john calvin was born in 1509. he died in 1564. john calvin was the son of a lawyer. he was born in noyon, picardy and was therefore a frenchman. calvin developed a love for scholarship and literature. in 1523 he went to the university of paris where he studied theology. to maintain himself while a student, calvin secured a small chaplaincy attached to noyon cathedral. in 1528 he went to orleans to study law, and one year later calvin went to bourges also to study law. calvin was pressurised by his father to study law but in 1531 his father died giving calvin the freedom to resume his religious studies. in the same year that his father died, calvin went to the college de france in paris to study greek. this college was noted for its humanistic approach to learning. in fact, all the colleges that calvin attended had humanistic leanings and it was only natural that this influenced calvin. he became an admirer of erasmus. at some point between 1528 and 1533 he experienced a " sudden conversion " and grasped protestantism. " god subdued my soul to docility by a sudden conversion " was how calvin described this many historians look on the time from 1531 to 1533 as being the key time as this was the first time that he had been free from his father ’ s ‘ shackles ’. calvin was highly critical of the abuses in the french catholic church but he never doubted that he was god ’ s chosen instrument in the spiritual regeneration of the world. at this time in france his ideas would have been heretical especially after the day of the placards incident when francis i felt personally threatened by the protestants and joined with the sorbonne and the parlement of paris to hunt out heretics. calvin lived at a dangerous time for heretics and in 1533 he fled paris. in the following year 24 heretics were burned at the stake. for three years ( 1533 to 1536 ) he roamed france, italy and switzerland. in 1536 the first edition of " institutes of the christian religion " was published in basle. it was revised on a number of occasions and the final edition was published in 1559. this book was a clear explanation of his religious beliefs. the later versions expanded on how his church should be organised. in july 1536, calvin went to geneva which became the centre of his work. he had been trying to go to strasbourg but the spread of the habsburg - valois wars made him detour to geneva where


on how his church should be organised. in july 1536, calvin went to geneva which became the centre of his work. he had been trying to go to strasbourg but the spread of the habsburg - valois wars made him detour to geneva where a fiery protestant called guillaume farel persuaded him to stay. geneva was a french - speaking swiss city. at the time of calvin ’ s arrival the city was struggling to achieve independence against two authorities who were trying to exercise control over geneva. the first was the dukes of savoy and the second was the bishop of geneva. geneva was not yet part of switzerland ( not until 1815 ) and the city allied with the cantons of bern and fribourg against savoy. the bishop fled geneva and savoy was defeated in 1535. in may 1536 the city adopted religious reform : 1 ) monasteries were dissolved 2 ) mass was abolished 3 ) papal authority renounced but within geneva itself a struggle took place between those who wanted mild reform ( such as no compulsory church attendance ) and those who demanded radical reform such as calvin and farel. the split was deeper than this however. the mild reformers were called the libertines and they wanted magistrates firmly in control of the clergy. calvin wanted a city controlled by the clergy - a theocracy. in 1538, the libertines won the day and farel and calvin fled the city and went to strasbourg. from 1538 to 1541 calvin stayed in strasbourg. here he learned a lot about the ideas of martin bucer ; a moderate protestant reformer from germany. calvin was especially interested in bucer ’ s ideas on ecclesiastical organisation. in 1540 calvin attended a catholic / protestant conference at hagenau and in the following year he attended similar conferences at worms and regensburg. in september 1541 calvin returned to geneva after the libertines had fallen from power in 1540. it took calvin 14 years before he could fully impose his version of liturgy, doctrine, organisation of the church and moral behaviour. calvin ’ s services were plain and simple. he placed great importance on the sermon. his sermons were very logical and learned. though he himself liked music, he distrusted its use in religious services believing that it distracted people from the matter in hand - the worship and the seeking knowledge of god. musical instruments were banned from churches - though congregational singing was permitted and this proved to be both popular and an effective way of ‘ spreading ’ the message. all matters relating to worship came from the scriptures - so psalms took the place of hymns in services. in 154


were banned from churches - though congregational singing was permitted and this proved to be both popular and an effective way of ‘ spreading ’ the message. all matters relating to worship came from the scriptures - so psalms took the place of hymns in services. in 1541, added by the city council, calvin drew up the ecclesiastical ordinances. he rejected the organisation of the medieval church as contrary to the new testament. he wanted a church modelled on the church in apostolic times. there were to be no bishops. all ministers were equal. they had to preach, administer the sacraments and look after the spiritual welfare of the people. moral discipline was also upheld by the ministers - but they were helped by the elders. the elders were civilian ( laymen ) who lived within the congregation and who were elected by the city council. calvin was not keen on this but it provided a link between the church and state. the elders and deacons ( also laymen who looked after the relief of the poor were subject to popular appointment and in that respect they introduced an important element of democracy into the church. all officers in the church belonged to the consistory and if there was a power struggle between the ministers and the laymen the outcome of that power struggle determined whether the church became erastian ( i. e. followed the way erasmus wished a church to go ) or the state would become theocratic i. e. the church controlled all aspects of life. eventually geneva became theocratic. calvin was a strong believer in behaving as god wished. immorality was severely condemned but to begin with the consistory was not an effective body. it only started to be so when the number of appointed ministers was greater than the elders. also in 1555, the city council gave the consistory the right to excommunicate offenders. only after this date was a strict moral code imposed and every sin was made a crime e. g. no work or pleasure on a sunday ; no extravagance in dress. if you were excommunicated you were banished from the city. blasphemy could be punished by death ; lewd singing could be punished by your tongue being pierced. calvin believed that the church and state should be separate but the consistory tried moral and religious offenders. two members of the consistory, accompanied by a minister, visited every parish to see that all was well and that people could see that they were being checked on. the state had to obey the teachings of the church, according to calvin, and once he had managed to


consistory, accompanied by a minister, visited every parish to see that all was well and that people could see that they were being checked on. the state had to obey the teachings of the church, according to calvin, and once he had managed to ensure this power, he felt confident enough to shut down taverns - though this was actually done by magistrates - and replace them with " evangelical refreshment places " where you could drink alcohol but this was accompanied by bible readings. meals ( in public ) were preceded by the saying of grace. not surprisingly these were far from popular and even calvin recognised that he had gone too far and the taverns were re - opened with due speed!! was calvin totally supported in geneva? it must be remembered that he was introducing a very disciplined code to the city and that this code effectively controlled peoples lives. there were those who opposed calvin and he was never totally secure until he had the support of geneva ’ s most important families. these 1, 500 men had a right to elect the city council which governed the city ’ s 13, 000 people. many felt angered that their privacy was being trespassed on and though a moral code to maintain standards was accepted, calvin saw it going all the way so that everybody in the city was affected - a view not shared by everyone. this changed in favour of calvin when a spanish scholar called michael servetus came to geneva in 1553. he questioned the validity of the trinity which is central to all christianity. the libertines sided with servetus to ‘ get ’ at calvin and but his trial and burning as a heretic gave calvin the opportunity to target the libertines who fled geneva. in may 1555, the libertines attempted a take - over of geneva which was a disaster. the ringleaders were caught and executed and this success further strengthened calvin ’ s hand. what were calvin ’ s beliefs? calvinism was based around the absolute power and supremacy of god. the world was created so that mankind might get to know him. calvin believed that man was sinful and could only approach god through faith in christ - not through mass and pilgrimages. calvin believed that the new testament and baptism and the eucharist had been created to provide man with continual divine guidance when seeking faith. in calvin ’ s view, man, who is corrupt, is confronted by the omnipotent ( all powerful ) and omnipresent ( present everywhere ) god who before the world began predestined some for eternal salvation ( the elect )


calvin ’ s view, man, who is corrupt, is confronted by the omnipotent ( all powerful ) and omnipresent ( present everywhere ) god who before the world began predestined some for eternal salvation ( the elect ) while the others would suffer everlasting damnation ( the reprobates ). the chosen few were saved by the operation of divine grace which cannot be challenged and cannot be earned by man ’ s merits. you might have lead what you might have considered a perfectly good life that was true to god but if you were a reprobate you remained one because for all your qualities you were inherently corrupt and god would know this even if you did not. however, a reprobate by behaving decently could achieve an inner conviction of salvation. an elect could never fall from grace. however, god remained the judge and lawgiver of men. predestination remained a vital belief in calvinism. | " we call predestination god ’ s eternal decree, by which he determined what he willed to become of each man. for all are not created in equal condition ; rather, eternal life is ordained for some, eternal damnation for others. " ( institutes ) | calvin and europe calvinism was a belief that was dependent on the strength of the individual. you controlled your own goodness on earth and this depended on the strength of your inner conviction. this was a personal belief not dependent on the whims of an individual pope or relics, indulgences etc. you may have been a reprobate in the eyes of god but you would not know this and so a person would lead a life for god to fully know him. geneva became the most influential city in the protestant movement. it represented the city where religion had been most truly reformed and changed for the better. john knox, the scottish protestant leader, called geneva " the most perfect school of christ. " geneva ’ s impact on europe was huge for two reasons : calvin did not want his belief to be restricted to just one area and he did not want geneva to become a refuge for fleeing protestants. the city was to be the heart that pumped calvinism to all of europe. this spread was to be based on a new educational system which was established in geneva. both primary and secondary schools were created and in 1559 the academy was established which was to become the university of geneva. geneva was / is french speaking and calvin spoke french. it was expected that many french huguenots ( calvinists


