kenhktsui/simple_wikipedia_LM_quality_score_v1 huggingface dataset:
Optimization (computer science)

In computing, optimization is the process of modifying a system to make some features of it work more efficiently or use fewer resources. For instance, a computer program may be optimized so that it runs faster, or to run with less memory requirements or other resources (see Space-time tradeoff), or to consume less energy. This is a branch of software engineering.
The optimization can have sense at different levels, from the lowest (development of circuits, writing of machine code designed especially for the architecture) up to the highest levels of making of implementation, use or design of algorithms.
The optimization is generally recommended to leave until the end of the process of development, since the premature optimization can introduce new errors (generally more difficult to detect for being of algorithmic nature).
The optimized system may be a single computer program, a collection of computers or even an entire network such as the Internet.
Peter Nottet

Petrus "Peter" Wilhelmus Frederikus Nottet (born 23 September 1944) is a Dutch speed skater. He competed in the 1964 Winter Olympics and in the 1968 Winter Olympics.
In 1964 he finished 34th in the 5000 metres event. Four years later he won the bronze medal in the 5000 metres competition.
Horace Romano Harré

Horace Romano Harre (; 18 December 1927 - 18 October 2019), known widely as Rom Harre, was a New Zealand-born British philosopher and psychologist.
He taught mathematics at King's College, Auckland (1948-53) and the University of Punjab in Lahore, Pakistan (1953-4). From 2009 until 2011 he was Director Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science at the London School of Economics.
His written works were about philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of science, ontology, psychology, social psychology, sociology and philosophy.
Norman County, Minnesota

Norman County is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of 2020, 6,441 people lived there. The county seat is Ada.
Nasa (footballer, born 1968)

Gesiel Jose de Lima, commonly known as Nasa (born December 8, 1968), is a retired association footballer who played as a midfielder for several Serie A clubs.
Anglo-Zulu War

The Anglo-Zulu War was a war fought from 1879 to 1887 between the Zulu people and the British Empire. There was no declaration of war. The war was fought in South Africa, mostly. The Zulu were victorious at first, and won the Battle of Isandlwana. Later their luck turned, and the British Empire won the Battle of Ulundi. The Zulu lost the war, and the Zulu Kingdom ceased to exist as an independent state. Today, the area is part of South Africa, and is called KwaZulu-Natal.
Diana Ross

Diana Ross is an American singer. She was born in 1944 in Detroit, Michigan. Ross worked as a secretary for Motown Records in Detroit. She first became successful with a Motown group as The Supremes. The Supremes were the most successful act on Motown in the 1960s. They sold millions of albums and made it possible for other African American musical acts to become famous with international audiences.
Diana Ross had a successful solo career from the 1970s on. She is a high-paid concert performer. She also starred in three movies: Lady Sings The Blues, the story of the blues singer Billie Holiday; Mahogany, a story about a fashion designer; and The Wiz, an African-American version of the book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.
Personal life
Ross has five children and two grandchildren.
December 2008 New England ice storm

The December 2008 ice storm was a bad ice storm in New England and New York. It made millions of people lose power. The storm was said to be the worst ice storm in a decade for New England. It was also the worst in 21 years for New York. Because of the storm, many trees fell down. They were coated in a heavy layer of ice. Many people were still without power after the storm was gone.
Second Epistle of Peter

The Second Epistle of Peter is the 61st book in the Christian Bible, and the twenty-second in the New Testament. This book is believed to be a letter from Peter, who was a disciple of Jesus.
When it was written
Since Peter was killed in about 69 A.D. by Nero, the emperor of Rome, if Peter is the author it was written about 65 to 69 A.D. In the letter the writer says, ("since I know that the putting off of my body will be soon, as our Lord Jesus Christ made clear to me"). Chapter 1, verse 14 Some think that the book was written by a later unnamed follower of Peter, and it could have been any time between 60 and 160 A.D. In both ancient and modern times, people have disagreed about this but the letter was finally accepted as part of the Bible by most Christians.
The content of the letter
In both content and style this letter is very different from 1 Peter.
The epistle mentions many verses in the Old Testament. In Chapter 3, verses 15 and 16 one of Paul's letters is mentioned. This is probably 1 Thessalonians chapters 4 and 5. Peter calls Paul's writings scripture and mentions that they are hard to understand so that some people try to change their meaning.
The letter begins with a greeting. Next the writer tells the Christians to live a good life of faith, knowledge, self control, and love. In Chapter 2, there are warnings about false teachers. In Chapter 3 are teachings about the Second Coming of Jesus. The letter ends by saying again that the Christians should live properly. Then there is a final blessing.
Cassel, Nord

Cassel is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 2,265 people lived there.
Patch Adams (movie)

Patch Adams is a 1998 American semi-biographical comedy-drama movie directed by Tom Shadyac. It stars Robin Williams. It is based on the life story of Dr. Hunter "Patch" Adams and the book Gesundheit: Good Health is a Laughing Matter by Adams and Maureen Mylander. Besides having mixed reviews, the movies was a box-office success, grossing over twice its budget in the United States alone.
Dina Merrill

Dina Merrill (December 29, 1923 - May 22, 2017) was an American actress, socialite, businesswoman and philanthropist. She is known for her roles in Operation Petticoat, The Sundowners, BUtterfield 8, The Courtship of Eddie's Father, and in Caddyshack II.
Merrill died on May 22, 2017 at her East Hampton, New York home from dementia at the age of 93.
Indian National Congress

