Tofaa

Question: Tunda la mboga huchukua muda gani kukomaa?


Tofaa (pia: tufaha; kutoka kar. تفاح tofah) ni tunda la mtofaa. Ni kati ya matunda yanayovunwa sana duniani. Maua nyeupe hutoa tunda lenye umbo mviringo na kipenyo cha sentimita 5 - 9.
Asili ya mimea iko Asia. Leo kuna takriban aina 7,500 za matofaa. Mavuno ya kila mwaka hufikia tani milioni 55.
Nchi zinazovuna matofaa hasa ni China, Marekani, Uturuki, Ufaransa, Italia na Uajemi.
Utangulizi
Tufaa ni tunda la mtufaa (Malus pumila), mti wa familia Rosaceae. Ni miongoni ya miti inayokuzwa kwa wingi sana. Mti ni mdogo na wenye kupukutisha majani yake, wenye kufikia urefu wa mita 3 mpaka 12 za kimo, na kushona kwa majani mengi kwelikweli. majani yake yamejipanga kwa namna tofauti tofauti, yakiwa na urefu wa sm 5 – 12 na upana wa sm 3 – 6 kwa upana. Maua mengi huchanua majira ya kuchipua sambamba na kufunguka kwa vichipukizi. Maua ni meupe na alama kidogo za rangi ya waridi ambayo hufifia taratibu. Mfaua hayo huwa na petali tano, na yana upana wa sm 2.5 mpaka 3.5. kwa kipenyo. Matunda hukomaa msimu wa kuchipua, na huwa yamefikia kipenyo cha sm 5 – 9. Katikati mwa tunda huwa na kapeli tano zilizojipanga muundo kama wa nyota tano, huku kila kapeli moja ikiwa na mbegu moja mpaka tatu hivi.
Mti huu asili yake ni Asia ya Kati, ambako miti pori ya kale ya tufaa bado inapatikana mpaka leo. Sasa hivi kuna zaidi ya aina ya miti ya tufaa 7,500 inayofahamika inayopelekea kuwa na kila aina ya tabia ya miti ianyotakiwa kwa eneo husika. Aina hizo zinatofautiana kwa mazao yao na ukubwa wa miti yenyewe, hata kama yakipandwa katika shina moja.
Zaidi ya tani milioni 55 za matufaa zilizalishwa duniani kote ndani ya mwaka 2005, kwa thamani ya takribani dola za kimarekani bilioni 10. China pekee ilizalisha karibu 35% ya jumla hii./ [4] marekani ni ya pili kwa uzalishajji, kwa zaidi ya 7.5% uzalishaji duniani. Uturuki, ufaransa, Italia na Irani pia wazalishaji wazuri wa tufaa.
Maelezo ya kitaalamu

Tufaa pori aina ya Malus sieversii.
Aina inayoongoza ni ile ya pori ya "Malus sieverii", inayopatikana huko kati mwa Asia, kusini mwa Kazakstani, Krygyzstani, Tajikistani na Xinjiang, China, na awkati mwingine Malus sylvestris.
Historia
Mwanzo wa kuchipua kwa jenasi ya Malus ni huko Uturuki Mashariki. Mtufaa pengine ndio ukawa mti wa kwanza kuanza kulimwa na binadamu, na matunda yake yamekuwa yakiboreshwa kwa uchaguzi maalumu kwa miaka maelfu. Mfalme, "Alexander the Great", huonwa ndiye mgunduzi wa miti mifupi ya tufaa huko Asia Ndogo mnamo 300 KK, ambayo baadae ilipelekwa Macedonia. Tufaa za kipupwe, ambazo huchumwa mwishoni mwa msimu wa kuchipua na kuhifadhiwa katika baridi kali, kimekuwa chakula mihimu kwa Asia na Ulaya kwa miaka mingi , hali kadhalika na kwa Marekani na hata huko Argentina. tufaa zilipelekwa Amerika ya kaskazini na wakoloni miaka ya 1600, na mti wa tufaa wa kwanaza huko Amerika ya Akskazini wasemekana kuwa huko Boston, mwaka 1625.mwaka 1900, miradi ya kilimo cha umwagiliaji ilianza kuruhusu kilimo cha matunda kilichogharimu mabilioni, huku tufaa zikiwa ndiyo spishi zinazoongoza.