in geneva. both primary and secondary schools were created and in 1559 the academy was established which was to become the university of geneva. geneva was / is french speaking and calvin spoke french. it was expected that many french huguenots ( calvinists in france were known as huguenots ) would head for the university to train as missionaries. this was the main task of the university. in 1559 it had 162 students. in 1564, it had over 1500 students. most of these were foreign. calvin had some luck with his teaching staff as there had been a dispute over the level of pay at lausanne university and many of the teaching staff there simply transferred to geneva as the pay was better and the financial structure of the university was on a stronger footing. after their course at geneva, the missionaries were given a french - speaking congregation in switzerland where they could perfect their skills before moving on to france itself. the ease with which ministers could get into france was a bonus for calvin. however, the size of the country was to be both a help and a hindrance to calvinists. the first huguenot ( calvinist ) ministers arrived in france in 1553. by 1563, there were nearly 90 huguenots in france and the speed of its spread surprised even calvin. henry ii of france was a strong catholic and he had established a body called the chambre ardente in 1547 to monitor and hunt out ‘ heresy ’ in france. it was not a success and was disbanded in 1550. whereas his father ( francis i ) had used protestantism to help advance his power against the parlement de paris, henry had no wish to have any association with protestants whatsoever. in 1555 the first huguenot congregation to have a permanent minister was established in paris. by 1558, this congregation was worshipping in the open guarded by armed sympathisers. in 1559, the first synod ( national council ) was held in paris. 72 local congregations were represented by the elders from each congregation. in some regions of france travelling ministers had to be used but this was never a major problem as the organisation of the church was so tight. many huguenot communities were near each other so communication was never really a problem. educated merchants were drawn to calvinism. this occurred probably as a result of the impact of the renaissance and as a reaction to the rigidity of the catholic church. a number of noble families converted to calvinism though there is not one common link to explain their conversion. each family had its own


occurred probably as a result of the impact of the renaissance and as a reaction to the rigidity of the catholic church. a number of noble families converted to calvinism though there is not one common link to explain their conversion. each family had its own individual reason. ironically one of these reasons may have been patriotic. catholicism was linked to rome and since the concordat of bologna, the french had always linked their religion to national causes. by associating yourself with calvinism, you would be expressing your belief that france should have no links to italy. the huguenots were concentrated on the coast mainly in the west ( la rochelle ) and in the south - east. they develop their own cavalry force and openly worshipped in their own churches. the sheer size of france aided them in the respect that the royal government in paris found it difficult enough to assert its authority generally. the strict organisation of the huguenots made any attempt by the authorities to crush them very difficult. added to this was the simple fact that la rochelle was a long way from paris. by 1561, there were 2150 huguenot churches in france and calvinists were estimated to be about 10 % of the population - about 1 million people. it has to be remembered that the first calvinist ministers only got to france in 1553. calvinism within france became a large minority religion. calvin made important gains in this state. ministers first arrived here in the 1550 ’ s aided by huguenot preachers who were fleeing from france. they made slow progress at first. why? lutheranism had already taken root as had anabaptism so calvinism was seen as another protest religion in a ever crowded field. there was also a lot of persecution in general against protestants. in 1524, charles v had introduced his own inquisition to the region and in 1529 and 1531 new edicts were introduced ordering death to anyone who was found guilty of being a lutheran or simply sheltered them or help lutherans spread their beliefs. in 1550 charles v removed the authority of city councils to try heretics. it was his belief that city magistrates were too lenient and that the provincial courts which took over this duty would have far greater control than the city magistrates. these measures did check the spread of protestantism but calvinism was the most successful of the three and the best equipped to survive. why? its system of non - religious governments by elders allowed it to operate regardless of the authorities. the anabaptists were too reliant on the role of the individual as opposed


most successful of the three and the best equipped to survive. why? its system of non - religious governments by elders allowed it to operate regardless of the authorities. the anabaptists were too reliant on the role of the individual as opposed to strength in numbers and organisation while the lutherans were poorly organised and more open to attack from the authorities. by 1560, calvinism had not spread far because the authorities were very active against it. in total, protestantism accounted for 5 % of the whole population in the netherlands of which the calvinists were just a small part. no noble men appeared to be interested as they were too concerned with their political power and economic well being. their knew that the catholic church was corrupt but they found the calvinists far too authoritarian as the church told you what you could do and what you could not. most calvinists were from antwerp, ghent and regions near germany. calvinism developed into a popular movement in nw rhineland and westphalia - both neighbours of the netherlands. these were the only areas to convert. in 1562, frederick iii modelled churches in his territory on the calvinist model which was contrary to the 1555 religious settlement of augsburg which stated that churches could only be catholic or lutheran. heidelburg became a leading intellectual centre but the spread elsewhere was very limited due to lutheranism and the input of calvinism into germany served to disunite the protestant movement and help the catholic church in the counter - reformation. john sigismund of brandenburg was to convert at a later date and his state followed. the western area of poland was german speaking which had helped luther. however, poland had a history of nationalism and a desire to be independent and this did not help luther who had not spent time organising his church. calvinism first reached poland in 1550 and the nobles latched on to the idea of using the civilian population - and giving them some power in their religious rights - as a lever to expand their own power. two leading nobles ( prince radziwill the black and john a lasco ) actively helped the spread of calvinism as did two kings ( stephen ii and stephen bathory ). regardless of this, calvinism did not spread far. why? most poles did not speak german and therefore language remained a major stumbling block as most calvinist preachers did not speak polish and could not communicate with the population. another problem was that numerous protestant religions already existed in poland ( bohemian brethren, anabaptists, unitarians etc. ) and those who might be won away from the catholic


the house of commons, 1793 - 94 by karl anton hickel. national portrait gallery, london. published in 2010 the history of parliament : the house of commons 1604 - 1629 edited by andrew thrush and john p. ferris, was published in six volumes in november 2010. some of the darkest moments in the history of parliament are revealed in the most comprehensive survey ever compiled of the house of commons in the early seventeenth century. while many mps feared that england ’ s representative institution was teetering on the brink of extinction, two successive kings were no less fearful that some of the most influential members of the commons were secretly trying to undermine the monarchy. in 1629 the king forced the house of commons to adjourn amid scenes of uproar as a band of members, led by sir john eliot, dragged the speaker back to his chair while the house agreed a formal protest. parliament was not called again until 1640, when the king, having failed to suppress rebellion in scotland, was left with no other option. two years later the country descended into civil war. the volumes include biographies of each of the 1, 782 men who sat in the house of commons. the composition of the commons is included in dr andrew thrush ’ s introductory survey the mps featured in the biographies include : - the key commons politicians of the period, among them sir edward coke, the finest lawyer of his day with an arrogance to match his talents ; edward alford, the talented and bluntly - spoken sussex squire who was one of the foremost champions of the commons ’ right to free speech ; sir edwin sandys, famed for his razor - sharp intellect and an ability to articulate clearly and powerfully the concerns of his colleagues, but who went on to lose all his credit in the commons over his views on religion and support for buckingham ; and sir robert phelips, son of a former speaker of the commons and the greatest orator of his day, a man described by sir john eliot as possessing ‘ elegance of words, readiness and dexterity in fancy and conception, a voice and pronunciation of much sweetness ’. - men who went on to become famous during the civil war, such as the parliamentary hero john hampden and the military strongman and lord protector oliver cromwell, who made a single intervention in the 1628 parliament. - men who sat in parliament but were more famous outside politics, such as the architect inigo jones, who was brought into parliament in 1621 through the intervention of his friend the earl of arundel, and who was put to work by


smte will develop, research, and evaluate an instructional model and a prototypical six - week hybrid learning experience that consists of an educational computer game with screen - based 3 - d design simulations ( three weeks ) and follow - up hands - on physical modeling activities and reflection time ( three weeks ). the game will situate the students in an inhospitable environment and invite them to undertake a quest that requires solving technological design problems to sustain themselves. the quest will contextualize grades 6 - 8 standards for technological literacy ( pi hacker was a member of the stl development team ) and apply standards - based mathematics and science. development of materials will be guided by the process described by wiggins and mctigue in understanding by design ( ubd ), and will be informed by nrc ’ s how people learn and by research on anchored instruction. the project will follow the planning process described in ubd : 1 ) identify desired results, 2 ) determine acceptable evidence, and 3 ) plan learning experiences and instruction. grant and denise wiggins will serve as project consultants to ensure congruence with the ubd model. the project will foster a thoughtful pedagogical approach to design that will serve as the core instructional strategy. the nsf - developed informed design model melds guided inquiry with open - ended design and leads students to develop conceptual understanding before they engage in design activity. consequently, students approach design from a more “ informed ” perspective. ctl co - directors burghardt and hacker will embed the informed design pedagogy into both the 3 - d simulations and the physical modeling. bloomsburg university ’ s institute for interactive technologies will provide the expertise in gaming, game development, and instructional design. bloomsburg faculty and students will build the active 3 - d worlds, design the background scenery, and develop animated human - like characters ( avatars ). knowledge and skill builder activities ( see informed design text box ), designed to teach important stem background concepts and skills, will be presented as realistic 3 - d simulations. the simulations will be driven by a knowledge - based engineering ( kbe ) framework. using kbe ( an object - oriented programming language tightly integrated with a geometric modeling tool ), developers capture knowledge about a design process, so that users, aided by 3 - d simulations, can evaluate the effect of design changes. tom robertson, president and ceo, kinetics inc., chapel hill, nc, is one of the nation ’ s foremost kbe experts. he will serve as a


