Isaac Newton

Question: Mwanasayansi wa kwanza duniani alizindua nini?



Isaac Newton (25 Desemba 1642 – 20 Machi 1727) alikuwa mwanahisabati, mwanafizikia na mwanateolojia kutoka nchi ya Uingereza. 
Anakumbukwa duniani kote kutokana na michango yake mbalimbali katika sayansi. 
Ndiye aliyegundua tawi la kalkulasi (sambamba na Leibniz), nadharia ya mwendo na ya uvutano (graviti). 
Mchango mwingine wa Isaac Newton upo katika nadharia ya mwanga, akitumia prisma kuonyesha jinsi rangi zinavyotokea. 
Alichangia pia astronomia kwa kuboresha darubini ya kuakisia iliyoleta matokeo mazuri. Alitambua ya kwamba kanuni za mvutano zinatawala pia mwendo wa sayari. Alitunga ramani ya nyota kufuatana na tafiti za Flamsteed. 
Newton alipata shahada yake ya kwanza mwaka 1665 na ile ya uzamili mwaka 1668.
Alizaliwa katika familia ya Kianglikana akatumia muda mwingi kufanya utafiti wa Biblia na theolojia. Alilenga kupatanisha elimu ya sayansi na imani yake. Aliandika "Graviti inaeleza miendo ya sayari lakini haiwezi kueleza ni nani aliyeanzisha miendo yao. Mungu anatawala mambo yote na yaliyopo na yanayoweza kuwepo". 
Tarehe 10 Desemba 1682 alimuandikia Richard Bentley: «Siamini ulimwengu unaweza kuelezwa na sababu za maumbile tu, bali nalazimika kuuona kama tunda la hekima na ubunifu vya mmoja mwenye akili». Hata hivyo, yeye binafsi hakukubali mafundisho juu ya Utatu wa Mungu. 
Maandishi yake


 at Project Gutenberg
, modernised readable versions by Jonathan Bennett
, full text on archive.org
– Cambridge Digital Library
(1686) , Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Vol. XVI, No. 179, pp.3057–3087.– digital facsimile at the Linda Hall Library
(1704) – digital facsimile at the Linda Hall Library
(1719) – digital facsimile at the Linda Hall Library
(1729) – digital facsimile at the Linda Hall Library
(1749) – digital facsimile at the Linda Hall Library
Marejeo


 This well documented work provides, in particular, valuable information regarding Newton's knowledge of Patristics










Marejeo mengine


Bardi, Jason Socrates. The Calculus Wars: Newton, Leibniz, and the Greatest Mathematical Clash of All Time (2006) 


Berlinski, David. Newton's Gift: How Sir Isaac Newton Unlocked the System of the World. (2000); ISBN0-684-84392-7
Buchwald, Jed Z. and Cohen, I. Bernard (eds.) Isaac Newton's Natural Philosophy, MIT Press (2001) 

 See  for excerpt and text search.

Cohen, I. Bernard and Smith, George E., ed. The Cambridge Companion to Newton. (2002). 500 pp. focuses on philosophical issues only; ; 



– Preface by Albert Einstein. Reprinted by Johnson Reprint Corporation, New York (1972)

Eamon Duffy, "Far from the Tree" (review of Rob Iliffe, Priest of Nature: the Religious Worlds of Isaac Newton, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2017, ISBN9780199995356), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXV, no. 4 (8 March 2018), pp. 28–29.



Hawking, Stephen, ed. On the Shoulders of Giants. ISBN0-7624-1348-4 Places selections from Newton's Principia in the context of selected writings by Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo and Einstein


 Keynes took a close interest in Newton and owned many of Newton's private papers.

Newton, Isaac. Papers and Letters in Natural Philosophy, edited by I. Bernard Cohen. Harvard University Press, 1958, 1978; ISBN0-674-46853-8.
Newton, Isaac (1642–1727). The Principia: a new Translation, Guide by I. Bernard Cohen; ISBN0-520-08817-4, University of California (1999)


Shapley, Harlow, S. Rapport, and H. Wright. A Treasury of Science; "Newtonia" pp.147–9; "Discoveries" pp.150–4. Harper & Bros., New York, (1946).

 (edited by A.H. White; originally published in 1752)
Trabue, J. “Ann and Arthur Storer of Calvert County, Maryland, Friends of Sir Isaac Newton,” The American Genealogist 79 (2004): 13–27.


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Dobbs, Betty Jo Tetter. The Janus Faces of Genius: The Role of Alchemy in Newton's Thought. (1991), links the alchemy to Arianism
Force, James E., and Richard H. Popkin, eds. Newton and Religion: Context, Nature, and Influence. (1999), pp. xvii, 325; 13 papers by scholars using newly opened manuscripts

Ramati, Ayval. "The Hidden Truth of Creation: Newton's Method of Fluxions" British Journal for the History of Science 34: 417–38. , argues that his calculus had a theological basis
Snobelen, Stephen "'God of Gods, and Lord of Lords': The Theology of Isaac Newton's General Scholium to the Principia", Osiris 2nd series, Vol. 16, (2001), pp.169–208 

Wiles, Maurice. Archetypal Heresy. Arianism through the Centuries. (1996) 214 pages, with chapter 4 on eighteenth century England; pp.77–93 on Newton, .

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 by Eric Weisstein


 Isaac Newton's papers in the Royal Society's archives

– NOVA TV programme
from The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy:
, by George Smith
, by George Smith
, by Andrew Janiak
, by Robert Rynasiewicz
– educational material
, research on his alchemical writings

Kandaswamy, Anand M. 
– A study by on how Newton approximated the solutions of a first-order ODE using infinite series
– images, audio, animations and interactive segments
 Videos on Newton's biography, optics, physics, reception, and on his views on science and religion


The Linda Hall Library has digitized , one of which was , who marked salient passages by dog-earing the pages so that the corners acted as arrows. The books can be compared side-by-side to show what interested Newton.


Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1642
Jamii:Waliofariki 1727
Jamii:Wanafizikia wa Uingereza
Jamii:Wanateolojia wa Uingereza
Jamii:Wanahisabati wa Uingereza
Jamii:Wanaastronomia wa Uingereza