Uzalishaji wa tufaa
Kwa kawaida huko msituni tufaa huzaliana kwa mbegu. Hata hivyo, kama yalivyo matunda mengi yanayokua zaidi ya mwaka mmoja, huweza kupanda kwa vichipukizi. Hii ni kwasababu matunda mengi yanayokuzwa kwa mbegu, huweza kuzalisha mmea wenye tabia tofauti kabisa baina yamimea – wazazi, na zinaweza kuwa zenye hasara kubwa. spishi nyingi imara huzalishwa kwa kuchanaganya vizalia vya mimea mbalimbali.
Uchavushaji

mtufaa na maua yake.

Canadanyuki anina ya Orchard mason, akiwa kwenye ua la tufaa.
Tufaa lazima zipate uchavushaji kila mwaka ili kuzalisha matunda. Kila msimu wa maua, wakulima wa tufaa lazima waandae wachavushaji kwaajili ya kubeba poleni. Nyuki wa asali hutumika kwa kazi hii, hasa wale wa aina ya Orchard mason bee, na hutumika kwma msaada wa uchavushaji kwenye mashmba ya biashara. Pia wakati mwingine nyuki aina ya "Bumble bee queens" huwepo mashambani kwa kazi hiyo hiyo.
Kukomaa na mavuno
Aina mbalimbali za tufaa hutofautiana kwa mazao na ukubwa wa miti, hata kama yakikuzwa kwenye shina moja. Kama baadhi ya miti isipopunguzwa hukua na kuwa miti mikubwa kwelikweli, lakini hufanya uvunaji uwe mgumu. Miti ya kawaida iliyokomaa huzalisha kg 40 – 200 za tufaa kila mwaka, japo uzalishaji unaweza kukarubia hata sifuri kwene misimu mibaya. Tufaa huvunwa kwa ngazi tatu zinazofungwa kwenye miti. Miti midogo hutoa karibu kg 10 – 80 za tufa kwa mwaka.
Uhifadhi
Kibiashara, tufaa huhifadhiwa kwa miezi kadhaa kwenye joto maalumu ili kuratibu kiwango cha kuiva kwa nyakati maalumu kwa kutumia kemikali maalumu. Hutunzwa kwenye chemba zenye kiwango kikubwa cha gesi ya ukaa (kaboni daioksaidi) na hewa iliyochujwa vizuri. Hii huzuia ili kemikali maalumu, ethylene, inayotumika kuivisha matunda isiongezeke na hivyo kuivisha matunda hovyo. Yakiwa nyumbani kwajili ya matamizi, tufaa huweza kuhifadhiwa kwenye jokofu za kawaida kwa majuma mawili hivi, kwenye sehemu zenye baridi hasa chini ya 5°C.
Faida za kiafya
Ule msemo “tufaa moja kwa siku, humweka dokta mbali,”huonesha faida za tufaa tangu karne ya 19. Tafiti zinaonesha tufaa hupunguza uwezekano wa mtu kupata kansa ya utumbo  mkubwa, tezi ya uzazi (prostate) na hata kansa ya mapafu. ukilinganisha na matunda mengine, tufaa zina kiwangio kidigo cha vitamin C, lakini zina kiwango kikubwa cha kampaundi za antioxidant.Kiwango cha makapi, ambacho ni kidogo kuliko kwenye matunda mw=engine husaidia kuratibu mizunguko ya tumbo na hivyo kupunguza uwezakano wa kansa ya utumbo mkubwa. Husaidia pia kupunguza magonjwa ya moyo, kupunguza uzito, na kiwango cha mafuta kwenye mishipa ya damu na moyo, kwa kuwa na kiasi kikubwa cha kalori kama ilivyo kwa matunda mengi na mbogamboga.
Marejeo
1.	^ Potter, D.; Eriksson, T.; Evans, R.C.; Oh, S.H.; Smedmark, J.E.E.; Morgan, D.R.; Kerr, M.; Robertson, K.R.; Arsenault, M.P.; Dickinson, T.A.; Campbell, C.S. (2007). Phylogeny and classification of Rosaceae. Plant Systematics and Evolution. 266(1–2): 5–43.
2.	^ a b c d e f "Origin, History of cultivation". University of Georgia. . Retrieved 22 J a n u a r y 2008.