the fruit of the church is holiness. it was therefore natural for the long process of the establishment of the orthodox church in america to be climaxed by witness of holiness - - the canonization of the holy elder herman of alaska. for those who participated in the ceremonies of the canonization in alaska, as well as for those who prayed to the newly glorified saint in churches throughout the united states and canada, this holiness was manifested in the depth of the holy elder ' s humility and in the strength of his faith. the act of canonization eclipsed everything else - - human plans for the future, fears, accomplishments, successes and failures. all this was illumined by new light, the light of sanctity now shining above america - - a light surpassing human reason and bringing the fullness of divine grace into the life of the church. in the course of its 175 - year existence the russian orthodox greek catholic church in america and canada went through many phases of a sociological and psychological nature. it began with the missionary efforts of the valaam monks and was at first totally involved in the christian enlightenment of the aleut natives and in the planting of christian morality and christian socio - economic foundations among them. it spread throughout the american continent and began to create new pan - orthodox units in america, continuing to be concerned about mission among the americans on the one hand, and organizing the first parishes for orthodox immigrants o all national origins on the other. when the orthodox immigrants were divided into more definite ethnic groups in which orthodoxy began to coincide with and sometimes was even replaced by ethnic aspirations, the church naturally began to expend much energy on the organization of our socio - ethnic " ghettos. " in these ghettos all that was brought from the old world was not developed but " preserved ", beginning with recipes and ending with language, culture and provincial politics. this period, which continued for a considerable time, had an undisputed significance in the process of church growth and development. thanks to this period a number of important principles in the areas of liturgical life, piety, traditions, character and order were preserved. it also created a prolonged crisis which caused members of our younger generations who were leaving their ethnic and parochial ghetto and associated it with something totally contradictory to the " american way of life " to reject not only their sociological roots but orthodoxy as well - - orthodoxy being so closely associated with sociological factors. in the last two or three decades a new current has appeared in our church life. the desire to " conserve " traditional values


of life " to reject not only their sociological roots but orthodoxy as well - - orthodoxy being so closely associated with sociological factors. in the last two or three decades a new current has appeared in our church life. the desire to " conserve " traditional values, so predominant in the sociological ghetto, began to be replaced gradually by the attempt to integrate orthodoxy into american life. these efforts were not always successful ; quite often they carried with them the danger simply of replacing what is russian, carpatho - russian, ukrainian by what is american. this, in terms of its quality, threatened to be as provincial as everything that preceded it. at the same time there was a growth of the healthy tendency to accomplish the " churching of americanism, " if one may put it that way, rather than the " americanization of orthodoxy. " there began an era of the discovery of orthodoxy in all it untarnished value of orthodoxy as a self - sufficient principle, to which all other principles must be subordinate. there began a rediscovery of the church ' s sacramental life, in which were to be found the sources of spiritual and intellectual sustenance. at first, orthodoxy was an " embarrassment " because it was a " foreign faith, " because it was something contradictory to " american culture. " later, orthodoxy became a source of " pride, " as one can be " proud " of exotic costumes, traditions and background. now, glory be to god, we have begun to live orthodoxy, that is, to understand fully that orthodoxy is not a museum, not a repository, not exoticism, but life. for many long years our ecclesiastical and social interests were concentrated almost exclusively upon ourselves, upon our own problems. even when we thought we were speaking about america our point of departure was our ethnic identity. america for us was " they " and not " we ". if, as a church, we participated in the life of the nation, this participation expressed itself first of all in the fact that we sent our children to the front, where they fought heroically for the country ' s freedom. as for the rest, our reactions always concentrated on negative things : we warned the country ( and were justified in doing so ) about political, moral and social dangers. although a portion of our participation was directed to creative ends, basically our participation was concentrated upon ourselves and the solution of our " internal problems. " we are accustomed to this approach ; it will not be easy for us to survive the crisis which has been placed before us by the


participation was directed to creative ends, basically our participation was concentrated upon ourselves and the solution of our " internal problems. " we are accustomed to this approach ; it will not be easy for us to survive the crisis which has been placed before us by the course of historical and ecclesiastical events. the resolution of this crisis is the major theme of the extremely important test to which our autocephaly has called us. it is useful to remember that in greek the world " crisis " means " judgment ". now the meaning of this word is relevant for us in the most direct way. god ' s judgment is being done to us, the judgment of history and the judgment of our conscience. in the light of this judgment we will have to justify the gift which has been handed to us by the church, the gift of maturity and independence. we wanted this and our desire has been fulfilled. looking with gratitude to all our past, to the entire and great tradition of russian and ecumenical orthodoxy which we have inherited, we should see in this a good and favorable wind and not a crutch for our support nor eyeglasses through which we can look at the reality of life. in accepting autocephaly we witnessed to our maximal loyalty to the historical road of america and canada. in accepting autocephaly our church accepted american and canadian citizenship ; the acceptance of citizenship always implies liberation from and rejection of any other historical and political loyalties. in turning from the 14th all - american sobor of the metropolia to the first council of the orthodox church in america we close the last volume of our 175 - year history and place it together with the other volumes on the shelf of experience and respect, simultaneously opening a fresh page of a new book of our ecclesiastical life. the title page of this book bears the inscription " orthodox church in america. " what will appear on the pages after the title depends on us. and so our autocephaly has placed our church face to face with america. all those things which earlier could stand between us psychologically - - " russian heritage, " our " emigre identity, " " tradition " and all similar factors - - have now disappeared. there is nothing that can shelter us from the reality before which god has placed us. to what extent does american life need us as a christian spiritual force, and to what degree do we need american reality? the second part of this question is so clear that no one is asking it : american life is our life. even those of us who have become american not by


need us as a christian spiritual force, and to what degree do we need american reality? the second part of this question is so clear that no one is asking it : american life is our life. even those of us who have become american not by birth but by choice have lived here a very considerable portion of our life. every day, through newspapers, through the television screen, through encounters, through our work we continually meet american life. if we are still inclined to think that this american life does not depend on us and has no relationship to us, that it is " they " and not " we " who die at the front in vietnam, poison themselves with drugs, kill, and fall victim to killers, make the politics of the nation, get lost in search of higher values, are joyful and suffer - - woe to us! for a long, long time, and especially from the moment we proclaimed ourselves the church of america, it is we, these are our children, this is our present and our future. incidentally, this does not even contradict all our attachment to other cultures, to other peoples and their history : everything in the world is so closely interwoven, so full of mutual responsibility, that everything occurring in america has its reflex in india, in africa, in russia, in the world. " i am not involved ", " i do not care ", " it is none of my business ", was never a respectable criterion : now this formula can only be defective. it is better to resurrect the wonderful thought of dostoyevsky according to which " everyone is guilty before all men for everything. " and we add the words of christ : " he who puts his hand to the plow and turns back is unworthy of the kingdom of god. " there can be no doubt that america is passing through a deep crisis touching on the spiritual, social and political life of the nation. we can point out that the crisis is not exclusively an american one. it has the same manifestations - - and even more radical ones - - in all countries and all peoples of the world. there can be no doubt that the solution of the crisis and a constructive way out of it do not lie merely in the area of new legislation, limitation of " excessive " freedom, police control of the population. the profound causes of the crisis are on the spiritual level ; therefore its solution requires a colossal effort of the spiritual strength of the nation. doubtless at the root of the crisis there is a wrong understanding


excessive " freedom, police control of the population. the profound causes of the crisis are on the spiritual level ; therefore its solution requires a colossal effort of the spiritual strength of the nation. doubtless at the root of the crisis there is a wrong understanding of freedom. the error extends in two directions. those who wish to limit freedom forget that the limitation of freedom has no end - - how can we know when to stop, how can we make certain that the limitation of freedoms will not lead to a police state and concentration camps for dissenters. those who lean in the other direction forget ( or do not want to remember ) that freedom without responsibility is not freedom but arbitrariness, anarchy, nihilism. those who struggle against the establishment do not think about the fact that " anti - system " can become a much more frightful system than the " establishment. " therefore the country is torn by the radicalism of two beliefs, both of which are intent on tearing the country apart. in addition to all this, and notwithstanding all the horrors that are so zealously described in our press, we must remember, first of all, the great majority represented by those whom the president has called the " silent majority. " these words are often repeated ironically, but they are a very good description of the mass of american people to which most of us belong and which, like a working horse, pulls the country out of moral, economic and political crises. secondly, among the young ( and sometimes not so young ) representatives of the " new culture " who give us such a fright and whom we are ready to bury in the mass grave of historical forgetfulness it is good to look for those who depart from " normal " american life for a number of reasons deserving our full attention. due to a lack of spiritual guidance as well as because of inbred american conformity, they often take the wrong road and perish ignominiously and uselessly. it is good to scrutinize the fundamental themes, the motivations, which drive these young people out of well - to - do homes, a successful life, practical materialism. close analysis inevitably leads us to the fact that youth is repulsed by complacent satisfaction with american well - being, by the false sense of security, by the exaggerated individualism that pushes people into loneliness and isolation, by the rationalization of even religious experience, by social injustice. these are negative themes. the positive ones are a desire for spiritual experience, for liberation from captivity to material values


