kenhktsui/simple_wikipedia_LM_quality_score_v1 huggingface dataset:
Vigie-Cratère

Vigie-Cratere is a citizen science project from France. In Vigie-Cratere, ordinary people help scientists find craters on the surface of the Earth left by meteors, which are rocks that float through outer space. After they hit the Earth, they are called meteorites.
Vigie-Cratere is part of Vigie-Ciel. France's National Museum of Natural History, CNRS, University of Paris Saclay, IRD, Paris Observatory, Grenoble Alpes University, Universcience, the Pytheas Institute, and the Natural History Museum Vienna pay for Vigie-Cratere.
José Mojica Marins

Jose Mojica Marins (13 March 1936 - 19 February 2020) was a Brazilian filmmaker, actor, composer and media personality. He was born in Sao Paulo. He is known for creating and playing the character Coffin Joe (loosely translated from "Ze do Caixao") in a series of horror movies. His movie credits include At Midnight I'll Take Your Soul (1964), This Night I'll Possess Your Corpse (1967), The Strange World of Coffin Joe (1968), Awakening of the Beast (1970), The End of Man (1970), The Bloody Exorcism of Coffin Joe (1974), The Strange Hostel of Naked Pleasures (1976), Hellish Flesh (1977), Hallucinations of a Deranged Mind (1978), Perversion (1979) and Embodiment of Evil (2008).
Marins died of bronchopneumonia on 19 February 2020 in Sao Paulo. He was 83.
Shamarpa

Shamarpa or more formally Kunzig Shamar Rinpoche is Tibetan Buddhis teacher. Together with Karmapa he is the second lineage holder of the Karma Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism. Shamarpa is regarded as manifestation of Amitabha Buddha. He also is the second lama who consciously incarnates in subsequent order of Buddhist teachers.
The first Shamar Rinpoche Khedrup Drakpa Senge (1284-1349) was the principal disciple of the 3rd Karmapa Rangjung Dorje.
Present Shamarpa
The present (14th) Shamarpa is Mipham Chokyi Lodro, born in Derge, Tibet in 1952. At age four he was recognized by his uncle the 16th Karmapa.
Chicagoland (TV series)

"Chicagoland" is a documentary series based in Chicago, Illinois. It is produced by Robert Redford. Its pilot episode was premiered at the 2014 Sundance Film Festival on January 19. It was aired on CNN on March 6, 2014. The documentary is about the problems facing both the city and its mayor Rahm Emanuel. The series ended on April 24, 2014.
Conjugation (disambiguation)

Conjugation is the change of a verb form in grammar.
Conjugation may also refer to:
Bacterial conjugation -- transfer of genetic material in bacteria
Charge conjugation -- in physics, when particles switch with anti-particles.
Primula

Primula is a genus of 400-500 species of low-growing herbs in the family Primulaceae. They include primrose, cowslip and oxlip.
Many species are grown for their ornamental flowers. They are native to the temperate Northern Hemisphere, south into tropical mountains in Ethiopia, Indonesia and New Guinea, and in temperate southern South America.
Perennial primulas bloom mostly during the spring; their flowers can be purple, yellow, red, pink, or white. Generally, they prefer filtered sunlight. Many species are adapted to alpine climates.
The word primula is the Latin feminine diminutive of primus, meaning first (prime), applied to flowers that are among the first to open in spring.
Primroses are used as food plants by the larvae (caterpillars) of some Lepidoptera species.
Some flowering forms of (cultivated) Primula are commonly known as polyanthus (P. elatior hybrids) as opposite to primrose (P. vulgaris hybrids).
Heterostyly
The common primrose, Primula vulgaris, shows heterostyly. This is a type of morphism with flower forms which differ in the lengths of the pistil and stamens.
The morph phenotype is genetically closely linked to genes responsible for a system of self-incompatibility. That means the pollen from a flower on one morph cannot fertilize another flower of the same morph.
In one morph (termed 'pin') the stamens are short and the pistils are long; in the second morph (termed 'thrum') the stamens are long and the pistils are short. The length of the pistil in one morph equals the length of the stamens in the second morph, and vice versa. The system prevents self-fertilisation.
All sections of the genus Primula have heterostyle species, altogether 354 species out of 419. Since heterostyly is characteristic of nearly all races or species, the system is at least as old as the genus.
Laura de Noves

Laura de Noves (1310-1348) was the wife of Count Hugues de Sade. Francesco Petrarca wrote a lot about a Laura, which could be her. No was was able to identify Petrarca's Laura to be Laura de Noces. Laura had a great influence on Petrarch's life and lyrics. There is very littlei information on the historical Laura de Noves. Petrarca allegedly met her on April 6, 1327, in the Church of Sainte Claire in Avignon. He later wrote about her in his famous Il Canzoniere.
Genchū

Genchu (Yuan Zhong ) was a Japanese era name (Nian Hao , nengo, lit. year name) of the Southern Court during the Nanboku-cho period after Kowa. This was the last Southern Court era. This period started in April 1384 and ended in October 1392. During this time, the monarch in Yoshino until 1392 was .. Until 1392, the pretender in Kyoto was After 1392, Go-Komatsu was the 100th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.
Ellesmere, Shropshire

Ellesmere (pronounced Ellz-meer) is a small market town in Shropshire, a county in England. The 2011 census recorded 3,835 people living there.
It is close to the border with Wales. The town centre is north of Shrewsbury, the county town. It is north-east of Oswestry and south-east of the Welsh town of Wrexham.
It is located right next to Ellesmere, one of the largest natural meres in England that is outside of the Lake District.
Famous engineer Thomas Telford lived in Ellesmere in the 1790s.
Blood II: The Chosen