3.	^ a b "Apple - Malus domestica". Natural England. . Retrieved 22 Januari 2008.
4.	^ "Apple". Jinxiang High Garlics Co., Ltd. . Retrieved 2008-08-18.
5.	^ Lauri, Pierre-éric; Karen Maguylo, Catherine Trottier (2006). "Architecture and size relations: an essay on the apple (Malus x domestica, Rosaceae) tree". American Journal of Botany (Botanical Society of America, Inc.) (93): 357–368.
6.	^ Coart, E., Van Glabeke, S., De Loose, M., Larsen, A.S., Roldán-Ruiz, I. 2006. Chloroplast diversity in the genus Malus: new insights into the relationship between the European wild apple (Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill.) and the domesticated apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). Mol. Ecol. 15(8): 2171-82.
7.	^ a b "An apple a day keeps the doctor away". vegparadise.com. . Retrieved 27 Januari 2008.
8.	^ a b Ellis Davidson, H. R. (1965) Gods And Myths Of Northern Europe, page 165 to 166. ISBN 0-14-013627-4
9.	^ Ellis Davidson, H. R. (1965) Gods And Myths Of Northern Europe, page 165 to 166. Penguin Books ISBN 0-14-013627-4
10.	^ Ellis Davidson, H. R. (1998) Roles of the Northern Goddess, page 146 to 147. Routledge ISBN 0-415-13610-5
11.	^ Sauer, Jonathan D. (1993). Historical Geography of Crop Plants: A Select Roster. CRC Press. pp. 109. ISBN 0-8493-8901-1.
12.	^ a b Wasson, R. Gordon (1968). Soma: Divine Mushroom of Immortality. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. pp. 128. ISBN 0-15-683800-1.
13.	^ a b Ruck, Carl; Blaise Daniel Staples, Clark Heinrich (2001). The Apples of Apollo, Pagan and Christian Mysteries of the Eucharist. Durham: Carolina Academic Press. pp. 64–70. ISBN 0-89089-924-X.
14.	^ Heinrich, Clark (2002). Magic Mushrooms in Religion and Alchemy. Rochester: Park Street Press. pp. 64–70. ISBN 0-89281-997-9.
15.	^ Herodotus Histories 6.1.191.
16.	^ a b c Macrone, Michael; Tom Lulevitch (1998). Brush up your Bible!. Tom Lulevitch. Random House Value. ISBN 0-517-20189-5. OCLC 38270894.
17.	^ Elzebroek, A.T.G.; Wind, K. (2008). Guide to Cultivated Plants. Wallingford: CAB International. p. 27. ISBN 1-84593-356-7. .
18.	^ "National Fruit Collections at Brogdale", Farm Advisory Services Team, accessed 2009-10-27
19.	^ a b Sue Tarjan (fall 2006). "Autumn Apple Musings" (pdf). News & Notes of the UCSC Farm & Garden, Center for Agroecology & Sustainable Food Systems. pp. 1–2. . Retrieved 24 Januari 2008.
20.	^ a b "World apple situation". . Retrieved 24 Januari 2008.
21.	^ Weaver, Sue (Juni/Julai 2003). "Crops & Gardening - Apples of Antiquity". Hobby Farms magazine (BowTie, Inc). .
22.	^ John Lloyd and John Mitchinson. (2006). QI: The Complete First Series - QI Factoids. [DVD]. 2 entertain.
23.	^ 
24.	^ a b Ferree, David Curtis; Ian J. Warrington (1999). Apples: Botany, Production and Uses. CABI Publishing. ISBN 0-85199-357-5. OCLC 182530169.
25.	^ a b c d Bob Polomski; Greg Reighard. "Apple". Clemson University. . Retrieved 22 Januari 2008.
26.	^ "Apples". solarnavigator.net. . Retrieved 22 Januari 2008.
27.	^ "Apples in Ecuador". Acta Hort. . Retrieved 2008-07-17.
28.	^ S. Sansavini (1 Julai 1986). "The chilling requirement in apple and its role in regulating Time of flowering in spring in cold-Winter Climate". Symposium on Growth Regulators in Fruit Production (International ed.). Acta Horticulturae. pp. 179. ISBN 978-90-6605-182-9.
29.	^ "Controlled Atmosphere Storage (CA)". Washington State Apple Advertising Commission. . Retrieved 24 Januari 2008.