security, by the exaggerated individualism that pushes people into loneliness and isolation, by the rationalization of even religious experience, by social injustice. these are negative themes. the positive ones are a desire for spiritual experience, for liberation from captivity to material values, a search for spiritual reality and mystical experience, for a sacramental justification of life in all its details - - love, sex, friendship, race, and so on. there is a search for the realities of life and death, which were so long concealed by our " funeral home culture " and were so cruelly revealed by the conflict in vietnam. youth is only partially responsible for the uncontrolled spiritualistic experimentation which has brought and is bringing so many of them to a tragic end ; a great - - much greater - - responsibility lies on those who did not support, reveal, teach, be an example in time. we also bear responsibility, particularly because we - - our church - - have long possessed first - class answers to all these questions. what can we, as a church, as the heirs of a spiritual experience of many centuries, say to contemporary young america? even on the basis of our historical experience, on a purely negative plane, we can witness to the ease with which freedom can be lost. the trouble is that freedom, like good health, the comforts of life, or even hot water every day, is understood best when it is no longer available. we know very well what not - freedom is. what it is to be endangered when you think, to be in even greater danger when you speak, and to invite catastrophe when you set thoughts on paper. we know what it is to be unfree to believe, to pray, to go to church when you choose. what it is to be unfree to leave your country when you wish. what it is to be unfree to organize your life as you see fit. it is our holy duty to share our negative experience with all politically naive people, with all those who are easily caught in the net of the demonic propaganda of the other side, where man means nothing. where " the death of one man is a tragedy - - the death of ten thousand is a statistic, " in the words of one ideologist on the " other side. " this is not a political statement, for it concerns not only " political freedoms " but, first of all, the freedom of the spirit. this is witnessing to the real presence of the demonic in politics, in history, in sociology, of demonism


this is not a political statement, for it concerns not only " political freedoms " but, first of all, the freedom of the spirit. this is witnessing to the real presence of the demonic in politics, in history, in sociology, of demonism which quenches the spirit and which rises against god and humanity. therefore the power of this witness must be evangelical power, the power of christ, always denying darkness and the devil, whatever the coloring which they adopt - - even if they appear " in the image of an angel of light. " the voice of orthodox spiritual experience will have even greater power in answering the spiritual quest of our time. for this we ourselves must realize the spiritual strength of our church, which is not an exotic museum, but the living power of the holy spirit, who breathes " wherever he wills " in this world. all contemporary problems can be answered, first of all, in the sacramental theology of the orthodox church. human interrelationships ( the social order ), love and the family ( sex ), the value of the human personality ( racial problems ), freedom and responsibility ( legislation and jurisprudence ), morality ( discipline ), social reforms ( " love thy neighbor " ), suffering ( purification ), death ( resurrection ) - - all these problems can be properly solved in the light of the sacramental understanding of life as organic co - operation in the divine act of the creation of the world. the experience of spiritual life ( the jesus prayer, solitary life, monasticism, fasting, effort ) is the answer to the search for spiritual life. the practice of orthodox contemplation ( hesychasm ) is the answer to the thirst for mystical experience. the divine services, particularly the eucharist, are the answers to the thirst for sacrifice, cult, communion in love, union with god. our time is looking for symbols and for cult. symbols are justified only when a genuine spiritual content stands behind them. otherwise they turn into ritual. ritual and idols sooner or later lead to demonology. here is a boundless field for our preaching, for our mission in america, in canada. this is why it is good to bring down the walls, to tear the bonds which tie us to ourselves and keep us away from serving " these little ones. " these, then, in very brief form, are the tasks - - responsible, important, holy tasks - - which confront our orthodox church in america. and so we stand - - weak and uncertain as yet - - before these tasks


little ones. " these, then, in very brief form, are the tasks - - responsible, important, holy tasks - - which confront our orthodox church in america. and so we stand - - weak and uncertain as yet - - before these tasks, the extent of which is very simple. it was once clearly expressed by his grace, bishop dmitri, when he was asked what he considers the ultimate goal of orthodoxy in america. without any hesitation, his grace said : " america must become orthodox. if i believe that orthodoxy is the revelation of truth, then this, and only this, can be the purpose of its presence in america. " the road leading to this goal is long. the way to holiness, to god, to the kingdom of god, is equally long. we have set out on a new road. many issues, problems, projects, opportunities, difficulties, achievements are ahead of us on the road. on the agendas of our councils old and familiar " unfinished business " will appear once again - - the statute, pensions, ecumenism, charity, education and so on. it would be good, at this council and at subsequent ones, to put in first place the questions of our spiritual growth, the deepening of our commitment to the church, our sacramental and eucharistic rebirth, our organic entrance into the very essence of the church, our total life in the church. no matter how important all other questions may be, they are among those things which will be " added " to those who first of all seek the kingdom of god and its righteousness. in thirst for god ' s truth, in hunger for the bread of the holy eucharist, in the creation of god ' s christian family welded together by the bonds of the love of christ - - there is found the only token of the success of our service to the church, to america, and to humanity, the token of the justification of our autocephaly, of our membership in the orthodox church in america. the orthodox church, february, march, april 1971. should you have any questions or comments please e - mail us!


have you ever sprouted a bean seed? every one of my kids did this in preschool, and i remember sprouting beans in grade school. at some arts festivals and county fairs, i ’ ve seen booths where you could plant a bean seed and take it home to watch it grow. maybe you ’ ve sprouted a bean seed? amazingly, bean seeds will sprout even under somewhat unnatural conditions. for example, the seed i started in grade school was in a clear plastic cup. we folded a piece of paper towel into a strip, rolled it into a cylinder, and lined the cup with it. then we wet the paper, shoved the bean seed between the paper and the wall of the cup, and set it on a windowsill. we watched roots grow down while stem and leaves grew up. i ’ d be willing to bet that most people who have sprouted beans have never seen their bean plants grow up. let ’ s reverse that trend! make a point in the next growing season to plant some beans in your kitchen garden. there are bush beans and climbing beans ( also known as pole beans ). bush bean plants grow short and nearly support their own weight. they can look like very small shrubs. climbing bean plants grow long and twist around whatever they find nearby that ’ s at least as tall as they are ; they ’ re vines. all the climbing bean plants i ’ ve grown have reached at least 10 feet in length. the photos show what you can look forward to if you plant climbing beans ( which i recommend over bush beans in an article titled canning and freezing : how big should beans be? ) in hopes of encouraging you : i gave the bean plants in the photographs no special care. before i planted seeds, i dug an eight - inch circular hole about eight inches deep, filled it halfway with compost, and added back soil i ’ d removed to make the hole. i tossed the compost and soil to blend it a bit, and then erected a support in the center of the hole. then i set four seeds around the support. i watered heavily the day i planted seeds, and kept the soil damp until seeds sprouted. then, for the remainder of the season, i left the plants alone except when i harvested beans. it ’ s that easy. you can grow that! you can grow that is a loose coalition of garden bloggers encouraging people to garden. please visit the you can grow that website for a list of other participating blogs.


the term “ heart failure ” can be very alarming. while it does not mean the heart has “ failed ” or stopped working, it is a serious condition. congestive heart failure ( chf ) means the heart does not pump as well as it should to meet the body ’ s oxygen demands, often due to heart diseases such as cardiomyopathy or cardiovascular disease. chf can result from either a reduced ability of the heart muscle to contract or from a mechanical problem that limits the ability of the heart ’ s chambers to fill with blood. when weakened, the heart is unable to keep up with the demands placed upon it ; blood returns to the heart faster than it can be pumped out so that it gets backed up or congested — hence the name of the disorder. chf occurs most frequently in those over age 60 and is the leading cause of hospitalization and death in that age group. in over 50 percent of cases, sudden death occurs due to a cardiac arrhythmia, or irregular heartbeat. unfortunately, antiarrhythmic medications may not be effective in controlling arrhythmias caused by chf. patients with chf can enjoy better health if they treat the underlying cause, if possible. for many patients the outlook is uncertain and depends on the extent of the disease and the patient ’ s response to therapy. however, in other cases, restricted salt intake and medication are used to ease the strain on the heart and to relieve symptoms. while chf is a serious health risk, it is possible for patients to live with chf and manage many symptoms effectively with proper treatment if they adhere to prescribed regimens. noncompliance with a doctor ’ s recommendations regarding diet or medication increases the risk that the disease will worsen. when to call an ambulance call an ambulance immediately if you experience severe breathlessness or crushing chest pain with or without nausea, vomiting, profuse sweating, weakness or intense feelings of dread. such symptoms may indicate a heart attack. - make an appointment with a doctor if you regularly experience fatigue and shortness of breath after mild physical activity. - call your doctor if you experience any of the following during treatment for congestive heart failure : fever, rapid or irregular heartbeat, wheezing, severe shortness of breath or any worsening of the other symptoms of congestive heart failure. congestive heart failure is a progressive process and should not be confused with a heart attack, which involves sudden tissue death of the heart muscle. although heart failure may occur suddenly in


