Columbia subject headings:
Islamic civilization--Western influences.
Islamic modernism.
Turkey--Civilization--Western influences.
Turkey--History--Ottoman Empire, 1288-1918.
Turkey--History--Tanzimat, 1839-1876.
Turkey--Politics and government--1829-1878.
Harvard subject headings:
Princeton subject headings:
Islamic civilization--Western influences.
Islamic modernism.
Turkey--Civilization--Western influences.
Turkey--History--Ottoman Empire, 1288-1918.
Turkey--History--Tanzimat, 1839-1876.
Turkey--Politics and government--1829-1878.