


moisture and nutrients. the depth and spread of the roots is dependent on the inherent growth characteristics of the plant and the texture and structure of the soil. roots will penetrate much deeper in a loose, well - drained soil than in a heavy, poorly - drained soil. a dense, compacted layer in the soil will restrict or stop root growth. during early development, a seedling plant nutrients and moisture from the few inches of soil surrounding it. therefore, the early growth of most horticultural crops which are seeded in rows benefits from band applications of fertilizer, placed several inches to each side and slightly below the seeds. as plants become well - established, the root system develops laterally and usually extends far beyond the spread of the branches. for most cultivated crops roots meet and overlap between the rows. the greatest concentration of fibrous roots occurs in the top foot of soil but significant numbers of laterals may grow downward from these roots to provide an effective absorption system a couple of feet deep. parts of a root internally, there are three major parts of a root. the meristem is at the tip and manufactures new cells. it is an area of cell division and growth. behind it is the zone of elongation, in which cells increase in size through food and water absorption. these cells by increasing in size, push the root through the soil. the third major root part is the maturation zone, in which cells undergo changes in order to become specific tissues such as epidermis, cortex, or vascular tissue. the epidermis is the outermost layer of cells surrounding the root. these cells are responsible for the absorption of water and minerals dissolved in water. cortex cells are involved in the movement of water from the epidermis and in food storage. a layer of suberized ( a fatty material in some cells ), known as the casparian strips, has regulatory effect on the types of minerals absorbed and transported by the roots to stems and leaves. vascular tissues conduct food and water and are located in the center of the root. however, some monocots have the vascular system of their roots distributed around the root center. externally there are two areas of importance. root hairs are found along the main root and perform much of the actual work of water and nutrient absorption. the root cap is the outermost tip of the root, and consists of cells that are sloughed off as the root grows through the soil. the root cap covers and protects the meristem and also senses gravity and directs in what direction the


the bacteria that reside in the intestines of adults and children with irritable bowel syndrome ( ibs ) differ from those of healthy adults and children, according to 2 studies in the november issue of gastroenterology. microorganisms account for 90 % of the cells in our body ( many cannot even be cultured ) ; only 10 % of our cells are human. the large microbial mass in the intestine is established at birth, and its composition is determined by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. the makeup of this microbiota has been proposed to affect development of inflammatory bowel diseases and ibs. only recently have researchers developed technologies to quantify these microbes. mirjana rajilic – stojanovic et al. performed global and deep molecular analysis of fecal samples from 62 adult patients with ibs and 46 healthy adults. in a separate study published in the same issue, delphine m. saulnier et al. analyzed 71 stool samples from 22 children with ibs and 22 healthy children using 16s ribosomal rna gene sequencing. both studies found that patients with ibs had a greater abundance of the firmicutes member dorea than healthy individuals. rajilic – stojanovic et al. reported that adult patients with ibs had a 2 - fold greater ratio of firmicutes to bacteroidetes than controls, resulting from an approximately 1. 5 - fold increase in numbers of dorea, ruminococcus, and clostridium spp. they also observed a 2 - fold decrease in the number of bacteroidetes, a 1. 5 - fold decrease in numbers of bifidobacterium and faecalibacterium spp, and, when present, a 4 - fold lower average number of methanogens ( see figure ). the microbial groups correlated with ibs symptom scores, indicating that several groups of firmicutes and proteobacteria might mediate the development of ibs. however, saulnier et al. observed that the microbiomes of children with ibs had a significantly greater percentage of the class γ - proteobacteria. one prominent component of this group was haemophilus parainfluenzae, but a novel, ruminococcus - like microbe was also associated with ibs. greater frequency of ibs pain in children correlated with an increased abundance of several bacterial taxa from the genus alistipes. by contrast,


nonetheless, talley and fodor concluded that the application of high - throughput technology to ibs is a first step toward identifying each person ’ s microbial community and individualizing therapy, perhaps with probiotics, prebiotics, and / or antibiotics. saulnier et al. propose that analyses of clinical features, dietary and medication history, and genetics will also help us better understand the genetic, metagenomic, and environmental factors that contribute to ibs and other intestinal disorders. read the articles online. saulnier dm, riehle k, mistret t - a, et al. gastrointestinal microbiome signatures of pediatric patients with irritable bowel syndrome. gastroenterology 2011 ; 141 : 1782 – 1791. rajilic – stojanovic m, biagi e, heilig hghj, et al. global and deep molecular analysis of microbiota signatures in fecal samples from patients with irritable bowel syndrome. gastroenterology2011 ; 141 : 1792 – 1801. read the accompanying editorial. talley nj, fodor aa. bugs, stool, and the irritable bowel syndrome : too much is as bad as too little? gastroenterology2011 ; 141 : 1555 – 1559.


