Columbia subject headings:
Harvard subject headings:
Islamic learning and scholarship--Turkey--History.
Science--Study and teaching--Turkey.
Turkey--Intellectual life--19th century.
Ulama--Turkey--History.
Princeton subject headings:
Education--Turkey--History.
Islamic education--Turkey--History.
Muslim scholars--Turkey--History.
Turkey--History--Ottoman Empire, 1288-1918.
Ulama--Turkey--History.