kenhktsui/simple_wikipedia_LM_quality_score_v1 huggingface dataset:
Pon de Replay

"Pon de Replay" is the debut single recorded by Barbadian singer Rihanna, from her debut studio album Music of the Sun (2005). It was written and produced by Vada Nobles, Alisha "M'Jestie" Brooks, Carl Sturken and Evan Rogers. Her debut single, the song was released on May 24, 2005 as the lead single from the album. It is a dancehall, reggae and R&B song that means "play it again" in one of Barbadoss official langauges.
Info
The song peaked at number 2 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, becoming her first Top 5 single; it also peaked at number 1 in New Zealand, number 2 in the UK and at number 6 and number 7 in Australia and Canada, respectively. The beat for "Pon de Replay" was also used in Natasja Saad's hit "Mon De Reggae". Pon de Replay was also a major dance hit topping both the Hot Dance Music/Club Play and the Dance Radio Airplay chart for 2 weeks. It also performed well on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks charts peaking at #24; most of its chart points had been received from airplay from pop stations and from its digital downloads. In an unusual situation, the track reached #6 on the Hot Rap Tracks, an unlikely supporter of the song. On the non-Billboard chart, ARC Top 40, the track also hit #1. Pop girl group Girl Authority covered the song in 2006 for their debut album. The song was the 21st best sell of 2005 with 3,970,000 units sold.
The hit single, "Pon de Replay" was first made public in the mainstream media on March 17, 2005 by publicist, Jonathan Hay through co-producer Vada Nobles on MTV News.
Track listing
CD single (European version)
"Pon de Replay" (Radio edit) (Brooks, Alisha/Rogers, Evan/Sturken, Carl/Nobles, Vada) -- 3:34
"Pon de Replay" (Remix featuring Elephant Man) (Brooks, Alisha/Rogers, Evan/Sturken, Carl/Nobles, Vada) -- 3:37
CD maxi-single (European version)
"Pon de Replay" (Brooks, Alisha/Rogers, Evan/Sturken, Carl/Nobles, Vada) -- 3:36
"Pon de Replay" (Cotto's Replay Dub) (Brooks, Alisha/Rogers, Evan/Sturken, Carl/Nobles, Vada) -- 6:48
"Pon de Replay" (Instrumental) (Brooks, Alisha/Rogers, Evan/Sturken, Carl/Nobles, Vada) -- 4:05
Extras:
"Pon de Replay" (Video) -- 3:37
Music Video
In the music video, directed by Little X, Rihanna and her friends arrive at the club where everybody is bored and not dancing because of the low music. Rihanna steps up and sings the song, causing the DJ to turn the music up and everybody to start dancing. The music video also features Rihanna doing some belly dancing moves. The music video was also popular receiving much play from MTV and BET. It peaked at #2 on MTV's Total Request Live spending 37 days on the countdown; it was not able to retire due to the early introduction of the music video for her second single, "If It's Lovin' That You Want". The video reached #4 on BET's 106 & Park and remained on the countdown for over 20 days.
Naser Cheshm Azar

Naser Cheshm Azar (31 December 1950 - 4 May 2018) was an Iranian pianist, composer, and arranger. Cheshm Azar was known for his vocal music (for a singer or choir), instrumental music, electronic music, and music which combines multiple genres. He was mater in classical music, musical theatre, blues, folk music, jazz, and popular music. He was born in Ardabil, Iran.
Cheshm Azar died of a heart attack in Tehran on 4 May 2018 at the age of 68.
Muryeong of Baekje

Muryeong of Baekje (462-523, r. 501-23), also known as Sama, was a 6th-century Korean king. He was the 25th king of Baekje, which was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea in ancient times. The name Muryong means "military peace". It is a name he got after death.
Events of Muryeong's reign
During Muryeong's reign, the southwestern kingdom of Baekje was allied with its eastern rival Silla against the northern kingdom of Goguryeo.
The king is known for expanding contacts with China and Japan.
After his death
Muryeong's tomb is located in Gongju in South Chungcheong Province. It has been studied by archeologists and historians. This the only ancient tomb that has been positively identified among those of this period.
Nyngan, New South Wales

Nyngan is a town in New South Wales, Australia. It is built on the banks of the Bogan River. It is north west of Dubbo, and south east of Bourke in the Central West Plains of New South Wales. It is a town of 2500 people. It exists because of the people who work on the farms and in a copper mine, 50 kilometres to the west.
It remains also well known as one of the last depots of Cobb and Co, the famous inland transporter of the 19th century (1801 to 1900). One of the overnight depots was at Nyngan because it is about halfway between Dubbo and Bourke. In the days of Cobb and Co, the trip from Dubbo and Bourke would have taken at least 4 days.
However, the route they took is not the route that is used today. The new route runs beside the railway. The railway is a direct line from Dubbo to Nyngan. There is not a single bend for almost 160 kilometres. In the other direction, the track goes 190 kilometres dead straight the whole way to Bourke.
Manila Sound

Manila Sound is a type of music that started in Manila, Philippines, from the last years of the 1960s to the middle of the 1970s. It is commonly known as the "bright side" of the time of President Ferdinand Marcos because of its cheerful words and was often used in protest to his dictatorship.
This music type has affected all modern music types in the country as the beginner of Original Pilipino Music (OPM).
Music type
Manila Sound was made famous by a folk rock band called Hotdog. Their songs: "Ikaw Ang Miss Universe Ng Buhay Ko" (or "You Are the Miss Universe Of My Life"), "'Manila'", and "Beh Buti Nga"; had catchy melody phrases common to the music type. Later, the singer-songwriter, Freddy Aguilar, used the music type with his music to express the suffering of the people. His song, Bayan Ko, was popular in protests.
The music type is a mix of Filipino folk music and rock music added with some funk, light jazz, and disco, and is sung in both Tagalog and English languages.
The lyrics are childlike and often humorous caused by the disco fever in that period and in contrast to the oppression by Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos. It is sometimes described as "the marshmallow sound".
Niklaus Wirth

