Hak LGBT di Eropa
Hak lesbian, gay, biseksual, transgender (LGBT) di Eropa bervariasi menurut negara. Lima dari tujuh negara yang telah melegalisir pernikahan sesama jenis terletak di Eropa. Meskipun pernah terjadi penganiayaan terhadap kaum lesbian dan gay dari masa Kekaisaran Romawi hingga abad ke-20, kaum gay lebih diterima di Eropa dibanding di benua lainnya.
LGBT rights in:Same-sex sexual activityRecognition of same-sex unionsSame-sex marriageAdoption by same-sex couplesLGB people allowed to serve openly in militaryAnti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientationLaws concerning gender identity/expression European Union Legal in all 28 member states/Legal in 22/28 member states/Legal in 14/28 member states/Stepchild adoption legal in 18/28 member states; joint adoption legal in 13/28 member states/Legal in 27/28 member states Only Banned in Cyprus Membership requires a state to ban anti-gay discrimination in employment. 3/28 states ban some anti-gay discrimination. 25/28 states ban all anti-gay discrimination/Legal in 27/28 member states
LGBT rights in:Same-sex sexual activityRecognition of same-sex unionsSame-sex marriageAdoption by same-sex couplesLGB people allowed to serve openly in militaryAnti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientationLaws concerning gender identity/expression Austria Legal since 1971 + UN decl. sign. Registered partnerships since 2010 Legal since 2019 Stepchild adoption since 2013; joint adoption since 2016 Bans all anti-gay discrimination Transgender people allowed to change gender without undergoing surgery Croatia Legal since 1977 (As part of Yugoslavia) + UN decl. sign. Life partnerships since 2014 Constitutional ban since 2013/Partner-guardianship since 2014 (parental responsibility and a permanent next-of-kins relationship between a life partner and their
partner's child which is registered in the child's birth certificate) Bans all anti-gay discrimination Act on the elimination of discrimination bans all discrimination based on both gender identity and gender expression. Gender change is regulated by special policy issued by Ministry of Health. Czech Republic Legal since 1962 (As part of Czechoslovakia) + UN decl. sign. Registered partnerships since 2006 Pending LGBT individuals in a registered partnership may adopt; stepchild and joint adoption pending Bans all anti-gay discrimination Legal recognition after sex reassignment surgery (with mandatory sterilisation) Germany Legal in East Germany since 1968 Legal in West Germany since 1969 + UN decl. sign. Registered life partnerships from 2001 to 2017 (existing partnerships and new foreign partnerships still recognised) Legal
since 2017 Stepchild adoption since 2005; successive adoption since 2013; joint adoption legal since 2017 Bans all anti-gay discrimination Gender change is legal; surgery not required Hungary Legal since 1962 + UN decl. sign. Registered partnerships since 2009 Constitutional ban since 2012 LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples Bans all anti-gay discrimination Transgender people allowed to change gender without undergoing surgery Liechtenstein Legal since 1989 + UN decl. sign. Registered partnerships since 2011 LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couplesHas no military Bans all anti-gay discrimination Gender change is not legal Poland Legal since 1932 + UN decl. sign./Unregistered cohabitation since 2012; registered partnership proposed 2019 Constitutional ban since 1997 (Article 18
of the Constitution is generally interpreted as limiting marriage to opposite-sex couples)[lower-alpha 1] LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples Bans some anti-gay discrimination Transgender people allowed to change gender but require undergoing medical treatment such as HRT or surgery. No provisions for nonbinary people. Slovakia Legal since 1962 (As part of Czechoslovakia) + UN decl. sign./some limited rights for unregistered cohabiting same-sex couples since 2018; Limited residency rights for married same-sex couples since 2018 Constitutional ban since 2014 LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples Bans all anti-gay discrimination Requires sterilisation for change Slovenia Legal since 1977 (As part of
Yugoslavia) + UN decl. sign. Registered partnerships since 2006; Registered cohabitation since 2017/Stepchild adoption since 2011 Bans all anti-gay discrimination Gender change is legal Switzerland Legal nationwide since 1942 Legal in the cantons of Geneva (as part of France), Ticino, Valais, and Vaud since 1798 + UN decl. sign. Registered partnerships in Geneva (2001), Zürich (2003), Neuchâtel (2004) and Fribourg (2005) Nationwide since 2007 (Pending)/Stepchild adoption since 2018 joint adoption pending Bans some anti-gay discrimination Banning all anti-gay discrimination pending Legal documents can be issued based on a person's new gender identity. Sterilisation is technically required but has not been enforced since 2012. A registered partnership can become a marriage between the new opposite-sex couple.
LGBT rights in:Same-sex sexual activityRecognition of same-sex unionsSame-sex marriageAdoption by same-sex couplesLGB people allowed to serve openly in militaryAnti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientationLaws concerning gender identity/expression Abkhazia (Disputed territory) Legal after 1991 Armenia Legal since 2003 + UN decl. sign./Constitutional ban since 2015; all marriages performed abroad recognized since 2017 Artsakh (Disputed territory) Legal since 2000 Constitutional ban since 2006 Azerbaijan Legal since 2000 Belarus Legal since 1994 Constitutional ban since 1994/Banned from military service during peacetime, but during wartime homosexuals are permitted to enlist as partially able Georgia Legal since 2000 + UN decl. sign.
Constitutional ban since 2018 Bans all anti-gay discrimination Requires sterilisation and surgery for change Kazakhstan Legal since 1998 Moldova Legal since 1995 + UN decl. sign. Constitutional ban since 1994 Bans some anti-gay discrimination No longer requires sterilisation or surgery for change since 2017 Romania Legal since 1996 + UN decl. sign./Limited residency rights for married same-sex couples since 2018; Constitutional ban rejected LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples Bans all anti-gay discrimination Legal recognition after sex reassignment surgery (sterilisation mandatory) Russia Male legal since 1993 Female always legal Illegal in practice in Chechnya, where homosexuals are abducted and sent to concentration camps based on their perceived sexual
orientation. See Anti-gay purges in Chechnya for more information. No longer requires sterilisation or surgery for change since 2018 South Ossetia (Disputed territory) Legal after 1991 Transnistria (Disputed territory) Legal since 2002 Ukraine Legal since 1991 + UN decl. sign. Constitutional ban since 1996 LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples Bans some anti-gay discrimination No longer requires sterilisation or surgery for change since 2016
LGBT rights in:Same-sex sexual activityRecognition of same-sex unionsSame-sex marriageAdoption by same-sex couplesLGB people allowed to serve openly in militaryAnti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientationLaws concerning gender identity/expression Denmark Legal since 1933 + UN decl. sign. Registered partnerships from 1989 to 2012 (existing partnerships are still recognised) Legal since 2012 Stepchild adoption since 1999; joint adoption since 2010 Bans all anti-gay discrimination Legal gender change and recognition possible without surgery or hormone therapy Estonia Legal since 1992 + UN decl. sign. Cohabitation agreement since 2016/Marriage performed abroad recognized since 2016/Stepchild adoption since 2016; couples where both partners are infertile may also jointly adopt non-biological children since 2016