The Indian National Congress, also called the Congress Party, is a major Indian political party. The party was founded in 1885. It is the largest constituent party of the UPA, a coalition of Indian political parties that form the opposition against the ruling NDA coalition. The party's chairperson is Sonia Gandhi. It has registered its worst performance in an election in the 2014 Lok Sabha elections.
In 1969, the party suffered a major split, with a faction led by Indira Gandhi leaving to form the Congress (R), with the remainder becoming the Congress (O). The Congress (R) became the dominant faction, winning the 1971 general election with a huge margin. However, another split occurred in 1979, leading to the creation of the Congress (I), which was recognized as the Congress by the Electoral Commission in 1981. Under Rajiv Gandhi's leadership, the party won a massive victory in the 1984 general elections, nevertheless losing the election held in 1989 to the National Front. The Congress then returned to power under P. V. Narasimha Rao, who moved the party towards an economically liberal agenda, a sharp break from previous leaders. However, it lost the 1996 general election and was replaced in government by the National Front (then the BJP). After a record eight years out of office, the Congress-led coalition known as the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) under Manmohan Singh formed a government post-winning 2004 general elections. Subsequently, the UPA again formed the government after winning the 2009 general elections, and Singh became the first Prime Minister since Nehru in 1962 to be re-elected after completing a full five-year term. However, in the 2014 general election, the Congress suffered a heavy defeat, winning only 48 seats of the 543-member Lok Sabha (the lower house of the Parliament of India). In the 2019 general election, the party again suffered a heavy defeat, winning only 52 seats in the Lok Sabha.
Short-track speed skating

Short-track speed skating is a type of ice speed skating. In competitions, multiple skaters (usually between four and six) skate on an oval ice track. The track is 111.12 metres all the way around. The rink itself measures 60 m by 30 m.
World Championships have been held since 1981. It has been a Winter Olympic sport since 1992.
Chronology

Chronology is a word meaning 'the study of time'. It comes from the Greek words chronos (time) and logos (word). The adjective is chronological.
Putting events in chronological order means: listing them in the order in which they happened.
There are many sciences which deal in different ways with chronology. General is sometimes called "periodization". Historical chronology can deal with history or with the geological history of the earth.
Hilversum

Hilversum is a city in North Holland in the Netherlands (no city rights). It lies between Amsterdam and Utrecht. About 85,000 people live there.
Islam in Tatarstan

Islam in Tatarstan existed prior to the tenth century, but it began major growth in 922, when Bulgar ruler Almis converted to Islam. This was followed by an increase in missionary activity in Volga Bulgaria. Islam remained the dominant religion through the Mongol invasion and subsequent Khanate of Kazan.
Today, Islam is a major faith in Tatarstan, adhered to by to 53 percent of the estimated 3.8 million population, making it the largest religion.
Interstate 74

Interstate 74 is an Interstate Highway in the United States. The main part of it goes from Davenport, Iowa east to Cincinnati, Ohio and will be extended to South Carolina. There are three parts of Interstate 74 that are in North Carolina, with no part being connected. All four parts of Interstate 74 would become part of one road. Interstate 74 was long as of 2023.
Phil Mendelson

Philip Heath Mendelson (born November 8, 1952) is an American politician. He became Chairman of the Council of the District of Columbia, elected by the Council on June 13, 2012.
3 Words

3 Words is the debut studio album by English singer Cheryl Cole released on 23 October 2009 by Fascination Records. Musically, it features a dance-pop and R&B sound to it. The album debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart, selling 125,271 copies in its first week. The album also charted on the Irish, Australian and Swiss charts. In the UK the album was certified three times Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry and has since sold 1,000,000 copies in the country alone.
Critical reception
3 Words received generally favourable reviews from music critics, earning a rating of 62 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 6 reviews.
Track listing
Sample credits
"Heaven" contains samples from "Is You" by D.I.M., written by Andreas Meid.
"Happy Hour" contains samples from "Nevermore" by Renaldo Domino, written by Richard Pegue.
"Boy Like You" contains samples from "Little Lies" by Fleetwood Mac, written by Christine McVie and Eddy Quintela.
3 Words - The B-Sides EP
A digital EP featuring the three B-sides to the three singles from the 3 Words album, titled 3 Words - The B-Sides EP, was released online on 18 April 2010 from Fascination Records.
Personnel
Cheryl Cole - lead vocals, co-writer
William "will.i.am" Adams - executive producer, featured vocals, background vocals, producer, arrange, mixing, Instrumentation, co-writer
Taio Cruz - producer, featured vocals, instrumentation, co-writer
Priscilla Renea - co-writer, background vocals
Louis Biancaniello - instrumentation
Carsten Schack, Kenneth Karlin (Soulshock & Karlin) - producers, arrangement, instrumentation, mixing
Steve Kipner - producer, arrangement
Nick Knight - photographer
Reggie "Syience" Perry - producer, arrangement
Fraser T Smith - producer, instrumentation
Samual "Sam" Watters - producer
Wayne Wilkins - producer, arrangement, mixing
Tom Coyne - mastering
Mikaelin 'Blue' Bluespruce - recording engineer
Charts
The album debuted at number one in the UK with sales of 125,271. It then retained the number 1 position for another week. On 6 November 2009 the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) certified the album platinum. It has since gone 3x Platinum, with sales of over 1,000,000 copies.
Robin Quivers

