Falsafa

Question: Falsafa ni nini?


Falsafa (kutoka Kigiriki φιλοσοφία filosofia = pendo la hekima) ni jaribio la kuelewa na kueleza ulimwengu kwa kutumia akili inayofuata hoja za mantiki.
Falsafa huchunguza mambo kama kuweko na kutokuweko, ukweli, ujuzi, uzuri, mema na mabaya, lugha, haki na mengine yoyote. 
Tofauti na dini, imani au itikadi, njia ya falsafa ni mantiki inayoeleza hatua zake ikiwa tayari kuchungulia upya kila hatua iliyochukua. Kwa hiyo falsafa ni njia ya kuuliza maswali na kutafuta majibu.
Katika lugha ya kila siku neno "falsafa" mara nyingi linachukuliwa kutaja jumla ya mafundisho au imani ya mtu au kundi la watu, kwa mfano "falsafa ya chama fulani", "falsafa ya maisha yangu" na kadhalika. Lakini kwa jumla fikra hizo hazistahili kuitwa "falsafa". Ila tu kuna makundi ya wanafalsafa wanaopendelea mielekeo tofauti na kuhusu haya inawezekana kutumia neno "falsafa ya fulani" kwa kutaja matokeo ya kazi yao.
Matawi ya falsafa
Falsafa jinsi inavyoendeshwa kwenye vyuo vikuu huwa na matawi kadhaa kama vile:
mantiki kama elimu ya kutafakari na mfululizo wa dhana
maadili ni elimu ya kutenda mema
metafizikia ni elimu ya vyanzo vya kuwepo, uhai na maarifa
epistemolojia ni elimu ya ufahamu na mipaka ya yale tunayoweza kujua
Aina za falsafa
Kuna mbinu nyingi za falsafa zilizoendelea kulingana na mazingira ya utamaduni ambako wanafalsafa waliishi. Mara nyingi falsafa imeendelea karibu na dini, ndani ya dini au kwa mchanganyiko na dini mbalimbali.
Lakini falsafa inachunguza pia matamko ya dini na kuuliza maswali juu ya maana ya matamko haya.
Wanafalsafa muhimu wa Asia walikuwa Konfutse na Lao Tze katika China na Buddha katika Uhindi.
Chanzo cha falsafa katika Ulaya kilitokea katika ustaarabu wa Ugiriki ya Kale. Wanafalsafa wa huko waliweka misingi mingi kwa dunia ya baadaye pamoja na misingi ya sayansi ya sasa. Kati ya majina mashuhuri ni Plato na Aristoteli.
Wanafalsafa
Wanafalsafa wa Ugiriki ya Kale
Pythagoras
Sokrates
Plato
Aristoteles
Epikur
Galenos
Wanafalsafa wa mapokeo ya magharibi
Agostino wa Hippo
Severini Boesyo
Thomas Aquinas
Bonaventura wa Bagnoregio
Niccolo Machiavelli
Thomas Hobbes
René Descartes
John Locke
Baruch Spinoza
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
George Berkeley
David Hume
Immanuel Kant
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Auguste Comte
Georg Wilhelm Frederich Hegel
Arthur Schopenhauer
Mary Wollstonecraft
Friedrich Engels
John Stuart Mill
Søren Kierkegaard
Karl Marx
Friedrich Nietzsche
Jacques Maritain
Wanafalsafa wa kisasa kutoka Ulaya na Marekani
Bertrand Russell
Ludwig Wittgenstein
Jean-Paul Sartre
Simone de Beauvoir
Ayn Rand
Karl Popper
Willard Van Orman Quine
Eugene T. Gendlin
Noam Chomsky
Rudy Garns
Wanafalsafa wa Afrika
Plotinus
Zera Yakobu
Wanafalsafa wa Asia
Konfutse (Confucius)
Lao Tze
Siddharta Gautama (Buddha)
Acharya Madhwa (Madhavacharya)
Ibn Sina (Avicenna)
Al-Ghazali
Zhu Xi
Tazama pia
Jamii:Wanafalsafa nchi kwa nchi
Marejeo
A. Mihanjo, Falsafa na Usanifu wa Hoja, Salvatorianum, Morogoro
A. Mihanjo, Falsafa na Ufunuo wa Maarifa, Salvatorianum, Morogoro
Marejeo mengine
Vyanzo (google books)










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Utangulizi

Blumenau, Ralph. Philosophy and Living. ISBN978-0-907845-33-1
Craig, Edward. Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction. ISBN978-0-19-285421-6
Harrison-Barbet, Anthony, Mastering Philosophy. ISBN978-0-333-69343-8
Russell, Bertrand. . ISBN978-0-19-511552-9
Sinclair, Alistair J. What is Philosophy? An Introduction, 2008, ISBN978-1-903765-94-4
Sober, Elliott. (2001). Core Questions in Philosophy: A Text with Readings. Upper Saddle River, Prentice Hall. ISBN978-0-13-189869-1
Solomon, Robert C. Big Questions: A Short Introduction to Philosophy. ISBN978-0-534-16708-0
Warburton, Nigel. Philosophy: The Basics. ISBN978-0-415-14694-4
Nagel, Thomas. What Does It All Mean? A Very Short Introduction to Philosophy. ISBN978-0-19-505292-3
Classics of Philosophy (Vols. 1, 2, & 3) by Louis P. Pojman
The English Philosophers from Bacon to Mill by Edwin Arthur
European Philosophers from Descartes to Nietzsche by Monroe Beardsley
Cottingham, John. Western Philosophy: An Anthology. 2nd ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2008. Print. Blackwell Philosophy Anthologies.
Tarnas, Richard. The Passion of the Western Mind: Understanding the Ideas That Have Shaped Our World View. ISBN978-0-345-36809-6

