kenhktsui/simple_wikipedia_LM_quality_score_v1 huggingface dataset:
Tengwar

Tengwar is a constructed writing system, invented by J. R. R. Tolkien. The tengwar is used in his fictional world Middle-earth, for example the book The Lord of the Rings.
In the Quenya language, tengwar means "letters", tengwa is the singular and means "letter".
The tengwar are used to write some of Tolkien's constructed languages, like for example the elven languages Quenya and Sindarin. But Tolkien used the tengwar mostly for writing English. Because the tengwar is an alphabet, it can be used to write almost any language.
History
In the late 1910s, J. R. R. Tolkien developed the script Sarati, which was already a bit similar to tengwar. The tengwar were probably developed in the late 1920s or in the early 1930s. The first published sample of tengwar writing was 1937 in The Hobbit, to so-called The Lonely Mountain Jar Inscription. The full explanation of the tengwar was published in 1955 in Appendix E of The Lord of the Rings.
Modes and sounds
The tengwar have a certain order, and are usually shown in a table/chart. They are sorted by how they look, which is also connected to how they sound. Because it is an alphabet, every tengwa means a sound. The main tengwar letters are placed into four vertical series (temar) and six horizontal rows (tyeller).
There are different ways to write with tengwar, which are called "modes". Between these modes there are differences, sometimes only a few and sometimes many differences. In different modes, the tengwar sometimes mean different sounds. In some modes the tengwar are used for vowels and consonants; and in other modes the tengwar are only used for the consonants, and the vowels are marked by signs above or below the tengwa, as in abugida writing. These vowel signs are called tehtar ("signs"; singular: tehta, "sign").
There are different modes to write the different Middle-earth languages. People have also made new modes to write English and other modern languages with the tengwar.
The tengwar is written in a table/chart with the way the letters sound. For example, if the sound comes from the front of the mouth it is in 1 row. Each column is for the sounds that come from the nose, throat, or lips.
Use
Tolkien used the tengwar to write texts for his fictional world Middle-earth and other things. He used it to write in the languages he invented (for example Quenya and Sindarin), but also used the tengwar to write English.
After Tolkien's Middle-earth books became famous, people also got interest in his languages and writing scripts. The tengwar are used by fans to write new things, or to re-write existing texts with tengwar.
Twelve O'Clock High

Twelve O'Clock High is a 1949 war movie that was produced by Darryl F. Zanuck and was directed by Henry King. Twelve O'Clock High was released on December 21, 1949 in Los Angeles and on January 26, 1950 in New York. The movie received positive reviews with a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. The movie is about a group of United States Marines. The movie follows aircrews that were in the United States Army's Eighth Air Force and flew daylight bombing missions against Nazi Germany and occupied France during the early days of American involvement in World War II. The movie won 2 Academy Awards for Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Dean Jagger), and Best Sound Recording.
Arrondissement of Millau

The arrondissement of Millau is an arrondissement of France. It is part of the Aveyron departement in the Occitanie region. Its capital, and subprefecture of the department, is the city of Millau.
History
When the arrondissements were created in 1800, Millau was one of them in the Aveyron department.
Geography
It is the southeastern part of the arrondissements of the department, with an area of , the second in area of the department, and a population of 70,995 inhabitants and a population density of inhabitants/km2.
The arrondissement is bordered to the north and west by the arrondissement of Rodez, to the northeast by the Lozere department, to the east by the Gard department, to the south by the Herault department and to the southwest by the Tarn department.
Composition
Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.
I Am Weasel

I Am Weasel (also spelled as I.M. Weasel because of the character) is an American animated television series produced by Cartoon Network Studios and Hanna-Barbera, created by David Feiss and aired on Cartoon Network. The show is about a very smart weasel named I.M. Weasel who uses his talents to help people in all different ways, and because of this is adored by everybody in the world. There is also a stupid baboon named I.R. Baboon who wants to be more admired than the weasel by trying to help people in his own way, but this often has bad results and makes everyone dislike him.
I Am Weasel was originally a series of segments in its sister series Cow and Chicken, usually being aired as the third of three segments in a Cow and Chicken episode. The series started on July 15, 1997 and its first four seasons premiered in that format. In 1999, I Am Weasel was separated and got its own half-hour show, premiering as an independent series on June 10, 1999. All of the 52 episodes of I Am Weasel that originally aired on Cow and Chicken began to air in the new independent show, and were later joined by a fifth season with 27 new episodes, for a total of 79 episodes. The series ended in 2000.
Dimasangcay Pundato

Dimasangcay Pundato (December 21, 1947 - August 13, 2020) a Muslim Filipino revolutionary leader and politician. He was born in Dansalan, Lanao.
For nine years, he was a member of the Office on Muslim Affairs (OMA) under the Office of the President during the administrations of the President Cory Aquino and President Fidel V. Ramos. He was Vice Chairman of the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) and Chairman of the MNLF Reformist Group.
Pundato died at his home in Marawi on August 13, 2020, at the age of 72.
Monroe County, Wisconsin

Monroe County is a county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. As of 2000, 40,899 people lived there. Its county seat is Sparta.
Geography
The county has a total area of . Of this is land and (0.83%) is water.
Regine Velasquez