Blood II: The Chosen is a first-person shooter video game developed by Monolith Productions and distributed by GT Interactive. Unlike the first installment, Blood, which was set in 1928, it takes place in the year 2028, so in addition to conventional weapons and magical items also incorporates science fiction technology, mostly falling under the cyberpunk genre, and elements of dystopian fiction. Much like its predecessor, the game contains a significant amount of graphic violence and black humor.
Lights on the River

Lights on the River () is a 1953 Soviet movie directed by Viktor Eisymont. It stars Valery Pastukh, Nina Shorina, and Aleksandr Kopelev.
Minneapolis Police Department

The Minneapolis Police Department (MPD) is the police department in Minneapolis, Minnesota. It was formed in 1867, making it the second-oldest police department in Minnesota. The Saint Paul Police Department is the oldest, formed in 1854. The department has four precincts with over 800 officers and 300 other employees. The department did get national attention from the murder of George Floyd.
Dogs in Space

Dogs in Space is a 1986 Australian drama movie about Melbourne's little band scene in 1978. It was directed by Richard Lowenstein. It starred Michael Hutchence as Sam, a drugged dazed singer of a band named Dogs in Space.
The story was from Lowenstein's personal experience of living in a shared house in Melbourne in the late 1970s. Lowenstein had already worked with Michael Hutchence making rock videos. He also produced video clips for songs from the INXS album The Swing. He wrote the lead role of Sam with Michael Hutchence in mind.
The character Sam is about a real member of a punk rock band that Lowenstein had lived with in the 1970s. The house in the movie was the one they had shared. It was rented from its new owners and changed back to its original condition for the movie. The cost for the deconstruction of the house was part of the movie's budget.
Copies of Dogs in Space are being preserved by the National Film and Sound Archive in Canberra. This means the movie will be protected from damage that happens to older film that was used to make movies.
Cast
Michael Hutchence as Sam, the punk rock singer in the band
Saskia Post as Anna, Sam's heroin addicted girlfriend
Nique Needles as Tim
Deanna Bond as The Girl
Tony Helou as Luchio, a university student who really tries to study, even in the chaos of the house
Plot
A group of young music fans share a house in the inner Melbourne suburb of Richmond. It is not too far away from the city to be an active part of the music scene. Sam and Tim are members of a band named Dogs in Space. They share the house with a group of social misfits and quite troubled young people. These include Sam's girlfriend Anna and a really smart university student, Luchio. He is actually trying to study for exams even in the confusion of the house. There is also a nameless teenager, who is just called The Girl. She comes and goes; sometimes sleeping over.
The scenes cover the day-to-day lives of the characters, mainly the sexual relationship between Sam and Anna. There are many party scenes with live music and drug use. During quiet times, the housemates move the television outdoors into the street to watch it on sofas and eat junk food and drink beer. The group makes frequent trips to a convenience store to restock.
Footage of Sputnik 2 is intermittently seen in the movie (in tribute to the title: "Dogs in Space"). The footage mostly shows Laika, the first Soviet Union dog in space. These scenes can also be seen in the background when the television is playing. There are trips to many local pubs for live punk music. In the end, the group's dangerous lifestyle costs a life of a loved one. Anna dies from a heroin overdose.
Soundtrack album
There was a punk rock soundtrack album released with the following songs and artists. The album and the later CD are both out of print. Rare copies sell well and fetch the asking price.
Callimedusa

Callimedusa is a genus of frogs in the family Phyllomedusidae.
The frogs in this genus live in South America.
Vaani Kapoor

Vaani Kapoor (born 23 August 1988) is an Indian actress. She is known for her work in Bollywood movies produced by Yash Raj Films. Her first movie role was in the 2013 romantic comedy Shuddh Desi Romance. She also starred in Aaha Kalyanam (2014) and Befikre (2016).
Montcet

Montcet is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.
Glenn Hopper

Glenn Hopper (born 08 May 1972) is an American author, financial technology expert, and filmmaker. He is the former CFO of Sandline Global and current CFO of Eventus Advisory Group, and author of Deep Finance: Corporate Finance in the Information Age.
Career
Hopper began his career in 1995 as an editor, journalist, and public affairs specialist in the United States Navy. He worked in telecommunications in the early 2000s as a product manager and later as a finance leader. He started his CFO career by joining HCT Investments. He produced and wrote Neil H. Weiss's directed thriller film The Hanged Man (2007).
As of 2021, Hopper was the CFO of Sandline Global. He is currently director/CFO at Eventus Advisory Group. He is a member of American Mensa and volunteers his time for The Analytics Foundation.
Hopper is at the forefront of a group he labels New Age CFOs who see the expanding role of finance departments in modern businesses.
In May 2023, Hopper was part of a virtual event panel discussion on Generative AI in Finance at Harvard Digital, Data, and Design Institute.
Tutu House

The Tutu House is a house on Valakati Street in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa that belongs to Desmond Tutu and his family. The house is registered as part of Johannesburg's historical heritage.
The Medical Journal of Australia

The Medical Journal of Australia is a peer-reviewed medical journal. It is the official journal of the Australian Medical Association and began in 1914. It is published by the Australasian Medical Publishing Company Proprietary Limited (AMPCo).
The journal publishes editorials, articles, case reports, and letters. The full text of every issue since January 2002 is available on their website.
M. S. Viswanathan