Kwa eneo

Mashariki
A Source Book in Indian Philosophy by Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Charles A. Moore
Hamilton, Sue. Indian Philosophy: a Very Short Introduction. ISBN978-0-19-285374-5
Kupperman, Joel J. Classic Asian Philosophy: A Guide to the Essential Texts. ISBN978-0-19-513335-6
Lee, Joe and Powell, Jim. Eastern Philosophy For Beginners. ISBN978-0-86316-282-4
Smart, Ninian. World Philosophies. ISBN978-0-415-22852-7
Copleston, Frederick. Philosophy in Russia: From Herzen to Lenin and Berdyaev. ISBN978-0-268-01569-5
Afrika
Imbo, Samuel Oluoch. '3'An Introduction to African Philosophy. ISBN978-0-8476-8841-8
Uislamu
Medieval Islamic Philosophical Writings edited by Muhammad Ali Khalidi

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Historia


Higgins, Kathleen M. and Solomon, Robert C. A Short History of Philosophy. ISBN978-0-19-510196-6
Durant, Will, Story of Philosophy: The Lives and Opinions of the World's Greatest Philosophers, Pocket, 1991, ISBN978-0-671-73916-4

Ya kale
Knight, Kelvin. Aristotelian Philosophy: Ethics and Politics from Aristotle to MacIntyre. ISBN978-0-7456-1977-4
Karne za kati
The Phenomenology Reader by Dermot Moran, Timothy Mooney
Kim, J. and Ernest Sosa, Ed. (1999). Metaphysics: An Anthology. Blackwell Philosophy Anthologies. Oxford, Blackwell Publishers Ltd.

Karne za mwishomwisho
Existentialism: Basic Writings (Second Edition) by Charles Guignon, Derk Pereboom
Curley, Edwin, A Spinoza Reader, Princeton, 1994, ISBN978-0-691-00067-1
Bullock, Alan, R. B. Woodings, and John Cumming, eds. The Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thinkers, in series, Fontana Original[s]. Hammersmith, Eng.: Fontana Press, 1992, cop. 1983. xxv, 867 p. ISBN978-0-00-636965-3
Scruton, Roger. A Short History of Modern Philosophy. ISBN978-0-415-26763-2
Ya sasa
Contemporary Analytic Philosophy: Core Readings by James Baillie
Appiah, Kwame Anthony. Thinking it Through– An Introduction to Contemporary Philosophy, 2003, ISBN978-0-19-513458-2
Critchley, Simon. Continental Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction. ISBN978-0-19-285359-2

Makala muhimu




The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy by Robert Audi
The Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy (10 vols.) edited by Edward Craig, Luciano Floridi (available online by subscription); or
The Concise Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy edited by Edward Craig (an abridgement)
; in 1996, a ninth supplemental volume appeared that updated the classic 1967 encyclopedia.
International Directory of Philosophy and Philosophers. Charlottesville, Philosophy Documentation Center.
Directory of American Philosophers. Charlottesville, Philosophy Documentation Center.
Routledge History of Philosophy (10 vols.) edited by John Marenbon
History of Philosophy (9 vols.) by Frederick Copleston
A History of Western Philosophy (5 vols.) by W. T. Jones
History of Italian Philosophy (2 vols.) by Eugenio Garin. Translated from Italian and Edited by Giorgio Pinton. Introduction by Leon Pompa.
Encyclopaedia of Indian Philosophies (8 vols.), edited by Karl H. Potter et al. (first 6 volumes out of print)
Indian Philosophy (2 vols.) by Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
A History of Indian Philosophy (5 vols.) by Surendranath Dasgupta
History of Chinese Philosophy (2 vols.) by Fung Yu-lan, Derk Bodde
Instructions for Practical Living and Other Neo-Confucian Writings by Wang Yang-ming by Chan, Wing-tsit
Encyclopedia of Chinese Philosophy edited by Antonio S. Cua
Encyclopedia of Eastern Philosophy and Religion by Ingrid Fischer-Schreiber, Franz-Karl Ehrhard, Kurt Friedrichs
Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy by Brian Carr, Indira Mahalingam
A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English by John A. Grimes
History of Islamic Philosophy edited by Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Oliver Leaman
History of Jewish Philosophy edited by Daniel H. Frank, Oliver Leaman
A History of Russian Philosophy: From the Tenth to the Twentieth Centuries by Valerii Aleksandrovich Kuvakin
Ayer, A.J. et al., Ed. (1994) A Dictionary of Philosophical Quotations. Blackwell Reference Oxford. Oxford, Basil Blackwell Ltd.
Blackburn, S., Ed. (1996)The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Mauter, T., Ed. The Penguin Dictionary of Philosophy. London, Penguin Books.
Runes, D., Ed. (1942). . New York, The Philosophical Library, Inc.
Angeles, P.A., Ed. (1992). The Harper Collins Dictionary of Philosophy. New York, Harper Perennial.

Hoffman, Eric, Ed. (1997) Guidebook for Publishing Philosophy. Charlottesville, Philosophy Documentation Center.
Popkin, R.H. (1999). The Columbia History of Western Philosophy. New York, Columbia University Press.
Bullock, Alan, and Oliver Stallybrass, jt. eds. The Harper Dictionary of Modern Thought. New York: Harper & Row, 1977. xix, 684 p. N.B.: "First published in England under the title, The Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought." ISBN978-0-06-010578-5
Reese, W. L. Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion: Eastern and Western Thought. Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press, 1980. iv, 644 p. ISBN978-0-391-00688-1




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