Columbia subject headings:
Harvard subject headings:
China--Foreign relations--Europe.
China--History--Qing dynasty, 1644-1912--Sources.
China--History--Qing dynasty, 1644-1912.
Europe--Foreign relations--China.
Princeton subject headings:
China--Foreign relations--Europe.
China--History--Qing dynasty, 1644-1912--Sources.
China--History--Qing dynasty, 1644-1912.
Europe--Foreign relations--China.
Europeans--China--History--19th century.