Manayangath Subramanian Viswanathan (24 June 1928 - 14 July 2015), also known as M.S.V., was an Indian music director, composer, and singer. He was popularly known as Mellisai Mannar (Tamil for "The King of Light Music"). He composed songs in 1200 movies from Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu, Kannada, and Hindi languages. He worked primarily in Tamil, Malayalam and Telugu movies.
Viswanathan died on 14 July 2015 in Chennai, India of respiratory failure at the age of 87.
Chojnów

Chojnow is small city in Poland. As of the year 2000, 14,900 people live in the city. The city is on the river Skora. The city belongs to the county Legnica. It is in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship. The average height of the city is 170 meters above sea level.
Chojnow is first mentioned in a note dated 1272 as a Haynow settlement. In 1288 it's called city (civitas) in documents of Prince of Legnica Henryk V Gruby. In 1333 in gained the status of a city (civitas).
Activities and events
Every year in first days of June, Days of Chojnow (Dni Chojnowa) are celebrated. The Whole-Poland bike race Masters has been organized in Chojnow once a year for the past few years.
Chojnow is an industrial and agricultural city. Among products produced in Chojnow are: paperware, agricultural machinery, chains, metal furniture for hospitals, equipment for the meat industry, beer, wine, leather clothing, clothing for infants, children and adults.
Sites
The most interesting monuments of Chojnow are prince of Legnica's castle from the 13th century (currently used as a museum), two old churches, Baszta Tkaczy (Weavers' Tower) and preserved fragments of city walls.
The biggest green area in Chojnow is small forest Park Piastowski (Piast's Park), named after Piast dynasty as part of Communist anti-German propaganda.
Wild animals that live around Chojnow are roe-deers, foxes, rabbits and wild domestic animals, especially cats.
Political problems of China

Many people say the government stops people from having freedom of speech, freedom of religion and other political rights that people in other countries have. China still has one-party rule, and is not a democracy.
Territorial disputes
The following territories are claimed by China (PRC and/or ROC) and by another country or more.
Diaoyu Islands (with Japan)
Nansha Archipelago (with Vietnam, Brunei, Malaysia, and the Philippines)
Xisha Archipelago (with Republic of China and Vietnam)
South Tibet - parts of Arunachal Pradesh (with Republic of India)
Aksai Chin - part of Kashmir (with Republic of India)
Lost territories (Unequal treaties)
Unequal treaties were forced onto Asian countries when European imperialism reached Asia.
The list includes claims from PRC and ROC, as well as unofficial historical claims.
Note: Japan's and Korea's unequal treaties have been resolved since the end of WWII.
Marquette-en-Ostrevant

Marquette-en-Ostrevant is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 1,897 people lived there.
List of hip hop musicians from Atlanta

This is a list of famous hip hop musicians from Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Atlanta hip hop artists
21 Savage
2 Chainz
6lack
Alex Faith
Akon
Andre 3000
Anthony Preston
Arrested Development
Audio (B5)
Bankroll Fresh
Bankroll Mafia
Baby D
Big Boi
Big Gipp
Big Kuntry King
Big Rube
Blood Raw
Bobby Creekwater
Bone Crusher
Boyz n da Hood
Bubba Sparxxx
Camoflauge
Cash Out
Cee Lo Green
Cherish
Childish Gambino
Christopher Massey
Clan Destined
Cool Breeze
Count Bass D
Crime Mob
Cyber Sapp
Cyhi the Prynce
Da BackWudz
Daron Jones
Deante' Hitchcock
Dear Jayne
Dem Franchize Boyz
Diamond
Digital Nas
DJ Burn One
DJ Felli Fel
DJ Lord
DJ Spinz
DJ Toomp
Dolla
Don Vito
Donnis
Drumma Boy
Dun Deal
Dungeon Family
EarthGang
Fabo
Fast Life Yungstaz
Field Mob
Freak Nasty
Future
Ghetto Mafia
Goodie Mob
Gorilla Zoe
Gucci Mane
Gunna
Hard Boyz
Hoodrich Pablo Juan
I-20
ILoveMakonnen
Jamia Simone Nash
Jamie Grace
Janelle Monae
Jarren Benton
Jazze Pha
Jermaine Dupri
JID
Jim Crow
K Camp
Kalenna Harper
Kandi Burruss
Kanye West
Kap G
Kato on the Track
Keisha Jackson
Kelly Rowland
K.E. on the Track
Keri Hilson
Khujo
Killer Mike
Kilo Ali
Kris Kross
Kyle Massey
Lecrae
Latto
Lil Baby
Lil Gotit
Lil Jon
Lil Keed
Lil Nas X
Lil Ru
Lil Scrappy
Lil Yachty
Lil Zane
Lisa Lopes
London on da Track
Ludacris
MadeinTYO
Major Damage
Manchild
Mario Judah
MattyB
Migos
Mike Will Made It
Money Man
Mr. Collipark
Mullage
Nivea
Nitti
Offset
OG Maco
OMG Girlz
Organized Noize
Outkast
Pastor Troy
Pill
Playboi Carti
Playaz Circle
Polow da Don
P$C
Purple Ribbon All-Stars
Quavo
Rasheeda
Rich Kidz
RichGirl
Rich Homie Quan
Rich the Kid
Rittz
Rocko
Rome Fortune
Roscoe Dash
Rubi Rose
Russ
SahBabii
Scotty ATL
Scrilla
Sevyn Streeter
Shawty Lo
Shop Boyz
Silento
Silk
Sleepy Brown
Slim
SoFaygo
Southside
Soulja Boy
Soundz
Speech
Spillage Village
Stat Quo
Supreeme
Takeoff
Taurus
T'Melle
The Jet Age of Tomorrow
The Mr. Move
The Platinum Brothers
The Redland
T.I.
TLC
T-Mo
Travis Porter
Trillville
Trinidad James
Trouble
Unk
USDA
Usher
V.I.C.
Waka Flocka Flame
WDNG Crshrs
We Are Toonz
Xscape
Y'all So Stupid
YFN Lucci
Ying Yang Twins
YC
YoungBloodZ
Young Dro
Young Scooter
Young Thug
Young Nudy
Jeezy
Yung Joc
Yung L.A.
Jon Snow

