kenhktsui/simple_wikipedia_LM_quality_score_v1 huggingface dataset:
Etruscan language

The Etruscan language was spoken and written by the Etruscans in the ancient area of Etruria (what is now Tuscany, western Umbria and northern Latium) and in parts of Lombardy, Veneto and Emilia-Romagna (where the Gauls took the place of the Etruscans), in Italy.
Inscriptions have been found in northwestern and west-central Italy in the region that still has a name that came from the Etruscans, Tuscany (from Latin tusc "Etruscans") and in Latium, north of Rome, in Umbria west of the Tiber, around Capua in Campania and in the Po Valley to the north of Etruria. That is probably the area in Italy in which the language was once spoken.
Other websites
Etruscan News Online, the Newsletter of the American Section of the Institute for Etruscan and Italic Studies.
Etruscan News back issues , Center for Ancient Studies at New York University.
Etruscology at Its Best, the website of Dr. Dieter H. Steinbauer, in English. Covers origins, vocabulary, grammar and place names.
Viteliu: The Languages of Ancient Italy at web.archive.org.
The Etruscan Language , the linguistlist.org site. Links to many other Etruscan language sites.
Caucasus Mountains

The Caucasus Mountains is a mountain range in Eurasia. They are in the Caucasus region between the Black Sea in the west and the Caspian Sea in the east. The Greater Caucasus divide Europe from Asia. The Lesser Caucasus are south of there.
Marisela

Marisela Esqueda Hernandez (born April 24, 1966) better known as Marisela is an American singer of Mexican descent.
Sacred Cenote

Sacred Cenote (Well of Sacrifice) is a well known cenote at the Maya site of Chichen Itza. One can access it by a 900 foot paved corridor that leads from the Great Plaza. The Sacred Cenote was used for human sacrifices to the rain god Chaac in periods of drought.
Kool & The Gang

Kool & The Gang is a crossover R&B-pop band from Jersey City, USA. They were formed in 1964 as a jazz band called The Jazziacs. In 1969 they signed to De-Lite Records and published their self-named album.
In late 1970s they switched from pure deep funk to disco and they were more successful.
In band there is Robert Bell, Ronald Bell, George Brown, Dennis Thomas, Robert Mickens, Clifford Adams, James Taylor, Sonnie Martin, Rodney Ellis, Jirmad Gordon, and Shawn McQuiller.
Their song "Jungle Boogie" appears in 1994 movie Pulp Fiction.
Harry Souttar

Harry James Souttar (born 22 October 1996) is a Scottish-born Australian soccer player. He plays for Leicester City in the EFL Championship and for the Australia men's national soccer team (nicknamed the "Socceroos").
Quantum foam

Quantum foam (or space time foam) is a concept in quantum mechanics. It was created by John Wheeler in 1955. The foam is supposed to be thought of as the foundation of the things that make up the universe. The theory predicts that very small particles of matter and antimatter are constantly created and destroyed. These subatomic objects are called virtual particles.
Gelfingen

Gelfingen is a municipality of the district of Hochdorf in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Gelfingen, Hamikon, Mosen, Muswangen, Retschwil and Sulz merged into the municipality of Hitzkirch.
Jeotgalicoccus pinnipedialis

Jeotgalicoccus pinnipedialis is a gram-positive bacterium. The cells are coccoid. Jeotgalicoccus pinnipediales is a facultative anaerobic bacteria: It growth under aerobic (oxygen is present) or anaerobic conditions (oxygen is not present). It was found in the swab of the mouth of a Southern elephant seal.
It belongs to the Staphylococcaceae.
Flag of Cyprus

The flag of Cyprus is the flag of the European country Cyprus. It features a map of the whole island, with two olive branches below the map (a symbol of peace) on a white background. The map on the flag is a copper-yellow color to show Cyprus has large amounts of copper. The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus is a partially recognised state and uses a different flag similar to the flag of Turkey.
Grand Funk Railroad

Grand Funk Railroad were an American rock group from Flint, Michigan. They were popular in the early and mid 1970s.
Tioga County, New York

Tioga County is a county in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, 48,455 people lived there. The county seat is Owego.
List of countries in the 2000s

This is a list of countries in the 2000s, giving an overview of states around the world during the period between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2009. It contains 213 entries, arranged alphabetically, with information on the status and recognition of their sovereignty. It includes 194 widely recognized sovereign states, 2 associated states, and 17 entities which claim an effective sovereignty but are considered de facto dependencies of other powers by the general international community.
Members or observers of the United Nations
Non-UN members or observers
Other entities
Excluded from the list above are the following noteworthy entities which either were not fully sovereign or did not claim to be independent:
Antarctica as a whole had no government and no permanent population. Seven states claimed portions of Antarctica and five of these had reciprocally recognised one another's claims. These claims, which were regulated by the Antarctic Treaty System, were neither recognised nor disputed by any other signatory state.
The European Union was a sui generis supranational organisation which had 15 (later 28) member states. The member states had transferred a measure of their legislative, executive, and judicial powers to the institutions of the EU, and as such the EU had some elements of sovereignty, without generally being considered a sovereign state. The European Union did not claim to be a sovereign state and had only limited capacity for relations with other states.
Kosovo was a territory that was nominally part of Serbia and Montenegro (until 2006) and then Serbia (from 2006 to 2008), but was under United Nations administration as part of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo.
The Sovereign Military Order of Malta was a United Nations observer. The order had bi-lateral diplomatic relations with a large number of states, but has no territory other than extraterritorial areas within Rome. The order's Constitution stated: "The Order is a subject of international law and exercises sovereign functions." Although the order frequently asserted its sovereignty, it did not claim to be a sovereign state. It lacked a defined territory. Since all its members were citizens of other states, almost all of them lived in their native countries, and those who resided in the order's extraterritorial properties in Rome did so only in connection with their official duties, the order lacked the characteristic of having a permanent population.
The United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor was a transitional non-independent territory governed by the United Nations. It was neither sovereign nor under the sovereignty of any other state. It became the independent state of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
Mick Foley

