July 25

Events
Up to 1900
285 Diocletian appoints Maximian as his Roman co-ruler.
306 Constantine I is elected Emperor by his troops.
315 The Arch of Constantine is completed near the Colosseum in Rome.
864 The Edict of Pistres of Charles the Bald orders defensive measures against the Vikings
1261 The city of Constantinople is recaptured by Nicaean forces under the command of Alexios Strategopoulos, re-establishing the Byzantine Empire.
1278 The Battle of Algeciras results in a victory for the Emirate of Granada.
1467 Battle of Molinella: First battle in Italy in which guns are used extensively.
1536 Sebastian de Belalcazar founds the city of Santiago de Cali in Colombia in his search for El Dorado.
1538 The city of Guayaquil in present-day Ecuador is founded.
1547 King Henry II of France is crowned.
1554 Mary I of England marries Philip II of Spain.
1567 Caracas is founded.
1593 Henry IV of France publicly converts from Protestantism to Roman Catholicism.
1603 James VI of Scotland is crowned joint king of Scotland and England.
1668 The magnitude 8.5 Shandong earthquake causes 43,000 to 50,000 deaths in Shandong during the Qing Dynasty, making it the largest historical earthquake in Eastern China.
1797 Horatio Nelson loses over 300 men and his right arm during the failed conquest attempt of Tenerife.
1814 War of 1812: Battle of Lundy's Lane.
1824 Costa Rica annexes Guanacaste from Nicaragua.
1868 Wyoming becomes a United States Territory.
1869 The daimyo begin returning their land holdings to the Emperor of Japan as part of the Meiji Restoration.
1893 The Corinth Canal in Greece is used for the first time.
1898 Spanish-American War: The US invades Puerto Rico.
1901 2000
1909 Louis Bleriot flies across the English Channel.
1917 Robert Borden introduces the first income tax in Canada.
1920 France captures Damascus.
1925 The Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS) is established.
1934 The Nazis assassinate Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss in a failed coup attempt.
1935 A flooding disaster in China kills around 200,000 people.
1940 World War II: General Henri Guisan orders the Swiss army to resist German invasion and makes surrender illegal.
1942 World War II: The Norwegian Manifesto calls for non-violent resistance against the Nazis.
1943 Benito Mussolini is removed from office by his own Italian Grand Council. He is replaced by Pietro Badoglio.
1944 World War II: Operation Spring - Canada's military suffers its deadliest day of the war, as 500 soldiers are killed, with around 1,000 injured.
1951 The legacy of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk is protected under Turkish law.
1952 Puerto Rico introduces a constitution.
1956 Near Nantucket Island, Italian Ocean liner Andrea Doria collides with the MS Stockholm in heavy fog and sinks the next day, killing 51 people.
1957 Tunisia becomes a Republic, with Habib Bourguiba as President.
1961 John F. Kennedy says that any attack on Berlin is an attack on NATO.
1965 Bob Dylan goes electric as he plugs in at the Newport Folk Festival.
1969 An earthquake in China kills around 3,000 people.
1973 Soviet Mars 5 space probe is launched.
1976 The Viking 1 space probe takes the famous "Face on Mars" photograph.
1978 Louise Brown, the first test tube baby, is born in Oldham, England.
1984 Svetlana Savitskaya becomes the first woman to go on a space walk.
1992 The 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona begin.
1993 Saint James Church massacre in Kenilworth, Cape Town.
1994 Israel and Jordan end their state of war, which had existed since 1948.
1995 A gas bottle explodes at Saint Michel station of Line B on Paris' regional rail network, killing 8 people.
1996 In a military coup in Burundi, Pierre Buyoya deposes Sylvestre Ntibantunganya.
1997 K. R. Narayanan becomes President of India.
1999 Lance Armstrong wins the first the seven consecutive Tour de France titles that have been struck from the record in 2012 following doping revelations.