boeing aviation hangar as visitors enter the national air and space museum ' s steven f. udvar - hazy center, they first encounter the diminutive pitts special s - 1c little stinker, an aerobatic championship aircraft, hanging upside - down overhead. a few steps to the west puts visitors at the hangar overlook facing the curtiss p - 40 warhawk and the vought corsair hanging at dramatic angles. the overlook provides a sweeping view of aircraft hanging throughout the boeing aviation hangar. the boeing aviation hangar features aircraft hanging at several levels, suspended from the building ' s huge trusses, and aircraft displayed on the hangar floor. the suspended aircraft have been hung at various angles to demonstrate typical flight maneuvers. visitors will see an aerobatic airplane hot - dogging upside down, a world war ii fighter angling for a victory, and a small two - seater flying level. walkways rising about four stories above the floor provide nose - to - nose views of aircraft in suspended flight. other aerobatic, general aviation, commercial, and world war ii aircraft are located to the south. to the north, visitors see the post - world war ii military aircraft collection ; and straight ahead in the james s. mcdonnell space hangar is a spectacular view of the space shuttle discovery. between the discovery and the overlook is the lockheed sr - 71 blackbird, the fastest jet ever built. other unique artifacts exhibited in the boeing aviation hangar include : - the boeing b - 29 superfortress enola gay. - the boeing 367 - 80 or dash 80, the prototype 707, america ' s first jet airliner. - the aichi seiran japanese wwii bomber, the only remaining seiran. - the boeing 307 stratoliner clipper flying cloud, the first airliner with a pressurized cabin. - a concorde supersonic airliner. see a live view inside the boeing aviation hangar : boeing aviation hangar - live web camera


last weeks mega - storm left behind more than downed power lines and trees, it also created multiple mosquito breeding habitats something that, in the long run, could prove a serious health hazard. the day after the storm, the alexandria health department issued a warning of the increased risk of mosquito - borne diseases in the aftermath of the storm. it urged the public to use personal protection when mosquito exposure appears likely. there is more standing water around neighborhoods, many damaged homes that allow mosquitoes access to people indoors and more residents spending time outdoors cleaning up debris and making repairs, said dr. stephen haering, the citys health director. people need to remember that we face risk from west nile and eastern equine encephalitis viruses as well as other mosquito - borne diseases this time of year. individuals over 50 are also at greater risk from serious complications from west nile virus and eee, according to the state health department the alexandria health department offered the following tips to reduce mosquito exposure : wear long, loose, light - colored clothing ; use insect repellent products with picardin or no more than 50 percent deet for adults and no more than 30 percent for children ; turn over or remove potential water containers in yards ; eliminate standing water in tarps or on flat roofs ; clean roof gutters and downspouts regularly.


19 october 2004. inhibiting acat, a cholesterol - modifying enzyme, may prove a viable therapy for preventing or slowing the progression of alzheimer disease, according to a report in the october 14 neuron. a multi - institution collaboration led by dora kovacs at massachusetts general hospital, boston, shows that inhibiting the enzyme limits production of amyloid - β ( aβ ), reduces plaque load, and prevents learning and memory losses in a mouse model of the disease. acat ( acyl coenzyme a : cholesterol transferase ) catalyzes the esterification of cholesterol, redistributing the lipid from the plasma membrane into cytoplasmic droplets. kovacs and colleagues have previously reported that blocking the enzyme attenuates production of aβ in primary neurons ( see arf related news story ). now, joint first authors birgit hutter - paier at jsw - research forschungslabor gmbh, graz, austria, and henri huttunen at mgh, along with other researchers from these institutions and the mayo clinic, jacksonville, florida, extend those observations to transgenic animals. they tested cp 113, 818, an acat inhibitor developed by pfizer, in mice expressing human amyloid precursor protein harboring two different kinds of mutation — the london mutation, which results in an isoleucine instead of a valine at amino acid number 717, and the swedish double mutation, methionine and leucine for lysine and asparagine at positions 670 and 671, respectively. these animals develop amyloid plaques in the brain, and by six months old show signs of cognitive decline. because cp 113, 818 is so poorly absorbed, the authors administered it in slow - release capsules, surgically implanting a two - month supply into four and a half - month - old mice. when the authors checked brain pathology at six and a half months, they found a considerable reduction in plaque load, as judged by both thioflavin s and antibody ( 6e10 antibody ) staining. treated animals had only about 26 plaques per square micrometer of cortex, while placebo - treated animals had over 200. the benefit was greatest in the hippocampuses of female animals, where the plaque load was only one percent of that found in sham - treated animals. in addition, when the authors measured soluble aβ by elisa, they found that levels of soluble aβ1