Michael Francis "Mick" Foley, Sr (born March 31, 1966 is an American author, actor and professional wrestler. He has wrestled under the names Dude Love, Cactus Jack, and Mankind.
Careers
A hardcore specialist, Foley is known as "The King of Hardcore Wrestling". He is a former ECW, WCW and WWE Tag Team Champion and was a part of the "Rock and Sock Connection" with wrestler The Rock.
He has held the WWE Championship 3 times. He has held the TNA World Heavyweight Championship after defeating Sting at Lockdown 2008. In WWE he has won a total of 17 championships.
He was announced as the first inductee into the WWE Hall of Fame Class of 2013.
Texas v. Pennsylvania

Texas v. Pennsylvania, 592 U.S. ___ (2020), was a lawsuit filed at the United States Supreme Court saying that the 2020 presidential election in certain states were rigged and that Joe Biden did not beat President Donald Trump. This was one of the many attempts by Trump to overturn the election results.
The case was filed by Texas State Attorney General Ken Paxton on December 8, 2020. Texas v. Pennsylvania said that Georgia, Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin violated the United States Constitution by changing election rules through non-legislative means. Three days later, the United States Supreme Court said they will not hear the case thus ending the lawsuit.
Purpose
This case was filed by Trump supporters to stop the certified vote count from these four states before the Electoral College vote on December 14. The suit was filed after about 90 lawsuits from disputes over the election results filed by Trump and the Republican Party had failed in many state and federal courts.
Creation
The suit had been created by a team of lawyers with ties to the Trump presidential campaign. Paxton agreed to file the case after other state attorneys general declined to do so. The Solicitor General of Texas Kyle D. Hawkins did not support the suit and refused to let his name be added.
Within one day of Texas's filing, Trump, over 100 Republican Representatives, and 18 Republican state attorneys general filed motions to support the case. Trump called this case as "the big one" of the election-challenging lawsuits. Many who were against this case urged the Court to refuse the case, with Pennsylvania's brief calling it a "seditious abuse of the judicial process". Many legal experts did not believe this case would be successful to Trump.
Supreme Court decision
The Supreme Court said on December 11, 2020 that they would not hear the case because there was no "legal standing" to challenge the results of the election held by another state.
Eric Salzman

Eric Salzman (September 8, 1933 - November 13, 2017) was an American composer, scholar, author, impresario, music critic, and record producer. He was born in Queens, New York City.
Life
Salzman studied at Columbia University, Princeton University, and also in Italy and Germany.
He was known for his work advancing the concept of "New Music Theater" as an independent art form. He co-founded the American Music Theater Festival and was, at the time of his death in 2017, Composer-in-Residence at the Center for Contemporary Opera in New York City.
Salzman died on November 13, 2017 from a heart attack in New York City, aged 84.
State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs

The State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (; ; ) was a country that was created in October 1918, in Southeast Europe. Before that, it's land was a part of Austria-Hungary. When Austria-Hungary lost the World War I, it was broken up. Slovenes, Croats and Serbs are slavic peoples that lived in the south of Austria-Hungary. Their leaders and representatives wanted their people to come together and live in one country. In December 1918, soon after it was created, it joined the Kingdom of Serbia where many Serbs were already independent. This new country became the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes which changed it's name to Yugoslavia in 1929.
The State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs was independent for a very short time. During this time, other states didn't recognize it, but they soon recognized the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes.
Oegstgeest

Oegstgeest is a municipality in the Dutch province of South Holland. In 2019, 24,426 people lived there.
Veloso Salgado

Jose Maria Veloso Salgado (2 April 1864 22 July 1945) was a Galician-born Portuguese artist. He is regarded as one of the country's foremost masters of Naturalism with many distinguished works in historical painting, landscapes, and portraits.
New Hampshire General Court

The General Court of New Hampshire is the state legislature of New Hampshire. It is bicameral. The lower house is the New Hampshire House of Representatives with 400 members. The upper house is the New Hampshire Senate with 24 members.
Portuguese-based creole languages

Portuguese creoles are languages that are mixes of other languages and have Portuguese as one of those languages. The most widely spoken Portuguese creoles are the Cape Verdean Creole and Papiamento.
Qu (digraph)

Qu is a digraph (a pair of two letters) used in many European languages. In these languages, the letter q is special, because it almost always needs a u after it. Sometimes words have q without a u, like the French cinq, meaning five.
/k/
In many languages, like French and Spanish it is used for the /k/ sound before e and i. In English qu makes a /k/ sound in loanwords like unique and queue.
/kv/ or /kw/
In English, qu usually makes a /kw/ sound, as in quick. In German, qu makes a similar /kv/ sound.
Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution

The Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution is the twenty-fourth time the United States Constitution has been amended (revised). The twenty-fourth amendment prevents the United States Congress and US states from charging a poll tax on federal elections. The amendment was proposed by Congress to the states on August 27, 1962, and was ratified by the states on January 23, 1964.
Dietwiller

Dietwiller is a commune. It is in the Haut-Rhin department in east France.
Eresing

Eresing is a municipality in Landsberg in Bavaria in Germany.
Stöde Church

The Stode Church () is a church building in Stode in Sweden. It belongs to the Stode Parish of the Church of Sweden. Construction begun in 1757. The church was completed in 1759.
Tichina Arnold

Tichina Arnold (born June 28, 1969) is an American actress who stars primarily in television programs. She played Pamela James in the sitcom Martin and Rochelle in the television series Everybody Hates Chris. Tichina was born in Queens, New York.
Diebolsheim

Diebolsheim is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.
Cupressus macrocarpa

Cupressus macrocarpa (Monterey Cypress, Macrocarpa; syn. Callitropsis macrocarpa (Hartw.) D.P.Little) is a species of cypress endemic to the central coast of California. In the wild, the species is confined to two small populations, near Monterey and Carmel. These two small populations represent what was once a very large forest on the west coast. The surviving trees from this forest are as old as 2000 years.
Herluf Andersen

Herluf Juhl Andersen was an archer from Denmark. He was born on 25 December 1931 and died on 30 January 2013. Andersen competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics.
Taylor, Mississippi

Taylor is a town in Lafayette County, Mississippi, United States.
Izernore

Izernore is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.
Emile Francis

Emile Percival Francis (September 13, 1926 - February 19, 2022), nicknamed "The Cat", was a Canadian ice hockey goaltender, coach and general manager. He was born in North Battleford, Saskatchewan.
Playing career
In the NHL, Francis played 2 seasons with the Chicago Black Hawks and 22 games for the New York Rangers. He served as a back-up goaltender during his time with the Rangers. He was also the first goaltender to use a first baseman's glove with a cuff added to protect his hand and wrist while previous goaltenders would were the same padded gloves as their teammates.
He mainly played in the AHL and WHL which he played for a number of different teams including the Vancouver Canucks, Saskatoon Quakers and Seattle Americans. He retired from playing professional ice hockey in 1960.
After he retired, he became the head coach of the OHA's Guelph Royals and then became the head coach of the New York Rangers from 1965 to 1975. He then became the head coach of the St. Louis Blues 1976 to 77 and in 1982. After coaching, Francis became the General Manager of the New York Rangers from 1964 to 1976, the General Manager of the St. Louis Blues from 1976 to 1983 and the General Manager of the Hartford Whalers from 1983 to 1989. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1982 as a builder.
His son Bobby Francis also played in the NHL for the Detroit Red Wings. He also coached the Phoenix Coyotes from 1999 to 2004.
Francis died on February 19, 2022, at the age of 95.
Rotten Tomatoes

Rotten Tomatoes is a website dedicated to reviews, information, and news of movies and TV. The name derives from the vaudeville-era cliche of throwing tomatoes and other products at stage performers if a performance was particularly bad. The company has been owned by Flixster, a Warner Bros. company, since May 2011.
As of 2021, the website's editor-in-chief is Joel Meares.
History
Rotten Tomatoes was launched on August 12, 1998, as a spare time project by Senh Duong. His goal in creating Rotten Tomatoes was "to create a site where people can get access to reviews from a variety of critics in the US".
Thriller (song)

"Thriller" is a 1983 song by Michael Jackson. It was on this album Thriller. It was written by Rod Temperton. The song has been featured on many of his greatest hits albums. It has been covered by other musicians. It was narrated by Vincent Price.
The music video was made by John Landis, George J. Folsey, Jr., and Jackson. It is 13 minutes long and was MTV's first world premiere video. In it Jackson turns into a werecat and a zombie. The video was nominated for six MTV Video Music Awards in 1984. It won Viewers Choice, Best Overall Performance and Best Choreography. It did not win Best Concept Video, Best Male Video, or Video of the Year. In 1985 it won the Grammy Award for Best Video, Long Form.
In 1999 MTV put "Thriller" #1 in their 100 Greatest Music Videos Ever Made list.
In 2009 the video for "Thriller" was added to the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress. It was the first music video ever to be added to it.
In 2013 entered the Billboard Hot 100 again.
Ambiguity

Ambiguity means that what a thing is, is not clear. Literally, the word refers to a choice between two different things. In the proper sense it should mean "two different meanings" because "ambi" comes from the Greek word for "two".
We see things happen, and then we decide what they mean. If we cannot decide what is going on, the event is ambiguous. This is an extension of the original use of the word.
Words or sentences that are ambiguous can lead to misunderstandings (people get the wrong meaning). This can sometimes be serious, but it can also be funny. Jokes often rely on ambiguity.
The sentence "The peasants are revolting" is ambiguous because it could mean:
1) The peasants are standing in the streets with placards shouting "We want more pay" ("revolting" is a verb here).
2) The peasants are horrible, disgusting ("revolting" as an adjective).
The British comedian Ronnie Barker said that he loved the English language because there are so many jokes you can make using ambiguity. He gave this example:
A mother says to her little boy: "Johnny, go over the road and see how old Mrs Jones is". The boy comes back and says to his mother: "Mrs Jones says it is none of my business".
The mother meant "old" in a friendly way ("dear old Mrs Jones"), but the sentence could also mean: find out Mrs Jones's age. This is obviously how Johnny understood his mother's instruction.
The opposite of ambiguous is unambiguous (meaning that something is perfectly clear and can only have one meaning).
Ambiguity is not the same as vagueness, which means that there is so little detail given that a statement can mean almost anything.
Woudrichem