Regina Encarnacion Ansong Velasquez ( ; born April 22, 1970) is a Filipino singer, actress, and record producer. She is seen as a cultural icon in the Philippines. She became known after winning the television talent show Ang Bagong Kampeon in 1984 and the Asia Pacific Singing Contest in 1989.
Velasquez also appeared on television shows such as Forever in My Heart (2004), Ako si Kim Samsoon (2008), Totoy Bato (2009), Diva (2010), I Heart You, Pare! (2011), and Poor Senorita (2016). She was a judge on StarStruck (2015) and Idol Philippines (2019).
Regina Encarnacion Ansong Velasquez was born on April 22, 1970, in Manila.
Sunset Boulevard

Sunset Boulevard is a long road in west Los Angeles. It stretches 24 miles (39 km) from Figueroa Street in downtown (central) Los Angeles to the Pacific Coast Highway in Pacific Palisades at the Pacific Ocean. Part of the Boulevard, called Sunset Strip, passes through Hollywood.
Traffic
The boulevard is at least four lanes wide for all of the route. Car accidents are not uncommon due to the lack of a central divider on most sections. The road also has difficult curves and hills that a driver cannot see over.
Sunset often has more cars on it than were planned for. It is worn, and has cracks and potholes. Traffic on Sunset is often slow, especially during the rush hour. But when traffic is mild, Sunset is a fast thoroughfare because it has few (and short timed) traffic lights in the western part. Even at rush hours, cars move without waiting, as the lights are well spaced and timed.
Sunset Strip
This is the 1 1/2 mile (2.4) km strip running through West Hollywood. The Strip is well-known; it has boutiques, restaurants, and nightclubs that are part of the entertainment industry. It is also known for its trademark array of huge, colorful billboards and is a 'hangout' for rock stars, movie stars and other entertainers.
Media
Sunset Strip was the location of a popular TV show 77 Sunset Strip (1958-1964), starring Ephrem Zimbalist Jnr. Many young stars made an appearance in the series.
Sunset Boulevard gave its name to a famous 1950 movie of the same name, starring Gloria Swanson, William Holden and Eric von Stroheim.
Shenandoah, Pennsylvania

Shenandoah is a borough in Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, United States.
Newton Morton

Newton Ennis Morton (21 December 1929 - 7 February 2018) was an American population geneticist. He was born in Camden, New Jersey. He was one of the founders of the field of genetic epidemiology.
Morton died on 7 February 2018 in Southampton, England at the age of 88.
Coburg, Oregon

Coburg is a city in Lane County, Oregon in the United States. It has a population of about 1,035 residents as of the 2010 census.
Sorel Etrog

Sorel Etrog, CM (August 29, 1933 - February 26, 2014) was a Romanian-born Canadian artist, writer and philosopher. He is best known for his work as a sculptor. In 1966, works by Etrog, Alex Colville and Yves Gaucher represented Canada at the Venice Biennale.
He died from prostate cancer in Toronto. He was aged 80.
Bach, Austria

Bach is a municipality of the district of Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol.
Avellaneda

Avellaneda is a city in the Buenos Aires Province in Argentina. In 2010, 342,677 people lived there. It is south of Buenos Aires, the capital of Argentina.
Ludlow

Ludlow is a town in Shropshire, a county of England. The town is very old and dates back to around 800 AD. There is a large castle and many other historic buildings.
There are just over 10,000 people living in the town.
It is the largest town in the South Shropshire area.
The town, though not large, is important in its area, which includes the Welsh Marches, Wales and South Shropshire. Its parish church, St Laurence's, is the largest in the county.
Transport
Road
The A49, A4117, B4361 and B4365 roads pass through or go near Ludlow.
Rail
Ludlow has a train station.
Ischaemia

In medicine, ischaemia is when the blood supply is blocked or restricted. This is usually caused by problems in the blood vessels, and causes damage to the body. It may also be spelled ischemia or ischaemia. It comes from the Greek words, isch- to restrict and hema or haema meaning blood.
Rotimi (actor)

Olurotimi Akinosho (born November 30, 1988), known professionally as Rotimi, is an American actor, singer, and model. As an actor, he starred on the Starz original drama series Boss as Darius Morrison and also starred on Power as Andre Coleman. Rotimi is the founder and chief executive officer (CEO) of FrontRoSeat productions.
He is of Yoruba and Igbo descents. His parents are both Nigerian.
Douglas Pires de Souza

Douglas Pires de Souza (born 7 March 1987) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Tonan Maebashi.
Clare Balding