Robin Ophelia Quivers (born August 8, 1952) is an American radio personality. She is best known for being the long-running news anchor and co-host of The Howard Stern Show since 1981. She served in the United States Air Force between 1975 and 1990, rising to the rank of captain.
Quivers was born in Baltimore, Maryland. She is an endometrial cancer survivor.
Amani Toomer

Amani Toomer () (born September 8, 1974 in Berkeley, California) is a retired American football wide receiver that played for the New York Giants and Kansas City Chiefs of the National Football League. He won Super Bowl XLII with the Giants on February 3, 2008.
List of uninhabited regions

An uninhabited region is a place where no people live. By 'uninhabited' is meant "no one lives there permanently". The difficult case is Antarctica, where there are permanent stations, but their staff do not stay permanently. In other places there may be visitors, and sometimes research teams visit for longer periods.
Slade in Flame

Slade in Flame is a 1975 movie directed by Richard Loncraine. The story follows a band's rise to fame and their decline, showing the dark side of the music business.
The band released a soundtrack in late 1974 under the same name.
Coulomby

Coulomby is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.
Sakiko Ikeda

is a Japanese football player. She plays for the Japan national team.
Biography
Ikeda was born in Saitama on September 8, 1992. In 2011, she was promoted to Urawa Reds from their youth team.
In 2008, Ikeda played for the Japan U-17 national team at the 2008 U-17 World Cup. In 2012, she also played for the Japan U-20 national team at the 2012 U-20 World Cup, and Japan won third place. In 2017, she was selected for the Japan national team, when they played in the 2017 Algarve Cup. At this competition, on March 6, she played against Norway. She was a member of Japan for the 2018 Asian Cup and Japan won the championship. She also played at 2018 Asian Games and Japan won the champions. In 2019, she was selected Japan for 2019 World Cup.
Inuka

Inuka (Inuit for "Silent Stalker") (26 December 1990 - 25 April 2018) was a male polar bear and one of the mascots of the Singapore Zoo. He was the first polar bear to be born in the tropics.
In early 2018, it was announced that Inuka's health was failing. After a second examination, Inuka was euthanized at the zoo on 25 April 2018 at the age of 27.
Tayside

Tayside was a government region on the east coast of Scotland. It was named after the River Tay. The capital city of the region was Dundee.
The region was created in 1974. It was removed in 1995 because local government in Scotland was made simpler.
Nashwa El-Bendary

Nashwa Mamdouh El-Bendary is an Egyptian computer scientist. She researches climate change and its impact on agricultural crops. Her work won the L'Oreal-UNESCO for Women in Science award in 2015. She also won the UNESCO ALECSO Award for creativity and technical innovation for young researchers in 2014.
Education
El-Bendary studied Computer and Data Science at Cairo University. She graduated in 2000. She then earned a MA in 2004 and PhD in 2008.
Career
El Bendary uses artificial intelligence to understand climate change. Computer science helps her understand how agricultural crops are impacted by climate. She is interested in disease detection in crops. She is researching if artificial intelligence can help detect problems.
El-Bendary is a professor at the Arab Academy of Science, Technology, and Maritime Transport (AAST). She is now the Dean of the College of Computing and Information Technology at the AASTMT (South Valley branch). She directs the China-Arab States Technology Transfer Center (CASTTC).
She published over 80 research papers. She is also a member of the Scientific Research Group in Egypt (SRGE).
Liliane Juchli

Liliane Juchli (19 October 1933 - 30 November 2020) was a Swiss nurse and writer. She was a member of the Merciful Sisters of the Holy Cross. She was the main author of an important German-language nursing textbook which was called "the Juchli". She was born in Obersiggenthal, Switzerland.
Juchli died in Bern, Switzerland from COVID-19 on 30 November 2020 at the age of 87.
Bernard Horsfall

Bernard Arthur Gordon Horsfall (November 20, 1930 - January 29, 2013) was an English actor. He is known for his roles in Gandhi and in Braveheart. He is also known for his guest-star roles in Doctor Who.
Horsfall was born on November 20, 1930 in Bishop's Stortford, Hertfordshire, England. He studied at Rugby School and at Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art. He was married to Jane Jordan Rogers until his death in 2013. Horsfall died on January 29, 2013 in his home in Isle Of Skye, Scotland. He was 82 years old.
Gustavo Bebianno

Gustavo Bebianno Rocha (18 January 1964 - 14 March 2020) was a Brazilian lawyer and advisor to President Jair Bolsonaro (PSL). Bebianno became Acting President of the Social Liberal Party in March 2018 after Luciano Bivar registered to run for federal deputy in the 2018 elections. He was born in Rio de Janeiro.
In 2019, he was Secretary-General of the Presidency.
On 14 March 2020, Bebianno died in Teresopolis, Rio de Janeiro from a heart attack, aged 56.
Orange, New South Wales

Orange is a city in New South Wales, Australia. It is on the Mitchell Highway about 250 kilometres west of Sydney. The main street (where people do all the shopping) is quite large for a country town. There are five high schools and five primary schools in Orange. Orange has two tennis centres, a big pool, an indoor sports centre, a netball centre, football pitches, a university, hockey pitches and lots of parks. There is also a big mine called Cadia and a big fun lake located outside of the town.
Marin Raykov

Marin Raykov Nikolov (born 1959) is the Prime minister of Bulgaria. He began his term as Prime minister in 2013. His predecessor was Boyko Borisov. Before he was prime minister, Raykov was a Minister of Foreign Affairs. He was born in Washington, D.C..
Gunnar Hultgren