2000 Air France Flight 4590, a concorde supersonic jet, crashes shortly after take-off near Paris, killing all 109 people on board, and 4 on the ground.
From 2001
2002 A. P. J. Abdul Kalam becomes President of India.
2007 Pratibha Patil becomes the first female President of India.
2010 WikiLeaks releases 90,000 internal reports on the US involvement in the War in Afghanistan.
2012 Pranab Mukherjee becomes President of India.
2013 Tunisian opposition leader Mohamed Brahmi is shot dead, leading to many protests in the country.
2017 Ram Nath Kovind becomes President of India.
2018 A bomb attack occurs in the city of Quetta, Pakistan, killing 31 people, on the country's election day. Former cricketer Imran Khan's party declares victory in the vote.
2018 The discovery of a lake of liquid water under Mars' southern polar ice cap is announced.
2019 Beji Cad Essebsi, President of Tunisia, dies aged 92 while still in office; Mohamed Ennaceur becomes Interim President until elections can be held.
2019 Several Western European countries and cities record their hottest-ever temperatures.
2019 Over 150 people die when their boat sinks off Libya.
Births
Up to 1900
975 Thietmar of Merseburg, bishop, historian and writer (d. 1018)
1016 Casimir I the Restorer, Duke of Poland (d. 1058)
1109 King Afonso I of Portugal (d. 1185)
1261 Arthur II, Duke of Brittany (d. 1312)
1336 Albert, Count of Holland (d. 1404)
1404 Philip I, Duke of Brabant (d. 1430)
1421 Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland, English politician (d. 1461)
1562 Kato Kiyomasa, Japanese daimyo and samurai (d. 1611)
1654 Agostino Steffani, Italian diplomat and composer (d. 1728)
1657 Philipp Heinrich Erlebach, German composer (d. 1714)
1658 Archibald Campbell, 1st Duke of Argyll (d. 1703)
1683 Pieter Langendijk, Dutch dramatist and poet (d. 1756)
1704 August Gottlieb Spangenberg, theologian (d. 1792)
1711 Lorenz Christoph Mizler, German physician, mathematician and writer (d. 1778)
1746 Infanta Benedita of Portugal (d. 1829)
1750 Henry Knox, American general (d. 1806)
1753 Santiago de Liniers, 1st Count of Buenos Aires, 10th Spanish Viceroy of River Plate (d. 1810)
1775 Anna Harrison, shortest-serving First Lady of the United States (d. 1864)
1797 Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel (d. 1889)
1799 David Douglas, botanist, plant collector, explorer (d. 1834)
1839 Francis Garnier, French captain and explorer (d. 1873)
1844 Thomas Eakins, artist (d. 1916)
1848 Arthur Balfour, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1930)
1848 Ottokar Kernstock, poet (d. 1928)
1860 Princess Louise Margaret, Duchess of Connaught (d. 1917)
1867 Max Dauthendey, German writer (d. 1918)
1870 Maxfield Parrish, illustrator (d. 1966)
1876 Elisabeth of Bavaria, Queen of Belgium (d. 1965)
1878 Masaharu Anesaki, Japanese philosopher and specialist in religious studies (d. 1949)
1882 George S. Rentz, American captain (d. 1942)
1883 Alfredo Casella, Italian composer (d. 1947)
1884 Martin L. Davey, 53rd Governor of Ohio (d. 1946)
1884 Davidson Black, anthropologist (d. 1934)
1886 Bror von Blixen-Finecke, Swedish big-game hunter (d. 1946)
1886 Hans von Blixen-Finecke, Swedish horse rider (d. 1917)
1894 Walter Brennan, Academy Award-winning actor (d. 1974)
1894 Gavrilo Princip, assassin of Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria (d. 1918)