Jon Snow (born 28 September 1947) is a British journalist and television presenter. He was born in Ardingly, Sussex. He went to Ardingly College. In 1989 he started presenting Channel 4 News.
Personal life and family
In March 2010 he married Precious Lunga.
His father was George D'Oyly Snow. His grandfather was Thomas D'Oyly Snow. His cousin is Peter Snow.
Gävlebro

Gavlebro is a rest area with a restaurant, located near the E4 motorway outside Gavle in Sweden. It was inaugurated on 15 December 1987. The facility is built as a covered bridge restaurant.
Railway speed record

The world's fastest train is the Shanghi Maglev in China, It can reach a top speed of The train is unusual because it uses magnetic levitation to float over an elevated track rather than using wheels on railway tracks as most trains do. The train that runs fastest while carrying passengers is the CR400 Fuxing from China. It can go at . The fastest speed on a test run by a regular train was on 3 April 2007 in France.
Fastest train by country
America
In the United States, the fastest trains are legacy Acelas,They can run at .
China
The Shanghi Maglev in China can go as fast as . It is a special type of train that uses magnetic force to hold it off the ground. This causes it to "fly" a dew centimetres above its special guide track. China also has the CR400 Fuxing trains, They can go at speeds of up to , and have done on a test run.
France
France is known for its TGV trains. Some travel up to on some routes.
Germany
In Germany, the fastest train is their ICE3. It goes up to a speed of . It has also gone as fast as on a special test run.
Japan
Japan is known for its bullet trains on its Shinkansen (high speed) railway lines. The fastest, the Japanese Railways East (JR East) E5 go at up to .
Morocco
The first high speed line in Africa opened in November 2018 in Morocco. It runs between Tangier and Casablanca. The Alboraq trains came from the French TGV. They have a maximum speed of .
Historical speed records
The maximum records have usually been set on special test runs and are for conventional (normal) trains:
Some said that on 9 may 1893 engine No. 999 of the New York Central Railway achieved , and on 11 May 1893. Many said this speed was not correct. The New York Central Railway said that the high speed was probably less than .
In England, the City of Truro seems to have close to going down a hill on 9 May 1904.
On 30 November 1934, the English locomotive No. 4472 Flying Scotsman with a speed recording (dynometer) car went faster than . This was first time for a steam engine to go that fast.
In Germany on 11 May 1936, No. 05.002 was seen to go as fast as .
On 3 July 1938 in England, No. 4472 Mallard claimed a world record for a steam engine of .
France set new world speed records for trains several times. In 1955, it set the record at . On 1981, they reached . In 1990, the new record was . They reached on 3 April 2007.
Neunkirchen District

Neunkirchen is a Kreis (district) in the middle of the Saarland, Germany.
History
In 1974 the districts of Saarland were reorganized. The capital of the district was moved to Neunkirchen. The name of the district was changed to Neunkirchen as well. Neunkirchen city had first tried to become cspital of the district in 1866. Some parts of the administration remained in Ottweiler.
Yann Sommer

Yann Sommer (born 17 December 1988) is a Swiss professional footballer. He plays as a goalkeeper for Bayern Munich and the Swiss national team.
Bruys

Bruys is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.
Bai Chongxi

Bai Chongxi (18 March 1893 - 1 December 1966), also spelled Pai Chung-hsi, was a Chinese Muslim general in the National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of China. He was a warlord in the Guangxi Province, commanding his own troops and governing Guangxi (though part of the Republic of China). He was often an ally of Chiang Kai-Shek in the politics of the Republic of China.
Warlord era
Bai Chongxi Born Omar Chongxi Bai was born in Guilin, Guangxi Province.
Westercelle

Westercelle is a suburb of the district town of Celle in Lower Saxony, Germany, that is 3 kilometres (1.9 miles) south of the town centre on the river Fuhse.
JSTOR

JSTOR (; short for Journal Storage) is a digital library. It was founded in 1995 in New York City, United States. It was originally containing digitized back issues of academic journals. It is now encompasses books and other primary sources as well as current issues of journals. It provides full-text searches of almost 2,000 journals.
, more than 8,000 institutions in more than 160 countries had access to JSTOR. Most access is by subscription but some of the site is public domain, and open access content is available free of charge.
JSTOR's revenue was $86 million in 2015.
Deadlock (1943 movie)

Deadlock is a 1943 British crime movie directed by Ronald Haines and starring John Slater, Cecile Chevreau, Molly Hamley-Clifford, Hugh Morton, George Dewhurst. It was distributed by British Foundation Pictures Ltd.
Canadian Recording Industry Association

Music Canada (formerly The Canadian Recording Industry Association) is a non-profit trade organization that was founded in 1964 to represent the interests of Canadian companies that create, manufacture and market sound recordings in Canada. The organization is based in Toronto.
CRIA is governed by a board of directors who are elected annually by CRIA members. To be eligible for election a candidate for the board must be among the chief executive officers of member companies of the organization. Graham Henderson (Universal Music Canada) is the current president of the CRIA.
Album certifications
The CRIA certifications for albums are:
40,000 units: Gold
80,000 units: Platinum
1,000,000 units: Diamond
Note: Multi-Platinum refers to how many times the album has reached 100,000 units sold.
List of rivers of Israel