greatest in the hippocampuses of female animals, where the plaque load was only one percent of that found in sham - treated animals. in addition, when the authors measured soluble aβ by elisa, they found that levels of soluble aβ1 - 42 were reduced by over 30 percent, a result that was statistically significant. these particular transgenic mice only begin to show a hint of cognitive decline at six months. nevertheless, the authors found that those given the acat inhibitor preformed consistently better in the morris water maze — particularly the female animals. in these mice, improvement was statistically significant, which suggests that males, where the ad - like symptoms develop more slowly, may also benefit as they age. “ we are presently examining the effect of the inhibitor on older animals, ” kovacs revealed. these findings may put acat inhibitors on the fast track for development for ad. already pfizer has avasimibe® in phase iii clinical trials for the treatment of atherosclerosis, and it is already “ considered safe for human use with a good therapeutic window, ” write the authors. — tom fagan. hutter - paier b, huttunen hj, puglielli l, eckman cb, kim dy, hofmeister a, moir rd, domnitz sb, frosch mp, windisch m, kovacs dm. the acat inhibitor cp - 113, 818 markedly reduces amyloid pathology in a mouse model of alzheimer ’ s disease. neuron. 2004 october 14 ; 44 : 1 - 20. abstract


club backs plan to protect kids from school bus fumes by kevin finney the exhaust from diesel trucks and buses is dirty and deadly. it has a very high content of tiny particulates that lodge deep in human lung tissues, causing a variety of ailments, including lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder. these particulates, too small be cleared by the natural cleansing process of the lungs, pose a specific risk to children. diesel exhaust also contains at least 40 different substances that are known to be toxic, including benzene, chlorine, formaldehyde, mercury compounds, styrene, toluene, etc. this exhaust aggravates asthma attacks, can cause premature death and is a major source of smog - forming nitrogen oxides. the angeles chapter of the sierra club is supporting efforts to clean up school bus fleets in los angeles county and throughout the rest of the south coast air basin ( orange county and portions of riverside and san bernardino counties. children come into contact with diesel exhaust every time they ride a school bus, or play near or sit in a classroom near a school bus that is idling. children are more susceptible to the health impacts of air pollution than adults because of their smaller body size and faster metabolisms and respiratory rates. kids tend to engage in play and rigorous activity more frequently than adults, even when air pollution levels are high. it is well documented that a childs developing lungs receive and retain a greater dose of pollution than those of an adult, relative to body size. in november, southern californias air regulatory agency, the south coast air quality management district, will be considering proposed rule 1195 - clean on - road school buses. this rule is expected to require local school districts and private school bus operators to buy clean alternative - fuel buses such as those powered by natural gas or electricity when they order new buses. the district also is considering requiring school districts to retrofit existing diesel buses with particulate traps that curb pollution in combination with the use of a low - sulfur diesel fuel. this rule is one of several so - called fleet rules which the aqmd has proposed to reduce diesel and other harmful emissions in the region. environmentalists are strongly supporting these proposed fleet rules as an important step in cleaning up the regions toxic air pollution, but they have come under attack from diesel fuel producers, trucking associations, and some fleet operators and local government agencies. an in - depth multiple air toxins study performed by the aqmd found that diesel soot is responsible


toxic air pollution, but they have come under attack from diesel fuel producers, trucking associations, and some fleet operators and local government agencies. an in - depth multiple air toxins study performed by the aqmd found that diesel soot is responsible for at least 70 % of the regions total cancer toxic air risk. the study estimates the regions air toxic risk on average is approximately 1, 400 cancer cases for every million individuals living in the basin. the u. s. environmental protection agency establishes acceptable air toxic risk at 1 cancer case per million individuals exposed. in june, the aqmd adopted three rules requiring covering garbage trucks, transit buses, and light and medium duty vehicles in public fleets. this was an important victory for clean air advocates and reflects the growing momentum of efforts to reduce diesel pollution. other recent victories for clean - air advocates include a unanimous decision by l. a. countys metropolitan transportation authority to maintain its alternative fuel policy. this action came after serious indications that the mta board was considering a plan to purchase diesel transit buses again. the mta also voted to install particulate traps on existing buses and to give $ 2 million to support local research into zero - pollution fuel cell technology ; a stunning turnaround hailed by a broad coalition of environmental, public health and community - based groups. these actions support the clubs stance that theres no going back to dirty, deadly diesel. kevin finney is co - chair of the angeles chapters air quality, global warming and energy.