Gunnar Hultgren (19 February 1902, Eskilstuna, Sweden - 13 February 1991, Uppsala, Sweden) was a Swedish bishop. He was active within the Church of Sweden. He was the Archbishop of Uppsala between 1958 and 1967.
Near Dark

Near Dark is a 1987 vampire western film directed by Kathryn Bigelow. It combines Western and horror genres. The film stars Adrian Pasdar, Jenny Wright, Bill Paxton, Lance Henriksen and Jenette Goldstein. The film got positive reviews but made little money. The film has an 82% on Rotten Tomatoes.
Plot
A vampire Mae bites Caleb. Mae and other vampires abduct Caleb. They disagree on whether to keep him alive. Mae supports and protects Caleb. Caleb risks exposing the vampires, and they want to kill him. Caleb later sacrifices himself for them, and they feel sorry. Caleb learns that Jesse is 150 years old. The vampires get Caleb's sister Sarah. Caleb's father finds the vampires. He demands they release Sarah. The vampires argue. Sarah opens the door, and sunlight burns the vampires. Caleb and his family escape. The vampires try to get back Sarah and distract Caleb. Caleb ends up killing the vampire Severen. Mae helps Sarah and Caleb. Several of the vampires die from sunlight. Mae gets a transfusion and is no longer a vampire.
Shane Bieber

Shane Robert Bieber (born May 31, 1995 (Wednesday)) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Cleveland Guardians of Major League Baseball (MLB). He was named an All-Star in 2019 and 2021.
Shane Bieber opened and closed the Guardians' six-game trip through Boston and New York.
The opener received good reviews, the finale not so much.
Whitehaven

Whitehaven is a town on the A595 road in Cumbria, England. Whitehaven was built on shipping and mining, but these have now declined.
Volkskammer

The Volkskammer (, People's Chamber) was the unicameral legislature of the German Democratic Republic (colloquially known as East Germany). It was a bicameral legislature with a senate but was dissolved in 1952. This legislature was disbanded on October 3, 1990 and replaced by the Bundestag.
Tomokazu Nagira

Tomokazu Nagira (born 17 October 1985) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Avispa Fukuoka.
Praça do Comércio

The Praca do Comercio (; ) is a plaza in Lisbon, Portugal's capital. It is one of the largest plaza in Portugal, with an area of 175 by 175 m (574 by 574 ft), that is, 30,600 m2 (329,000 ft2).
Grantly Budgen

Grantly Budgen is a fictional character from the BBC One school-based drama series Waterloo Road, portrayed by Philip Martin Brown. Grantly first appeared in the pilot episode of the series, first broadcast on 9 March 2006. He appeared as a regular character for nearly eight years before departing in the season nine episode "Grantly's Perfect Poetry", broadcast on 10 October 2013. He was the longest running character, appearing in the first nine series of the show. Brown's departure left the show for the first time without any original cast members. Grantly appeared in 154 episodes in total.
Grantly was part of the original teaching team and was the original Head of English at Waterloo Road, and was good friends with colleagues Tom Clarkson (Jason Done) and Steph Haydock (Denise Welch). He was best known for his grumpy attitude, his sarcastic wit, and the various insults he gave towards some of his students.
The character of Grantly has been noted as curmudgeonly and cynical, Grantly frequently voices objections to the school's management and acts as the staff's union representative. Although known to be lazy in the classroom, over time his dedication to the school becomes apparent. He is also devoted to his wife Fleur until her death, after which he begins a relationship with Maggie Croft and agrees to join her to run the school house in Scotland.
In the eighth series, Grantly develops kidney failure and spends a number of weeks in a coma before returning home to convalesce. On his return to the school, he learns a new kidney donor has been found for him but dies before the operation can take place.
Pinocchio 3000

Pinocchio 3000 is an animated movie that was produced by CineGroupe, AnimaKids Productions and Filmax Animation. It premiered on 9 July 2004 in Spain. Based on the story Pinocchio: Tale of a Puppet by Carlo Collodi.
The movie has the voices of Sonja Ball (Pinocchio), Howard Ryshpan (Geppetto), Howie Mandel (Spencer), Whoopi Goldberg (Cyberina), Helena Evangeliou (Marlene), Malcolm McDowell (Mayor Scamboli), Matt Holland (Cab), Jack Daniel Wells (Rodo), Bobby Edner (Zack), Gabrielle Elfassy (Cynthia), Terrence Scammell (Scambocop), Ellen David (House).
Alan Sieroty

Alan Gerald Sieroty (born December 13, 1930) is an American Democratic politician. He was born in Los Angeles. He was a member of the California Assembly from 1967 to 1977 and of the California Senate from 1977 through 1982.
Herbaceous plant