This is a list of rivers in Israel. This list is arranged by where the river drains. Tributaries are indented under each larger stream's name.
Mediterranean Sea
Listed from north to south
Nahal Betzet
Nahal Kziv
Ga'aton River
Nahal Na'aman
Kishon River
Nahal Taninim
Hadera Stream
Nahal Alexander
Nahal Poleg
Yarkon River
Ayalon River
Nahal Qana
Nahal Shillo
Nahal Sorek
Lakhish River
Nahal Shikma
HaBesor Stream
Nahal Gerar
Nahal Be'er Sheva
Nahal Havron
Sea of Galilee
Listed from north to south.
Nahal Amud
Dead Sea
Listed clockwise from the Jordan River.
Krasnoznamensk, Moscow Oblast

Krasnoznamensk () is a closed town in Moscow Oblast, Russia. In 2010, 36,103 people lived there.
Black church

A Black Church is a Christian church whose congregation is mostly of African descent. There are many in the United States and increasingly in the United Kingdom.
In the United States they include the African Methodist Episcopal Church and the Church of God in Christ. Many were started by freed black people. In the United Kingdom they have been mostly started by immigrants from West Africa. They often have distinct forms of worship from African spiritual traditions, such as call and response.
Charles Falconer, Baron Falconer of Thoroton

Charles Leslie "Charlie" Falconer, Baron Falconer of Thoroton, (born 19 November 1951) is a British Labour peer and barrister.
Falconer became the Lord Chancellor and the first Secretary of State for Constitutional Affairs in 2003 under Prime Minister Tony Blair. He is the first Secretary of State for Justice in a 2007 reorganization and enlargement of the portfolio of the Department for Constitutional Affairs. He held this role for over a month until Gordon Brown became Prime Minister in June 2007.
Falconer was replaced by Jack Straw. He was named Shadow Justice Secretary under the acting leadership of Harriet Harman, and continued in this role after the election of Jeremy Corbyn as leader of the party, until he resigned on 26 June 2016.
Sea level

For the effects of global warming on sea levels, see global warming
The sea level is the average height of the ocean (informally called the sea). The word 'average' must be used because the height of the sea changes with the tides. The height of mountains, countries, and so on, is almost always given as "above sea level".
Technical details
Sea level is generally used to refer to mean sea level (MSL). This is the average level for the surface of one or more of Earth's oceans.
MSL is a type of standardised geodetic reference point. It is used, for example, as a geodetic datum in cartography and marine navigation. In aviation it is the standard sea level at which atmospheric pressure is measured. This is used to calibrate altitude, which influences aircraft flight levels. A common mean sea-level standard is the midpoint between a mean low and mean high tide at a particular place.
Sea levels can be affected by many factors. They have varied greatly over geological time scales. The careful measurement of variations in MSL offers insights into ongoing climate change. The present slight rise in sea levels is offered as proof of ongoing global warming.
Long-term changes in sea level
In Earth's long history, the continents and sea floor have changed due to plate tectonics. This affects global sea level because it alters the depths of various ocean basins, and also changes the distribution of glaciers.
Over most of geologic time, the long-term mean sea level has been higher than today (see graph). Only at the Permian-Triassic boundary ~250 million years ago was the long-term mean sea level lower than today. This included the PermianTriassic extinction event, though this may not be relevant to the concept of sea level.
Long term changes in the mean sea level are the result of changes in the oceanic crust, with a downward trend expected to continue in the very long term.
Rapid changes in sea level
Rapid changes may happen by huge lakes breaking through into seas. This has happened on a number of occasions. When the latest ice age was ending, melting caused huge lakes in central North America. This eventually broke through into the Atlantic. Melting ice in the North Sea are also broke through into the English Channel. The largest known example of marine flooding was when the Atlantic breached the Strait of Gibraltar about 5.2 million years ago. This restored Mediterranean sea levels, which had dried up.
The present rise in sea level is taken from tide gauges. It is about 1.8 mm/yr. Active research continues on this subject.
Positions (Ariana Grande album)

Positions (written in lowercase) is the sixth studio album by American singer Ariana Grande. It was released on October 30, 2020. A deluxe version of the album was released February 19, 2021, and features five additional tracks.
The title track is the album's lead single and was released on October 23, 2020. It entered at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 and became Grande's fifth US number-one song. She also became the first artist to debut five songs at number one in the US.
The track "34+35" debuted at number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 and became the album's second single. Its music video was released on November 17, 2020. Combined with sales of the song's remix featuring rappers Doja Cat and Megan Thee Stallion, the song later climbed to number two on the Hot 100.
Track listing
All titles styled in lowercase.
Västerhejde

Vasterhejde is a locality in Gotland Municipality in Gotland County in Sweden. In 2010, 313 people lived there.
Vézelay

Vezelay is a commune. It is in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Scorpion I

Scorpion I was a king of Upper Egypt during the Predynastic Period, or the period before egypt was united. His name may refer to the scorpion goddess Serket.
He is believed to have ruled in Thinis one or two centuries before the rule of the better known King Scorpion II. To him belongs the U-j tomb found in the royal cemetery of Abydos where Thinite kings were buried.
In contemporary fiction
William Golding's novel The Scorpion God is loosely based upon this period of Egyptian history.
The 2001 adventure film The Mummy Returns features a fictionalized account of the "Scorpion King" of Egypt, a character who went on to have his own spin-off in the 2002 film, The Scorpion King.
Walter Leighton Clark