any worsening of the other symptoms of congestive heart failure. congestive heart failure is a progressive process and should not be confused with a heart attack, which involves sudden tissue death of the heart muscle. although heart failure may occur suddenly in some cases, gradual loss of function is more common. fatigue, shortness of breath on exertion and increased frequency of nighttime urination develop and worsen over time. shortness of breath is often worse when lying down, ( a condition known as orthopnea ), as fluid from the legs pools in the lungs. elevating the head with pillows eases chest congestion, but in advanced stages the patient may be unable to recline at all without severe breathlessness, and may need to sleep upright in a chair. failure of the left side of the heart ( left - sided failure ) is most common. it leads to increased pressure in the pulmonary veins in the lungs, which forces fluid into the surrounding microscopic air sacs, or alveoli, that transfer oxygen to the bloodstream. as the alveoli fill with fluid, they no longer function properly, which limits the amount of oxygen available to the body ( see pulmonary edema for more information ) and produces the most characteristic symptoms of congestive heart failure : fatigue and shortness of breath. in right - sided failure, the increased pressure in the veins returning blood from the rest of the body combined with the compensatory retention of sodium and water leads to fluid accumulation and swelling in the abdomen, liver and legs. often, both left - and right - sided heart failure occur together. chf symptoms include : - shortness of breath and wheezing after limited physical exertion. in advanced cases shortness of breath occurs even at rest, and attacks of severe breathlessness disturb sleep ( left - sided failure ). - severe fatigue and weakness. - dry cough or cough that produces frothy or bloody sputum ( left - sided failure ). - frequent urination during the night ( right - sided failure ). - swelling of the ankles and feet, or swelling in the lower back if the patient is bedridden ( right - sided failure ). - rapid weight gain due to fluid retention ( right - sided failure ). - abdominal pain and a feeling of fullness ( right - sided failure ). - swollen neck veins ( right - sided failure ). - loss of appetite ( anorexia ) ; nausea and / or vomiting. - irregular or rapid heartbeat. - anxiety ;


pain and a feeling of fullness ( right - sided failure ). - swollen neck veins ( right - sided failure ). - loss of appetite ( anorexia ) ; nausea and / or vomiting. - irregular or rapid heartbeat. - anxiety ; in severe cases irritability, restlessness, and mental confusion may occur. chf occurs when the heart attempts to compensate for the “ congestion ” ( or backup ) of blood in a number of ways. it beats faster and expands somewhat more than usual as it fills with blood, so that when it contracts, more blood is forced out to the body. in addition, the decreased volume of blood reaching the kidneys causes them to start a hormonal cascade ( renin - angiotensin system ), which results in the retention of sodium and water. these efforts help meet the body ’ s demands in the short term, but they ultimately have very harmful long - term effects. faster beating allows less time for the heart to refill after contraction, so that less blood ends up being circulated. also, the extra effort increases the heart muscle ’ s demand for oxygen ; if this need is not met adequately, heart rhythm can become dangerously erratic ( see cardiac arrhythmias for more information ) and ultimately fatal. the following provides an overview of some of the underlying diseases or conditions that can cause chf : - coronary artery disease ( obstruction of the coronary arteries by atherosclerotic plaque so that heart tissue is starved of oxygen ) often leads to a heart attack, which damages the heart muscle and causes chf. - valvular heart disease, such as aortic stenosis can cause chf. - heart muscle injury due to viral infections ( see myocarditis ) or long - term drug or alcohol use ( see cardiomyopathy ) may result in chf. - conditions that overwork the heart, such as heart valve defects, high blood pressure, increased levels of thyroid hormones ( thyrotoxicosis ) and anemia may lead to chf. - infiltration of the heart muscle by other tissue, as occurs with amyloidosis ( accumulation of a waxy substance ), may cause chf. - pulmonary embolism, severe bacterial or viral infections, pregnancy or childbirth, and physical overexertion are all triggers for chf to develop in a weakened heart. - right - sided heart failure commonly results from left - sided heart failure. - chf may result from restricted entry of blood into the heart due to


, and physical overexertion are all triggers for chf to develop in a weakened heart. - right - sided heart failure commonly results from left - sided heart failure. - chf may result from restricted entry of blood into the heart due to thickening of the tissue surrounding the heart ( pericardium ), or to accumulation of excessive fibrous tissue in the heart muscle. - familial cardiomyopathy can lead to heart failure - don ’ t smoke. - consume no more than two alcoholic beverages a day. - eat a healthy, balanced diet low in salt and fat, exercise regularly and lose weight if you are overweight. - adhere to a prescribed treatment program for other forms of heart disease. - if you are diabetic, maintain careful control of your blood sugar. the johns hopkins cardiomyopathy and heart failure practice, directed by dr. stuart russell, uses a multidisciplinary approach to the evaluation and management of patients with heart failure due to any cause. important components of this team approach include social work, dietary counseling, physical rehabilitation, educational programs and support groups. our goal is to empower patients to better care for themselves. we believe that transplantation is the “ court of last resort ” and will do everything possible to avoid transplantation, if possible. at johns hopkins, evaluation for heart failure begins with an examination by one of our physicians at our outpatient center ( satellite facility ) at green spring station. if necessary, you may be asked to undergo one or more of the following tests. exercise treadmill tests and electrocardiograms are performed at the outpatient locations. the others are done in the hospital ’ s cardiovascular diagnostic laboratory. we can also now offer all these tests in a single day at the same place in our heart success one - day clinic. - chest x - rays may be taken to determine the heart ’ s size and shape, as well as the presence of congestion in the lungs. - an electrocardiogram, also called an ecg or ekg, records your heart ’ s electrical activity during rest to determine abnormal heart rhythms. ecg abnormalities can indicate rhythm disturbances, heart muscle damage, inadequate blood flow to segments of the heart, and enlargement of the heart muscle. you may be given a portable ecg device, known as a holter monitor, to measure the heart ’ s electrical activity over a 24 - hour period. - exercise stress tests, also known as treadmill tests, help determine irregular heart rhythms during exercise


may be given a portable ecg device, known as a holter monitor, to measure the heart ’ s electrical activity over a 24 - hour period. - exercise stress tests, also known as treadmill tests, help determine irregular heart rhythms during exercise. during this test, the heart ’ s electrical activity is monitored through small metal sensors applied to your skin while you exercise on a stationary bicycle or treadmill. - your doctor may order an echocardiogram to evaluate heart function. during this test, sound waves bounced off the heart are recorded and translated into images. the pictures can reveal abnormal heart size, shape and movement. echocardiography also can be used to calculate the ejection fraction, or volume of blood pumped out to the body when the heart contracts. - coronary angiography, or x - ray of the heart ’ s blood vessels, may be performed to evaluate pressures in the heart chambers and the pumping function. in this procedure, a tiny catheter is inserted into an artery of a leg or arm and threaded up into the coronary arteries. a contrast material is then injected from the end of the catheter into the coronary arteries, which provides a clear image of the blood vessels on x - ray. for more information about terms used in this section, please visit our heart and circulatory system glossary. the johns hopkins cardiomyopathy and heart failure practice, as described in the previous section, evaluates and manages patients with heart failure due to any cause. core components of treatment : - clinical care of patients with heart failure and following cardiac transplantation. - basic science, hemodynamic, genetic and clinical research pertaining to cardiomyopathy, heart failure and cardiac transplantation. - education directed at both patients and professionals regarding cardiomyopathy, heart failure and cardiac transplantation. - all facets of clinical care of patients with cardiomyopathy, heart failure or cardiac transplantation. - left ventricular assist devices. - novel research programs for patients with cardiomyopathy or heart failure. - endomyocardial biopsy. possible courses of treatment : - lifestyle changes such as reducing salt intake ( salt contributes to fluid retention and swelling ), eating smaller, more frequent meals ( less effort is required to digest smaller portions ) and avoiding caffeine ( which can exacerbate heartbeat irregularities ) may be helpful. - wearing support stockings can help reduce swelling in the legs. - most often, some type of medication is prescribed for heart failure patients. - va


portions ) and avoiding caffeine ( which can exacerbate heartbeat irregularities ) may be helpful. - wearing support stockings can help reduce swelling in the legs. - most often, some type of medication is prescribed for heart failure patients. - vasodilators, often the foundation of treatment for chf, may be prescribed to dilate blood vessels, reducing blood pressure and easing blood flow. - diuretics ( such as hydrochloro thiazide, metolazone, furosemide or bumetanide ) reduce the amount of fluid in the body and are useful for patients with fluid retention and hypertension. - weigh yourself daily, because a sudden gain in weight is usually due to fluid retention and may require an increase in your water pill ( diuretic ). - digitalis glycosides strengthen the heart ’ s contractions, helping to improve circulation. in the united states digoxin is the most commonly prescribed type of digitalis. - anticoagulants ( such as warfarin ) help prevent blood clots. - beta blockers ( such as carvedilol and metoprolol ), calcium channel blockers ( such as amlodipine ) and tranquilizers ( such as diazepam ) help improve blood flow, ease breathing and relieve anxiety. - beta blockers added to ace inhibitors have been shown to improve survival. if ace inhibitors are not tolerated, angiotension receptor blockers, such as losartan and valsartan, may be substituted. - it may be necessary, in advanced cases, to administer oxygen through a nasal tube. mechanical devices for administration of oxygen are available for home use after the condition has stabilized in the hospital. - more severe cases of heart failure may require surgery to bypass blocked blood vessels or replace heart valves. - if the blood vessels are clogged with plaque, the doctor may perform an outpatient procedure called percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. - during this procedure the doctor will use local anesthesia and insert a catheter ( a long, narrow tube ) with a deflated balloon at its tip into the narrowed part of the artery. the balloon is then inflated, compressing the plaque and enlarging the inner diameter of the blood vessel so blood can flow more easily. if other treatments fail and the heart muscle has been too badly damaged, you may require a heart transplant. the survival rate for this surgery is 80 percent after one year and over 60 percent after four


an excerpt from www. houseofnames. com archives copyright © 2000 - 2013 where did the french nanteuil family come from? what is the french nanteuil family crest and coat of arms? when did the nanteuil family first arrive in the united states? where did the various branches of the family go? what is the nanteuil family history? spelling variations of this family name include : nantel, nantauil, le nantel, le nanteuil, nanteuil, le nantauil, de nantel, de nanteuil and many more. first found in ile - de - france where they held a family seat in the seigneurie of haudoin. this region of france is notable for the inclusion of paris as its main urban center and extends to the north and east. this web page shows only a small excerpt of our nanteuil research. another 122 words ( 9 lines of text ) are included under the topic early nanteuil history in all our pdf extended history products. more information is included under the topic early nanteuil notables in all our pdf extended history products. some of the first settlers of this family name or some of its variants were : louis nantel who settled in quebec in 1668 from picardy. the nanteuil family crest was acquired from the houseofnames. com archives. the nanteuil family crest was drawn according to heraldic standards based on published blazons. we generally include the oldest published family crest once associated with each surname. this page was last modified on 21 october 2010 at 14 : 17. houseofnames. com is an internet property owned by swyrich corporation.