Woudrichem is a former municipality in the Dutch province of North Brabant. Since 2019, it has been part of the new municipality of Altena.
Eva Voortman

Eva Voortman (born 29 November 1992) is a Dutch professional softball player. At the end of 2021 she moved from Quick Amersfoort to Neptunus. She is member of the Netherlands women's national softball team, with an interception since January 2011. With the national team she became European champion at the 2022 Women's Softball European Championship.
Voortman studied High Performance Coaching at the VU University Amsterdam.
Wahkiakum County, Washington

Wahkiakum County is a county in Washington in the United States. The county seat is Cathlamet. At the 2020 census, 4,422 people lived there.
Free (band)

Free were an English rock band. The band started in London, England in 1968. They are best known for their famous song called "All Right Now". When the band ended the singer, Paul Rodgers, went on to form the band Bad Company. The lead guitarist of Free was named Paul Kossoff. In 1976 he died from a drug-induced heart failure. He was only 25 years old.
Acantholimon

Acantholimon is a botanical genus that is from the family Plumbaginaceae.
Huclier

Huclier is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.
Fresnes, Yonne

Fresnes is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
IPhone 14

The iPhone 14 and iPhone 14 Plus are smartphones made by Apple Inc.
They are the sixteenth generation of the iPhone. It succeeds the iPhone 13 and iPhone 13 Mini. It was announced on September 7, 2022 at 2022 Apple Worldwide Developers Conference and were announced in Apple Event.
The iPhone 14 was made available on September 16, 2022. iPhone 14 Plus will be available on October 7, 2022. It is the first iPhone to use the ''Plus'' title since iPhone 8 Plus in 2017.
European mink

The European mink (Mustela lutreola), is a semiaquatic type of mustelid. It is also called the Russian mink and Eurasian mink. It is native to Europe.
Description
The European mink has a very long body with short limbs. The European mink has a large, wide head with short ears. The mink's tail is short. Males are 373-430 mm (14.7-16.9 in) long. Females are 352-400 mm (13.9-15.7 in) long. The tail is 153-190 mm (6.0-7.5 in) in males. It is 150-180 mm (5.9-7.1 in) in females. It weighs 550-800 grams (1.21-1.76 lb). It is a fast and agile animal. It is great at swimming. It is able to run along stream beds. It can stay underwater for one to two minutes.
The winter fur, is very thick and dense. The fur is not long. The summer fur is a little bit shorter, hairier and less dense than the winter fur. In dark coloured European minks, the fur is dark brown or almost blackish-brown. Lighter European minks are reddish brown.
Distribution and Habitat
European minks are found in Northeast Spain and France and throughout Europe to the Irtysh and Ob Rivers.
The European mink lives in densely shaded banks of fresh water creeks, rivers, and lakes. The European minks may make their own burrows. They may live in the burrow of a water vole. They may live in cracks among root of trees.
Feeding
The European mink eats different animals that lives in aquatic and riparian habitats. Voles are the most important source of food for the European mink. It also eats crustaceans, frogs and water insects. Fish are an important food source in floodlands. When there is a lot of food, it stores its food.
Reproduction
The mating season happens from February to March. The gestation period is 35-72 days. The kits are given birth to in April and May. They give birth to three to seven kits. At birth, kits weigh about 6.5 grams (0.23 oz), and grow fast. They are born blind; the eyes open after 30-31 days. The kits suck milk for 2.0 to 2.5 months, even though the kits eat solid food after 20-25 days. They follow their mother to hunt by the age of 56-70 days. They leave the family at the age 70-84 days.
Conservation status
European mink populations have been decreasing because of ecological and commercial reasons. They are now listed as critically endangered by the IUCN. The main reason is capturing them for their fur. Another reason for the decline is water pollution and hydroelectric dams. Efforts to bring European minks to the Kuril Islands and Tajikistan have begun.
Haimhausen

Haimhausen is a municipality in Dachau, a district (Landkreis) in Upper Bavaria. It is about north of Munich.
Seyssel, Ain

Seyssel is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.
Dixiecrat

The Dixiecrat (also called The States' Rights Democratic Party) was a political party in the United States that was around for a very short time. The Dixiecrats did not agree with civil rights and wanted more states' rights. They were in the Southern United States. In 1948 they left the Democratic Party and formed their party. They met in Birmingham, Alabama and nominated Governor of South Carolina Strom Thurmond for 1948 United States presidential election. In the election they won the U.S states of South Carolina, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Alabama with 39 electoral votes and over 1,000,000 popular votes. The party ended shortly after.
Nancy Walker Bush Ellis