Walter Leighton Clark (1859-1935) was an American businessman, inventor, and artist based in Stockbridge, Massachusetts and New York City.
In 1922, together with John Singer Sargent and Edmund Griesen, he created the Painters and Sculptors Gallery Association in New York, the continuation of which was the Grand Central Art Galleries and the Grand Central School of Art located near Grand Central Terminal. The gallery offered American artists the opportunity to exhibit their work in the United States without having to ship it overseas.
Annemiek Jansen

Annemiek Jansen (born 26 September 1996) is a Dutch softball player. In 2018 she went with the under-22 national team to the European Championships. She plays with the Tex Town Tigers in the highest Dutch national league. She is member of the Netherlands women's national softball team. With the national team she became European champion at the 2022 Women's Softball European Championship.
Saltillo

Saltillo is the capital and largest city in the northeastern Mexican state of Coahuila. It is also the municipal seat of the municipality of the same name. In 2015, 807,537 people lived there.
La Capelle-lès-Boulogne

La Capelle-les-Boulogne is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.
Mimosoideae

Mimosoideae is a subfamily of the flowering plant family Fabaceae. Members of this family usually have flowers with small petals and many stamens.
Some classification systems, for example the Cronquist system, treat Fabaceae in a narrow sense, raising Mimosoideae to the rank of family as Mimosaceae. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group treats Fabaceae in the broad sense.
337

337 was a common year.
Deaths
May 22 -- Constantine I, Roman Emperor
Kroppenstedt

Kroppenstedt is a town in the Borde district, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It is southwest of Magdeburg. It is part of the Verwaltungsgemeinschaft ("collective municipality").
Dortan

Dortan is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.
John Burningham

John Burningham (27 April 1936 - 4 January 2019) was a British children's book writer and illustrator. He won many awards including the Kate Greenaway Medal in 1963 for his book called Borka: The Adventures of a Goose With No Feathers. He was also known for illustrating the book Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang.
Burningham was born April 27, 1936 in Farnham, Surrey, England. Burningham died on 4 January 2019 at the age of 82 from pneumonia.
Telesto (moon)

Telesto is a tiny moon of Saturn. It was discovered by a number of astronomers in 1980, based from some observations from the Earth. It was named after Telesto in Greek mythology. Telesto orbits around Saturn together with much larger moon Tethys. Thus, Telesto is also known as a Trojan moon. The moon leads at a point 60 degrees in front of Tethys in its orbit. Another small moon, Calypso, orbits with Telesto.
Timeline of prehistory

The timeline of prehistory covers the time from when humans first appeared to the time writing was invented.
Two-party system

There are several states in the world, where politics is dominated by two parties. This is known as two-party system. According to Giovanni Sartori, the following is true for such as system:
Each of the two parties is able to reach an absolute majority in parliament
When there are elections, usually one of the two parties wins an absolute majority
The party that is elected wants to rule alone
There's a large probability that with elections, the ruling party will change over time
The Median voter theorem describes such a system: While at first the parties have programmes that are very different from each other, over time, they will get closer. Hotelling's law also describes this in game theory.
Note that in such systems, there may also be other parties, bur these rarely have enough influence to win majorities in elections.
Two Examples of countries that have a two party system are the United Kingdom, and the United States.
Goliath (Walibi Holland)

Goliath is a steel roller coaster in the Dutch theme park Walibi Holland. The lift hill has a height of 46.8 meters. This makes it the tallest coaster of the Benelux. However, in 2007 this record was beaten by Vertigo in Walibi Belgium, but after Vertigo was demolished in 2008, Goliath was again the tallest coaster of the Benelux.
Ride information
The coaster was created by the Swiss coaster manufacturer Intamin AG. It was opened in 2002. The coaster has a maximum speed of 66 miles per hour (106 km/h) over 3,982 feet (1,214 m) of track. The coaster has 2 trains, one green and one purple with hydraulic lap bars as restraints.
Enrico Crispolti

Enrico Crispolti (18 April 1933 - 8 December 2018) was an Italian art critic, curator and art historian. He was born in Rome.
From 1984 to 2005 he was professor of history of contemporary art at the Universita degli Studi di Siena, and director of the school of specialisation in art history. He taught at the Accademia di Belle Arti in Rome (1966-1973) and at the Universita degli Studi di Salerno (1973-1984). He was author of the catalogues raisonnes of the works of Enrico Baj, Lucio Fontana and Renato Guttuso.
Crispolti died in Rome on 8 December 2018, aged 85.
Le Charmel

Le Charmel is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.
Megan Gale

Megan Kate Gale (born 7 August 1975) is an Australian model and actress. She modeled for Vodafone. She later became an actress. Gale played Fatma in The Water Diviner (2014) and Valkyrie in George Miller's Mad Max: Fury Road (2015).
South Lebanon conflict