chapter 18 - your first all - grain batch 18. 4 starting the mash 1. heat up enough water to conduct the mash. at a water to grain ratio of 1. 5 : 1 qt. / lb., the amount would be 12. 5 quarts or about 3 gallons. always make more, you will often need it. heat up 4 gallons if you can. at a ratio of 1. 5 : 1, the initial infusion temperature should 163°f to create a mash temperature of 152°f. ( see chapter 16 - mash methods for the infusion calculations. ) 2. preheat the cooler with some hot water, about a gallon. swirl it around to heat up the cooler and then dump it. preheating will prevent initial heat loss from the mash to the tun. 3. pour in about 1 gallon of your strike water into the mash tun and stir in the crushed grain. this is the doughing - in stage. mix the water and grist together gradually to avoid shocking the enzymes. stir it to make sure all the grain is fully wetted, but don ' t splash. hot side aeration can occur anytime the wort is hotter than 80°f. oxidation of wort compounds will not be affected by the subsequent boil, and will cause flavor stability problems later. 4. check the temperature to see if it has stabilized at the target temperature range of 150 - 155°f. if the temperature is too low, ex. 145 °f, add some more hot water. if it is too high, ex. 160°f, then add cold water to bring it down. 155°f is the highest we want for this recipe. it will yield a sweet, full bodied wort. 5. okay, the mash temperature came out a little low ( 148°f ) so i am adding 2. 5 quarts of hot water to bring it up to 152°f.


supplement studies : sorting out the confusion to consumers, keeping track of the research on vitamin supplements can be an exercise in frustration. different studies on the same vitamins often present conflicting information. why the contrary findings? a closer look at the study design often reveals the cause of these discrepancies. next time you read a news story about a vitamin trial, keep the following questions in mind, since the answers may help you put conflicting results into context : 1. what vitamin dose did study participants take — and for how long did they take it? the most obvious source of conflicting findings is the fact that different studies test different doses of vitamins, for different lengths of time. take vitamin d as an example. studies have found that it protects against fractures at doses of 700 to 800 iu a day, ( 1 ) but that 400 iu a day has less benefit. ( 2 ) a short vitamin supplement trial may not show any benefit simply because it takes a long time for a disease to develop or for the vitamin ’ s protective effects to emerge. 2. who were the study participants — and how healthy were their lifestyles? everyone knows that diet, smoking, exercise, and other lifestyle choices can have a dramatic effect on our health. these lifestyle characteristics can also have an effect on how our bodies respond to vitamins. a supplement is only useful to people whose diets are lacking in that specific nutrient ; a randomized trial that gives vitamin pills to well - fed participants may not show any results. similarly, people who smoke may have greater need for certain vitamins, so a study conducted on smokers could have different results from one conducted on people who never smoked or who have kicked the habit. 3. when did study participants take the supplement? a supplement may only be beneficial at one stage of a disease or condition and not another, so studies done at different stages may have different results. folate deficiency in mothers, for example, leads to neural tube defects, but folate supplements only protect against defects if taken in the first few weeks after conception. 4. how did researchers measure the supplement ’ s effectiveness? studies often differ in how they measure their outcomes — that is, how they measure whether a supplement had any benefit. heart disease, for example, covers a wide range of conditions, including heart attack, stroke, or peripheral vascular disease. if a study measures the effect of a vitamin supplement on heart disease overall, it may miss a supplement ’ s protective effect against stroke. for more information on how to understand news stories about nutrition


the united nations educational, scientific and cultural organization ( unesco ) ' s list of world heritage sites contains over 900 of the most important natural and cultural locations in world. sadly, 35 of 200 + sites designated as natural world heritage properties are considered in danger and face threats such as pollution, human armed conflict, poaching, uncontrolled urbanization, and unchecked tourism and development. here are five locations where humans have left their mark, perhaps irreversibly damaging some of the world ' s most biodiverse sites. belize barrier reef the largest barrier reef in north america, this world heritage site comprises a diverse range of coastal lagoons, mangrove forests and estuaries. it is home to many threatened species - - such as marine turtles, manatees and the american marine crocodile - - as well as over 425 species of plants and more than 500 species of fish. dangers to the site include heavy tourism and other human development in coastal areas. kahuzi - biega national park democratic republic of the congo comprising mostly tropical forest, kahuzi - biega national park is named for its two extinct volcanoes : kahuzi and biega. the park is home to one of the last groups of eastern lowland gorillas, of which only about 150 individuals remain, according to unesco. kahuzi - biega national park is situated in one of the most densely populated areas of the democratic republic of the congo, placing its flora and fauna - including many endangered species - under constant threat. rainforests of the atsinanana this world heritage site comprises six national parks in eastern madagascar, one of the most biodiverse countries on the planet. the african island is home to over 12, 000 endemic plant species and several primate groups, including several species of lemurs. madagascar ' s atsinanana rainforests are a critical to the island ' s unique ecosystem and biodiversity, but they continue to be threatened by deforestation. garamba national park democratic republic of the congo located in the northeastern part of the congo, near the sudanese border, garamba national park lies between the nile and zaire rivers. savannahs, grasslands, woodlands, forests and swamps make up the landscape, which is home to animals such as elephants, giraffes, hippos, chimpanzees, leopards, lions, antelope and the extremely rare white rhino. ( according to unesco, only about 30 white rhinos remain in the wild ). despite local conservation efforts, poaching remains a


clogged roadways need new approaches next time you ' re stuck in traffic ground to a halt, think about this : as smart as our cars have become, our roadways are about to get a whole lot smarter. it ' s certainly needed. cities everywhere are battling an increase in demand and an inability to build sufficient infrastructure to cope. for example, in the u. s., as population grew nearly 20 % between 1982 and 2001, traffic jumped 236 %. building new roads and new lanes often just isn ' t possible any longer, but building intelligence into the roads and the cars — with roadside sensors, radio frequency tags, and global positioning systems — certainly is. in london, a congestion management system has lowered traffic volume to mid - 1980s levels. in singapore, a system can predict traffic speeds with nearly 90 % accuracy. with future enhancements, the system will help predict — rather than merely monitor — other traffic conditions, as well. a series of conversations for a smarter planet nobody likes traffic congestion every year, traffic wastes 58 supertankers of fuel. what can you do? build a smarter planet. ibm smarter trends this new resource shares content on key issues such as : transport, energy, water and city development. traffic systems are part of a larger system rethinking how we get from point a to point b means applying new technology and new policies to old assumptions and habits. it means improving the drivers ' experience, not just where and when they drive. and it could lead to advances in the cars we drive, the roads we drive them on, and the public transit we might take instead. for example : many cities around the world face common transport challenges. download this report ( us ) from the ibm institute for business value on how cities can learn from one another ' s success in integrating their transportation services. read further examples ( us ) of how ibm has helped organisations tackle their transportation issues. smarter transportation means better systems for rail, air, public transit and freight. these can improve our cities, our economy and our daily lives.


what is the media? what does it do? students examine the types and roles of the media by taking on the role of newsmaker and agenda setter. students will be able to : anticipate by asking students if they ’ ve ever seen a television newscast. ask students to recall any details they remember ( graphics, music, story topics ). ask students who they think makes decisions about what stories television newscasts discuss. distribute the reading pages to each student. read the two reading pages with the class, pausing to discuss as necessary. check for understanding by doing the t / f active participation activity. have students respond “ true ” or “ false ” as a chorus or use thumbs up / thumbs down. distribute scissors, glue, and the agenda cutout activity pages. students can complete this activity individually or in pairs. read the directions for the cutout activity. allow students to complete the cutout activity. review the answers to the cutout activity. distribute one worksheet to each student and review the directions for the activities. allow students to complete the worksheet. distribute one extension activity to each student and review the directions. allow students to complete the extension activity. close by asking students to silently recall as many roles of the media as they can. call on students until all roles have been named.


