Columbia subject headings:
Africa--Civilization--Western influences.
Africa--Civilization.
Harvard subject headings:
Africa--Civilization--Western influences.
Africa--Civilization.
Princeton subject headings:
Africa--Civilization--Western influences.
Africa--Civilization.
Jāḥiẓ, -868 or 869.
Ziryāb, ʻAlī ibn Nāfiʻ, active 9th century.
ʻAntarah ibn Shaddād, active 6th century.