The South Lebanon conflict describes a series of military clashes in South Lebanon involving Israel, Palestine Liberation Organization, Lebanese factions and Syria.
The conflict began in late 1960s and escalated in the 1970s. After the PLO leadership and its Fatah brigade were expelled from Jordan in 1971 for fomenting a revolt, they entered Lebanon and internal and cross-border violence increased. The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) had already recruited militants in Lebanon from among the families of Palestinian refugees who were expelled or fled due to the creation of Israel in 1948. By 1968, the PLO and Israel were committing cross border attacks against each other. Meanwhile, demographic tensions over the Lebanese National Pact led to the Lebanese Civil War (1975-1990). PLO was one of the key factors to the eruption of the Lebanese Civil War and its bitter battles with Lebanese factions caused foreign intervention. Israel's 1978 invasion of Lebanon pushed the PLO north of the Litani River, but the PLO continued their campaign against Israel. Israel invaded Lebanon again in 1982, in alliance with major Lebanese Christian militias, and forcibly expelled the PLO. Israel withdrew to a slim borderland buffer zone, held with the aid of proxy militants in the South Lebanon Army (SLA). Israel and Lebanon signed the May 17 Agreement providing a framework for the establishment of normal bilateral relations between the two countries, but relations were disrupted with takeover of Shia and Druze militias in early 1984.
In 1985, a Lebanese Shi'te resistance movement sponsored by Iran, calling itself Hezbollah, called for armed struggle to "end the Israel occupation of Lebanese territory". When the Lebanese civil war ended and other warring factions agreed to disarm, Hezbollah and the SLA refused. Combat with Hezbollah weakened Israeli resolve and led to a collapse of the SLA and an Israeli withdrawal in 2000 to their side of the UN designated border. Citing Israeli control of the Shebaa farms territory, Hezbollah continued cross border attacks intermittently over the next six years. Hezbollah now sought freedom for Lebanese citizens in Israeli prisons and successfully used the tactic of capturing Israeli soldiers as leverage for a prisoner exchange in 2004. The capturing of two Israeli soldiers by Hezbollah ignited the 2006 Lebanon War. Its ceasefire called for the disarmament of Hezbollah and the remaining armed camps of the PLO, and for Lebanon to control its southern border militarily for the first time in four decades.
Hostilities were suspended on 8 September 2006. As of 2009 Hezbollah had not disarmed. On 18 June 2008, Israel declared that it was open to peace talks with Lebanon.
Chaumont, Yonne

Chaumont is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Cinematic Sunrise

Cinematic Sunrise was an American rock band signed to Equal Vision Records. The members of the band were Craig Owens (vocals), Bradley Bell (piano), Bryan Beeler (guitar), Marcus VanKirk (bass), Nick Martin (guitar), and Dave Shapiro (drums). Their only released work, "A Coloring Storybook and Long Playing Record" included a coloring book and four colored pencils with the purchase of the EP. "Basically, the whole idea - everything about Cinematic Sunrise - is just happy and fun. And there's nothing more fun than coloring," explains vocalist Craig Owens about the decision to include the coloring book with the EP.
History
Owens and Bell were both in Chiodos at the time Cinematic Sunrise formed. The group differs majorly from Chiodos's post-hardcore sound, as Cinematic Sunrise plays more of pop rock and pop punk. The group's debut EP, titled A Coloring Storybook and Long Playing Record, was released on May 13, 2008. Beeler recorded, and produced the EP. The EP barely reached the Billboard charts, at #196. The EP also hit #8 on the Top Heatseekers chart. It also got to #26 on the Top Independent Albums chart. The EP was re-released in late October 2008, with two new songs. This was because they ran out of the original copies, selling past 10,000 copies.
A Coloring Storybook and Long Playing Record
A Coloring Storybook and Long-Playing Record is the first and only EP by the band Cinematic Sunrise, who is a side project of Chiodos' Bradley Bell and Craig Owens. The pair's pop rock project is all about having a good time and making music that is innocent and fun to play. The record was first released with four color pencils. These would be used in a book that includes drawings of animals with pictures of the band members hidden somewhere in the coloring page. Craig Owens said in an interview that he wanted crayons, not colored pencils. He was supposedly not happy with Equal Vision's mistake.
On October 14, 2008, Equal Vision Records re-released A Coloring Storybook and Long-Playing Record. The re-release includes two bonus tracks. They were titled "If Lilly Isn't Back by Sunset" and "Crossing Our Fingers for Summer".
Ideology

An ideology is a collection of ideas or beliefs shared by a group of people. It may be a connected set of ideas, or a style of thought, or a world-view. It was coined by a French philosopher, Destutt de Tracy in 1801/5.
There are two main types of ideologies: political ideologies, and epistemological ideologies. Political ideologies are sets of ethical ideas about how a country should be run. Epistemological ideologies are sets of ideas about the philosophy, the Universe, and how people should make decisions.
There are many different types of ideologies. Communism, socialism, and capitalism are political/economical ideologies.
Many political parties base their political action and program on an ideology. In social studies, a political ideology is a certain ethical set of values, principles, doctrines, myths, or symbols of a social movement, institution, or class which explains how society should work. It offers a political and cultural blueprint for a certain social order. A political ideology largely concerns itself with how to allocate power and to what ends it should be used. Some parties follow a certain ideology very closely, while others may take broad inspiration from a group of related ideologies without specifically embracing any one of them.
Political ideologies have two dimensions:
Goals: how society should work (or be arranged).
Methods: the most appropriate ways to achieve the ideal arrangement.
An ideology is a collection of ideas. Typically, each ideology contains certain ideas on what it considers to be the best form of government (e.g. democracy, theocracy, etc.), and the best economic system (e.g. capitalism, socialism, etc.). Sometimes the same word is used to identify both an ideology and one of its main ideas. For instance, "socialism" may refer to an economic system, or it may refer to an ideology which supports that economic system.
Ideologies also identify themselves by their position on the political spectrum (such as the left, the center or the right), though this is very often controversial. Finally, ideologies can be distinguished from political strategies (e.g. populism) and from single issues that a party may be built around (e.g. legalization of marijuana).
Today, many commentators claim that we are living in a post-ideological age, in which redemptive, all-encompassing ideologies have failed. This is often associated with Francis Fukuyama's writings on "the end of history".
In the mountain (Filippini)