A herbaceous plant is a plant that does not have much wood and its stems are green and soft. These plants grow fast and produce flowers and many seeds in a short period of time.
In botany, the word for a herbaceous plant is herb (from Latin herba, "grass") but it is common to use the word herb only for plants that are used in perfumes, medicines and for cooking, even if they are not herbaceous plants.
Herbaceous plants may be annuals, biennials or perennials. Most are annuals and die at the end of their growing season (the time when they produce flowers, fruits and seeds), leaving their seeds on the soil. Those seeds will produce new plants with good weather. Wheat and pea are annual herbaceous plants.
Biennial and perennial herbaceous plants will live for two or more years, but the stems that are in the air will die every year. The underground stems will form the new aerial stems (stems that are above the ground). Underground roots and stems can better resist bad weather (winter or a very dry season) than leaves and stems that are above the ground. Bulbs are biennial and peonies are perennial herbaceous plants.
Most herbaceous plants are small and their stems are not thick because they do not have much wood, but there are some big herbaceous plants. Bananas and papaya (a tropical fruit) are herbaceous plants but they look like trees. Papaya has a thick stem but without much wood.
Herbaceous plants are the first plants with flower that come to live in barren lands (lands without plant life), because they are small and produce many seeds. They are also found in places where the weather conditions are not good for most plants. They can use the little rain that falls in deserts. They can get enough heat to grow where the soil is covered with snow and ice most of the year, like in very high mountains.
List of Zimbabwe Twenty20 International cricketers

This is a list of Zimbabwean Twenty20 International cricketers.
Key
List of players
Statistics are correct as of 22 May 2022.
Convention

Convention may mean:
Convention (norm), a custom or tradition, a standard of presentation or conduct
Treaty, an agreement in international law
Convention (meeting), meeting of a (usually large) group of people and/or companies who share a common interest
Fan convention, a gathering of fans of a particular genre
Gaming convention, has role-playing games, collectible card games, miniatures wargames, board games, video games, and the like
Political convention, a formal gathering of people for political purposes
Trade fair
Bridge convention, a term in the game of bridge
Convention (Paris Metro), a station on line 12 of the Paris Metro in the 15th arrondissement
"The Convention" (The Office episode)
"Convention" (Malcolm in the Middle episode)
Keith Emerson

Keith Noel Emerson (2 November 1944 - 10 March 2016) was an English keyboardist and composer. Emerson played in a number of bands before he found his first commercial success with P. P. Arnold's backing band the Nice in the late 1960s.
Emerson was born in Todmoreden, West Riding of Yorkshire. He was a founding member of Emerson, Lake & Palmer (ELP) in 1970. Emerson, Lake & Palmer were successful through much of the 1970s. They became one of the best-known progressive rock groups of the era.
Emerson committed suicide by shooting himself in the head at his Santa Monica, California home. He was aged 71.
Further reading
Emerson, Keith (2003), Pictures of an Exhibitionist: From the Nice to Emerson, Lake and Palmer - The True Story of the Man Who Changed the Sound of Rock, John Blake,
Forrester, George, Martyn Hanson and Frank Askew. Emerson, Lake & Palmer, The Show That Never Ends, A Musical Biography. (2001) Helter Skelter Publishing .
Wii Party U

Wii Party U is a party video game for the Wii U game console. It is the sequel to Wii Party. It was released in North America and Europe on October 25, 2013, in Australia on October 26, 2013, and in Japan on October 31, 2013.
Gameplay
Wii Party U is a party video game which takes elements from the Mario Party series. It has over 80 minigames. Players are able to play minigames with the Wii U GamePad.
Lugnacco

Lugnacco is a frazione in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Italian region of Piedmont. On 1 January 2019, it was an independent comune merged with Alice Superiore and Pecco to form the new comune of Val di Chy.
Sujoy Ghosh

Sujoy Ghosh is an Indian movie director. He mas made several movies including Home Delivery (2005) and Jhannkaar Beats (2003). A song from Jhannkaar Beats, "Tu Aashiqui Hai", won a National Award.
Sujoy Ghosh was born in Calcutta in 1966. His family moved to London when he was 13. He attended Manchester University.
Overcharge

Overcharge is an economic term used in legal discourse about price fixing violations. An overcharge is the difference between what a buyer or seller actually paid for a good purchased from a cartel and what the buyer or seller would have paid in the absence of a price-fixing cartel. The total amount of the overcharges paid by customers of a cartel is the major component of damages that can be recovered by plaintiffs in private antitrust suits. Under U.S. federal antitrust law, buyers injured by cartel overcharges are entitled to triple the overcharges that they are able to prove in court.
The overcharge has a one-to-one relationship to the Lerner Index, the most common measure of market power in economics. Both measures employ the same numerator (PM - PC), where PM is the observed market price and PC is the competitive benchmark price, but use different denominators. The overcharge ratio is (PM-PC)/PC, whereas the Lerner Index is (PM-PC)/PM. Both ratios are zero when a market is perfectly competitive or a cartel is ineffective in raising prices. The Lerner Index has an upper limit of one when the pure monopoly price is charged in a market. The overcharge has no upper limit.
Oberrœdern

Oberroedern is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.
Breckin Meyer

Breckin Erin Meyer (born May 7, 1974) is an American actor, comedian, writer, television producer, and drummer.
He is known for his role as Jon Arbuckle in Garfield: The Movie, as Joseph Gribble in King of the Hill, for his many voice roles in the Adult Swim TV series Robot Chicken, and for his role as Jared Franklin in Franklin & Bash.
Diario 16

Diario 16 (digital newspaper) is a Spanish digital newspaper, published daily, that was reborn at the end of 2015 after having closed its rotary press in 2001. Despite having a different editorial team, the header is the same as in its old written edition, but with a new and different slogan: "The newspaper of the Second Transition". Maria Jose Pintor Sanchez-Ocana and Cristina Fallaras were the directors. Jose Antonio Gomez is the current director.
In addition to the daily digital publication, the header also publishes a monthly magazine with the same name.
History
The head of the newspaper passed from Grupo Voz to Multimedia Ediciones Globales, SL, of Grupo EIG (Energy & Information Group), at some point between 2001 and 2015. MEG, SL is chaired by Manuel Dominguez Moreno, and its staff is made up of former editors of the magazine Cambio 16 .
Boissey, Calvados