Nancy Walker Bush Ellis (February 4, 1926 - January 10, 2021) was an American environmentalist and political campaigner. Bush Ellis was born in Milton, Massachusetts.
She was the only sister of former U.S. President George H. W. Bush, and aunt of both former President George W. Bush and the former governor of Florida John Ellis "Jeb" Bush.
Although she had been a liberal Democrat and an environmentalist. She joined the Republican Party in 1988 when her brother ran for president.
Ellis was hospitalized on December 30, 2020 from COVID-19 in Concord, Massachusetts. She died on January 10, 2021 at an assisted living facility from the infection, aged 94.
Hiroshi Tetsuto

Hiroshi Tetsuto (born 28 September 1982) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Matsumoto Yamaga.
Nótt

Nott (Old Norse "night") is a personification of the night in the Norse mythology. A goddess similar to her, but in Greek mythology, is Nyx.
Nott is called "night" by mankind, "darkness" by the gods, "unlight" by jotnar, "joy-of-sleep" by the elves. She is black and swarthy, a daughter of the giant Narfi. She had three husbands:
Naglfari
Annar
Dellingr
She has three children:
Audr
Jord
Dagr
Her horse is Hrimfaxi.
Grand Trunk Road

The Grand Trunk Road (commonly abbreviated to GT Road) is one of South Asia's oldest and longest major roads. For several centuries, it has linked the eastern and western regions of the Indian subcontinent, running from Bengal, across north Republic of India, into Peshawar in Pakistan.
It was built by Sher Shah Suri and is also known as "Sadak E Sher Shah" named after him.
Silvano Piovanelli

Silvano Piovanelli (21 February 1924 - 9 July 2016) was an Italian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Florence from 1983 to 2001. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 1985. He was born in Borgo San Lorenzo, Kingdom of Italy.
Piovanelli died on 9 July 2016 in Florence, Italy, aged 92.
Aleksander Čeferin

Aleksander Ceferin (born 13 October 1967) is a Slovenian lawyer and football administrator. Between 2011 and 2016, he was the President of the Football Association of Slovenia. Since 14 September 2016, he has been the President of UEFA.
John W. McCormack

John William McCormack (December 21, 1891 - November 22, 1980) was an American politician and lawyer. He was a Democrat. He was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1928 through 1971. He was the 45th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1962 until his 1971 retirement.
McCormack died of pneumonia in a Dedham, Massachusetts nursing home on November 22, 1980 at the age of 88.
Bobby Winkles

Bobby Brooks Winkles (March 11, 1930 - April 17, 2020) was an American baseball player and manager. He was born in Tuckerman, Arkansas, but was raised in Chicago, Illinois. Winkles was the third base coach for the Oakland Athletics int the 1970s.
Winkles worked at Arizona State University and managed in Major League Baseball. Winkles is a right-handed-hitting and -throwing infielder. He played minor league baseball in the Chicago White Sox organization between 1951 and 1958, hitting .270 with 890 hits in 858 games played before retiring to become Arizona State's head baseball coach at age 29.
Winkles died on April 17, 2020, aged 90.
BBC Knowledge Magazine

BBC Knowledge Magazine was a magazine made by the BBC. It had articles about science, nature and history. The magazine was launched in North America, in 2008. It closed in November 2012. It reprinted articles from BBC Focus Magazine, BBC History Magazine and BBC Wildlife Magazine. It was available in many countries and was edited by different people. A digital version of BBC Knowledge Magazine was available.
The magazine was chosen as one of the top ten magazines of 2008 by Library Journal.
Valcolla

Valcolla was a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
Geography
Valcolla is in the upper part of the Val Colla, the mountain valley in which the Cassarate River rises. It has villages of Colla, Cozzo, Curtina, Insone, Maglio di Colla, Molino, Piandera, Scareglia and Signora. It borders the following municipalities: Bidogno, Bogno, Capriasca, Cavargna (Italy), Certara, Cimadera, Corticiasca, Ponte Capriasca and Sonvico.
History
In 1956 the municipality was created from the merger of Colla, Insone, Piandera, Scareglia and Signora. On 14 April 2013, the former municipalities of Bogno, Cadro, Carona, Certara, Cimadera, Sonvico and Valcolla merged into the city of Lugano.
Pseudorasbora parva

Pseudorasbora parva is a species of small fish in Cypriniformes.
Tom Campbell (California politician)

Thomas John Campbell (born August 14, 1952) is an American academic, educator and former Republican politician. He is Professor of Law and Business at Chapman University in California. He was born in Chicago, Illinois. Campbell was a member of the United States House of Representatives from California from 1989 to 1993 and again from 1995 to 2001.
Campbell was seen as a possible candidate for President of the United States for the Libertarian nomination in the 2020 election.
First Epistle to the Corinthians

The First Epistle to the Corinthians, or the First Letter to the Corinthians, is a long letter written by the Apostle Paul to the church in Corinth.
Paul wrote to the Corinthian church for a number of reasons. He realizes the church at Corinth is divided and explains that although himself and a few disciples had helped start the church, the church was really headed by Christ Jesus Himself. "I planted the seed, Apollos watered it, but God has been making it grow." (TNIV)
Paul scolds the church members there for sexual immorality and asks for these immoral people to be thrown out of the church.
He gives instructions for marriage, against worshipping worthless idols (idolatry), for spiritual gifts like prophecy. Paul praises the superior way of love and urges the church to be united.
At the end, Paul states that the resurrection of Christ is true. He supports it with testimonies from "more than five hundred of the brothers and sisters" and it is this very truth which makes certain the believers will have eternal life.
Finally Paul tells of his plans to visit the Corinthians, and that Timothy, his co-worker, is coming to their church very soon.
Equator