clark ' s anemonefish ( amphiprion clarkii ) - wiki from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [ photo ] clark ' s anemonefish or yellowtail clownfish ( amphiprion clarkii, family pomacentridae ) with sea anemone. image by ben lancaster. date 8 april 2005 clark ' s anemonefish or the yellowtail clownfish ( amphiprion clarkii ) is a widely distributed clownfish. it is found in tropical waters, in lagoons and on outer reef slopes, from the persian gulf to western australia and throughout the indian ocean and pacific ocean as far as melanesia and micronesia, and as far north as taiwan, southern japan and the ryukyu islands. clark ' s anemonefish is a spectacularly colourful fish, with vivid black, white and yellow stripes, though the exact pattern shows considerable geographical variation. there are normally two white bands, one behind the eye and one above the anus. the tail fin may be white or yellow, but is always lighter than rest of the body. clarke ' s anemonefish are a popular aquarium species. they are omnivorous, and in the aquarium will readily eat brine shrimp. they will regularly host in many sea anemones in the home aquarium. | the text in this page is based on the copyrighted wikipedia article shown in above url. it is used under the gnu free documentation license. you may redistribute it, verbatim or modified, providing that you comply with the terms of the gfdl. |


unmc obesity expert develops school design guidelines to promote healthy eatingrecommendations could become part of national strategy to reduce childhood obesity recommendations could become part of national strategy to reduce childhood obesity since kids spend much of their day at school, obesity experts think school design can impact student health. a university of nebraska medical center obesity expert is the main author of a report – healthy eating design guidelines for school architecture ( hedg ) – which was released today in the journal preventing chronic disease published by the centers for disease control and prevention. merging architecture with public health, it details how cafeterias, water fountains, gardens and signage play a key role in establishing a healthy environment. “ we know there is a direct link between student performance and student health. what we want to do is develop evidence - based principles of school design that optimize healthy eating and health practices, ” said terry huang, ph. d., chairman and professor of health promotion, social and behavioral health in the unmc college of public health. the guidelines were incorporated into the buckingham county primary and elementary school in a rural, ethnically diverse school in central virginia. the school district embraced the goal of creating an optimized ‘ healthy eating ’ learning environment in addition to the goal of creating an energy - efficient building. some of the design principles incorporated include : - a food lab where kids can learn how to prepare healthy foods ; - a cafeteria which facilitates fresh food production ; - a school garden for kids to grow food for the school cafeteria and burn a few calories ; - a lower - stress environment to address light, noise levels, air quality and crowding ; and - layouts that encourage more movement and the use of attractive water fountains. “ our goal is to provide fresh, healthy food choices and support school spaces which promote healthy nutrition and health habits, ” said dr. huang. researchers add that even simple changes like providing healthy grab - and - go meal options, avoiding deep - fat fryers and a library of health information and nutrition are improvements that schools can use to promote optimal health. dr. huang and his collaborators hope these guidelines will become part of a national strategy to prevent and reduce childhood obesity. in 2012, dr. huang along with matthew trowbridge, m. d., m. p. h., at the university of virginia and vmdo architects received the design research and scholarship at the virginia society of the american institutes of architects annual meeting in richmond. the group also was recognized as one of the winners in the childhood obesity challenge from the


karst diagram courtesy of vancouver island university. although the cowling arboretum does not exhibit any karst topography, much of southern minnesota does. karst is a geological feature formed by the dissolution of soluble bedrock such as carbonates like limestone and dolostone. karst formations lead to the formations of caves, disappearing streams, underground streams, sinkholes and other landforms in southern minnesota. the longest cave system in the world, the mammoth - flint ridge cave system in kentucky was formed through the dissolution of carbonate rocks in its karst area. karst country in southern minnesota coincides with the driftless area that covers southeastern minnesota, northwestern iowa and western wisconsin. glacial drift no younger than 500, 000 years old has been discovered in southern minnesota driftless area, meaning it has not been glaciated in that time. other geologists believe that the driftless area has not been glaciated in at least 2 million years. however, the driftless area has been subject to glacial lake outburst floods when titanic lakes like proglacial lake duluth began to cataclysmically drain about 9, 500 years ago. karst forms when slightly acidic water meets a weakly soluble carbonate rock. rainwater acidifies ever so slightly as it passes through the atmosphere and takes up co2. as rainwater travels through the soil it picks up more co2 and forms a weak carbonic acid solution, which readily dissolves carbonate rocks over time. limestone is removed from the site in the form of calcium and bicarbonate. a good way to spot a karst sinkhole in southern minnesota is to look for a tree covered area in the middle of a farmer ’ s field that she is wise not to plow. - callum mcculloch ' 15, for the cole student naturalists