Boissey, Calvados is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Saint-Pierre-en-Auge.
Daubensand

Daubensand is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.
Andy Etchebarren

Andrew Auguste "Andy" Etchebarren (June 20, 1943 - October 5, 2019) was an American professional baseball player and minor league manager. He played as a catcher in Major League Baseball (MLB) for a total of 15 seasons for the Baltimore Orioles (1962 and 1965-75), California Angels (1975-77) and Milwaukee Brewers (1978).
Etchebarren died on October 5, 2019 in Santee, California at the age of 76.
Vaudeurs

Vaudeurs is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
2011 Sindh floods

The 2011 Sindh floods occurred in August and September 2011 because of a lot of rain in Sindh, Eastern Balochistan, and Southern Punjab, Pakistan. The floods caused a lot of damage. 270 people were killed, and 5.3 million people were affected. 1.2 million homes were flooded. At least 1.7 million acres of land were ruined by the flooding. It was the worst flooding in Pakistan since the 2010 floods.
Causes
In July, Pakistan had low monsoon rains, however in August and September the country received "above normal" monsoon rains. A strong weather pattern entered the areas of Sindh from the Indian states of Rajasthan and Gujarat in August and gained strength with the passage of time and caused heavy downpours. The four-week long continuous rains have created floods in Sindh that have never been seen before.
Jesus College, Oxford

Jesus College is one of the colleges of the University of Oxford.
The college was founded by Elizabeth I on 27 June 1571 for the education of clergy, though students now study a broad range of secular subjects.
A major driving force behind the establishment of the college was Hugh Price (or Ap Rhys), a churchman and lawyer from Brecon in Wales. The college continues to be associated informally with Wales to this day.
The oldest buildings, in the first quadrangle, date from the 16th and early 17th centuries; a second quadrangle was added between about 1640 and about 1713, and a third quadrangle was built in about 1906. Further accommodation was built on the main site to mark the 400th anniversary of the college, in 1971, and student flats have been constructed at sites in north and east Oxford.
The life of the college was disrupted by the English Civil War. Little happened at the college during the 18th century, and the 19th century saw a decline in numbers and academic standards.
Reforms of Oxford University after two Royal Commissions in the latter half of the 19th century led to removal of many of the restrictions placed on the college's fellowships and scholarships. This meant the college was no longer mostly Welsh students and academics. Students' academic achievements rose in the early 20th century as fellows were appointed to teach in new subjects. Women were first admitted in 1974 and now form a large part of the undergraduate population.
There are about 475 students. The Principal of the college is Lord Krebs, the son of the Nobel Prize winner Hans Krebs. Former students include Harold Wilson (twice British Prime Minister), Norman Washington Manley (Chief Minister of Jamaica) and T.E. Lawrence ("Lawrence of Arabia").
The university's Chair (professorship) of Celtic is attached to the college.
Remoray-Boujeons

Remoray-Boujeons is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comte in the Doubs department in east France.
First Battle of the Atlantic

The First Battle of the Atlantic (1914-1918) was a naval campaign of World War I, largely fought in the seas around the British Isles and in the Atlantic Ocean. Both the German Empire and United Kingdom relied heavily on imports to feed their population and supply their war industry; thus both aimed to blockade each other. The British had the Royal Navy which was superior in numbers and could operate within the British Empire. The German Navy could not destroy the British Navy, as seen at the Battle of Jutland.
The German fleet mainly used unrestricted submarine warfare. Neutral countries disliked the blockades and the sinking of RMS Lusitania especially angered the United States. The successful blockade of Germany contributed to its military defeat in 1918, and still in effect, enforced also the signing of the Treaty of Versailles in mid-1919.
The Battle in Numbers
Allied and Neutral Tonnage sunk by submarines in World War I
Grand Total 12,850,814 gross tons
Note that unrestricted submarine warfare was resumed in February 1917 and the British began full-scale convoying in September 1917. The heaviest losses were suffered in April 1917 when a record 881,027 tons were sunk by the U-boats.
Source: Fayle, C. Ernest, Seaborn Trade, Vol. 3, p. 465, Table I[a]; London: John Murray, 1924.
Frankfurt Galaxy

The Frankfurt Galaxy were a professional American football team in the NFL Europa. They are based in Frankfurt, Germany. Frankfurt Universe is the successor of the Frankfurt Galaxy.
Batagay megaslump

The Batagay megaslump (also called the Batagaika crater) is a large pit in Siberia. It is caused by the permafrost melting. This megaslump began as a cut on the side of a hill. It is the largest megaslump in the world. Scientists are interested in the Batagay because it has a natural record of past ecology. Remains of extinct animals such as the prehistoric steppe bison and cave lion have been recovered.
Saint-Mandé

Saint-Mande () is a commune of the Val-de-Marne department in Ile-de-France in the eastern suburbs of Paris, France.
Flint Hills

The Flint Hills, historically known as Bluestem Pastures, are a band of hills in eastern Kansas stretching into north-central Oklahoma.
Everybody Hurts