Niklaus Emil Wirth (born 15 February 1934) is a Swiss computer scientist. He is best known for designing several programming languages, including Pascal, and for pioneering several classic topics in software engineering. In 1984 he won the Turing Award, generally recognized as the highest distinction in computer science, for developing a sequence of innovative computer languages.
Albacete Balompié

Albacete Balompie is a football club which plays in Spain.
2023 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election

Winning the Speakership in the House of Representatives in the United States Congress can happen if an individual can gain a majority (218 votes) of the votes from other representatives. This can be simple, but in 1923, it took 9 votes to elect . It was 100 years later that in 2023, it took 15 votes to elect Rep. Kevin McCarthy as House Speaker. It took multiple votes because the Republicans were split on who they wanted to be speaker. A majority of Republicans were okay with Rep. McCarthy, but some wanted other people, such as Jim Jordan, , Jim Banks, Hakeem Jeffries, and even Ex-President Donald Trump. But after 15 votes, Far-Right Republicans voted for Rep. McCarthy after he promised them a lot more power in Congress.
Oscillation

Oscillation is when something "vibrates", or repeats the same pattern. Many things in nature move back-and-forth or up-and down when pushed or struck. In time, natural oscillators slow down and stop because of friction.
Examples
The pendulum of a "grandfather clock", for example, is a very slow oscillator.
The strings of pianos and string instruments "oscillate" when struck by a hammer.
An ocean surface wave is the result of water moving up and down.
Circuits powered by electricity can "oscillate". Such circuits can be used to make sounds or radio waves.
Different chemicals, when you mix them together in the right order, can make some new things. But then these things change back to the original ones, making this repeating pattern. These are called chemical oscillators.
Chromyl chloride

Chromyl chloride, also known as chromium oxychloride is a chemical compound. It has the formula CrO2Cl2. It is an red liquid. It is made by reacting hydrochloric acid with chromium(VI) oxide or potassium chromate. It is a strong oxidizing agent. When it is mixed with sulfur it oxidizes it. It is the result of a test for chloride. It is toxic because it contains chromium in its +6 oxidation state, and its fumes can irritate the eyes. It can also burn the skin and can cause cancer. It also contains some hydrochloric acid. It reacts with grease and some plastics.
Lei Wulong

Lei Wulong is a character in the Tekken video game series. He is a Five Form Kung Fu expert. He has appeared in all of the Tekken games so far, except for the first game.
American Bar Association

The American Bar Association (ABA), founded August 21, 1878, is a federal American association for lawyers who practice law in the United States. It is also the accrediting body for all law schools in the United States. It is headquartered in Chicago, Illinois.
Alou Diarra

Alou Diarra ( ; born 15 July 1981) is a French football player. He plays for Girondins Bordeaux and France national team.
Martin Havelka

Martin Havelka (10 July 1958 - 2 October 2020) was a Czech actor. Havelka was born in Karlovy Vary, Czechoslovakia. He was known for his stage roles on the National Theatre Brno and Brno City Theatre. He appeared on Czech productions of Jesus Christ Superstar, My Fair Lady, Mary Poppins and Little Shop of Horrors.
Havelka died in a car crash on 2 October 2020 in Brno at the age of 62.
Arthur Holmes

Arthur Holmes (18901965) was an English geologist. He made two important contributions: the use of radioactive isotopes for dating minerals, and the suggestion that convection currents in the mantle play an important role in continental drift.
Holmes showed us that thermal convection currents were strong enough to move large land masses, which contributed to Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift or theory of Plate tectonics. Harry H. Hess (19061969) also supported this view.
Holmes was a pioneer of geochronology, and performed the first accurate uranium-lead radiometric dating while an undergraduate in London. This gave a date of of 370 mya to a Devonian rock from Norway. This result was published in 1911, after his graduation in 1910.
Holmes worked on the problem of the age of the Earth all his life. He reached an approximately correct estimate by the 1940s of 4,500+-100 mya.
Arthur Smith

Arthur Radford Smith was a British fencer. Smith competed at the 1948 Summer Olympics. He was born on 4 February 1915.
Arabesque (group)

Arabesque was a disco girl group. It was created in 1977 in Frankfurt, West Germany. When the trio formed in 1977, it had members: Karen Ann Tepperis, Mary Ann Nagel and Michaela Rose. They released a single called, "Hello Mr. Monkey". It became very successful in Asia, especially Japan and Korea.
Shortly after the release, Mary Ann Nagel decided to leave the group.Her spot was taken by Heike Rimbeau. In 1978, they released the successful album, Friday Night. Karen Ann Tepperis had a son in 1978 and left the group. A former gymnast named Jasmin Vetter replaced her. Heike left the group in 1979 due to her pregnancy. A country singer named Elke Bruckheimer replaced Heike for a few months. Finally in June 1979, Sandra Ann Lauer was accepted into the group. The trio had members Michaela, Jasmin and Sandra from 1979, until they split.
The first album they released with Sandra was City Cats. In 1980, they released their most successful album, Marigot Bay. Apart from it being popular in Asia, it was the first album that was successful in their native country. That same year they released Midnight Dancer. In 1981, "In For A Penny, In For A Pound" was released. Caballero was released in 1982. Their last 3 albums had different musical genres than just disco. Why No Reply, Dance Dance Dance and Time To Say Goodbye were not as successful as their previous albums. Two songs from their last album, "Ecstasy" and "Time to Say Goodbye" became very popular in the 1980s.
Arabesque split up in 1984 because Sandra wanted to sing by herself. Jasmin and Michaela formed their own group called "Rouge". It lasted until 1988.
Peggy McIntosh