Clare Victoria Balding (born 29 January 1971) is a British television presenter. She was born in Kingsclere, Hampshire. She is openly lesbian. In 2009, she was diagnosed with thyroid cancer. She recovered later that year. In 2012, a book she wrote about her life was published. It was called My Animals and Other Family. In February 2013, Woman's Hour, a programme on BBC Radio 4, put her on their list of the most powerful women in the UK. Balding presented Britain's Brightest in 2013.
Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Ratified on December 15, 1791, the Ninth Amendment (Amendment IX) to the United States Constitution is a part of the United States Bill of Rights. James Madison wanted to make sure that the Bill of Rights was not seen as granting only those rights that it listed. It is one of the least referred to amendments by the Supreme Court. The Ninth Amendment, when mentioned, usually plays a secondary role in supporting a new right. One of the few that depends on the Ninth Amendment is the constitutional right to privacy. What the Ninth Amendment means, simply put, is that the people of the United States have other rights besides those listed in the Constitution.
Text
Rights retained by the people
In 1787, at the Constitutional Convention, the new Constitution had to be ratified by nine of the thirteen states. Any states that did not ratify the Constitution would not be a part of the United States. Many people opposed the creation of a national government that would have power over the state governments. They were called Anti-Federalists. They believed each state should be a sovereign country. The Federalists wanted a strong central government. In order to pass the Constitution and begin a new form of government a compromise was reached. Leading Federalists such as Patrick Henry and George Mason suggesting adding a Bill of Rights to the Constitution in the form of amendments. On September 25, 1789, Congress approved twelve articles of amendment to the Constitution and submitted them to the states for ratification. On December 15, 1791, the states ratified ten of the amendments which became the Bill of Rights.
Originally the framers of the Bill of Rights wanted to make clear that these rights were not taken to increase the powers of the national government. They were also not intended to guarantee additional rights of the people. The modern interpretation, however, is that the people have rights not listed in the Bill of Rights.
Judah Friedlander

Judah Friedlander (born March 16, 1969) is an American actor and comedian best known for his acting on the sitcom 30 Rock.
Pompaples

Pompaples is a municipality in Morges in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.
Eugène Boudin

Eugene Boudin (12 July 1824 - 8 August 1898) was a French painter of landscapes and seascapes. He was one of the first landscape painters to paint outdoors, rather than in a studio. He was a great influence on the French Impressionists.
Boudin was born in Honfleur, France, and was the son of a sailor. In 1835 his father opened a small shop in Le Havre where Boudin worked with him, selling stationery and making picture frames. Boudin met many artists who put their paintings for sale in the shop. In his early twenties, Boudin went to Paris to study painting. He returned often to paint the seashores around his home.
In 1856 Boudin met Claude Monet who spent several months working with Boudin in his studio. The two remained lifelong friends. Monet later said that Boudin had been a major influence on him, teaching him to paint outdoors. Camille Corot who was one of the greatest influences on Monet and the other Impressionists, gazed at Boudin's work and said "You are the master of the sky."
The Eugene Boudin Prize is an award given by the Societe Nationale des Beaux-Arts of France.
Farciennes

Farciennes is a municipality in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007, 11071 people lived there.
It is at 50deg 25 North, 04deg 33 East.
Stanley Norman Cohen

Stanley Norman Cohen (February 17, 1935) is an American geneticist. He was the Kwoh-Ting Li Professor in the Stanford University School of Medicine.
Cohen and Herbert Boyer were the first scientists to transplant genes from one living organism to another.
Villers-le-Bouillet

Villers-le-Bouillet is a municipality in the Belgian province of Liege.
In 2007, 6110 people lived there.
It is at 50deg 34 North, 05deg 15 East.
President of the Senate of Spain

The President of the Senate of Spain is the speaker of the Spanish Senate, the upper house of Spain's Cortes Generales. It is the fourth leading political figure of the country after the Monarch (Head of State), the Prime Minister (Head of Government) and the President of the Congress of Deputies (Speaker of the Lower House).
He/She is elected by members of the Senate.
As of the 14th term of the Cortes Generales, the current officeholder is Pilar Llop, a member of the Socialist Parliamentary Group representing Madrid.
Moscow, Maine

Moscow is a town in Somerset County, Maine, United States.
Daniel Eberlin

Daniel Eberlin (baptized 12 April 1647 died between December 1713 and 5 July 1715) was a German composer.
Life
Eberlin was born in Nuremberg. He was the son of Johann Christoph Eberlin and Elena Eberlin. In 1661 he became a descant singer in Gotha. From 1663 to 1665, he learned to write music in Jena with Adam Drese. He worked for John George I, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach. He was told to go to Rome. Georg Philipp Telemann, his son-in-law said that he fought the Turks.
Eberlin returned to Eisenach in 1671. He became a violinist and a composer. In 1685 he became the secretary of the mint in Eisenach. However, he had to leave in 1692. He went to Kassel, where he died.
Toto Cutugno

Salvatore "Toto" Cutugno (; 7 July 1943 - 22 August 2023) was an Italian pop singer-songwriter and musician. He was best known for his worldwide hit song, "". Cutugno also won the Eurovision Song Contest in 1990 with the song "".
Cutugno died on 22 August 2023 at a hospital in Milan, Italy from prostate cancer at the age of 80.
Toaripi Lauti

Sir Toaripi Lauti (28 November 1928 - 25 May 2014) was a Tuvaluan politician. He was chief minister of the Colony of Tuvalu (1975-78), as the first prime minister following Tuvalu's independence (1978-1981) and governor-general of Tuvalu (1990-1993).
Polonium

Polonium is a rare radioactive metalloid. It is chemical element 84 on the periodic table and its symbol is Po. It was discovered in 1898 by Marie and Pierre Curie.
Polonium is highly unstable, radioactive and toxic. This makes it difficult to handle. It can be dangerous, even in very small amounts. One gram of Po will self-heat to a temperature of about . It also vaporizes easily.
Polonium has 33 isotopes, and all of them are radioactive. It is a very rare element in nature because of its short half-life. It is a breakdown product of uranium, so it is found in uranium ores.
Polonium is also very important because it the main element of nuclear bombs.
Nampty