public radio listeners know that in lake wobegon, all the children are above average. however, if all the children there are above average, then an equal number of children somewhere else are below average. with a wife who teaches fifth grade in bridgeport, and a son - in - law who teaches seventh grade in woodbury, i often hear more than i thought i ' d ever need to know about what ' s going on in our schools. in bridgeport, the integrated reading and language arts curriculum states as its first goal that all students will score " at or above the 50th percentile on a norm - referenced test. " in other words : all bridgeport 5th graders will be average or above. " what ' s a norm - referenced test? " listeners may well ask. the connecticut mastery test ( cmt ) given to fourth, sixth and eighth graders, the pre - cmt, given to third, fifth and seventh graders and the scholastic aptitude test used for college entrance are all norm - referenced. these are tests created to differentiate between students - to sort and rank them. the tests are carefully designed so that a graph of the scores produces a bell - shaped curve. most children should score at the top of the curve which is average : 50 percent or grade level. by design, then, as many children must score below fifty percent as above it. this means that if one year the average score is in the 60th percentile, the test will be made more difficult to bring the average down. all towns and boards of education aspire to be just like lake wobegon, that is, to have their students be above average. however, norm - referenced tests are designed so that half the kids will fail. standards and testing drive education today. the talk about tests makes it seem as if they exist to determine if students have mastered certain academic competencies, but in reality, the test is designed so that half the children won ' t succeed. any question that all the students could answer would be replaced by a question that some couldn ' t answer, even if the original question reflected appropriate grade - level skills. the tests have other problems, too. they are often culturally -, geographically - or linguistically - biased. many questions are ambiguous, especially if prior knowledge or creative thinking is involved. the tests are kept top - secret, and there is no feedback to students or parents except a bar - graph which compares their performance to other students. everywhere throughout the state, the pressure is on. the kids haven ' t been back in


involved. the tests are kept top - secret, and there is no feedback to students or parents except a bar - graph which compares their performance to other students. everywhere throughout the state, the pressure is on. the kids haven ' t been back in school for a full month yet and the goal is to quickly get them ready to take the tests next week. students are learning how to " bubble - in " answers to multiple choice questions and how to write a short essay on an assigned topic according to a very specific formula. and then there ' s " cloze " practice ( filling in the words from a list to complete a sentence ) to measure degrees of reading power. most of the children in woodbury couldn ' t score above average if students somewhere else didn ' t score below. that ' s where bridgeport comes in. yes, we believe every child can learn. but here are some of the facts. when i saw suzanne ' s computerized class list, i noticed that it said " capacity 25 " at the top. in fact, the list contained 32 names. the union contract mandates 5th grade classes should be no greater than 30 students. nevertheless, suzanne has a smaller class than other teachers with as many as 34 kids. the real shame is that the administration sees class size as a contractual problem, rather than as an educational issue. for eight of suzanne ' s students, this is their first year in an english - speaking situation, in a new school. the bridgeport administration pays substitute teachers so little, that there are rarely enough of them. this not only often deprives the students of art or gym or music when those teachers are absent, it also deprives teachers of much - needed planning there are many other problems connected to poverty and large bureaucracies which seem worse in the city. the connecticut mastery test is another abstraction in the educational system that exists for the benefit of the administration. these tests drive and shape the system, the curriculum and textbooks. however, teaching to the test clearly doesn ' t address the urgent needs of many children, especially in our cities. this is bill duesing, living on the earth ( c ) 1998, bill duesing, solar farm education, box 135, stevenson, ct 06491 bill and suzanne duesing operate the old solar farm ( raising nofa / ct certified organic vegetables ) and solar farm education ( working on urban agriculture projects in southern connecticut and producing " living on the earth " radio programs ). their collection of essays living on the earth : eclectic essays for a sustainable


from birds to bees, florida ' s cold weather has taken an unprecedented toll on some wildlife species - - requiring the rescue of more than 2, 000 sea turtles, the loss of millions of dollars ' worth of tropical fish and massive fish kills in rivers and streams. and though warm weather would offer a badly needed respite to help their survival, there ' s worry that it ' ll be especially hard on the animals if there ' s another cold snap. " last year we had a hard freeze in early february. i just hope it does not play out again this year, " said david boozer, executive director of the florida tropical fish farms association and the florida aquaculture association. florida is the top producer of tropical aquarium fish, an industry worth $ 43 million a year, but dozens of farms have suffered massive die - offs of their fish stock, boozer said. some farms have lost 75 percent to 90 percent of their fish, which are kept in ponds and lakes. " goldfish and koi are coldwater fish, but some stock are so acclimated to the warm weather that there have been problems, " boozer said. " the true tropical varieties, such as african and south american cichlids, have been hit heavily. " the losses will make it tough for some farms to recover, and aquarium owners may have trouble finding some varieties, or they might see higher prices. florida fish - farm owners are worried about losing market share to competing fish farms in china. most farms have hatcheries with breeding fish to rebuild stock, but it ' ll take months for some farms to recover and another cold snap would make it difficult to start that recovery, boozer said. florida sea - turtle rehabilitators have organized a massive rescue of more than 2, 000 turtles suffering cold - stun syndrome. the cold water paralyzes them, making them unable to swim or feed. allen foley, wildlife biologist with the florida fish and wildlife conservation commission, said hundreds of turtles have been pulled out of the indian river lagoon, which stretches through volusia and brevard and three other counties. hundreds more turtles have been rescued from st. joseph ' s bay in the panhandle and the tampa bay area. many of the indian river lagoon turtles were taken to warehouses in brevard county, where they can be triaged and sent to rehabilitation centers. " it ' s disturbing to see that many animals coming in, " said brian stacy, a veterinarian with the university of florida college of veterinary medicine and the