"Everybody Hurts" is a 1993 song by American alternative rock band R.E.M. and is taken from their eighth studio album Automatic for the People (1992). It went to number 3 in France, number 4 in Iceland and the Netherlands, number 6 in Australia and Ireland, number 7 in the United Kingdom, number 8 in Canada, number 12 in New Zealand, number 29 in the United States and number 31 in Belgium.
Flint water crisis

The Flint water crisis is a drinking water contamination crisis in Flint, Michigan which began in April 2014. When the city changed its water source from treated Detroit Water and Sewerage Department water to the Flint River, it created a serious public health danger.
In Flint, between 6,000 and 12,000 children have been exposed to drinking water with high levels of lead. They may experience serious health problems. The water change is also a possible cause of an outbreak of Legionnaires' disease that has killed 10 people in the county.
On January 5, 2016, Michigan Governor Rick Snyder declared a state of emergency for Flint. President Barack Obama declared a federal state of emergency. He authorized additional help from the Federal Emergency Management Agency and the Department of Homeland Security almost two weeks later.
Jeremy Thorpe

John Jeremy Thorpe (29 April 1929 - 4 December 2014) was a British Liberal politician.
Thorpe was born in South Kensington, London, the son of former Conservative Member of Parliament John Henry Thorpe. He was educated at Eton College and Trinity College, Oxford. He was the MP for North Devon from 1959 until 1979. He was leader of his party from 1967 until 1976.
In 1979 at the Central Criminal Court in London, Thorpe was acquitted of conspiracy to murder model Norman Scott.
The Scott affair
In 1961, Norman Scott (b. 12 February 1940), a former model, met Thorpe while working as a stable lad. He claimed that he and Thorpe had a sexual relationship between 1961 and 1963, when homosexual acts were illegal in Britain.
Enquiries led to Thorpe and three others being charged with conspiracy to murder Scott. During the investigation, an antique firearms collector, Dennis Meighan, confessed he had been hired by a representative of a person called "a Mr Big in the Liberal Party" to kill Scott for PS13,500. Meighan later claimed that his 1975 oral confession was significantly shortened when it was offered to him for signing: "I read the statement, which did me no end of favours, but it did Jeremy Thorpe no end of favours as well, because it left him completely out of it..."
The judge's summing-up was widely criticised for its bias, and it made headlines when he described Scott as "a crook, an accomplished liar ... a fraud". The four defendants were all acquitted on 22 June 1979. Dennis Meighan was never called to give evidence and remained silent until 2014, when he acknowledged his involvement and commented: "It was a cover-up, no question, but it suited me fine".
The Scott Affair ruined Thorpe, who resigned as leader of the Liberal Party, and was defeated at the next general election in 1979.
Personal life
Thorpe was married to Caroline Allpass from 1968 until she was killed in a car crash in 1970. The couple's son was born in 1969. Thorpe was married to pianist Marion Stein (1926-2014) from 1973 until her death. Thorpe was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. He died from the disease in London on 4 December 2014, aged 85.
Marion de Groot

Marion Vreedendaal-de Groot (born 1940) is a Dutch former Paralympic table tennis player and swimmer from Amsterdam. At the 1964 Summer Paralympics, she won a gold and silver medal in table tennis, and another gold medal in swimming. She became world champion at the 1962 Stoke Mandeville Games.
Biography
She played field hockey with club HIC in Amsterdam, played tennis and was a swimmer.
In November 1960, when she cycled in Amsterdam, she was hit by a car. Because she had broken her neck, she was paralyzed and became wheelchair dependent. At the rehabilitation center she got in touch with para sports. She started with para table tennis to train her balance and reaction time. After 20 months in the rehabilitation center she could go back home in February 1963.
Already in 1962, she competed in table tennis at the 1962 Stoke Mandeville Games and won the gold medal.
She was a member of the "Amsterdamse Sportclub". She competed regularly at competitions, including in Maastricht and Brussels.
Ahead of the 1964 Summer Paralympics she trained with a group of 45 people weekly in Amersfoort at the "Juliana van Stolbergkazerne". She practiced table tennis, archery, javelin throw and wheelchair basketball. Initially, she would only participate in table tennis. She was scared to start swimming because she was paralyzed. However, she tried it and was able to swim to she decided also to compete in para-swimming. From that training group, 11 athletes were selected for the Paralympics.
At the Paralympics she competed in disability class A, the most impaired class. In table tennis she competed in the events that are labeled by the IPC as "men's events". She won a gold, silver and bronze medal. Together with Gerard Jacobs she won the gold medal in the Men's Doubles A1 event and individually she won bronze. In swimming she won the silver medal in the Women's 25 m Freestyle Supine complete class 1 event behind Evelyn Mulry Moore, the only other competitor.
After returning from the Paralympics she received a huge number of congratulations, including a telegram of the Queen of the Netherlands and prince. She became a member of honor of field hockey club HIC.
In November 1964 she competed at the international wheelchair basketball tournament at the Rai Amsterdam.
Next to para sports she was designer and translator at science magazine Elsevier and was secretary of the "Amsterdamse Sportclub". She married on 9 June 1966 in Amsterdam to Ph. Vreedendaal.
Lailly

Lailly is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Yusuke Tasaka

Yusuke Tasaka (born 8 July 1985) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Kawasaki Frontale.
Donna Dixon