altruistic aphids, an evolutionary anomaly by brian thomas, m. s. * certain aphids manipulate plant tissues to form a hollow gall in which they then reside. but aphids will also help heal plant tissue that they ’ ve damaged. this behavior serves as a vital self - defense mechanism, because when the gall ’ s walls are eaten by caterpillars, the tender aphids inside become easy prey for other insect predators. evolutionary biologist takema fukatsu of the national institute of advanced industrial science and technology in tsukuba, japan, found that specialized aphid guards extrude their body contents to fill holes in the plant wall, “ kneading their own gooey blood into a big scab. ” 1 many of these types of aphids, named nipponaphis monzeni, die in the process. in a recently - published study, the research team examined gall walls in various stages of repair and found that the aphid - made scab played the same role as animal - skin scabs, serving as templates for body tissue to grow over the area and repair the wound. 2 moreover, the aphids were responsible for manipulating the repair of the plant tissue, “ because it healed only if live aphids were still in the gall. ” 1 interestingly, scientists have labored for decades to manipulate plant tissue growth like these aphids do. this process entails many technical problems, since some kind of chemical must provide precise communication with the particular plant ’ s biochemical networks to signal specific dormant genes to activate. natural processes alone would not produce what is observed here : organisms sacrificing their lives for the greater good of the remaining individuals. nor do they adequately account for the origin of tiny creatures that can precisely manipulate intricate biochemical pathways for the purpose of healing a plant wound. natural processes alone cannot explain it, but creation does. and now the creator ’ s intricate and complex handiwork is providing a blueprint for scientists seeking to find “ novel compounds that could prove useful for manipulating plant cell and tissue cultures. ” 1 - youngsteadt, e. aphids play doctor. sciencenow daily news. posted on sciencenow. sciencemag. org february 25, 2009. - kutsukake, m. scab formation and wound healing of plant tissue by soldier aphid. proceedings of the royal society b : biological sciences. published online before print february 25, 2009. * mr. thomas is science writer at the


satellite project to predict earthquakes will ' help save lives ' scientists have launched a project that they hope could one day help save thousands of lives by predicting when and where earthquakes will happen. a group of british and russian scientists signed an agreement to work together on the project earlier this week in moscow. the twinsat project involves the launch of two satellites – one of which they say is about the size of an old television set and the other smaller than a shoebox – which will orbit the earth a few hundred miles apart. data from the satellites will be collated with data from the ground as the scientists try to understand what natural warnings are given prior to earthquakes. " as stress builds up in the earth prior to an earthquake, subtle electromagnetic signals are released that can be read from the upper atmosphere, " said professor alan smith, director of the mullard space science laboratory at university college, london, who was in moscow this week to launch the project. " we want to try to work out how these signals differ from all the other things that are present at any given time. " the two linked satellites will monitor zones with high seismic and volcanic activity, such as iceland and the kamchatka peninsula in the far east of russia. the project is being run by a team of british and russian scientists and was heralded " a new milestone in uk - russia space collaboration " by professor smith. professor vitaly chmyrev, of the institute of physics of the earth in moscow, one of the russian partners, said that the possibilities for progress in earthquake research were extremely exciting. he said that the project will " benefit both russian and british science in addition to making the earth a safer place ". professor chmyrev noted that in the days leading up to the devastating earthquake in haiti last year, satellites picked up electromagnetic signals from the area, but they were only analysed afterwards. this project could be a huge step towards understanding how to read these signals. " just imagine if we could have accurately predicted the haiti earthquake a few weeks before, " said professor chmyrev. " or if we had predicted the icelandic volcano eruption that paralysed transport routes for weeks. the potential human and economic benefits are enormous. " peter sammonds, professor of geophysics at ucl and another member of the project team, said that because the satellites were so small, the technology was relatively cheap. " these satellites are absolutely incredible, you can almost hold them in the palm of your hand, " he said. " if the project progresses


another member of the project team, said that because the satellites were so small, the technology was relatively cheap. " these satellites are absolutely incredible, you can almost hold them in the palm of your hand, " he said. " if the project progresses as we want it to, we ' ll be able to send up several more of them to increase coverage. " the first satellite launch is planned for 2015, and the team is confident that the project could change the way we understand earthquakes. " it wasn ' t long ago that if you said there was a chance of predicting earthquakes, people would say you were a charlatan, and not a real scientist, " said professor chmyrev. " but science moves quickly and i ' m absolutely certain that sooner or later we ' ll be able to make very accurate predictions. " bosses of collapsed banks should be sent to jail, banking standards commission tells george osborne feat of engineering : incredible photographs show construction beneath new york ' s second avenue brazil kicks off : world cup excess draws hundreds of thousands to street protests world news in pictures google challenges us surveillance gagging order - 1 diary of second world war german teenager reveals young lives untroubled by nazi holocaust in wartime berlin - 2 breaking the silence : in the reality of occupation, there are no palestinian civilians – only potential terrorists - 3 uri geller psychic spy? the spoon - bender ' s secret life as a mossad and cia agent revealed - 4 viral video straps colt. 45 handgun to a home - use drone negotiable depending on experience : the green recruitment company : the green r... £25000 - £30000 per annum : the green recruitment company : the green recruitmen... negotiable : progressive recruitment : dear sumadhab, a growing engineering comp... negotiable : randstad education ilford : we are currently recruiting for a year...


there are three different types of drought, not one. there is a meteorological drought, when actual rainfall is deficient ( 20 per cent below normal ) or scanty ( 60 per cent or more below normal ). the indian meteorological department has now declared a deficiency of 29 per cent in the south - west monsoon. let with three quarters of all districts receiving deficient rainfall so far and the overall rain deficit worsening since last week, the country seems headed into the worst drought year over the last two decades. new delhi : with the india meteorological department declaring on thursday a deficiency of 29 per cent in the southwest monsoon, the number of drought - affected districts has risen to 177. last week, prime minister manmohan singh said 141 districts were drought - hit. met department says rains might return tomorrow ahmedabad : monsoon has taken a break and there has been not a single spell of shower since july 27. however, there seems to be some good news in store as the monsoon is expected to revive by august 13. however, the rains this year have so far blessed only saurashtra and kutch which have already received more than its annual average rainfall. new delhi : with the monsoon showing no sign of any major recovery, the india meteorological department late on monday decided to reduce its estimate of rainfall during the season to 87 per cent for the country as a whole and for the season in its entirety.


london, dec mber 6 : a new has demonstrated for the first time that a simple breath test could be used for colorectal cancer screening. cancer tissue has different metabolism compared to normal healthy cells and produces some substances which can be detected in the breath of these patients. analysis of the volatile organic compounds ( vocs ) linked to cancer is a new frontier in cancer screening. led by donato f. altomare, md, of the department of emergency and organ transplantation at the university aldo moro of bari, researchers collected exhaled breath from 37 patients with colorectal cancer and 41 healthy controls which was processed offline to evaluate the voc profile. vocs of interest had been identified and selected, and voc patterns able to discriminate patients from controls set up. a probabilistic neural network ( pnn ) was used to identify the pattern of vocs that better discriminated between the two groups. results showed that patients with colorectal cancer have a different selective voc pattern compared with healthy controls, based on analysis of 15 of 58 specific compounds in exhaled breath samples. the pnn in this study was able to discriminate patients with colorectal cancer with an accuracy of over 75 percent, with the model correctly assigning 19 patients. “ the technique of breath sampling is very easy and non - invasive, although the method is still in the early phase of development, ” altomare notes. “ our study ’ s findings provide further support for the value of breath testing as a screening tool. ” the study has been published in bjs. ( ani )


great ape profiles | gorilla ( gorilla gorilla ) | the largest great ape males : 400 pounds ( 180 kg ) ; up to 6 feet ( 1. 8 m ) standing females : 200 pounds ( 90 kg ) ; up to 5 feet ( 1. 5 m ) standing habitat : lowland gorillas live in rainforests in east and west africa ; mountain gorillas live in rainforests in the democratic republic of the congo, rwanda, and uganda. community : up to 30 gorillas live in a troop. a troop includes one male, many females, and their offspring. diet : plants and some insects. wild gorillas have big potbellies, which are full of bulky plants. you ' ll notice : the silvery back of the adult male baby fact : baby gorillas have little white tufts of hair on their bottoms that look like tails. did you know? an adult male gorilla is very protective of his family. he will stand and beat his chest to scare away intruders. this is where the idea of king kong comes from. but the truth is that gorillas generally have quiet, peaceful lives. | orangutan ( pongo pygmaeus, pongo abelii ) | the world ' s largest arboreal ( tree - dwelling ) animal males : 200 pounds ( 90 kg ) ; up to 4. 5 feet ( 1. 4 m ) standing females : 110 pounds ( 50 kg ) ; up to 3. 5 feet ( 1. 1 m ) standing habitat : tropical rainforests in borneo and sumatra community : orangutans are more solitary than other great apes, though mothers and their young stay close for years. an orangutan eats a lot of fruit, and since fruit trees can grow far apart, it is probably better for a single orangutan to find a tree and eat its fill. diet : mostly fruit ; other plants, some birds ' eggs and meat you ' ll notice : its long red hair baby fact : baby orangutans play in the treetops like little acrobats. did you know? during rainstorms, an orangutan may hold a big leaf over its head like an umbrella. | chimpanzee ( pan troglodytes, pan paniscus ) | most people ' s favorite ape males : 115 pounds ( 52 kg ) ; up to 4. 5 feet ( 1. 4 m ) standing females : 90 pounds ( 40. 5 kg ) ; up to 4 feet ( 1. 2 m ) standing habitat :