Nampty is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France.
Peter Weller

Peter Frederick Weller, Ph.D. (born June 24, 1947) is an American movie director, actor and educator. He is known for his role as RoboCop in RoboCop and RoboCop 2.
Sean Bergenheim

Sean Bergenheim (born February 8, 1984 in Helsinki, Finland) is a professional Finnish ice hockey left winger that currently plays for the Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was drafted by the New York Islanders with the 22nd overall pick in the 2002 NHL Draft.
He also played with the New York Islanders for 7 seasons before signing a one-year contract with the Tampa Bay Lightning in the 2009-10 offseason. He played for the Lightning for 1 season and was signed to a four-year contract worth $11 million with the Florida Panthers. He played in the FNL for Jokerit where he played three seasons and in the SEL for the Frolunda HC for one season.
Berhet

Berhet () is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Cotes-d'Armor department in the west of France.
Rutka Laskier

Rut Laskier, nicknamed Rutka Laskier (12 June 1929 - December 1943), was a Polish girl of Jewish background, who kept a diary in the Bedzin concentration camp, in early 1943.
Life
Rutka Laskier was born Rut Laskier on 12 June 1929 in Krakow, Poland, the eldest of two children. Her mother was a housewife, whilst her father Jakub Laskier, worked as a bank officer.
In late 1939, the Germans invaded Poland. When the Germans eventually reached Krakow, the family escaped to Bedzin, a nearby city, from where her father's family originally came from.
The Germans reached Bedzin too, shortly after, and after the Polish surrendered to the Germans, the Germans began occupying the country. A few months later, all the Jews from Bedzin were deported to a concentration camp, located in a part of their city.
Death
In August 1943, Rutka and her family were deported by train to a extermination camp. Her mother and brother were gassed upon arrival, whilst her father was sent to do forced labor. Rutka was originally believed to have died in the gas chambers with her mother and brother, but when her diary was published, a Holocaust survivor Zofia Minc said that she was friends with a girl named Rutka Laskier in the camp, whom she said came from Bedzin. She also said that she was friends with her until she died from a cholera epidemic in the camp in December 1943. She then stated that Rutka was taken to the gas chambers. She then said that Rutka begged her [Zofia] to take her to the electric fence, so she can kill herself. She did so, but an SS guard following them would not allow it. He then grabbed Rutka and took her away. She said that she did not know what happened to Rutka, after that. Zofia assumed that Rutka died the same day she last saw her.
Diary
In early 1943, without her family's knowledge, Rutka kept a diary in an exercise book, writing in both ink and pencil. In it, she wrote about witnessing the Nazis persecuting the Jews, her daily life in the Bedzin concentration camp, as well as about boys whom she had a crush on.
The diary begins on 19 January, with the entry "I can not grasp that it is already 1943, four years since this hell began".
According to her diary, she used to believe in God, but became a atheist when the Nazis began persecuting the Jews.
Electoral district of Chatsworth

Chatsworth is an electoral district of Queensland. It was created in 1960.
Chatsworth is in Brisbane.
Serra do Salitre

Serra do Salitre is a municipality in the northwest of the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais.
Neighboring municipalities are: Cruzeiro da Fortaleza and Lagoa Formosa(N); Rio Paranaiba (E); Ibia and Perdizes(S); Patrocinio (W).
Kaga Province

was an old province in the area of Ishikawa Prefecture on the island of Honshu. It was sometimes called .
History
In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures. The maps of Japan and Kaga Province were reformed in the 1870s.
Shrines and Temples
Shirayamahime jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Kaga.
Bhupendra Patel

Bhupendra Patel is an Indian politician and the current Chief Minister of Gujarat. He assumed office in September 2021, succeeding Vijay Rupani.
The Hunters (1996 movie)

The Hunters () is a 1996 Swedish thriller movie directed by Kjell Sundvall and starring Rolf Lassgard, Lennart Jahkel, Jarmo Makinen, Tomas Norstrom, Goran Forsmark, and Rolf Degerlund. The sequel was followed in 2011.
Rao (Chinese surname)

Rao () is a Chinese family name. It can also be spelled as "Yow" or "Yaw".
Notable people
Jao Tsung-I (1917-2018), Hong Kong Chinese calligrapher
Ngeow Sze Chan (1915-2002), Malaysian practitioner of traditional Chinese medicine
Rao Ching-ling (born 1969), magistrate of Taitung County
Rao Shushi (1903-1975), senior member of the Chinese Communist Party
Rao Yi (born 1962 in Jiangxi), neuroscientist
Rao Yutai (1891-1968), physicist
Yaw Shin Leong (born 1976), Singaporean politician
Nyu Kok Meng, Malaysian and convicted robber who committed armed robbery in Singapore.
Cosmic dust

Cosmic dust (also known as star dust and space dust) is a type of dust. It is very small crystals sent out from stars.
It is formed when a star, such as the Sun, sends out atoms. Some of the atoms become ions by gaining or losing electrons and becoming negatively and positively charged. These oppositely charged ions form an ionic bond, sticking together in tiny crystals, a few thousand nanometres across, to form cosmic dust.
Cosmic dust is found in various locations. Intergalactic dust is found between galaxies. Interstellar dust is found between stars. Dust clouds in these places are found by their blocking light from stars behind them, and by their own infrared radiation. Circumplanetary dust is found around planets and in planetary rings Interplanetary dust can be found between planets, and is seen as gegenschein and zodiacal light.
The coming together of large amounts of dust over time leads to the creation of planets, the Earth, for example.
Chris Gueffroy