brevard county, where they can be triaged and sent to rehabilitation centers. " it ' s disturbing to see that many animals coming in, " said brian stacy, a veterinarian with the university of florida college of veterinary medicine and the national marine fisheries services who helped in one of the triage warehouses. " it ' s madness. " every place capable of caring for sea turtles has been overwhelmed. seaworld orlando has 140 sea turtles in its care and had 20 others that didn ' t survive. volusia county ' s marine science center in ponce inlet has had 67 sea turtles come in from the cold, including several 200 - pound green sea turtles. tammy bolerjack, turtle - rehabilitation specialist at the volusia facility, said the turtles need a few days to warm up but have recovered quickly, and some are ready to be released. the panhandle turtles haven ' t fared as well, foley said. about 25 percent of those didn ' t survive the cold. on tuesday, about 60 turtles rescued during the early days of the cold spell were released tuesday at john u. lloyd beach state park in broward county. volusia ' s facility has also rehabilitated several dozen seabirds, including northern gannets, brown pelicans and several species of gulls and terns that suffered in the cold. as with other wildlife, the cold slows their metabolism. some pelagic birds, including several northern gannets, were emaciated and have needed additional fluids. volusia officials hope to release several of the birds later this week as the weather warms up. hundreds of warm - water fish have died in rivers, streams and lakes, with at least 40 fish kills reported to the state database — from large barracuda in mangroves in the keys, to large schools of mullet, sheepshead and snook near the east coast and amberjack and catfish in tampa bay. the fish kills have caused a feeding frenzy among birds, according to local bird watchers. wildlife officials have warned anglers that fishing regulations still apply. manatees have been taking refuge from the cold at springs and canals near power plants and other pockets of available warm water. blue spring state park has hit new records this winter, with a one - day record of 311 manatees counted jan. 8. cold water can be lethal to the sea cows. the weather was a key factor in last year ' s death - tally record, with 56 of the 429 manatee deaths blamed on the cold. this year


' s birth - - extraordinarily wealthy, holding considerable property in his own right and standing as prospective heir to other land - holdings scattered through several counties of england. he later served queen elizabeth in several prominent posts, most notably as lord deputy of ireland. sir philip ' s uncles, the earls of leicester and warwick, were among the most wealthy and powerful men in the realm, and he was also connected to influential circles at court through his marriage to the daughter of elizabeth ' s great secretary, sir francis walsingham. throughout his life, sidney hoped that his expectations would be fulfilled in high office and in great affairs of state. indeed, from 1575 to 1585, he played limited but visible roles as a courtier, an ambassador, a member of parliament, and a joint master of ordnance, helping to fortify dover and the coast against the expected invasion of the spanish armada. unfortunately, however, he was too impetuous and too outspoken - - particularly in supporting the radical protestant faction surrounding his uncle, the earl of leicester - - to gain the confidence of the queen. in consequence, he was never given responsibilities that matched either his abilities or his connections at court. though many prominent leaders in england and on the continent regarded him as a promising candidate to lead an international protestant league against the catholic forces of france and spain, his part in that effort was ultimately confined to that of a military governor and a field commander fighting limited skirmishes against the spanish in the netherlands. it was not in his public actions, then, but in his private character and in his literary works that his " great expectations " were fulfilled. he was the most illustrious english example of what we now call the " renaissance man, " cultivating excellence in a remarkable range of intellectual, artistic, and athletic pursuits. as his friend fulke greville remarked in his life of sidney, " his end was not writing, even while he wrote ; nor his knowledge molded for tables, or schools ; but both his wit and understanding bent upon his heart, to make himself and others, not in words or opinion, but in life and action, good and great. " though not as learned as spenser or jonson or milton, he was well read in the classics and in contemporary works of literature, philosophy, and history. his languages included latin and french, italian and spanish, a gentleman ' s greek and perhaps a smattering of german. he was the most dazzling rhetorician of his generation and a remarkably prolific and innovative writer, both in poetry