Peggy McIntosh (born November 7, 1934) is an American feminist, anti-racism activist, scholar, speaker, and Senior Research Scientist of the Wellesley Centers for Women. She is the founder of the National SEED Project on Inclusive Curriculum (Seeking Educational Equity and Diversity).
In 1988, she published the article "White Privilege and Male Privilege: A Personal Account of Coming to See Correspondences Through Work in Women's Studies". This analysis, and its shorter version, "White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack" (1989) was later published and made her well known.
Can't Help Singing

Can't Help Singing is a 1944 American western musical movie directed by Frank Ryan and was based on the story by John D. Klorer and Leo Townsend. It stars Deanna Durbin, Robert Paige, Akim Tamiroff, Leonid Kinskey, June Vincent, Andrew Tombes, Thomas Gomez and was nominated for 2 Academy Awards in 1946. It was distributed by Universal Pictures.
Chobe District

Chobe District is a district in Botswana. The capital city is Kasane.
Chobe National Park is in the Chobe District. Other tourist attractions are Pandamatenga Farms, Lesoma Memorial Monument, Kasane Hot Springs and Chobe River.
Chobe district was established in July 2008 and is not sub-divided.
Delara Darabi

Delara Darabi (; September 29, 1986 - May 1, 2009) was a Iranian girl, who was sentenced to death at age of 17. She was convicted of murder, despite her highly probably innocence and was executed by hanging.
Case
Her case has raised controversy for number a reasons:
Iranian Government had signed the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and Convention on the Rights of the Child, and, according to this, no person under age of 18 could be sentenced to death; however, despite this, Iran had executed number of minors;
Her guilty verdict is disputable:
She had initially claimed responsibility for having murdered her father's cousin, Mahin Darabi, in order to protect her boyfriend Amir Hussein (age 19), because he told her that, because she was under the age of 18, she could not have received the death sentence. What he said was wrong. Amir Hussein recevied 10 years in prison for being Delara's "accomplice" in Mahin's murder, while Delara was sentenced to death.
Delara was left-handed, and there is abundant evidence that the murderer was right-handed.
Delara's sentence was upheld by Iran's Supreme Court. The only person who could commute the sentence is Iranian Head of Judiciary, Ayatollah Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi.
In January 2007, Delara attempted to commit suicide.
Darabi was kept in Rasht Prison. According to her family and attorney, she was severely beaten by prison guards and fellow prisoners and left with a broken arm. Conditions in prison were extremely poor, leading Delara to repeatedly file requests to be transferred to another prison with better sanitary and overall conditions. Her requests were not answered.
Darabi was also a talented painter, poet and pianist. Her paintings were exhibited in Tehran and, recently, in Amsterdam.
She was executed May 1, 2009.
Campaigns to save Darabi
There was a petition online to save Darabi. A similar petition was started by Miss Canada 2003 Nazanin Afshin-Jam for another Iranian minor, Nazanin Fatehi, who was also sentenced to death. After worldwide attention and over 350,000 signatures Nazanin Fatehi was finally found innocent and freed. Amnesty International has also made many public statements and a letter campaign about Darabi.
Personal background
She was born in city of Rasht (Province of Gilan), where she was a high-school student before her arrest. She had three sisters: Elaheh (21-year old), Ghazale (19) and Sheida (8). Elaheh and Ghazale are college students.
Her sisters were also born in Rasht.
Postage meter

A postage meter is a mechanical device used to create and apply physical evidence of postage to mailed matter.
2006 Copiapó mining accident

On January 20, 2006, an explosion occurred in the underground copper mine of Carola-Agustina in Copiapo, Chile, shortly after two trucks collided, covering the only escape route for the miners inside the mine.
The explosion caused two deaths, two injured and 70 miners stayed trapped for 7 hours.
Effects
At the nearby mine, "Punta de Cobre", miners constructed a tunnel to allow evacuations in case of emergencies, after the explosion.
Andrew of Wyntoun

Andrew of Wyntoun (also known as Andrew de Wyntoun and Andrew Wyntoun) (), was a Scottish poet, a canon of St. Andrew's and a prior (higher-up within the Church) of St. Serf's Inch in Loch Leven. Wyntoun and John Barbour (The Brus, 1375) were the first people to write about history in the Scots language.
He wrote a long poetic history of Scotland, called the Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland, which included Scotland's mythical pre-history and finished when King James I came to power.
Beverly, Chicago

Beverly is one of the 77 community areas of Chicago, Illinois. It is located on the South Side on the southwestern edge of the city.
Sparsely settled in the middle of the 19th century. Its position on the ridge allowed the community to become an exclusive streetcar suburb, and the homes and large lots reflect this historic distinction. Beverly is located on the highest elevation in Chicago.
The neighborhood's roots are largely English and Protestant but is now home to a large Irish-American/Catholic community and many Irish establishments.
In the 2016 presidential election, Beverly cast 6,384 votes for Hillary Clinton and cast 1,850 votes Donald Trump.
River Tavy

The River Tavy is a river on Dartmoor, Devon, England. It has given its name to the town of Tavistock and the villages of Mary Tavy and Peter Tavy. It is a tributary of the River Tamar.
Concentration

