French Guiana

French Guiana () is an overseas department and region of France, on the north Atlantic coast of South America. By land area, it is the second largest region of France (after Nouvelle-Aquitaine) and the largest overseas department of France and of the European Union.
Its prefecture and largest city is Cayenne.
Name
Guiana comes from an Amerindian language (Arawak) that means "land of many waters". The addition of the word "French" in most languages other than French comes from colonial times when there were five in the region; they were, from west to east:
Spanish Guiana (now Guayana Region in Venezuela)
British Guiana (now Guyana)
Dutch Guiana, (now Suriname)
French Guiana (now Guyane)
Portuguese Guiana (now Amapa in Brazil).
French Guiana and the two larger countries to the north and west, Guyana and Suriname, are still often collectively referred to as the Guianas and form the Guiana Shield.
Geography
French Guiana borders two countries: Surinam to the west, and Brazil to the east and south. To the north is the Atlantic Ocean. There are two main geographical regions: a coastal strip where the majority of the people live, and a dense rainforest which gradually rises to the modest peaks of the Tumuc-Humac mountains along the Brazilian frontier.
The highest point in the department is Bellevue de l'Inini Bellevue de l'Inini in the Maripasoula commune; it is () high. Other mountains are Mont Machalou (), Pic Coudreau () and Mont St Marcel ().
Several small islands are found off the coast, the three Iles du Salut which include Devil's Island, and the isolated Iles du Connetable further along the coast towards Brazil.
The Petit-Saut Dam in the north of the department forms an artificial lake and provides hydroelectricity. There are many rivers in French Guiana.
It is the French department with more forests, 98% of the department is covered with an equatorial forest.
, the Amazon rainforest in the most southern part of the department, is protected as the Guiana Amazonian Park, one of the ten national parks of France. The territory of the park covers some in the communes of Camopi, Maripasoula, Papaichton, Saint-Elie and Saul.
Climate
The climate in Cayenne, at an altitude of above sea level, is of the subtype Af (Tropical Rainforest Climate also known as Equatorial Climate) in the Koppen climate classification.
The average temperature for the year in Cayenne is . The warmest month, on average, is September with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Cayenne is . The month with the most precipitation on average is May with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is September with an average of . There is an average of 201.0 days of precipitation, with the most precipitation occurring in May with 27.0 days and the least precipitation occurring in September with 5.0 days.
Administration
The department of French Guiana is managed by the Collectivite territorial de la Guyane in Cayenne.
Administrative divisions
There are 2 arrondissements (districts) and 22 communes (municipalities) in French Guiana. The cantons of the department were eliminated on 31 December 2015 by the Law 2011-884 of 27 July 2011.
The 22 communes in the department are:
Demographics
The inhabitants of French Guiana are known, in French, as Guyanais (women: Guyanaises).
French Guiana has a population, in 2014, of 252,338, for a population density of inhabitants/km2. The city with more people living in it is the capital, Cayenne (55,817 inhabitants). The subprefecture of Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni has 44,169 inhabitants.
Evolution of the population in French Guiana
Economy
The main traditional industries are fishing, gold mining and timber. The Guiana Space Centre of the European Space Agency has played a significant role in the local economy since it was established in Kourou in 1964.
Devils Island Prison
Three Islands off the coast were used by the French Government from 1852 to 1953 as Prison Islands.
They were:
Royale Island
Saint-Joseph Island used for solitary confinement in silence and darkness for escape attempts
Devils Island for political prisoners [Dreyfus was kept here]
Convicts who were sentenced to more than 8 years and survived and served their terms could not return to France but were required to stay on as involunatary settlers for the rest of their lives.