Chris Gueffroy (21 June 1968 in Pasewalk - 6 February 1989 in Berlin) was the last person to be killed by border troops while trying to escape across the Berlin Wall.
Gueffroy and his friend Christian Gaudian tried to escape from East Berlin to West Berlin on the night of 5 to 6 February 1989. They tried to cross near the Britz district canal.
Gueffroy and Gaudian thought that the Schiessbefehl, the order to shoot anyone who attempted to cross the wall, had been stopped. Climbing the last metal fence, the two were seen and shot at by the National People's Army (NVA) border troops. Gueffroy was hit in the chest by ten shots and died in the border strip.
Gaudian was badly injured, and was arrested and was sentenced on 24 May 1989 to imprisonment for three years by the Pankow district court for trying illegally to cross the border ("versuchten ungesetzlichen Grenzubertritts im schweren Fall").
In September 1989 Gaudian was freed on bail by the East German government and on 17 October 1989 he was transferred to West Berlin.
The four border guards at first got an award (Leistungsabzeichen der Grenztruppen) from the chief of the local border guards, Erich Wollner, and a prize of 150 East German Marks each. After the reunification of East and West Germany, they were prosecuted by Berlin regional court. Two of them were released in January 1992. Ingo Heinrich, who fired the shot that killed Gueffroey was sentenced to three and a half years in jail. The Bundesgerichtshof reduced the penalty to a suspended sentence of two years in 1994.
In 2000, two SED officials, Siegfried Lorenz and Hans-Joachim Bohme, were tried for the death of Gueffroy and two other young men, but acquitted as the judge could find no evidence that they might have been able to lift the shoot-to-kill order. The case was retried on 7 August 2004, and the two men were found guilty and given suspended sentences of 15 months each. The judge explained that the short sentences were due to the length of time since the events. This was the last case concerning deaths on the inner German border.
On 21 June 2003, which would have been his 35th birthday, a monument to Gueffroy was built on the banks of the Britz district canal. The monument was designed by Berlin artist Karl Biedermann.
Kef Governorate

Kef Governorate ( ) is one of the twenty-four governorates of Tunisia. It is in the northwestern part of the country. It covers an area of 4,965 km2. As of the 2014 census, 243,156 people lived there. The capital is El Kef.
Daydream

Daydreaming is a short-term detachment from one's immediate surroundings. During a daydream, a person's contact with reality is blurred. External reality is second to a visionary fantasy.
There are many types of daydreams, and there is no agreed definition. However, the characteristic that is common to all forms of daydreaming is a mild separation from the person's surroundings. Daydreams are under conscious control, so they differ from dreams, but they do have a kind of dream-like fantasy quality. Although daydreaming in children may be frowned upon by parents and teachers, it seems quite normal. There is evidence which suggests daydreaming is associated with mental health and stability.
Shingo Hyodo

Shingo Hyodo (born 29 July 1985) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Yokohama F. Marinos.
Rogerson, Idaho

Rogerson is an unincorporated community in Twin Falls County, Idaho, United States. Rogerson is part of the Twin Falls, Idaho Micropolitan Statistical Area.
Faleyras

Faleyras is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.
Suzanne Klein

Suzanne Klein was a French-Algerian competitive swimmer from Paris. She was specialized in the freestyle. She won multiple medals at French national swimming championships and became African record holder in the 100 metre freestyle.
Affiliations
Klein was a member of Mouettes de Paris where she became assistant secretary in 1922. After moving to Algiers she became a member of Association Sportive Algeroise and later the Rugby Association Sportive Algiers.
Biography
Personal life
Klein lived in the 17th arrondissement of Paris. She moved to Algiers in Algeria in the summer of 1922. She worked as a shorthand typist.
Swimming career
The first main swimming competition Klein participated in was in November 1920 at the swimming festival of the CNP. In August 1921 she won the 200 metre swimming race at the . In August 1922 she finished second in the 400 metre freestyle event a the national championships in a time of 8:13.6. The next year she became again second at the French national championships in the 1000 metre freestyle event in a time of 21:22.2. The same year she also won a 100 metre race at Marine Sportive Algeroise (translated: Algiers Sports Navy).
On 19 September 1926 she broke the African 100 metre freestyle swimming record in a time of 1:36.6. Her last main swimming competition was in August 1927 at the Championships of Paris in the 200m breaststroke event.
Quipu

Quipu are ancient Inca tools for recording information. They are colored threads knotted in different ways.
102

Year 102 (CII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Ursus and Sura (or, less commonly, year 855 Ab urbe condita). The name 102 has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the normal method in Europe for naming years.
Salogo Department

Salogo is a department or commune of Ganzourgou Province in Burkina Faso. Its capital is the town of Salogo. According 2006 estimates, it has a population of 21,405.
1984 Summer Paralympics

The 1984 Summer Paralympics took place in New York City. 1,800 athletes from 45 countries were at the Games. People with these types of disabilities competed at the games: spinal injury, amputee, blindness, cerebral palsy, and Les Autres.
Letter case