1895 Yvonne Printemps, French actress and singer (d. 1977)
1896 Jack Perrin, American actor and stuntman (d. 1967)
1901 1950
1902 Eric Hoffer, philosopher (d. 1983)
1905 Elias Canetti, Bulgarian writer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (d. 1994)
1905 Masazo Nonaka, Japanese supercentenarian (d. 2019)
1906 Johnny Hodges, saxophonist (d. 1970)
1907 Karl Holler, composer (d. 1987)
1908 Bill Bowes, English cricketer (d. 1987)
1915 Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr., older brother of John F. Kennedy (d. 1944)
1917 Fritz Honegger, Swiss politician (d. 1999)
1918 Nan Grey, American actress (d. 1993)
1920 Rosalind Franklin, British scientist (d. 1958)
1921 Paul Watzlawick, American psychologist (d. 2007)
1921 Adolph Herseth, American trumpeter (d. 2013)
1923 Maria Gripe, Swedish writer (d. 2007)
1923 Estelle Getty, American actress (d. 2008)
1924 Frank Church, American politician (d. 1984)
1925 Richard Kadison, American mathematician (d. 2018)
1926 Beatriz Segall, Brazilian actress (d. 2018)
1927 Jimmy Binning, Scottish footballer
1927 Daniel Ceccaldi, French actor, director and screenwriter (d. 2003)
1927 Sadiq Hussein Qureshi, Pakistani politician, 10th Governor of Punjab (d. 2000)
1929 Somnath Chatterjee, Indian politician (d. 2018)
1929 Eddie Mazur, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1995)
1929 Manuel Olivencia, Spanish lawyer and economist (d. 2018)
1930 Maureen Forrester, Canadian contralto (d. 2010)
1930 Herbert Scarf, American economist and academic (d. 2015)
1932 Paul J. Weitz, American astronaut (d. 2016)
1933 Jukka Virtanen, Finnish television presenter, film director, screenwriter and songwriter (d. 2019)
1934 Don Ellis, American trumpeter and composer (d. 1978)
1934 Claude Zidi, French director and screenwriter
1935 Barbara Harris, American actress (d. 2018)
1935 Adnan Khashoggi, Saudi businessman (d. 2017)
1935 Gilbert Parent, Canadian politician
1935 Lars Werner, Swedish politician (d. 2013)
1937 Colin Renfrew, archeology professor
1941 Marco Lucioni, Italian painter
1941 Raul Ruiz, Chilean movie director (d. 2011)
1941 Emmett Till, American teenager, murder victim (d. 1955)
1941 Nate Thurmond, American basketball player (d. 2016)
1941 Manny Charlton, Spanish-Scottish guitarist
1943 Erika Steinbach, German politician
1943 Jim McCarty, English singer and musician
1946 Nicole Farhi, French fashion designer and sculptor
1946 Rita Marley, Jamaican-Cuban singer
1947 Adolfo Rodriguez Saa, Argentine politician and former President
1948 Peggy Fleming, American figure skater
1951 1975
1951 Verdine White, American bass player and producer (Earth, Wind & Fire)
1953 Robert Zoellick, former World Bank President
1954 Paul Hegarty, Scottish footballer and manager
1954 Jurgen Trittin, German politician
1954 Walter Payton, American football player (d. 1999)
1954 Sheena McDonald, Scottish broadcaster
1955 Iman Abdulmajid, Somali-born model
1957 Mark Hunter, English politician
1958 Thurston Moore, American musician (Sonic Youth)
1958 Alexei Filippenko, American astrophysicist
1959 Fyodor Cherenkov, Russian footballer (d. 2014)
1959 Anatoly Onoprienko, Ukrainian serial killer (d. 2013)
1960 Alain Robidoux, Canadian snooker player
1963 Denis Coderre, Canadian politician, 44th Mayor of Montreal
1963 Julian Hodgson, Welsh-English chess player
1964 Anne Applebaum, American writer and journalist