In chemistry, concentration is how much of a substance is mixed with another substance.
The substance that is dissolved (shown as the red dye in the example) is known as the solute. The substance in which the solute is dissolved (shown as the water in the example) is known as the solvent.
To concentrate a solution, one must add more solute, or reduce the amount of solvent. To dilute a solution, one must add more solvent, or reduce the amount of solute.
Adriaen Coorte

Adriaen Coorte (about 1665 - 1707) was a Dutch painter. He mainly painted 'still life'. He signed works between 1683 and 1707. Most of his paintings are small. His style is typical of Dutch 17th century still life painting. Other Dutch painters who lived at the same time had a different style of painting. Coorte was "one of the last practitioners of this intimate category".
Biography
Very little is known about his life. He was probably born in Middelburg and also died there. He became a pupil of Melchior d'Hondecoeter around 1680 in Amsterdam. From 1683 he seems to have returned to Middelburg, where he set up a workshop and signed his small, carefully balanced minimalist still lifes. He often painted on paper that was glued to a wooden panel. About 80 signed works by him have been catalogued, and nearly all of them follow the same pattern; small arrangements of fruits, vegetables, or shells on a stone slab, lit from above, with the dark background typical of still lifes earlier in the century. Instead of the Chinese or silver vessels favoured by his contemporaries, his tableware is very basic pottery. "Objects and light are studied intensely, and are painted with a wondrous tenderness". Neither his birth nor death date is certain, and archival evidence only exists in Middelburg for his membership in the Guild of St. Luke there from 1695 onwards, when he was fined for selling a painting without being a member of the guild. His works appear frequently in contemporary Middelburg taxation inventories
Legacy
Coorte was probably not well known to the people who lived at the same time, outside the city of Middelburg. Much like Vermeer, he was almost entirely forgotten. In the 1950s, the Dutch art historian Laurens J. Bol revived his reputation, beginning with an article in 1952, and finally publishing the first monograph and catalogue raissone on Coorte in 1977 (Adriaen Coorte, Amsterdam). Bol arranged an exhibition of 35 examples of Coorte's work in 1958 at the Dordrechts Museum. This became a sensation in the Netherlands; the poets Hans Faverey and Ed Leeflang were both inspired by the paintings. In 2003 there was an exhibition at the National Gallery of Art, Washington. In 2008 a new travelling exhibition was set up; Ode to Coorte, that was nearly as successful, making Coorte the most celebrated "rediscovered" Dutch Baroque painter of recent decades.
Andy Kim (politician)

Andrew Kim (born July 12, 1982) is an American Democratic politician. He is the U.S. Representative from New Jersey's 3rd congressional district since 2019.
On January 7, 2021, after the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol, he cleaning up garbage from the attack. A photograph of him cleaning became popular. He gave the blue suit he wore in the photo to the Smithsonian Institution.
White Feather (movie)

White Feather is a 1955 American western movie. It was directed by Robert D. Webb. The movie is based on the 1952 story by John Prebble. Actors include Robert Wagner, Debra Paget, Virginia Leith, Hugh O'Brian, John Lund, and Eduard Franz. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.
Bihor County

Bihor (), in Hungarian: Bihar (), is a county (judet) of Romania, in Crisana. The capital of Bihor County is Oradea.
Geography
Bihor County has an area of 7,544 km2.
Divisions
Bihor County has 4 municipalities, 6 towns and 90 communes.
Melvin Schwartz

Melvin Schwartz (November 2, 1932 - August 28, 2006) was an American physicist of Jewish descent.
He shared the 1988 Nobel Prize in Physics with Leon M. Lederman and Jack Steinberger for their development of the neutrino beam method and their demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino.
Schwartz died on August 28, 2006 in Twin Falls, Idaho from Parkinson's disease and hepatitis C, aged 73.
Desperately Seeking Susan

Desperately Seeking Susan is a 1985 American comedy-drama movie directed by Susan Seidelman and starring Madonna, Rosanna Arquette, John Turturro, Laurie Metcalf, Aidan Quinn, Steven Wright, Will Patton, Robert Joy, Giancarlo Esposito, Mark Blum. It was distributed by Orion Pictures.
Louise Brown

Louise Brown (born 25 July 1978) was the first person to be born as a result of in vitro fertilization.
Ehud Olmert

Ehud Olmert, Hebrew: Ahvd AvlmrT , (born 30 September 1945 in Binyamina) is an Israeli lawyer and former politician. He was Prime Minister of Israel.
Olmert was a Member of Knesset from 1974 to 2009, with an interruption from 1999 to 2003. He was also mayor of Jerusalem from 1993 to 2003.
In 2006 he switched from Likud to newly formed Kadima. He was the head of Kadima until September 2008.
He was the 12th Prime Minister of Israel between 14 April 2006 and 31 March 2009, succeeding Ariel Sharon and succeeded by Benjamin Netanyahu.
From February 2016 till July 2017, Olmert was spending time in prison because of a felony conviction of breach of trust and bribery.
Tarek Kamel

Tarek Kamel (8 May 1962 - 10 October 2019) was an Egyptian politician and computer engineer. He was Minister of Communications and Information Technology from 2004 through 2011.
Kamel died on 10 October 2019 in Cairo at the age of 57.
Hirschaid

Hirschaid is the biggest municipality in the district of Bamberg. About 11,650 people live there. The mayor is Andreas Schlund.
Hustler (magazine)

Hustler is a monthly pornographic magazine published by Larry Flynt in the United States. It was introduced in 1974. It was a step forward from the Hustler Newsletter. The magazine grew to a peak circulation of around 3 million. It has since dropped to about 500,000. It shows explicit views of the female genitalia, becoming one of the first major US-based magazines to do so. It is seen as a rival to the modest publications like Playboy.
Phyllis Somerville