30.	^ "Food Science Australia Fact Sheet: Refrigerated storage of perishable foods". Food Science Australia. Februari 2005. . Retrieved 2007-05-25.
31.	^ Pittsburgh Section, University of Pittsburgh School of Engineering, School of Engineering, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Pittsburgh Section, Instrument Society of America, Instrument Society of America Pittsburgh Section, University of Pittsburgh (1981). Modeling and Simulation: Proceedings of the Annual Pittsburgh Conference. Instrument Society of America.
32.	^ a b c d Lowther, Granville; William Worthington. The Encyclopedia of Practical Horticulture: A Reference System of Commercial Horticulture, Covering the Practical and Scientific Phases of Horticulture, with Special Reference to Fruits and Vegetables. The Encyclopedia of horticulture corporation.
33.	^ a b Coli, William et al.. "Apple Pest Management Guide". University of Massachusetts Amherst. . Retrieved 3 Machi 2008.
34.	^ a b "How To Deal With Scab". GardenAction. . Retrieved 3 Machi 2008.
35.	^ "Plant World - Heaviest Apple". Guinness World Records. . Retrieved 2009-09-09.
36.	^ a b Kristin Churchill. "Chinese apple-juice concentrate exports to United States continue to rise". Great American Publishing. . Retrieved 22 Januari 2008.
37.	^ Desmond, Andrew (1994). The World Apple Market. Haworth Press. pp. 144–149. ISBN 1-56022-041-4. OCLC 243470452.
38.	^ Gavin Evans (Tuesday, 9 Agosti 2005). "Fruit ban rankles New Zealand - Australian apple growers say risk of disease justifies barriers". International Herald Tribune. . Retrieved 9 Agosti 2005.
39.	^ FAO
40.	^ a b c "Apples". Washington State Apple Advertising Commission. . Retrieved 22 Januari 2008.
41.	^ a b c Boyer, J; Liu, RH (Mei 2004). "Apple phytochemicals and their health benefits". Nutrition journal (Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-7201 USA: Department of Food Science and Institute of Comparative and Environmental Toxicology) 3: 5. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-3-5. . PMC 442131. .
42.	^ a b c Ames, Guy (Julai 2001). "Considerations in organic apple production" (pdf). National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service. . Retrieved 24 Januari 2008.
43.	^ Food Poisoning and Safety California Poison Control System
44.	^ a b fallen apples – safe? iVillage Garden Web
45.	^ a b c 
46.	^ 
47.	^ a b For decreased risk of colon, prostate and lung cancer: "Nutrition to Reduce Cancer Risk". The Stanford Cancer Center (SCC). . Retrieved 2008-08-18.
48.	^ For weight loss and cholesterol control: "Apples Keep Your Family Healthy". Washington State Apple Advertising Commission. . Retrieved 22 Januari 2008.
49.	^ a b Rajeev Sharma. (2005). Improve your health with Apple,Guava,Mango. Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.. pp. 22. ISBN 81-288-0924-5.
50.	^ a b For prevention of dementia: Chan A, Graves V, Shea TB, A (Aug 2006). "Apple juice concentrate maintains acetylcholine levels following dietary compromise". Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 9 (3): 287–291. ISSN 1387-2877. .
51.	^ Phillips, John Pavin (1866-02-24). "A Pembrokeshire Proverb". Notes and Queries (Oxford University Press) s3-IX (217): 153. . Retrieved 2009-02-11.
52.	^ a b c d "Apples Keep Your Family Healthy". Washington State Apple Advertising Commission. . Retrieved 22 Januari 2008.
53.	^ Lee KW, Lee SJ, Kang NJ, Lee CY, Lee HJ, KW (2004). "Effects of phenolics in Empire apples on hydrogen peroxide-induced inhibition of gap-junctional intercellular communication". Biofactors 21 (1–4): 361–5. doi:10.1002/biof.552210169. ISSN 0951-6433. .
54.	^ Lee KW, Kim YJ, Kim DO, Lee HJ, Lee CY, KW (Oct 2003). "Major phenolics in apple and their contribution to the total antioxidant capacity". J. Agric. Food Chem. 51 (22): 6516–6520. doi:10.1021/jf034475w. ISSN 0021-8561. .
55.	^ Juniper BE, Mabberley DJ (2006). The Story of the Apple.
Jamii:Matunda