Keruntuhan Kekaisaran Romawi Barat

Question: Kapankah kekaisaran Roma runtuh ?


Keruntuhan Kekaisaran Romawi Barat (juga disebut Keruntuhan Kekaisaran Romawi atau Keruntuhan Roma) adalah masa ketika Kekaisaran Romawi Barat terpecah menjadi beberapa negara. Pada tahun 117, Kekaisaran Romawi masih berada pada puncak kejayaannya. Namun, semenjak tahun 376, Romawi Barat mulai melemah akibat meletusnya Perang Goth (376–382) dan serangan suku-suku barbar lainnya. Pada tahun 395, setelah berhasil memenangkan dua perang saudara yang memporakporandakan kekaisaran, Kaisar Theodosius I meninggal dunia. Penerusnya membagi kekaisaran menjadi dua, dan keduanya merupakan pemimpin yang tidak cakap. Pada tahun 476, ketika Odoacer berhasil menjatuhkan Kaisar Romawi Barat terakhir Romulus Augustulus, sang kaisar tidak lagi memiliki kekuatan politik, militer ataupun finansial, dan juga tidak dapat mengendalikan wilayah-wilayah Romawi Barat karena sudah direbut oleh suku-suku Barbar. Walaupun pengaruh budaya Kekaisaran Romawi Barat masih dapat dirasakan hingga saat ini, kekaisaran ini tidak pernah dapat bangkit lagi.
Referensi
Alföldy, Géza. Urban life, inscriptions,and mentality in late antique Rome. In Urban Centers and Rural Contexts in Late Antiquity, Thomas S. Burns and John W. Eadie (eds.). Michigan State University Press 2001. ISBN0-87013-585-6.
Ammianus. . Trans. J. C. Rolfe. Loeb Classical Library, Vol. I, 1935.
Bowersock, Glen, Peter Brown, Oleg Grabar. Interpreting Late Antiquity: essays on the postclassical world. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2001. ISBN0-674-00598-8.
Brown, Peter. The Making of Late Antiquity, Harvard University Press, 1978.
Burns, Thomas S. Barbarians Within the Gates of Rome: A Study of Roman Military Policy and the Barbarians, ca. 375–425 A. D. Indiana University Press 1995. ISBN978-0-253-31288-4.
Börm, Henning. . Kohlhammer 2013. ISBN978-3-17-023276-1 ().
Cameron, Averil. The Mediterranean World in Late Antiquity. AD 395–700. Routledge 2011, ISBN978-0415579612.
Connolly, Peter. Greece and Rome at War. Revised edition, Greenhill Books, 1998. ISBN978-1-85367-303-0.
Gaddis, Michael. There Is No Crime for Those Who Have Christ. Religious violence in the Christian Roman Empire. University of California Press, 2005. ISBN978-0-520-24104-6.
Galinsky, Karl. Classical and Modern Interactions (1992) 53–73.
Gibbon, Edward. . With notes by the Rev. H. H. Milman. 1782 (Written), 1845 (Revised)
Goldsworthy, Adrian. The complete Roman Army. ISBN978-0-500-05124-5. Thames & Hudson, 2003.
Goldsworthy, Adrian. The Fall of the West: The Slow Death of the Roman Superpower. ISBN978-0-7538-2692-8. Phoenix, an imprint of Orion Books Ltd, 2010.
Heather, Peter. The fall of the Roman Empire. A new history. Pan Books, 2006. ISBN978-0-330-49136-5.
Halsall, Guy. Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West, 376–568 (Cambridge Medieval Textbooks)
Harper, Kyle. Slavery in the late Roman world AD 275–425. ISBN (hardback) 978-0-521-19861-5. Cambridge University Press 2011.
Hunt, Lynn, Thomas R. Martin, Barbara H. Rosenwein, R. Po-chia Hsia, Bonnie G. Smith. The Making of the West, Peoples and Cultures, Volume A: To 1500. Bedford / St. Martins 2001. ISBN0-312-18365-8.
Hodges, Richard, Whitehouse, David. Mohammed, Charlemagne and the Origins of Europe: archaeology and the Pirenne thesis. Cornell University Press, 1983.
Jones, A. H. M. The Later Roman Empire, 284–602: A Social, Economic, and Administrative Survey [Paperback, vol. 1] ISBN0-8018-3353-1 Basil Blackwell Ltd. 1964.
Letki Piotr. The cavalry of Diocletian. Origin, organization, tactics, and weapons. Translated by Pawel Grysztar and Trystan Skupniewicz. Wydawnictwo NapoleonV ISBN978-83-61324-93-5. Oświęcim 2012.
Macgeorge, Penny. Late Roman Warlords. Oxford University Press 2002.
MacMullen, Ramsay. Corruption and the decline of Rome. Yale University Press, 1988. ISBN0-300-04799-1.
Martindale, J.R. The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire volume II, A.D. 395–527. Cambridge University Press 1980.
Matthews, John. The Roman empire of Ammianus. Michigan Classical Press, 2007. ISBN978-0-9799713-2-7.
Matthews, John. Western aristocracies and Imperial court AD 364–425. Oxford University Press 1975. ISBN0-19-814817-8.
Momigliano, Arnaldo. 1973. "La caduta senza rumore di un impero nel 476 d.C." ("The noiseless fall of an empire in 476 AD"). Rivista storica italiana, 85 (1973), 5–21.
Nicasie, M. J. Twilight of Empire. The Roman Army from the reign of Diocletian to the Battle of Adrianople. J. C. Gieben, 1998. ISBN90-5063-448-6.
Randsborg, Klavs. The First Millennium AD in Europe and the Mediterranean: an archaeological essay. Cambridge University Press 1991. ISBN0 521 38401 X.
Rathbone, Dominic. "Earnings and Costs. Part IV, chapter 15", pages 299–326. In: Quantifying the Roman Economy. Methods and Problems. Alan Bowman and Andrew Wilson eds. Oxford University Press 2009, paperback edition 2013, ISBN978-0-19-967929-4.
Ward-Perkins Bryan. The fall of Rome and the end of civilization. Oxford University Press 2005 (hardback edition). ISBN978-0-19-280728-1

Kategori:Pembubaran kekaisaran
Kategori:Kekaisaran Romawi