Phyllis Jeanne Somerville (December 12, 1943 - July 16, 2020) was an American actress. She was best known for her roles in Little Children (2006), The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (2008), Surviving Family (2012), The Big C (2010-2013), and Outsiders (2016-2017).
Somerville died on July 16, 2020 in New York City, aged 76.
Wilfred Grenfell

Sir Wilfred Thomason Grenfell, KCMG (28 February 1865 - 9 October 1940) was a doctor and medical missionary to Newfoundland and Labrador. In 1892 Grenfell was sent to Newfoundland. He brought the first medical services to Newfoundland and Northern Labrador. In addition to practicing medicine, Dr. Grenfell built hospitals, schools and orphanages. These served the Eskimos, natives and fishermen of Newfoundland. For his years of service to the people of these communities he was later knighted (Order of St Michael and St George).
The Sir Wilfred Thomason Grenfell Historical Society was formed in 1978. The society purchased Grenfell's home in St. Anthony, Newfoundland and Labrador. The home has been restored as a museum and archives.
Tetiana Chornovol

Tetiana Mykolayivna Chornovol (; born 4 June 1979) is a Ukrainian journalist, politician and activist. In 2014, she was became a member of the Verkhovna Rada, Ukraine's parliament. She was also one of the leaders in the Euromaidan protests in 2013-14. She is known for investigative reports about corruption in Ukraine.
Chornovol was born in Kyiv. She was married to Mykola Berezovyi until his death in 2014. He died as a volunteer fighter in eastern Ukraine. On 25 December 2013, Chornovol was badly beaten after her car was rammed off a road outside Kyiv. She made a recovery.
The Face in the Sky

The Face in the Sky is a 1933 American romantic comedy movie directed by Harry Lachman and starring Spencer Tracy, Marian Nixon, Stuart Erwin, Sam Hardy, Sarah Padden, Guy Usher. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.
Plot
The film is about two sign painters (Spencer Tracy and Stuart Erwin) who find themselves blackmailed by a beautiful woman (Marian Nixon) determined to force Tracy's character into marriage. The film was directed by Harry Lachman and released by Fox Film.
Ariana DeBose

Ariana DeBose (; born January 25, 1991) is an American actress, singer, and dancer. She is best known for playing Anita in Steven Spielberg's musical movie West Side Story (2021). She won a Golden Globe Award and Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress in 2022 for her role as Anita.
Exponential distribution

The exponential distribution with rate , written , is a probability distribution defined only on the positive real numbers. It is the continuous analogue of geometric distribution. Exponential distribution is used in reliability applications, and its main use is to assess the duration of random time intervals. Examples where it can be used include:
Time length of a telephone call
How long does it take to perform a service (for example, to fix something at a service point)
Amount of time between two phone calls
Half life of atoms (radioactive decay)
Expected lifetime of electronic (or other) parts, if wearing is not considered (this is called Mean Time Between Failures, MTBF)
Age of plants or animals
Very simple model used by insurance companies
Related pages
Normal distribution
Daniel Olivares Viniegra

Daniel Olivares Viniegra (born 1961) is a Mexican writer and poet. He is a member of the editorial committee of the magazine El Comite 1973 and member of the literary group El Comite. Olivares won the third international award Poesia Navachiste 1995.
Biography
Olivares was born in Tehuetlan, Hidalgo. He has a Master in Iberoamerican literature at the National Autonomous University of Mexico. He also studied literature at the National Autonomous University of Mexico. Olivares is married with the visual artist Elsa Madrigal.
He has published several books of poetry and he also has published articles, essays and poems in different magazine, like Humo Solido and La Pirana, across Latin America.
Selected work
Sartal del tiempo. Mexico: Praxis. 1992. .
Arenas. Mexico: Universidad Autonoma de Sinaloa (col. Hipocampos). 1996. .
Atar(de)sol. Mexico: Cisnegro. 2016.
Antiparras: Antipoemas para lectores sin prejuicios. Mexico: Trajin. 2017. .
El Comite
Olivares was invited by Meneses Monroy to collaborate with the literary group El Comite in 2014. In 2017 the group celebrated its fifth anniversary in the Centro Cultural del Mexico Contemporaneo. His wife Elsa Madrigal is also a member of the group.
Bill Fagerbakke