1964 Sharif Sheikh Ahmed, former President of Somalia
1965 Marty Brown, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1965 Ileana Douglas, American actress, director, screenwriter and producer
1967 Magdalena Forsberg, Swedish biathlete
1967 Matt LeBlanc, American actor
1967 Chuck Paugh, American record company owner
1969 Annastacia Palaszczuk, Australian politician, 39th Premier of Queensland
1970 Ernesto Alterio, Argentine-Spanish actor
1970 Eric Jacobson, American puppeteer
1973 Hu Jia, Chinese activist
1973 Dani Davey, American singer
1973 Kevin Phillips, English footballer
1975 Jean-Claude Darcheville, French footballer
1975 Jody Craddock, English footballer
From 1976
1976 Tera Patrick, American pornographic actress
1977 Kenny Thomas, American basketball player
1978 Louise Brown, first baby conceived through IVF
1978 Gerard Warren, American football player
1979 Amy Adams, American singer, American Idol 3 contestant
1979 Ali Carter, English snooker player
1979 Ariane Hingst, German footballer
1979 Stefanie Hertel, German yodeler
1980 Cha Du-Ri, South Korean footballer
1981 Yuichi Komano, Japanese footballer
1982 Brad Renfro, American actor (d. 2008)
1983 Nenad Krstic, Serbian basketball player
1985 Nelson Piquet, Jr., Brazilian racing driver
1985 James Lafferty, American actor
1985 Hugo Rodallega, Colombian footballer
1986 Hulk, Brazilian footballer
1986 Barbara Meier, German model
1986 Robert Dietrich, German ice hockey player (d. 2011)
1987 Michael Welch, American actor
1988 Anthony Stokes, Irish footballer
1988 Paulinho, Brazilian footballer
1988 Heather Marks, Canadian model
1990 Wakaso Mubarak, Ghanaian footballer
1991 Toni Duggan, English footballer
2000 Preston Bailey, American actor
2000 Ellie Soutter, English snowboarder (d. 2018)
Deaths
Up to 1900
306 Constantius Chlorus, Roman Emperor (b. 250)
1034 Constance of Arles, Queen of France (b. 986)
1195 Herrad of Landsberg, German abbess and writer
1409 King Martin I of Sicily (b. 1374)
1471 Thomas a Kempis, choir master and mystic (b. 1380)
1492 Pope Innocent VIII (b. 1432)
1564 Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1503)
1572 Isaac Luria, Ottoman rabbi and mystic (b. 1534)
1608 Pomporio Nenna, Italian composer (b. 1556)
1790 Johann Bernhard Basedow, German theologian, writer and philanthropist (b. 1724)
1790 William Livingston, American politician, 1st Governor of New Jersey (b. 1723)
1794 Andre Chenier, Greek-French poet (b. 1762)
1794 Jean-Antoine Roucher, French poet (b. 1745)
1794 Friedrich von der Trenck, Prussian aristocrat and adventurer (b. 1726)
1826 Kondraty Ryleyev, Russian poet and revolutionary (b. 1795)
1831 Maria Agati Szymanowska, Polish composer and pianist (b. 1789)
1834 Samuel Taylor Coleridge, English poet (b. 1772)
1843 Charles Macintosh, Scottish chemist and inventor (b. 1766)
1846 Louis Bonaparte, King of the Netherlands (b. 1778)
1861 Jonas Furrer, Swiss politician (b. 1805)
1863 El Pipila, Mexican national hero (b. 1782)
1866 Floride Calhoun, 4th Second Lady of the United States (b. 1792)
1887 Henry Mayhew, English writer and journalist (b. 1812)
1899 Niklaus Riggenbach, Swiss engineer (b. 1817)
1901 2000
1934 Engelbert Dollfuss, Chancellor of Austria (b. 1892)
1938 Franz I, Prince of Liechtenstein (b. 1853)
1942 Fred Englehart, American triple jumper (b. 1879)
1945 Malin Craig, American general (b. 1875)
1945 Kurt Gerstein, German military officer (b. 1905)