The equator is a line which is not real drawn around a sphere or planet, such as the Earth. It is one of the lines known as a line of latitude, or circle of latitude. The name "equator" is Latin for "even-maker"; at equator the day and night are exactly the same length around the year.
The equator is halfway between the North Pole and the South Pole. There, the surface of the planet is parallel to the axis of rotation. The equator divides the surface into the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere.
Climate
Unlike the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere, countries around the equator do not experience the four seasons, and the climate is usually very humid.
Married At First Sight

Married At First Sight is an international reality television franchise. It originated in Denmark and has versions in Australia, America and Britain. The show is a social experiment where strangers are matched by dating experts and "marry" each other. At the end of each series, each couple decides if they want to stay together. The show, especially the Australian version, is known for its heated confrontations and controversial contestants.
Ultron

Ultron is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character appears in the Marvel Cinematic Universe movie Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015)
Marvel Comics characters
Dave Ulliott

David A. Ulliott (4 April 1954 - 6 April 2015), known by the nickname Devilfish, was an English professional gambler and poker player. Ulliott was a minor figure in the Hull underworld, but went on to become a World Series of Poker bracelet-winner, and a mainstay of televised poker.
At the poker table, he is known for wearing orange sunglasses, a sharp suit (or leather jacket) and gold knuckleduster rings reading "Devil" and "Fish", which he made himself.
He lived in Kingston upon Hull, not far from where he grew up. Ulliott died on 6 April 2015 from colon cancer.
Balazuc

Balazuc is a town and commune of the Ardeche departement, in the southern part of France.
Amanda Jenssen

Amanda Jenssen (born September 12, 1988) was the first runner up at Pop idol Sweden 2007. Her first album was released in 2008 and became a number 1 album on the charts.
N. R. Madhava Menon

Neelakanta Ramakrishna Madhava Menon (4 May 1935 - 8 May 2019) was an Indian lawyer and educator. He has been called the main figure of modern legal education in India. He was founder and director of the National Law School of India University (NLSIU) and the National Judicial Academy. He also served as founder and vice-chancellor of the West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences (NUJS). Menon was awarded the Padma Shri, India's fourth highest civilian honour, by the government in 2003. He was born in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala.
Menon died of liver cancer in Thiruvananthapuram on 8 May 2019. He was 84.
Adolfo Rodríguez Saá

Adolfo Rodriguez Saa (born 25 July 1947) is an Argentine Peronist politician. He was an interim President of Argentina between 23 December 2001 through 30 December 2001.
Jay Cutler

Jay Christopher Cutler is an American football quarterback for the Chicago Bears of the National Football League. He went to Heritage Hills High School, where he also played safety, and led his team to the IHSAA Football Finals. He played for the Vanderbilt Commodores football team during his college days, with his final play being a touchdown throw to future Bears teammate Earl Bennett. He formerly played for the Denver Broncos, who drafted him in the first round of the 2006 NFL Draft. Cutler was traded to Chicago for Kyle Orton and a first-round pick in 2009. Cutler was named to the Pro Bowl in 2008. In 2010, after the Bears' loss to the Green Bay Packers in the Conference Championship, people criticized Cutler, calling him a quitter after he hurt his knee. In 2012, Cutler was reunited with Brandon Marshall, who played with him in Denver, as well as Jeremy Bates, who was his quarterbacks coach in Denver. Cutler was also a Bears fan during his youth.
Abdul Moshabbir

Abdul Moshabbir (-28 November 2018) was a politician who served Habiganj District in Bangladesh.
Birth and early life
Abdul Moshabbir was born in 1938 in Srimatpur village of Kaliar Bhanga Union in Nabiganj Upazila of Habiganj District of Sylhet Division.
Career
Moshabbir is a lawyer who was the president of Habiganj District Awami Bar Association. He was the president of Habiganj district bar and general secretary of the district bar. He was elected to parliament from Habiganj-1 as a Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal (JASAD) In 1988 Bangladeshi general election.
He lost the Jatiya Sangsad elections of 1991 Habiganj-1 constituency with the nomination of Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal-JSD.
Death
Abdul Moshabbir died in 28 November 2018 in Habiganj.
Goldhanger

Goldhanger is a village and civil parish in Maldon District, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 647 people living in Goldhanger. Goldhanger has a pub called The Chequers Inn. It is located on the north bank of the Blackwater Estuary.
Durrës District

The District of Durres is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania. It is part of Durres County. There are 242,801 people who live here. The capital is Durres.
Le Bossu

Le Bossu (The Hunchback) is a French historical adventure novel by Paul Feval.. It was first published in short sections in Paris in 1858.
The story happens in France in two different times, 1717 and 1899. Some real events are in the novel. It also includes real historical characters such as Philippe II, Duke of Orleans.
Marion County, Kentucky

Marion County is a county in the U.S. state of Kentucky. As of the 2010 census, the population was 19,820. Its county seat is Lebanon.
Franz Joseph I of Austria