' s favorite ape males : 115 pounds ( 52 kg ) ; up to 4. 5 feet ( 1. 4 m ) standing females : 90 pounds ( 40. 5 kg ) ; up to 4 feet ( 1. 2 m ) standing habitat : forests and savannas in western and central africa community : an average community has about 50 members - males, females, and offspring. each group has a complex hierarchy that is headed by an " alpha male, " or boss. the alpha male is usually the smartest male ape, rather than the biggest. diet : mostly fruit ; other plants and some meat you ' ll notice : its strong bald brow baby fact : a baby chimpanzee weighs only two or three pounds at birth. did you know? chimps use a variety of tools. for example, a chimp may peel a twig and use it to catch ants, or find just the right - sized rock to crack nuts. also, sick chimps have been seen eating plants that have medicinal properties. | bonobos ( pan paniscus ) the smallest great ape males : 100 pounds ( 45 kg ) ; up to 3. 3 feet ( 1 m ) standing females : 75 pounds ( 34 kg ) ; up to 3. 3 feet ( 1 m ) standing habitat : rainforests in central democratic republic of the congo community : bonobos live in groups of about 20 to 50 that are as complex as chimpanzee groups, but more close - knit. bonobos are not as aggressive with each other as chimps are, and female bonobos have a more dominant role than females in chimp groups. diet : mostly fruit ; other plants and some meat ( rarely ) you ' ll notice : how the hair on its head often " parts " in the middle baby fact : unlike chimps, bonobos are born with dark faces that match their bodies. did you know? bonobos are much like chimps, and in fact were once thought to be just another kind of chimp. they were only " discovered " in 1929. scientists still know less about bonobos than about any of the other great apes. what ' s your favorite ape? information please® database, © 2007 pearson education, inc. all rights reserved. 24 x 7 | | 24 x 7 tutor availability | | unlimited online tutoring


the risk of drinking too much water - seattle chiropractor ' s report seattle chiropractor ' s report typically this time of year, we are reading articles on dehydration ( lack of water ). for good reason! more often then not, drinking too little water can become a major problem for people who are active in summer weather. what about drinking too much water? is there such a thing? the answer is a startling “ yes ”, it ’ s called hyponatremia. although extremely rare, endurance athletes tend to have the highest risk of experiencing this condition. for example, in 2002, a healthy 28 - year - old female collapsed during the boston marathon as a result of hyponatremia. she didn ’ t make it, which prompted not only the running community but also the scientist to start asking questions. symptoms : nausea, cramps, dizziness and headaches. it is difficult to distinguish between dehydration and hyponatremia symptoms. the difference in symptoms is that people experiencing hyponatremia have normal vital signs in the initial states. they are also more likely to vomit and become puffy. treatment : iv with a concentrated sodium solution, a diuretic medication to speed water loss and an anti - convulsive medication, in case of seizure, according to dr. john cianca, medical director for the houston marathon. it is important that hyponatremia is diagnosed correctly and not mistaken for dehydration as the treatment for these two conditions are opposite of each other. dr. arthur siegel, director of internal medicine at mclean hospital, studied 2 women who died during marathons from hyponatremia. he found that they both died of brain swelling from the water intoxication. he determined that they died not from “ drinking too much water, but because their kidneys stopped excreting water as a response to skeletal muscle injury. when runners “ hit the wall ” they force their muscles to continue to exercise even after they ’ ve run out of glycogen, or fuel. this triggers a stress hormone in the brain to tell the kidneys to halt water excretion, in an effort to maximize blood volume. when this happens, even a relatively small amount of fluid can cause the brain to swell. if a person continues to consume fluids, the body reacts to the inflammation by continue to protect blood volume making the brain swell even more. ” dr. siegel thinks that it ’ s the combination of over -


the same holds true for cultures. american history offers many things to make us proud, but there are just as many actions we ' ve undertaken and attitudes we ' ve held that we ' d just as soon forget. and yet, to truly understand who we are, in all our complexity, we need to acknowledge the past - - both the glories and the gaffes. that ' s the idea behind " living legacy, " the new exhibit of items from the mac ' s extensive and prestigious american indian collection. the legacy of museum collecting over the past century is indeed a mixed bag, and the museum ' s own collection echoes that tension. " when we started looking at it, we realized we wanted to [ create ] an exhibit that looked at the mixed legacy of collecting indian cultural materials, " says curator of collections laura thayer, who served as the exhibit ' s project manager. " so in this exhibit we try to show the more negative aspects of that, and what we hope are the more positive, contemporary aspects. " the exhibit serves as a look in the memory mirror for the mac. " it ' s a historic journey of the evolution of this organization, " thayer says, " of how we went from collecting objects from a race of people that everybody at the time thought would disappear, to a more modern approach of involving tribal members in the management of the collection. " & lt ; span class = & quot ; dropcap & quot ; & s & lt ; / span & pokane ' s museum got its start back in 1916, when william m. manning - - a former surveyor and stevens county engineer - - loaned his collection of american indian cultural materials to the nascent spokane historical society for an exhibit. two years later, the organization became the eastern washington state historical society ; several years after that, the museum finally got a permanent home when helen campbell powell donated her family ' s house in browne ' s addition. the organization continued to grow and expand to its present form : the northwest museum of arts and culture. but the very first pieces acquired - - accession no. 1, in museum - speak - - came from manning. at the time that manning was amassing his collection ( roughly 1900 to 1915 ), non - indian collectors of indian cultural materials believed that tribal culture was disappearing across the continent, and they set out to collect and document as much of this culture as possible before it was gone. at a meeting of the historical society in 1916, manning reportedly said that " much can be gathered in the


that tribal culture was disappearing across the continent, and they set out to collect and document as much of this culture as possible before it was gone. at a meeting of the historical society in 1916, manning reportedly said that " much can be gathered in the way of historical material from the indians if an effort is made before it is too late. " unfortunately, manning and others had little understanding of what was considered sacred among native cultures - - and the resultant hurt and anger continue to this day. and once the materials made their way into museums and exhibits, most of their stories - - the cultural and personal context - - were lost. in " living legacy, " six glass cases in the center of the gallery hold several items on display. " the cases provide a good preservation environment for a long - term exhibit like this one, " thayer says, " but they ' re also a metaphor for how these objects were perceived [ by the collectors ] as art objects, divorced from their meaning. " the manning collection was the starting point for the exhibit, but objects from other significant collections tell part of the story of the northern plateau tribes as well. " tisa [ matheson, curator of american indian collections, ] chose objects from other collections within the american indian collection, " says thayer, " other major collections that are factors in how prominent and important our plateau collection is today. " one of those is the chap dunning collection, she says. " at the time it was acquired in ' 62, it was considered to be the most important and high - quality northern plateau collection on the planet, " she says. " even now, with the addition of the monac collection, her collection makes up one - third of our plateau collection. " many of the items from the dunning collection that are part of the exhibit can be seen in historic photographs taken by dunning ' s friend, photographer dick lewis. the photographs become a step along the path to reconnect the objects with their stories. & lt ; span class = & quot ; dropcap & quot ; & t & lt ; / span & he mac continues to collect items from area cultures, including local tribes, but now the focus is more on working jointly with the tribes to assure the stewardship of our regional cultural heritage. following passage of the native american graves and repatriation act ( nagpra ) in 1990, regional tribes and the museum worked to develop a closer relationship. one result was the creation of the museum ' s american indian cultural council, with representation from


following passage of the native american graves and repatriation act ( nagpra ) in 1990, regional tribes and the museum worked to develop a closer relationship. one result was the creation of the museum ' s american indian cultural council, with representation from the four northern plateau tribes. the council oversees the museum ' s american indian collections, programs and exhibits - - including this one. " the cultural council has the final say with anything that ' s done with the [ american indian ] collection, " says thayer. in addition to the historical collections, the exhibit features the work of contemporary artists from the plateau region. " we recently developed and adopted a five - year collecting plan for all the collections, " thayer says. " this exhibit comes at a great time because it gives us the impetus to carry out the acquisition plan, and show it off right away. " one of the featured artists is basket maker elaine timentwa emerson of the colville confederated tribes. her work has been featured at the smithsonian ' s national museum of the american indian, and the mac recently acquired one of her baskets for its permanent collection. her baskets are beautiful, but her words speak just as eloquently : " i make baskets, " she says, " because i want people to know... we are still here. " " living legacy : the american indian collection " is on display through july 18, 2010. the mac, 2316 w. first ave., is open tuesdays - sundays from 11 am - 5 pm. tickets : $ 7 ; $ 5, seniors and students. e - mail email @ example. com or call 456 - 3931. by jack nisbet & lt ; span class = & quot ; dropcap & quot ; & a & lt ; / span & t the end of the 19th century, the inland northwest abounded with mineral wealth - - from silver in the coeur d ' alenes to lead - zinc strikes on the lower pend oreille, from the huge gold mines in rossland to the copper queen on chewelah mountain. young men of all descriptions found their way to spokane to fan out and stake a claim. william morley manning ' s story begins there - - a kid bouncing back and forth between his home in ontario, canada, and the region ' s mines. in the years to come, he ' d leave his mark on the inland northwest, but not for mining. manning was a collector of indian artifacts - - a controversial collector - - and his collection was