, and history. his languages included latin and french, italian and spanish, a gentleman ' s greek and perhaps a smattering of german. he was the most dazzling rhetorician of his generation and a remarkably prolific and innovative writer, both in poetry and in prose. he was also a student of military tactics and a fearless - - some say reckless - - soldier. he took an active interest in the exploration and colonization of the new world, once attempting to sail with sir francis drake to the west indies and failing only because the queen sent messengers to the docks recalling him to court. as a patron, he encouraged artists and musicians, prose stlylists and rhetoricians, philosophers and historians, and - - most of all - - poets. in return, unprecedented numbers honored him in the prefaces and dedications to their books and in elegies published after his death. he was, in short, a man one who valued a life of thought and action on a grand scale. though known for his tendency to seriousness, and even melancholy, he was also fond of play, delighting endlessly in the turns and counter - turns of his own wit and taking part in public entertainments at court as well as private amusements at his sister ' s country estate at wilton. in both his life and his works, one continually senses a powerful and restless desire to excel, though it is nearly always concealed behind the studied aristocratic ease and self - deprecation that the italians call " sprezzatura. " aside from his own self - fashioning, his greatest achievement was the extraordinary body of writings that he left behind unpublished in england when he departed for the netherlands in 1585. his defence of poetry was the first major work of literary theory in english and remains one of the most widely read. his sequence of songs and sonnets, astrophil and stella, began the great english vogue for sonnets in the 1590s and served as a model for the cycles of spenser, shakespeare, and many others. for nearly a century, his prose romance arcadia remained the most widely admired and frequently reprinted work of fiction in the language. in all these literary endeavors, sidney was important not only as an innovator but also as a transmitter of cultural tradition. he was unusually receptive to literary forms, techniques, and ideas popular on the continent, helping to bring many of them across the channel for the first time. he was, for example, the first major english author to assimilate the teachings of aristotle ' s poetics and


literary forms, techniques, and ideas popular on the continent, helping to bring many of them across the channel for the first time. he was, for example, the first major english author to assimilate the teachings of aristotle ' s poetics and the neo - classical criticism of renaissance italy. he helped to popularize hellenistic romance and italian poetic style, and his treatments of machivellian politics and epicurean philosophy are among the earliest in english literature. other writers of the age may have been greater, but none did more to inspire the movement in literature and the arts that we call the " elizabethan renaissance. " initial fame, 1587 - 1674 during the decade following sidney ' s death, the dissemination of his works was limited by his family ' s slowness in putting them into print. authorized editions of arcadia, astrophil and stella, and the defence of poetry were gradually released, but always under the pressure of unauthorized texts derived from manuscripts that had circulated among his friends and acquaintances. not until 1598 did his sister finally publish all of his main works in the folio collection that passes under the title of the countess of pembroke ' s arcadia. this compilation became enormously popular, going through ten authorized printings before the end of the seventeenth century and even attracting the attention of literary pirates in scotland. so popular was the title work in this volume that, although long and complex already, it gradually became encrusted with continuations by other authors. sir william alexander began this process in 1616 by supplying material to round out the unfinished third book. his continuation appeared in all seventeenth - century english editions of arcadia from 1621 on. subsequent issues added sir richard beling ' s attempt at a sixth book and james johnstoun ' s supplement to book iii. abroad, sidney ' s arcadia was also the most popular of his works. in france, parts of it were translated in manuscript by jean loiseau de tourval between 1607 and 1610. complete versions were published in the years 1624 - 25 by two competing translators, genevieve chappelain and jean boudoin. in germany, a translation by an unknown author writing under the pen name valentinus theocritus von hirschberg appeared in 1629 and, with extensive revisions by the well - known author martin opitz, went through five more editions between 1638 and 1658. in the netherlands, a dutch translation by felix van sambix de jonghe was also successful, going to press three times between 1639 and 1659. in the last year of its run


, and a translation of du plessis - mornay ' s trueness of the christian religion that was begun by sidney and finished by arthur golding. as one might expect, arcadia received the greatest attention. soon after its publication, gervase markham and thomas wilson recognized its debts to earlier literature, notably to heliodorus ' s greek romance aethiopica and to jorge de montemayor ' s spanish pastoral diana. john hoskins combed through it for illustrations of the tropes and figures that characterize its widely imitated style. early commentators also made the first attempts to solve the thorny problem of its genre and intent. some, such as fulke greville, regarded it as an epic poem written to instill serious moral and political principles. others, including a surprisingly large audience outside the upper classes, read it as a romance of unrequited love and faithful friendship and were drawn by its crowded action and lofty sentiments. spenser ' s friend gabriel harvey listed five points in which it seems to have exerted a special appeal : " amorous courting, sage counseling, valorous fighting,... delightful pastime by way of pastoral exercises, " and " politic secrets of privity. " not all readers admired arcadia as much as greville and harvey. in every man out of his humour and again in published conversations with william drummond of hawthornden, ben jonson took great pleasure in ridiculing sidney ' s style, laughing at him for " making everyone [ from shepherds to kings ] speak as well as himself. " after the story went around that charles i had read pamela ' s prayer from the captivity episode in preparing for his execution, john milton charged the king with impiety and sidney with having written " a vain, amatorious poem. " by the end of the seventeenth century, the enormous popularity of arcadia was waning, commentators tended to repeat the observations of their predecessors without offering much evidence that they had bothered to read the book for themselves, and literary authors lost their interest. after 1650, only scattered borrowings occur, and some, such as those in charles sorel ' s bergere extravagant, are parodies. decline and revival, 1674 - 1900 by 1674, when the last of the seventeenth - century editions of sidney ' s works appeared, his literary reputation was in sharp decline. by the second quarter of the eighteenth century, it was in eclipse. to be sure, the augustan preoccupation with