Emperor Franz Joseph I or Emperor Francis Joseph I (, , ) (Slovene : Franc Jozef Karel) (Croatian : Franjo Josip Karlo) (Czech : Frantisek Josef Karel) (Romanian : Francisc Iosif Carol) (August 18, 1830 - November 21, 1916) of the Habsburg Dynasty was Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary, King of Bohemia from 1848 until 1916 and also served as President of the German Confederation from 1850-1866.
His nephew Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria would have been his successor but he was assassinated. Wars during the reign of Franz Joseph included the Second Italian War Of Independence (1859), the Austro-Prussian War (1866), the Third Italian War Of Independence (1866) and the 1899-1901 Boxer Rebellion. He died during World War 1. Charles I of Austria became emperor in 1916 and reigned from 1916-1918.
Franz Joseph's 68-year reign is the third-longest in the history of continental Europe (after those of Louis XIV of France and Ioannes II, Prince of Liechtenstein).
Issue
Archduchess Sophie of Austria; 5 March 1855 - 29 May 1857.
Archduchess Gisela of Austria; 12 July 1856 - 27 July 1932. Married Prince Leopold of Bavaria (second cousin) in 1873; had issue.
Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria; 21 August 1858 - 30 January 1889. Married Princess Stephanie of Belgium in 1881; had issue. Died in a murder-suicide.
Steve Lang

Steve Lang (March 24, 1949 - February 4, 2017) was a Canadian rock musician. He was the bass guitarist for the band April Wine from 1976 to 1984. He was born in Montreal, Quebec. He was the father of musician Erin Lang (born 1979).
Lang died on February 4, 2017 at the age of 67.
Stephen Darby

Stephen Mark Darby (born 6 October 1988) is a former English professional footballer. He played as a right-back.
Darby was a youth player for Liverpool. As a Liverpool squad player, he was loaned to Swindon Town, Notts County and Rochdale. He then signed for Bradford City, reaching the 2013 Football League Cup Final in his first season. He made 239 appearances for Bradford before signing for Bolton Wanderers in July 2017. Darby retired from professional football in September 2018 after being told he had motor neurone disease.
Darby was born in Liverpool. He grew up in Maghull, Merseyside. His wife, Steph Houghton, is a professional women's footballer who captains Manchester City Women and the England women's national team.
Blekinge

Blekinge is a historical province in southern Sweden. It's famous for the Blekinge archipelago, and referred to as "Sveriges tradgard" (the "Garden of Sweden"). Once part of Denmark, it became a part of Sweden in the 17th century.
Elijah Wood

Elijah Jordan Wood (born January 28, 1981, in Cedar Rapids, Iowa) is an American actor.
He has been a professional actor since he was nine years old. Wood is best known for his role of Frodo Baggins in the Lord of the Rings movie trilogy.
Rebati Tripura

Shri Rebati Tripura is an Indian politician from Tripura, and has been elected to the Lok Sabha in 2019 from Tripura East (Lok Sabha constituency) as a National Democratic Alliance candidate. He belongs to Bharatiya Janata Party.
Professional life
Rebati Tripura is currently seeking fund from Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman to allocate additional funds from the budget to Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council (TTAADC) for the welfare and development of the ethnic communities of the state.
Aaron Swartz

Aaron Hillel Swartz (November 8, 1986 - January 11, 2013) was an American computer programmer, writer, political organizer, and Internet activist who also helped inventing the first version of RSS. He was arrested in January 6, 2011 and charged with illegally downloading files from JSTOR.
Early life and career
Swartz was born on November 8, 1986 in Chicago, Illinois. Swartz left high school in the 10th grade. He studied at Stanford University. In 2008 Swartz started Watchdog.net, "the good government site with teeth". In 2009 he helped start the Progressive Change Campaign Committee. In 2010 Swartz started Demand Progress.
Death
Swartz committed suicide by hanging himself in his apartment in Brooklyn, New York City, aged 26. Speaking at his son's funeral, Robert Swartz said, "[Aaron] was killed by the government, and MIT betrayed all of its basic principles."
Swartz was given a place in the Internet Hall of Fame in June 2013.
A documentary about Swartz called The Internet's Own Boy was released in 2014.
Dyninno Group

Dyninno Group is a global technology company. It works in the travel, fintech, and entertainment sectors. It was founded in San Francisco, United States, in 2004.
As of 2022, Dyninno Group employs more than 3,900 people in the US, the UK, Canada, India, Colombia, Latvia, Moldova, Romania, Egypt, and the Philippines.
History
Dyninno Group was founded in 2004 by Alex Weinstein, an American immigrant from Moldova, who worked in 1990s in the travel industry in California and founded asaptickets.com airline tickets service in 2002.
In 2017, the company started lending services in Romania and Moldova: CreditPrime, CreditPlus.
In 2013, Dyninno Travel started operations in Cebu City, Philippines.
In 2016, a subdivision for Dyninno Group, was opened in Riga, Latvia.
Pac-Mania

Pac-Mania is an isometric maze arcade game that was developed and released by Namco in 1987.
In Pac-Mania, the player has to eat all the yellow pellets. The player can also jump to avoid the ghosts (Blinky, Pinky, Inky, Clyde, Sue, Funky). There are four mazes in the game: Block Town, Pac-Man Park, Sandbox Land, and Jungly Steps.
Alexander ALX400