Letter case is the difference between uppercase/capital letters and lowercase letters for certain writing systems. The name comes from letters on a printing press, where uppercase letters were stored on top of the lowercase letters in a drawer. Their formal names are "majuscule" and "minuscule" in the same order. Writing systems that have letter case include the Latin alphabet, the Greek alphabet, and the Cyrillic alphabet.
When the first alphabets were made, they only had capital letters. Overtime, especially during the Middle Ages, lowercase letters were made to write more quickly. Other than Greek and Latin, European languages made no clear differences between capital and lowercase letters until the year 1300.
Different languages have different rules for when to capitalize or not to capitalize letters. For example, German always capitalizes nouns, while English only capitalizes proper nouns, so while German would write "the automobile" as "das Auto", English would not do the same. However, nearly all languages with letter case capitalize the first letter of the first word of every sentence.
Gerd Müller

Gerhard "Gerd" Muller (November 3, 1945 - August 15, 2021) was a German footballer. He played for FC Bayern Munchen and the Germany national team. He was the best striker at his times and still owns many scoring records.
Club career
He started playing football for TSV 1861 Nordlingen, where he scored in the 1962/63 season 180 out of 204 goals. From 1964 he played for FC Bayern Munchen. In his first season for Bayern Munchen he scored in 26 matches 33 goals. From 1965 till 1979 he scored in 427 Bundesliga matches and scored 365 goals. This record is still existing. From 1979 till 1982 he played in the US-professional league for Ford Lauderdale Strikers and Smiths Brothers Lounge.
International career
He started his international career on 12 October 1966 in Ankara versus Turkey. In his second match versus Albania he scored his first four of his 68 goals in the national team. He was member of the 1970 FIFA World Cup team. With ten goals he was the best scorer in this tournament. 1972 Germany won the European Championship and Muller was again the best scorer of this tournament. 1974 he won with Germany the FIFA World Cup where he scored the second goal in the 2:1 victory over the Netherlands. After this tournament he resigned from the team.
Records
Muller scored 68 goals in 62 matches for Germany. He was the best scorer of the team until Miroslav Klose broke his record in 2014.
During two World Cups (1970 and 1974) he scored 14 goals. This record was broken by Ronaldo during the World Cup 2006.
Death
On 6 October 2015, it was announced that Muller was suffering from Alzheimer's disease. He died on 15 August 2021 at a nursing home in Wolfratshausen, Germany, aged 75.
Kozo Arai

is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography
Arai was born in Etajima on October 24, 1950. After graduating from Hiroshima Technical High School, he joined Furukawa Electric in 1969. In 1976, the club won Japan Soccer League and Emperor's Cup. The club also won 1977 JSL Cup. He retired in 1978. He played 124 games and scored 17 goals in the league. He was selected Best Eleven 4 times (1971, 1973, 1974 and 1976).
In December 1970, Arai was selected the Japan national team for 1970 Asian Games. At this competition, on December 10, he debuted against Malaysia. He also played at 1974 Asian Games, 1972 Summer Olympics qualification, 1974 World Cup qualification and 1976 Summer Olympics qualification. He played 47 games and scored 4 goals for Japan until 1977.
Reggello

Reggello is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Florence in the Italian region of Tuscany.
She Loves You

"She Loves You" is a 1963 song by The Beatles and taken from their second studio album With the Beatles. It topped the single charts in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Denmark and Sweden. It went to number 2 in Ireland, number 3 in Australia, number 4 in Finland and Italy and number 7 in Germany and the Netherlands.
Ash

The term Ash can have different meanings:
What remains after a fire. Those things are called debris, and remain after incineration.
Volcanic ash, the material ejected by a volcano.
Fly ash and bottom ash. What remains after burning coal.
Ash trees are trees generally of the genus Fraxinus.
European Ash is a species of ash tree
Mountain Ash is another tree, generally not in that genus.
Various place-names in the United Kingdom or the United States.
A surname, see Ash (surname).
Ash Wednesday, a special day for many Christians.
The letter AE (capital) / ae (lower case).
The alternative rock band Ash (band) from Downpatrick, Northern Ireland.
Songshan station

Songshan is a metro and railway station served by the Songshan-Xindian Line of the Taipei Metro and the Taiwan Railways Administration in Taipei, Taiwan. The metro station code is G19.
Station layout information
The platforms are located underground. Both Platforms 1 and 2 are for Xindian or Taipower Building.
Pennsylvania Cyber Charter School

The Pennsylvania Cyber Charter School (also known as PA Cyber) is an online school, made as an alternative to regular schooling. It recently changed its name from the Western Pennsylvania Cyber Charter School.
Students from Pennsylvania in grades Prekindergarten-12 can attend PA Cyber for free. Students can have classes that are self-paced and classes that are "virtual" where the student participates in a "online classroom".
Caxito

Caxito is a town and commune in Angola. It is the capital of Bengo Province.
The northern line of Angolan Railways passes through.
Bouchavesnes-Bergen

Bouchavesnes-Bergen is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France.
Spacecraft propulsion