when the last of the seventeenth - century editions of sidney ' s works appeared, his literary reputation was in sharp decline. by the second quarter of the eighteenth century, it was in eclipse. to be sure, the augustan preoccupation with neo - classical criticism preserved some measure of interest in the defence of poetry, which is reflected in the publication of separate editions in 1752 and 1787. yet these seem to have sold badly, and the only other reprintings of sidney ' s works were the collected editions published in london in 1724 - 25 and in dublin in 1739 and lord hailes ' s edition of the correspondence with languet, which was issued in 1776. sidney continued to be revered as a half - legendary national hero, but his works were not widely read. not until 1829 would there be another edition of astrophil and stella, and arcadia would not appear again until hain friswell ' s condensed version of 1867. the reasons for the decline are not hard to identify. sonnets were long out of fashion, as were pastoral romances. the luxuriant arcadian style, so admired in sidney ' s day, did not fare well with readers taught to admire classical simplicity and royal society prose, and sidney ' s arcadia was much too long and involuted to hold readers who were put off by its style. as william bond has noted ( 438 ), it is no accident that the first simplified paraphrase of the romance, stripped of the eclogues, appears in this period. horace walpole seems to have spoken for many when he characterized the book as a " tedious, lamentable, pedantic, pastoral romance, which the patience of a young virgin in love cannot now wade through. " ironically, walpole ' s attacks on sidney ' s literary reputation may actually have helped to preserve it by rousing a long list of commentators to his defence. for the most part, however, sidney was allowed to sleep with his fathers, forgotten by nearly everyone except a few learned souls who were still interested in milton ' s attacks on charles i or shakespeare ' s borrowings in king lear. the revival of serious interest in sidney came with the antiquarian movement of the early nineteenth century. thomas zouch ' s memoir of sir philip sidney, which was the first attempt at a critical biography since the author ' s death, stirred a good deal of new interest. bibliographers such as egerton brydges and james o. halliwell - phillipps


philip sidney, which was the first attempt at a critical biography since the author ' s death, stirred a good deal of new interest. bibliographers such as egerton brydges and james o. halliwell - phillipps added to it by reexamining the early texts of sidney ' s works, and soon important new editions began to appear : the first printing of the sidney psalms in 1823, william gray ' s miscellaneous works in 1829, steuart pears ' s edition of the correspondence in 1845. william hazlitt helped keep this new - found interest alive by attacking sidney even more outrageously and derisively than had walpole, and isaac disraeli and charles lamb rose to his defense. by mid - century, such casual and gentlemanly interest in sidney began to bear fruit in serious scholarship. in 1862, h. r. fox bourne raised the standards for biographical studies by publishing a lengthy memoir based on early documents, many of which had sat neglected on the shelves of the state papers office for nearly three centuries. in the 1860s and 70s, periodicals such as athenaeum and notes and queries began to run frequent articles on sidney and his place in literary history, and in the 1880s and 90s, there was a flurry of interest in his prose style. at about the same time, scholarly editions began to appear, including well - annotated texts of the defence by albert cook and evelyn shuckburgh, a new astrophil and stella by alfred pollard, a scholarly edition of the same work and the defence by ewald flegel, and a facsimile of the 1590 arcadia by oskar sommers. sidney scholarship, 1900 - present in the first half of the twentieth century, new manuscripts were discovered, and these encouraged even more ambitious scholarly efforts. as early as 1887, emil koeppel had noticed that sidney ' s contemporaries sometimes quoted a text of arcadia different from the published versions, yet twenty years passed before bertram dobell finally happened upon a manuscript of the old arcadia. subsequently, eight other manuscripts came to light, offering scholars a rare opportunity to study a major renaissance author ' s methods of composition, revision, and manuscript circulation. scholars and collectors also discovered a variety of letters and minor poems by sidney that had never before been edited. with such texts to work with, albert feuillerat was able to produce the first nearly complete edition of sidney ' s works, which appeared between 1912 and 1926. in the same period, malcolm w.