William Mark "Bill" Fagerbakke (born October 4, 1957) is an American actor and voice actor who is mostly known for his role as SpongeBob SquarePants' best friend Patrick Star in SpongeBob SquarePants and as Michael "Dauber" Dybinski in Coach. In movies he is known for his role as Deputy Webb in the 2009 horror movie Halloween II.
Fagerbakke was born in Fontana, California on October 4, 1957. He was educated at the University of Idaho. He was married to actress Catherine McClenahan in 1989. Together, they had two daughters, Hannah and Carson. They separated in September 2012.
Filmography
Perfect Strangers (1984)
Almost Partners (1987)
The Secret of My Success (1987)
Funny Farm (1988)
Coach (1989-1997) (TV Series)
Loose Cannons (1990)
3x3 Eyes (1991)
Porco Rosso (1992)
Aaahh!!! Real Monsters (1994-1996) (additional voices)
Beethoven (1994) (TV Series)
Stephen King's The Stand (1994) (TV Series)
Gargoyles (Animated TV series - voice of Broadway) (1994)
Felidae (1994) (English dub) Gus
Playtoons (1994) (additional voices) FLOOBS
Dumb and Dumber (1995) (TV Series)
Sabrina the Teenage Witch (1996) (TV Series) Dirk
Jumanji (1996-1999) (TV Series) Alan Parrish
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996) (voice) Frollo brutish Guard
Under Wraps (1997) Harold/ted
The Powerpuff Girls (TV Series) (1998-2001) Police Officer
The Wild Thornberrys (1998-2004) (voice) (TV Series) Dank ("On the Right Track")
Roughnecks: The Starship Troopers Chronicles (Animated TV series) - Sgt. Gossard (1999)
Dragon Tales (1999-2005) (TV series) (additional voices)
The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy (TV Series) Thud
SpongeBob SquarePants (1999-Present) (voice) (TV Series) Patrick Star, Cavey, Additional Voices (appeared in 245 episodes)
The Ultimate Christmas Present (2000) Sparky
Batman Beyond (2000) Payback
Help! I'm a Fish (2000) (voice) Shark (credited David Baterson)
Lloyd in Space (2001) (voice) (TV series) Kurt Blobberts
Lady and the Tramp 2: Scamp's Adventure (2001) (voice) Mooch
Ken Park (2002)
Final Fantasy: Unlimited (2002) (voice) Fungus (in some episodes)
Patrick the Snowman (2002) (voice) Patrick Star
Quigley (2003)
Jackie Chan Adventures (2001) (voice) Butch
Jimmy Neutron's Nicktoon Blast (2003) (voice) Patrick Star
The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie (2004) (voice) Patrick Star
SpongeBob SquarePants B.C. (Before Comedy) (2004) Patar (Caveman version of Patrick Star), Caveman
Balto III: Wings of Change (2004) (voice) Ralph
Callback (2005)
The Madagascar Penguins in a Christmas Caper (2005) (voice) Ted the Polar Bear
The Legend of Frosty the Snowman (2005) (voice) Frosty the Snowman
The Endless Summer (SpongeBob SquarePants short) (2005) (voice) Patrick Star
How I Met Your Mother (2005-2012-2013) Marvin Eriksen Sr.
Risa Itō

is a Japanese manga artist. Her main works are Hey Pitan!, Higepiyo and Oruchuban Ebichu ("Ebichu Minds the House"). Oruchuban Ebichu was produced as an animated TV program for Gainax.
She was born in Hara town, Suwa District in Nagano Prefecture.
Work
Hey Pitan!
Oruchuban Ebichu
Higepiyo
One Woman, Two Cats
Onna no Mado
Awards
2005 Kodansha Manga Award for shojo - Oi Pitan!!
2006 Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize Short Story Award - One Woman,
Two Cats, Oi Piitan!!
Blue Edwards

Theodore "Blue" Edwards (born October 31, 1965) is a retired American professional basketball player. He played in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Edwards played ten years in the league.
Langenfeld, Bavaria

Langenfeld is a municipality in Neustadt (Aisch)-Bad Windsheim in Bavaria in Germany.
Shaolin Chamber of Death

Shaolin Chamber of Death () (Shao Lin mu ren xiang) is a 1976 Hong Kong action movie directed by Chen Chi-Hwa and starring Jackie Chan, Hwang Jang Lee, Yuen Biao, Lo Wei, Tien Miao, Chiang Kam. It was distributed by Lo Wei Productions.
Supercharger

Supercharger -As at higher altitude the atmospheric pressure decreases due to which density of air decreases. Hence, to increase the density of air, first time supercharger was introduced in the Internal combustion engine of Aircraft which compresses the air through compressor wheel. It was working as a parasitic load on engine as the drive is given through gear train of the engine. So to overcome this situation Turbocharger was introduced in which drive is given through the pressure of exhaust gases.turbocharger is not used in ic engines.
Pietro Citati

Pietro Citati (20 February 1930 - 28 July 2022) was an Italian writer and literary critic. He was born in Florence, Italy. He wrote the biographies of Goethe, Alexander the Great, Kafka and Marcel Proust. He also worked for Corriere della Sera and was the literary critic for la Repubblica.
Citati died in Roccamare, Italy on 28 July 2022 at the age of 92.
Mineralocorticoid

Mineralocorticoids are corticosteroids, a type of steroid hormone. Mineralocorticoids are produced in the adrenal cortex. They influence salt and water balances (electrolyte balance and fluid balance). The main mineralocorticoid is aldosterone.
Vladimir Dolgopolov

Vladimir Mikhailovich Dolgopolov (; born 24 December 1961, Leningrad - died 12 June 2016, St. Petersburg) was a Russian professional footballer. He made his professional debut in the Soviet Top League in 1980 for FC Zenit Leningrad.
Tsung-Dao Lee

Tsung-Dao Lee (; born November 24, 1926) is a Chinese-American physicist. He was born in Shanghai. He is known for his work on parity violation, the Lee Model, particle physics, relativistic heavy ion (RHIC) physics, nontopological solitons and soliton stars.
He was a University Professor Emeritus at Columbia University, where he taught from 1953 until his retirement in 2012.
In 1957, Lee, at the age of 30, won the Nobel Prize in Physics with Chen Ning Yang for their work on the violation of the parity law in weak interactions.
Armitage Shanks

Armitage Shanks is a porcelain sanitary-ware company that started in 1969. Its headquarters are in Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom. Its main product is toilets, but they also make bathroom fixtures and plumbing supplies. They have eight factories. A punk rock music band from the 1990s is named after them.
Armitage Shanks is made up of two older companies. Armitage started in 1817, when Thomas Bond started a pottery at Armitage, in Staffordshire. They began making toilets in the 1850s. The second company was Shanks which started making toilets at Barrhead near Glasgow, Scotland in 1878. The two companies joined together in 1969.
Rollen Hans