Spacecraft propulsion is the method that a spacecraft uses to control its movement through outer space. A spacecraft with no means of propelling itself is typically considered derelict.
The problem of propelling a spacecraft has, predictably, existed since spacecraft themselves. Most spacecraft are propelled by rocket engines, which combust an explosive liquid fuel with liquid oxidizer (oxygen in a liquid state) to generate hot gas which expands and propels the spacecraft forward.
Methods
Many methods of spacecraft propulsion have been developed and practiced. Most work by accelerating a propellant to a very high speed and ejecting it from the spacecraft through a nozzle.
Chemical rocket
A chemical rocket works by mixing an explosive propellant with liquid oxygen and burning it under pressure. This releases a great amount of heat. It results in a rapidly expanding gas. This gas is then funneled out of the rocket's nozzle (usually a bell shape) and off into space.
Ion thruster
An ion thruster works by using static electricity or magnetism to accelerate ions (atoms with an electric charge) to very high speeds, and out of the thruster's nozzle. Ion thrusters make very little thrust but are very efficient.
Nuclear thermal rocket
A nuclear thermal rocket heats a propellant with heat from a nuclear reactor before expelling it through a nozzle. Nuclear thermal rockets are currently experimental, but will have decent thrust and high efficiency once put into practice.
Holzgünz

Holzgunz is a municipality in Unterallgau in Bavaria, Germany. The town has a municipal association with Memmingerberg.
DJ Fresh

Daniel Stein (born 11 April 1977), better known by his stage name DJ Fresh, is an English DJ. As a drum and bass producer, he is best known for making electronic music. He founded the label Breakbeat Kaos with Adam F.
He has worked with artists including Pet Shop Boys, Andy C, Rita Ora, Pendulum, amongst others.
In 2006, Fresh released his first album. Fresh produced Rita Ora's 2012 album Ora.
Labour Party (Ireland)

The Labour Party (, literally "Party of the Working People") is a social democratic political party in the Republic of Ireland. It was founded on 28 May 1912 in Clonmel, County Tipperary, by James Connolly, James Larkin and William O'Brien.
The party was a part of the Irish Trades Union Congress. It was known as the "democratic socialist party" in its creation.
The Odd Couple II

The Odd Couple II is a 1998 American comedy movie and the sequel to the 1968 movie The Odd Couple, directed by Howard Deutch and based on Neil Simon's play of the same name. It stars Jack Lemmon, Walter Matthau, Richard Riehle, Jonathan Silverman, Jay O. Saunders, Jean Smart, Rex Linn, Alice Ghostley, Barnard Hughes and Rebecca Schull.
Wave elections in the United States

In political science, a wave election is one in which a political party wins a lot more than the other. In the United States, there is no agreement of how many wins are needed to be called a wave election.
Congressional incumbents in the United States have an advantage over challengers, but a wave election often helps challengers. This results in many more incumbents losing than usual during wave elections.
Hyla palliata

Hyla palliata is a nomina inquirenda. That means it is a name that scientists could give to a species, but it is not the name of any real species right now.
In the 1860s, Edward Drinker Cope and his team of scientists found a frog in Paraguay. They decided to name it Hyla palliata. They killed one frog and brought it away with them as a sample, but then someone lost it. Later, other scientists disagreed about whether any species should be called Hyla palliata. In 2006, Brusquetti and Lavilla wrote that the name Hyla palliata might be a good name for some of the frogs in Boana.
There's No Disgrace Like Home

"There's No Disgrace Like Home" is the fourth episode of the first season of The Simpsons . It was first shown on the Fox network in the United States on January 28, 1990. In this episode, Homer becomes ashamed of his family after a bad company picnic and decides to enter them in therapy. The therapist has a hard time trying to solve their problems and eventually gives up and gives their money back. It was an early episode, showing early designs for a few recurring characters. The episode is made off of the comedy of Laurel and Hardy and features cultural references to films such as Citizen Kane and Freaks as well as the Batman television series. People noted that the characters acted differently from the way they would in later seasons.
Sandra Hutchens

Sandra Sue Hutchens (March 18, 1955 - January 4, 2021) was an American law enforcement official and politician. She was the Sheriff-Coroner of Orange County, California from 2008 to 2019. Hutchens was born in Monterey Park, California.
Hutchens died on January 4, 2021 from breast cancer in Temecula, California, aged 65.
Laws of Form

Laws of Form is a book by George Spencer-Brown published in 1969. It is about logic, mathematics, and philosophy. The mathematical systems that Spencer-Brown presented in the book are known by the names "calculus of indications", "distinction calculus", and often just "LOF".
Laws of Form grew out of the author's work in electronic engineering. The book has been published in several editions and translations and has never gone out of print. A short book, its mathematical part is only 55 pages long.
Spencer-Brown's philosophy was influenced by Ludwig Wittgenstein, R.D. Laing, Charles Sanders Peirce, Bertrand Russell, and Alfred North Whitehead.
Reception
Laws of Form was listed in the Whole Earth Catalog in 1969 and quickly became a cult classic. The calculus of indications and the primary algebra may be regarded as a way to think about a fundamental activity of the mind, namely, the ability to distinguish or to draw distinctions. The book argues that this ability is the foundation of human cognition and consciousness. According to Spencer-Brown, the primary arithemetic and primary algebra reveal new connections among logic, mathematics, the philosophy of language, and the philosophy of mind.
Mathematical ideas
Let 0 and 1 be the two basic primitive values of Boolean algebra. Let AB denote a binary operation of Boolean algebra. Let (X) stand for the Boolean complement of X. Then the calculus of indications is simply Boolean arithmetic reduced to the two equations 11=1 and (1)=0. These are the only "axioms" in LoF.
The primary algebra is mainly a simpler notation for Boolean algebra, except for one thing. In Boolean algebra, () is not defined. () is "empty" complementation (the complementation of "nothing"). On the other hand, in the primary algebra () is defined, and stands for one of 0 or 1. (()) stands for the other primitive value, and is the same thing as the blank page.
Let A and B be any two expressions of the primary algebra. The primary algebra is made up of equations of the form A=B, and these equations are treated in the same way as the equations of the number algebra taught in all schools. Standard methods of logic seldom use equations. LoF argues that doing elementary logic with the primary algebra is easier. In particular, if A is a tautology in logic, then one of A=() or A=(()) holds in the primary algebra.
Laws of Form proves the following fact about the primary algebra:
Cannot prove both A=B and A/=B. Hence the primary algebra is free of contradiction (is consistent);
Can always prove whichever of A=B and A/=B happens to be true. (The primary algebra is complete.)
Hence the primary algebra is a well-behaved piece of mathematics. It can be useful even if the philosophy and cognitive science of LoF are wrong or uninteresting.
Reference
Spencer-Brown, George, 1997 (1969). Laws of Form. E. P. Dutton.
Province of Brescia