1962 Nelle Wilson Reagan, mother of Ronald Reagan (b. 1883)
1963 Ugo Cerletti, Italian neurologist (b. 1877)
1969 Otto Dix, German artist (b. 1891)
1973 Louis Stephen St. Laurent, Prime Minister of Canada (b. 1882)
1976 John C. Slater, American physicist and chemist (b. 1900)
1980 Vladimir Vysotsky, Russian singer-songwriter (b. 1938)
1983 Alberto Ginastera, Argentine composer (b. 1916)
1984 Big Mama Thornton, American singer (b. 1926)
1986 Vincente Minnelli, American movie director (b. 1903)
1988 Judith Barsi, American child actress (b. 1978)
1991 Lazar Kaganovich, Soviet politician (b. 1893)
1992 Alfred Drake, American actor and singer (b. 1914)
1993 Nan Grey, American actress (b. 1918)
1995 Charlie Rich, American singer and musician (b. 1932)
1996 Howard Vernon, Swiss actor (b. 1914)
1997 Ben Hogan, American golfer (b. 1912)
2000 Rudi Fassnacht, German football manager (b. 1934)
From 2001
2002 Abdur Rahman Badawi, Egyptian existentialist philosopher (b. 1917)
2002 Johannes Joachim Degenhardt, German cardinal (b. 1926)
2003 Erik Brann, American singer and guitarist (Iron Butterfly) (b. 1950)
2003 John Schlesinger, English-American actor, director, producer and screenwriter (b. 1926)
2005 Albert Mangelsdorff, German trombonist (b. 1928)
2007 Bernd Jakubowski, German footballer (b. 1952)
2008 Randy Pausch, American professor of Computer Science (b. 1960)
2009 Harry Patch, British supercentenarian and World War I veteran (b. 1898)
2011 Michael Cacoyannis, Cypriot movie director and producer (b. 1922)
2011 Jeret Peterson, American skier (b. 1981)
2013 Mohamed Brahmi, Tunisian political activist (b. 1955)
2013 Bernadette Lafont, French actress (b. 1938)
2013 Walter De Maria, American sculptor (b. 1935)
2014 Bel Kaufman, German-born American teacher and author (b. 1911)
2014 Carlo Bergonzi, Italian tenor (b. 1924)
2015 R. S. Gavai, Indian politician, Governor of Bihar and Kerala (b. 1929)
2016 Tim LaHaye, American Christian minister and author (b. 1926)
2016 Halil Inalcik, Turkish historian (b. 1916)
2016 Jerzy Bahr, Polish diplomat (b. 1944)
2016 Artur Correia, Portuguese footballer (b. 1950)
2016 Bulent Eken, Turkish footballer (b. 1923)
2016 Arundhati Ghose, Indian diplomat (b. 1939)
2016 Tom Peterson, American television personality (b. 1930)
2017 Gretel Bergmann, German-American high jumper (b. 1914)
2017 Michael Johnson, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1944)
2017 Barbara Sinatra, American fashion model (b. 1927)
2017 Billy Joe Walker Jr., American musician, record producer and songwriter (b. 1952)
2017 Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu, Australian musician (b. 1971)
2017 Hywel Bennett, Welsh actor (b. 1944)
2018 Vakhtang Balavadze, Georgian freestyle wrestler (b. 1927)
2018 Sergio Marchionne, Italian executive (b. 1952)
2018 Guy Molinari, American politician (b. 1928)
2018 Gyorgy Szepesi, Hungarian radio presenter, journalist and sports executive (b. 1922)
2018 Ellie Soutter, English snowboarder (b. 2000)
2019 Beji Caid Essebsi, President of Tunisia (b. 1926)
2019 Jesper Juul, Danish writer and therapist (b. 1948)
2019 Jorma Kinnunen, Finnish javelin thrower (b. 1941)
2019 Pierre Pean, French journalist and writer (b. 1938)
Observances
Feast of Saint James (Christianity)
National Day of Galicia, Spain
Republic Day (Tunisia)
Commonwealth Constitution Day (Puerto Rico)
Days of the year