Rollen F. Hans (born April 13, 1931), who also went by Rollie Hans and nicknamed Rollickin' Rollie from Poly, is a retired professional basketball shooting guard who played two seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member of the Baltimore Bullets despite not being drafted by the league. He attended Long Island University.
Santa Ynez, California

Santa Ynez is a census-designated place (CDP) in the Santa Ynez Valley of Santa Barbara County, California.
Monroe County, Arkansas

Monroe County is a county in the U.S. state of Arkansas. It is in the Arkansas Delta.
Forgotten war

"The Forgotten War" (capitalized) most often refers to:
Forgotten War (book), a 2013 book about the Australian frontier wars
The Korean War (in the United States)
The Ifni War (in Spain)
The term forgotten war is also sometimes, though much less commonly and less specifically, used to refer to:
The Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War
The Philippine-American War
The War of 1812 (outside of the United States)
The First and Second Barbary Wars
The campaigns in Finland during World War II (outside of Finland)
The Forest Brothers resistance in the Soviet-occupied Baltic states
The Laotian Civil War (outside of Laos)
The Burma Campaign (outside of Burma)
The Spanish Civil War (outside of Spain)
The Soviet-Afghan War
The First and Second Chechen Wars (outside of Chechnya)
The War in Afghanistan (outside of Afghanistan)
The Donbas War (outside of Ukraine)
Wars by type
Lungi

The Lungi, or Tahband, is a type of Sarong that originated in the Indian subcontinent. Most popular in Bengal. It can be described as an ethnic lower garment and a men's skirt that is wrapped around the lower waist, usually below the belly button. Lungis are traditionally worn in Sri Lanka, India, Bangladesh, Nepal.
Bangladesh
The lungi () is the most commonly seen dress of Bangladeshi men, although it is not normally worn for formal occasions. In Bangladesh, Lungis are worn by men, almost universally indoors, but commonly outdoors as well. Elaborately designed tartan cotton, batik, or silk Lungis are often presented as wedding gifts to the groom in a Bangladeshi wedding. The typical Bangladeshi lungi is a seamless tubular shape, as opposed to the single sheet worn in other parts of South and Southeast Asia. In Bangladesh, the lungi industry is concentrated in Sirajganj, Khustia, Pabna and Khulna. Bangladeshi women do not traditionally wear Lungis, although non-Bengali tribal women do wear similar garments in the Chittagong Hill Tracts.
Seppo Kuusela

Seppo Ilmo Kuusela (25 February 1934 - 16 October 2014) was a Finnish basketball player and coach. A 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) point guard and shooting guard, he played professionally between 1952 and 1969. He played for both Pantterit and Tapion Honka (now known as Espoon Honka), as well as for Finland's national basketball team. From 1970 until 1992, he coached Espoon Honka.
Kuusela was born in Helsinki. He grew up in Toolo.
Kuusela died on 16 October 2014 at the age of 80.
Medical laboratory

A medical laboratory or clinical laboratory is a laboratory where tests are usually done on laboratory specimens. This is to get information about the health of a patient. Labs perform tests on tissue, blood and other body fluids. Medical labs analyze data in five major categories. These are chemistry, immunology, hematology, microbiology and transfusion medicine.
Daisuke Tonoike

Daisuke Tonoike (born 29 January 1975) is a former Japanese football player.
Kriegsmarine

The Reichsmarine, later called Kriegsmarine (, War Navy) was the Navy of Weimar Republic from 1919 to 1935 and Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. It replaced the Imperial German Navy of World War I and the inter-war Reichsmarine. The Kriegsmarine was one of three official branches of the Wehrmacht, the armed forces of Nazi Germany.
History
The Kriegsmarine was developed during the German naval rearmament of the 1930s. The Treaty of Versailles had limited the size of the German navy after World War I. It also prevented Germany from building submarines. But by 1934 Germany had secretly stockpiled most of the parts they needed to construct submarines (called U-boats). In early 1935 Hitler ordered the U-boats to be built. In January 1939 Plan Z was ordered, calling for the construction of many surface naval vessels. The ships of the Kriegsmarine fought during the Spanish Civil War and World War II. The commander of the Kriegsmarine was Karl Donitz.
Ships
The Kriegsmarine's most famous ships were the U-boats. Most of them were built after Plan Z was abandoned at the beginning of World War II. Wolfpacks were groups of submarines that attacked British convoys. Most of the attacks were during the first half of the Battle of the Atlantic. Along with the U-boats, commerce raiders and cruisers were used to disrupt Allied shipping in the early years of the war. The most famous of these were the heavy cruisers Admiral Graf Spee and Admiral Scheer and the battleship Bismarck. However, the allied adoption of convoy escorts greatly reduced the danger from commerce raiders.
Älta

Alta is a locality in Nacka Municipality in Stockholm County in Sweden. In 2010, 9,989 people lived there.
Johnny Bower

John William "Johnny" Bower (November 8, 1924 - December 26, 2017), nicknamed "The China Wall", was a Hockey Hall of Fame goaltender.
Bower died of pneumonia on December 26, 2017 in Toronto at the age of 93.
Awards
Hap Holmes Memorial Award (best AHL goaltender, 3 times)
Vezina Trophy (2 times, at that time awarded for allowing the fewest goals throughout a season).
NHL First Team All-Star in 1961.
Les Cunningham Award as the AHL's Most Valuable Player three times consecutively, one of only four players in North American professional hockey history (Bobby Orr, Wayne Gretzky and Paul Polillo being the others) to do so at any level of play.
Marconne

Marconne is a commune. It is in Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in north France.
Roger Agnelli