Donna Lynn Dixon (born July 20, 1957) is an American actress.
She was named Miss Virginia USA in 1976 and Miss District of Columbia World in 1977. She competed in both Miss USA 1976 and Miss World USA 1977.
Dixon played Allison Hayes in the NBC drama Berringer's. She co-starred with Tom Hanks in the early 1980s situation comedy Bosom Buddies, playing Sonny Lumet.
Nikki Sinclaire

Nicole "Nikki" Sinclaire (born 26 July 1968) is a British politician. In June 2012, she started We Demand a Referendum (WDAR), a political party. She was a member of the United Kingdom Independence Party until 2010.
She was born in Nicholas Sinclaire in London.
Personal life
She is openly gay.
In November 2013, Sinclaire released a book about her life, Never Give Up. In it she said that she was born male. When she was 23 she had sex reassignment surgery. The news made Sinclaire the United Kingdom's first transgender Member of Parliament.
Otto Schubiger

Otto Schubiger (6 January 1925 - 28 January 2019) was a Swiss ice hockey player. He played for the ZSC Lions, GCK Lions and SC Rapperswil-Jona Lakers, winning the Swiss National League A championship in 1949 and 1961, both with ZSC. Internationally Schubiger played for the Swiss national team, winning a bronze medal at the 1948 Winter Olympics and bronze medals at the 1951 and 1953 World Championships.
Schubiger died on 28 January 2019 in Baden at the age of 94.
Crosby Ravensworth

Crosby Ravensworth is a village and civil parish in Eden, Cumbria, England. In 2001 there were 538 people living in Crosby Ravensworth.
Interstate 115

Interstate 115 (I-115) is a auxiliary Interstate Highway in the U.S. state of Montana. It connects I-15/I-90 to Butte. The highway begins at an interchange with I-15/I-90 through generally rural areas in western Butte. It has an interchange with Excelsior Avenue before ending. The entire route was upgraded to interstate standards during the 1960s, and was further upgraded in 2005.
John Key

John Phillip Key (born 9 August 1961) was the 38th Prime Minister of New Zealand and was the leader of the New Zealand National Party.
John Key entered the New Zealand Parliament in 2002 representing the north-west Auckland area of Helensville as a National MP, a seat that he still holds. In 2006 he succeeded Don Brash as the National Party leader in 2006. Key led his party to victory in the November 2008 general election.
On 5 December 2016, Key resigned as prime minister and as party leader. Bill English soon replaced Key as prime minister and party leader.
Personal Life
Key was born in Auckland, New Zealand, to George Key and Ruth Key. His father, who was from the UK, died of a heart attack in 1967. Key and his two sisters were raised in a state house in Christchurch by his Jewish mother.
He attended Burnside High School, and earned a Bachelor of Commerce degree in accounting from the University of Canterbury in 1981. He has attended management studies courses at Harvard University, although he did not receive a degree from this institution.
Key met his wife Bronagh when they were both students at Burnside High School. They married in 1984. She is currently full-time mother of their two children, Stephie and Max.
Before politics
In 1995, he joined Merrill Lynch as head of Asian foreign exchange in Singapore. That same year he was promoted to Merrill's global head of foreign exchange, based in London, where he may have earned around US$2.25 million a year including bonuses, which is about NZ$5 million at 2001 exchange rates. Some co-workers called him "the smiling assassin" for maintaining his usual cheerfulness while sacking dozens (some say hundreds) of staff after heavy losses from the 1998 Russian financial crisis. He was a member of the Foreign Exchange Committee of the New York Federal Reserve Bank from 1999 to 2001.
Prime Minister (2008-2016)
Key became Prime Minister following the general election on 8 November 2008 which ended the Labour-led government of nine years under Helen Clark. The National Party, promoting a policy of "change", won 45% of the party vote and 59 of the 122 seats in Parliament, a big margin over the Labour Party which won 43 seats.
Key was sworn in as Prime Minister on 19 November 2008 along with his new cabinet. His first international outing as Prime Minister was the 20th APEC meeting in Peru the following day.
Key announced he will step down from the role of Prime Minister and leader of the National Party effective 12 December 2016.
Our Lady of Vendôme

Our Lady of Vendome () is a title of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the city of Porto, Portugal, where she is the patron saint.
Susanna Hoffs

Susanna Hoffs (born 17 January 1959) is an American guitarist, vocalist and actress who has had many hit singles with the group The Bangles. Her hits included Manic Monday and Walk Like an Egyptian. She and the group disbanded in 1990, although the Bangles regrouped nine years later. She also had some solo hit songs during her career. She was born near Los Angeles.
Ceratosaurus

Ceratosaurus was a predatory dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic period, 156 to 145 million years ago.
It was first described by O.C. Marsh in 1884. It had a horn on its nose, and a pair of small horns above its eyes. Unusually, for a theropod, Ceratosaurus had armour: small osteoderms ran down the middle of its back.
The animal had deep jaws and long blade-like teeth. A nearly complete skeleton was discovered in Garden Park, Colorado, in rocks belonging to the Morrison Formation.
Other examples or close relatives have since been found.
Schistura manipurensis

Schistura manipurensis is a species of ray-finned fish. It is a stone loach. It belongs to the genus Schistura. It is a benthic species of clear, fast flowing hill streams with pebbly beds. It is found in the Chindwin River Basin in the Indian states of Manipur and Nagaland. It is also found in the basin of the Brahmaputra River.
Peleg

Peleg, according to the Bible, was one of Eber's sons and an ancestor of Abraham, the Israelites, and Jesus, through his son Reu. His name means "divide". He had one brother, Joktan.