Fasisme
Selama Depresi Besar, Mussolini dipromosikan intervensi negara yang aktif dalam perekonomian. Dia mencela "supercapitalism" kontemporer yang ia mengklaim mulai tahun 1914 sebagai kegagalan karena dekadensi dugaan, dukungan untuk konsumerisme terbatas dan niat untuk menciptakan "standardisasi manusia" Namun,. Mussolini menyatakan bahwa perkembangan industri sebelumnya "kapitalisme heroik"
yang berharga dan terus mendukung milik pribadi selama itu produktif Dengan terjadinya Depresi Besar,. Fasis Italia mulai intervensi negara besar-besaran ke dalam perekonomian, mendirikan Institut untuk Industri Rekonstruksi (Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale, IRI), sebuah perusahaan raksasa milik negara dan perusahaan induk yang menyediakan dana negara gagal perusahaan swasta The IRI dibuat
sebuah lembaga permanen di Fasis Italia pada 1937, mengejar. kebijakan Fasis untuk membuat autarki nasional, dan memiliki kekuatan untuk mengambil alih perusahaan-perusahaan swasta untuk memaksimalkan produksi perang. Nazi Jerman juga dikejar agenda ekonomi dengan tujuan autarki dan persenjataan kembali dan kebijakan proteksionis dikenakan, termasuk memaksa industri baja Jerman untuk menggunakan bijih besi berkualitas rendah Jerman daripada besi impor berkualitas unggul.
Meskipun fasisme dianggap telah pertama kali muncul di Perancis pada tahun 1880-an, pengaruhnya telah dipertimbangkan kembali sejauh Julius Caesar. Thomas Hobbes, Niccol Machiavelli, dan Hegel juga telah dianggap sebagai berpengaruh, serta ide-ide kontemporer seperti sindikalisme dari Georges Sorel, yang futurisme dari Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, nasionalis dan filsafat otoriter Oswald Spengler dan konservatisme dan sosial Enrico Corradini.
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