Roger Agnelli (May 3, 1959 - March 19, 2016) was a Brazilian entrepreneur, banker, and corporate leader. He ran one of the largest mining companies in the world, Vale SA. In 2013, he was voted by Harvard Business Review as the world's fourth best-performing chief executive officer behind Apple Inc. CEO Steve Jobs, Jeff Bezos of Amazon.com and Yun Jong-Yong of Samsung.
On March 19, 2016, he was killed, along with his wife, son, and daughter (and three others) when their plane crashed in Sao Paulo, Brazil. He was aged 56.
Norrey-en-Auge

Norrey-en-Auge is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Grigoriy Bronza

Grigoriy Zakharovich Bronza (30 April 192730 January 2010) was an artist of Transnistria (Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic). He was an art restorer and an honorary member of the Transnistria Union of Artists. Bronza was a designer of postage stamps of Transnistria and Moldova. He also helped create a number of museums in the former Soviet Union.
World War II
During World War II, Grigoriy Bronza served in the Red Army and was awarded the following Soviet military decorations:
Order of the Patriotic War,
Medal for Battle Merit,
Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945",
Medal "For the Victory over Japan".
Postage stamps
Bronza is the author of the first stamps of Moldova issued in June 1991. He designed the first stamps of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic issued in December 1993. Bronza designed the third definitive stamp issue of Transnistria (1997). He also created a series of stamps for the 5th anniversary of the events in Bender (1997), a series of stamps "Historical and modern coats of arms of cities of Transnistria" (1999), and the 200th anniversary of Alexander Pushkin issue (1999).
San Luis Potosí

San Luis Potosi is a state in central Mexico. About 2,400,000 people live there. Its capital is also called San Luis Potosi.
Clovis culture

The Clovis culture was one of the first well documented Native cultures in the Americas. The Clovis people lived in the Americas about 13,000 years ago. They lived there for between 200 and 800 years. Different sources list different lengths of time in that range.
They had a special way of making tools like spear tips and knives from stones. The flint tips are called Clovis points. Artifacts that they made in this way can be found in many places in North America. The Clovis way of making tools only lasted between 500 and 1000 years. After that, other similar ways became more popular.
They are called "Clovis culture" because archaeologists first found their artifacts at Clovis, New Mexico.
The end of the Clovis culture
A decline in the availability of megafauna, together with the population becoming less and less mobile, led to local differentiation of lithic and cultural traditions across the Americas. After this time, Clovis-style fluted points were replaced by other fluted-point traditions (such as the Folsom culture).
Clovis First (a theory)
The Clovis First theory says that the Clovis people crossed the Beringia land bridge over the Bering Strait from Siberia to Alaska during the period of lowered sea levels during the ice age, then made their way towards the south, through an ice-free corridor east of the Rocky Mountains in present-day Western Canada as the glaciers retreated.
Things that point to earlier settlement of the Americas
"Clovis First" is one of the theories about the Settlement of the Americas. There are other ideas and research that go against "Clovis First".
Evidence of human habitation before Clovis
Idea about a coastal migration route: Research on the mitochondrial DNA of First Nations/Native Americans, was published in 2007. It suggests that the people of the New World may have diverged (or went away from each other and stayed away), genetically from Siberians as early as 20,000 years ago. One theory says that the Pacific coast of North America may have been free of ice, and maybe the first peoples in North America came down this route before the formation of the ice-free corridor.
Solutrean hypothesis
Genetic history of Indigenous peoples of the Americas: Research on mitochondrial DNA in 2014 has found that members of some native North American tribes have a maternal ancestry (called haplogroup X) that has a link to the maternal ancestors of some present-day individuals in western Asia and Europe - but the link is not strong. A variant of mitochondrial DNA called X2a found in many Native Americans has been traced to (or research shows that the variant comes from) western Eurasia, while not being found in eastern Eurasia.
Allensbach

Allensbach is a municipality in the district of Konstanz in Baden-Wurttemberg in Germany.
Ascochinga Airport

Ascochinga Airport is a public use airport south-southeast of Ascochinga, Cordoba, Argentina.
Basra Governorate

Basra or Al Basrah () is a province in the southeast of Iraq. It has an area of . The capital is also called Basra. 2,565,893 people live in the province.
Wittlingen

Wittlingen is a municipality in Lorrach in Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany.
Shahdol district

Shahdol district is a district of Madhya Pradesh state in India. It is rich in coal, and is a tribal district. Dhanpuri SECL coal mines, the soda factory, Orient Paper Mills, and the Reliance Gas plant are major employers.
Wiz Khalifa

Cameron Jibril Thomaz (born September 8, 1987 in Minot, North Dakota), known by his stage name, Wiz Khalifa, is an American rapper, singer, songwriter, and actor. His stage name comes from Khalifa, an Arabic word meaning "successor", and wisdom, which was shortened to Wiz when Khalifa was a young boy.
He released his first album, Show and Prove, in 2006. He signed to Warner Bros. Records in 2007. His Eurodance-influenced single "Say Yeah" received urban radio airplay and entered the Rhythmic Top 40 and Hot Rap Tracks charts in 2008.
In November 2009, Khalifa released his second album, Deal or No Deal. He released the mixtape Kush and Orange Juice as a free download in April 2010. He then signed with Atlantic Records.
He is also well known for his first single for Atlantic, "Black and Yellow". The single peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100. His fist album for Atlantic, Rolling Papers, was released on March 29, 2011. Khalifa's fourth album O.N.I.F.C. followed on December 4, 2012. It included the singles "Work Hard, Play Hard" and "Remember You".
Khalifa released his fourth album Blacc Hollywood on August 18, 2014, featuring the lead single "We Dem Boyz". In March 2015, he released the song "See You Again" for the soundtrack of the movie Furious 7. It peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 for 12 weeks.