Brescia is a province in the region of Lombardy in Italy.
1078

Year 1078 (MLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar.
Events
The Tower of London is built.
Philaretos Brachamios does not keep his claim to the Byzantine Empire after he becomes duke of Antioch.
Bootzheim

Bootzheim is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.
Direct election

A direct election is an election in which people vote directly for the person, persons or political party that they want to see elected to a political position. The electorate casts their votes directly in an election for candidates of their choice that will represent them either in the executive or legislature without interference. The opposite is an indirect election, in which the voters elect a group of people who in turn elects the officeholder in question.
Many countries use a mixed system, where some elements are directly elected, and some are not.
Paul Loridant

Paul Loridant (22 April 1948 - 22 December 2020) was a French politician. He was a member of the Socialist Party. From 1977 to 2008, he was Mayor of Les Ulis. From 1986 until 2004, Loridant was a member of the French Senate. Loridant was born in Ille-sur-Tet, France.
Loridant died on 22 December 2020 in Villejuif, France at the age of 72.
Cyrus Cylinder

The Cyrus Cylinder () or Cyrus Charter ( ) is a very old clay cylinder, which is now broken into many pieces. It has writing on it in the Akkadian language in the name of Persia's Achaemenid king Cyrus the Great. It was made in the 6th century BC. It was found near the ruins of Babylon, Mesopotamia (now in Iraq) in 1879. It is currently in the British Museum in London.
Seeberg

Seeberg is a municipality of the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. The lake Burgaschisee is on the border with Aeschi. On 1 January 2016, the former municipality of Hermiswil merged into Seeberg.
987

987 is a year in the 10th century.
Events
Hugh Capet, Count of Paris, crowned King of France
Kukulcan conquers Chichen Itza
Births
Earl Godwin of Wessex, Anglo Saxon nobleman (died 1053)
Liu Yong, Chinese poet of the Song Dynasty
Deaths
May 21 King Louis V of France
Deborah Batts

Deborah Anne Batts (April 13, 1947 - February 3, 2020) was an American lawyer and politician. He was the Judge for the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York from 1994 to 2012, after being nominated by Bill Clinton. In June 1994, Deborah Batts was sworn in as a United States District Judge for Manhattan, becoming the nation's first openly LGBT, African-American federal judge. She took senior status on her 65th birthday, April 13, 2012. Batts was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Batts died on February 3, 2020 in Manhattan from problems caused by knee surgery, aged 72.
Old River-Winfree, Texas

Old River-Winfree is a city in the U.S. state of Texas.
Doha Agreement (2020)

The Doha Agreement was a deal signed between the United States and the Taliban in Doha, Qatar in February 2020. It said that all U.S. troops are going to leave Afghanistan by May 1, 2021. U.S. President Joe Biden said that the U.S. exit from Afghanistan will begin on May 1, 2021 and end by September 11, 2021, which would be exactly 20 years since the September 11 attacks.
Prince Fielder

Prince Semien Fielder (born May 9, 1984 in Ontario, California) is an American former Major League Baseball player. He currently plays for the Texas Rangers. He debuted in the MLB for the Milwaukee Brewers on June 13, 2005 when he was called up from the minor league Nashville Sounds. He was sent back down but was called up again on August 17, 2005 where he finished the season with the Brewers and was used as a pinch-hitter. Fielder is a 3-time All Star and is also one of 26 players in the 50 home run club.
Jacques Dubochet

Jacques Dubochet (born 8 June 1942) is a retired Swiss biophysicist. He was born in Aigle, Switzerland.
He is a former researcher at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory in Heidelberg, Germany, and an honorary professor of biophysics at the University of Lausanne in Switzerland.
In 2017, he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry together with Joachim Frank and Richard Henderson "for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution".
Jack London (businessman)

J. Phillip "Jack" London (1937 - January 2021) was an American businessman. He was born in Oklahoma. He was the executive chairman and chairman of the board of CACI International Inc.
London died in January 2021 at the age of 83.
List of deserts

This is a list of deserts. It is sorted by the region of the world where the desert is at.