Columbia subject headings:
Catholic Church--Foreign relations.
Europe--Politics and government--1789-1900.
Kulturkampf.
Pius IX, Pope, 1792-1878.
Popes--Temporal power.
Harvard subject headings:
Catholic Church--Foreign relations.
Europe--Politics and government--1789-1900.
Kulturkampf.
Pius IX, Pope, 1792-1878.
Popes--Temporal power
Princeton subject headings:
Catholic Church--Foreign relations.
Europe--Politics and government--1789-1900.
Kulturkampf.
Pius IX, Pope, 1792-1878.
Popes--Temporal power.