The Alexander ALX400 (later known as the TransBus ALX400 and the Alexander Dennis ALX400) is a 2-axle double-decker low-floor bus body. It was built from 1997 to 2006 by Alexander and then TransBus International and then Alexander Dennis respectively.
The body could be built on the Dennis Trident 2 chassis, Volvo B7TL chassis, or DAF DB250 chassis.
La Chapelle-Palluau

La Chapelle-Palluau is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendee department in the west of France.
Ankylosaurus

Ankylosaurus magniventris was a type of armoured dinosaur. It was the largest of its type, with a maximum length of 8 metres (26 feet) and height of 2 metres (6 feet).
The body was broad and low-slung and covered in armour. Carnivores, attacking from above, would find no weak points, and the animal could defend itself by using its clubbed tail.
Ankylosaurus was a herbivore, like all ankylosaurs. It probably ate ferns and cycads, which were common low-growing plants.
Armour
The most obvious feature of Ankylosaurus is its armour, consisting of massive knobs and plates of bone, known as osteoderms or bony scutes, embedded in the skin. Osteoderms are also found in the skin of crocodiles, armadillos and some lizards. The bone was probably overlain by a tough, horny layer of keratin.
These osteoderms ranged greatly in size, from wide, flat plates to small, round nodules. The plates were aligned in regular horizontal rows down the animal's neck, back, and hips, with the many smaller nodules protecting the areas between the large plates. Smaller plates may have been arranged on the limbs and tail. Compared to the slightly more ancient ankylosaurid Euoplocephalus, the plates of Ankylosaurus were smooth in texture, without the high keels found on the armor of the contemporaneous nodosaurid Edmontonia. A row of flat, triangular spikes may have protruded laterally along each side of the tail. Tough, rounded scales protected the top of the skull, while four large pyramidal horns projected outwards from its rear corners.
Underneath it was covered by normal skin, but to get at it the carnivore would have to turn over an animal weighing up to 6,000 kg (11,000 lb).
In movies
Ankylosaurus features in the Jurassic Park series of movies. In Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, several Ankylosaurus flee from a volcanic eruption and at least one is captured by mercenaries. It is later auctioned off to a wealthy Indonesian.
Yule

Yuletide is a pagan holiday also known as the Winter solstice. Generally celebrated by Wiccans and Northern European Christians. "Yuletide" celebrates the birth of the Sun and also celebrates the "Mother" at the height of her "Greatness".
Pagans celebrate Yuletide in many ways, most will decorate a "Yuletide" tree, keep it in their homes until most of the leaves fall off then burn the Yule log. Many Wiccans will decorate their alters with Yule colours and items and generally just honour the Goddess.
Yuletide in Christianity
The Christian holiday, Christmas, was created by the Christian Romans based around the polytheistic (many Gods) Sun God festival (Sol Invictis) on the winter solstice, and people in northern Europe combined it with their Yule festival. Yule is celebrated on the 25th of December by most Northern Europeans and the 21st of December, by Wiccans and many non religious groups. For them, Yule is celebrated as the longest night of the year. It is the night when the sun sets earliest and rises latest the next day. The Wiccan ritual includes thanking the Goddess for the past year and asking for a happiness in the year to come.
Felicia

Felicia is a female given name. The pronunciation of the name is [fuh-lish-uh, -lish-ee-uh, -lee-shuh, -lis-ee-uh]. It is taken from the masculine name Felix. It means "happy" or "happy times". The use of Felicia as a female given name began in post-Classical times and has uncertain origins. The name is associated with animals, saints, poets and fictional characters.This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).
The name has been used for several Pacific tropical cyclones.
Gold farming

Gold farming is playing a massively multiplayer online game to get virtual currency that other players buy in exchange for actual money. Some people in China and other developing nations have had full-time jobs as gold farmers.
Grabs

Grabs is a municipality in Werdenberg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.
Booker T (wrestler)

Booker Tio Huffman (born March 1, 1965 in Houston, Texas) is an American retired professional wrestler that is currently signed to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), working on their SmackDown brand as a color commentator. Huffman returned to WWE as a surprise entrant during the 2011 Royal Rumble. He has also wrestled for TNA Impact! from 2007-2009. He is a former one time WCW Champion, two time WCW Tag Team Champion with Test, one time World Heavyweight Champion, three time World Tag Team Championship with Test (1), Goldust (1), and Rob Van Dam (1) one time WWE Intercontinental champion, three time WWE United States champion, two time WWF Hardcore Champion and was the winner of the 2006 King of the Ring.
Pseudacris sierra

The seirra chorus frog, sierran tree frog, or eastern Oregon tree frog (Pseudacris sierra) is a frog. It lives in the United States. It lives in California, Oregon, Montana, and Idaho. Scientists think it might also live in Utah.
Central Africa Time

Central Africa Time (CAT) also known as South Africa Standard Time (SAST) in South Africa, is a time zone in Africa that is 2 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC+2). It is the same time as Eastern European Time (EET) during winter, and Central European Summer Time (CEST) during summer. This time zone does not observe daylight saving time, because it is near the equator.
2008 in science

The year 2008 in science had some important events, listed below.
Events
January 15 - NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft makes its first flyby of Mercury at 200 km height.
August 1 - Total solar eclipse that could be seen in Canada, Siberia, Mongolia and northern China.
October 6 - NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft makes the second flyby of Mercury.