In the mountain (also known as In Montagna) is a 19th-century late impressionist painted in oil by Francesco Filippini. It was painted about 1890, in Milano, Italy. Is in the collection of the Pinacoteca Nazionale di Bologna.
Description
The work is similar to Filippini's painting "The Chestnut Harvest". Filippini in the theme of work, always represents the same agricultural work, the harvesting of chestnuts, wood, corn pickers, the grazing of the flock, the picking of hemp. These are among Filippini's most interesting works, especially when the workers are women and the folkloric clothes she wears are evident. Only the industrial processing of the Maglio is an exception.
Régence

The Regence (, Regency) refers to a time between 1715 and 1723, when King Louis XV was a minor and France was governed by Philippe d'Orleans, a nephew of Louis XIV o France, as Regent of the Kingdom. In French the period is also called le Regence de Philippe'Orleans.
Contemporary European rulers included Philip V of Spain, John V of Portugal, George I of Great Britain, Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor (faither o Empress Maria Theresa) and Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia, the maternal grandfather of King Louis XV.
Chronology
1714
29 July 1714: the Duke o Maine an the Coont o Toulouse, Louis XIV's illegitimate sons (bi Madame de Montespan), are made Princes o the Bluid.
1715
1 September 1715: Louis XIV dies, his will entrusts the government of France to a regency council, with Philippe d'Orleans, Duke o Orleans aa honorary president and the Duke of Maine as the real power, until the young Louis o Fraunce, Duke o Anjou reaches his majority (1723)
2 September 1715: the Duke of Orleans allies himself with the Parlement de Paris, who cancelled Louis XIV's will. As a Prince of the Bluid, Philippe o Orleans haed been a member o the Parlement.
9 September: Body o Louis XIV taken to Saunt Denis; Louis XV sets off for Vincennes with the Regent, Madame de Ventadour, Villeroy, Toulouse and Maine; Philip V of Spain hears of his grandfaither's daith;
12 September: Philippe d'Orleans recognised Regent bi order of the Parlement;
15 September: Parlement claims the Droit de remontrance, the right to revoke a law made bi a Keeng who haed died, further supporting the Regent's claim tae power.
1 October 1715: Polysynody was held in Paris; it was composed of the highest nobility o the country.
30 December: Removal o Louis XV from the Chateau de Vincennes to the Tuileries Palace;
Louis XV put under the care o Francois de Neufville, Duke o Villeroy; Guillaume Delisle an the Cardinal de Fleury are put in charge of Louis' education.
Victor Marijnen

Victor Gerard Marie "Vic" Marijnen (February 21, 1917 in Arnhem - April 5, 1975 in The Hague) was a Dutch politician of the Catholic People's Party (KVP).
Marijnen studied law at Radboud University Nijmegen. He worked at the trade and agricultural departments, and was secretary of Catholic employers' organizations.
From 1959 to 1963 he was government minister of Agriculture and Fishery. From 1963 to 1965 he prime minister of the so-called Marijnen cabinet. From 1965 to 1966 he was an MP. From 1968 till his death he was mayor of The Hague.
Marijnen was a Roman Catholic. He died in 1975, aged 58.
Paolo Saviane

Paolo Saviane (20 March 1962 - 20 August 2021) was an Italian politician and businessman. He was born in Ponte nelle Alpi, Italy. He was a member of the Lega Nord. He was a member of the Senate of the Republic from 2018 until his death.
Saviane died on 20 August 2021 in Padua, Italy from problems caused by heart surgery, aged 59.
Alena Polozkova

Alena Polozkova is a retired gymnast from Belarus. Polozkova competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics and the 2000 Summer Olympics. She was born on 11 August 1979.
Variable-width encoding

A variable-width encoding is a type of character encoding scheme in which codes of different lengths are used to encode a character set for representation in a computer. All of the common Unicode encodings are variable-width encodings, e.g. UTF-8 and UTF-16. It's a common mistake to think that UTF-16 isn't, so that's not a good reason to prefer UTF-16 (only its obsolete predecessor UCS-2 is fixed-width).
ASCII is a fixed-width encoding. So are many other legacy encodings, but no modern text encoding. Note, ASCII is legal UTF-8 text, but it's only fixed-width in that sense only when that subset is used. As soon as text uses even one letter outside of the ASCII subset, or even if software expects UTF-8 text, and can't rely on only the ASCII subset used, then the (UTF-8) encoding used is variable-length.
Jaco, West Virginia

Jaco is an unincorporated community in Monongalia County, West Virginia.
Matheus Rocha

Matheus Rocha da Silva (Sorocaba, June 10, 1981), known professionally as Matheus Rocha, is a Brazilian singer, actor and composer. Member of the pop rock band Relive and former member of the pop group Br'oz and pop rock band Monk. In 2003, he was one of the winners of the Popstars reality show and was chosen to be part of the Brazilian boy band Br'oz until 2005. During this period, two studio albums and one DVD were released, Br'oz (2003), Br'oz at Olimpia Live ( 2003) and Segundo Ato (2004).
Shortly after the end of the group Br'oz, he continued his career with pop rock band Sorocabana KM7NOVE, which ended in 2007. In 2008 he debuted his acting career in the Broadway musical Aida, which was played at the theater. Artistic culture. In 2009 he released his first solo work titled Ser o que Sou. In 2010, she started a new pop rock project with the band Monk, where she has been a vocalist ever since. On January 10, 2018, he announced a career break, ending his activities indefinitely with the band Monk and Br'oz. In 2019 returns to the music scene with a new band, Relive.
Dosches

Dosches is a commune of the Aube departement in the north-central part of France.
Ainet

Ainet is a municipality of the district Lienz in the Austrian state of Tyrol.
Graincourt-lès-Havrincourt

Graincourt-les-Havrincourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.