kenhktsui/simple_wikipedia_LM_quality_score_v1 huggingface dataset:
Cell differentiation

Cellular differentiation is how a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type. It is part of developmental biology. Different tissues have different kinds of organelles inside the cells.
Differentiation occurs many times during the development of a multicellular organism. The organism changes from a single zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation is also a common process in adults: adult stem cells divide to make fully-differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover.
Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to changes in gene expression. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. It does involve switching off many genes not needed in a particular tissue. Thus, cells in different tissues may have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.
Cell potency is a cell's ability to differentiate into other cell types. A cell that is able to differentiate into many cell types is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that is able to differentiate into all cell types is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and early embryonic cells are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques.
Apalachicola, Florida

Apalachicola is a city of Florida in the United States.
Simo Häyhä

Simo Hayha (December 17, 1905 - April 1, 2002) was a Finnish soldier. He has the highest recorded number of confirmed sniper kills in any major war. The Russian soldiers began to call him as "White Death". He had over 500 confirmed kills during Winter war, which lasted only 105 days.
Simo Hayha spent his last years in Ruokolahti, a small village in southeastern Finland, near the Russian border. He died at the age of 96 in 2002.
Actor Steven Wiig portrayed Hayha in the 2012 HBO docudrama Hemingway & Gellhorn. Sabaton also wrote a song about Hayha.
Me Wise Magic

"Me Wise Magic" is a 1996 song by hard rock band Van Halen and appears on the 1996 compilation album Best Of - Volume I. It was one of the two tracks released from the album.
1996 songs
Van Halen songs
Hard rock songs
Psychedelic rock songs
Heavy metal
Aimé Halbeher

Aime Halbeher (16 March 1936 - 3 August 2021) was a French political activist and politician. He was born in Paris, France. He was a member of the Central Committee of the French Communist Party from 1976 until 1987.
Halbeher died on 3 August 2021 in Paris, aged 85.
Sergey Koltakov

Sergey Mikhailovich Koltakov (; December 10, 1955 - September 7, 2020) was a Russian actor. He was born in Barnaul, Altai Krai, Soviet Union. He was best known for his roles as Sergei in Mirror for a Hero (1987), Hank in New Adventures of a Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1988) and as Konstatin in The Life of Klim Samgin (1988).
Koltakov died on September 7, 2020 in Moscow, aged 64.
List of Animaniacs episodes

Animaniacs is an American animated series that aired on 1993 until 1998.
Fairfax, Vermont

Fairfax is a town in Franklin County, Vermont, United States.
Henning Jensen

Henning Jenson (17 August 1949 - 4 December 2017) was a Danish footballer. He played as a forward. He played for German club Borussia Monchengladbach, Spanish club Real Madrid, Dutch club Ajax and Danish club AGF Aarhus. He won seven trophies in his club career, including four league titles. He also played for the Denmark national team from 1972 to 1980, scoring nine goals in 21 games. He was born in Norresundby.
Jensen died of a short illness on 4 December 2017, at the age of 68.
1897 Toronto municipal election

Municipal elections were held in Toronto, Canada, on January 4, 1897. Mayor Robert John Fleming was re-elected, defeating Alderman George McMurrich. Fleming's principal campaign pledge was a promise to build a bridge to extend the street railway system to the Toronto Islands, as well as readjusting water rates and reorganizing the boards of education. This was Fleming's fourth mayoral victory, his second in a row. He pledged that this would be his final term in office
Toronto mayor
Results
Robert John Fleming (incumbent) - 11,960
George McMurrich - 10,375
Source:
Board of Control
The Toronto Board of Control was elected by Toronto City Council from among its members, and presided over by the mayor. At the first council meeting following the general election, council chose Aldermen Graham, Lamb, and Leslie to sit on the body, presided over by the mayor.
Plebiscites
A plebiscite was held on authorizing the spending of $275,000 on the completion of the municipal court house and $26,000 for a water main on Front Street. There was also a vote on moving future elections to New Year's Day.
Court House
Yea - 4,635
Nay - 2,196
Water Main
Yea - 4,233
Nay - 2,573
New Year's Day election date
Yea - 16,465
Nay - 4,802
Source:
Aldermen elected to City Council
Four alderman were elected to sit on Toronto City Council in each of six wards. Six incumbent aldermen were defeated in the election.
Montigny-l'Allier

Montigny-l'Allier is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.
Estelle, Louisiana

Estelle is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Jefferson Parish, Louisiana, United States.
Samuel C. Pomeroy

Samuel Clarke Pomeroy (January 3, 1816 - August 27, 1891) was a United States senator from Kansas in the mid-19th century. He was in the United States Senate during the American Civil War. Pomeroy was also in the Massachusetts House of Representatives.He also was the mayor of Atchison, Kansas from 1858 to 1859. He was also the second president of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, and the first president to oversee any of the railroad's construction and operations. Pomeroy succeeded Cyrus K. Holliday as president of the railroad on January 13, 1864. He was a Republican.
Career
Early life
Samuel C. Pomeroy was born on January 3, 1816 at Southampton, Massachusetts. He was a student at Amherst College. Pomeroy was against the politics of slavery. In 1854, he joined the New England Emigrant Aid Company. That fall, he led a group of people to Kansas to help create the city of Lawrence.
1860s
On April 4, 1861, the Kansas legislature elected Pomeroy (along with James Lane) to be one of Kansas's first senators.
1870s
On December 18, 1871, because of Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden urging and after learning of the findings of the Hayden Geological Survey of 1871, Pomeroy introduced the Act of Dedication bill into the Senate. That bill led to the creation of Yellowstone National Park.
2020 United States Senate election in New Jersey

An election happened on November 3, 2020, to elect a Senator from the U.S. state of New Jersey. The three people in the election were Cory Booker (Democratic Party), Rik Mehta (Republican Party) and Madelyn Hoffman (Green Party). There were also two independent people in the election. Cory Booker easily won the election and went back to the senate for a second time.
Two primary elections were held on July 7,2020. There were two people in the Democratic Party primary election and there were five people in the Republican Party primary election. Cory Booker won the Democratic Party primary election and Rik Mehta won the Republican Party primary election.
Jaime Lerner

Jaime Lerner (December 17, 1937 - May 27 , 2021) was a Brazilian politician. He was the governor of the state of Parana, in southern Brazil. He was an architect and urban planner. He was mayor of Curitiba, capital of Parana, three times (1971-75, 1979-84 and 1989-92). In 1994, Lerner was elected governor of Parana, and was reelected in 1998.
Lerner died of kidney disease on May 27, 2021, at the age of 83.
Beneficiary

A beneficiary is someone who gets money or other things from somebody else. For example, in a life insurance policy the beneficiary gets the money after the insured person dies. A beneficiary can also be the person chosen in someone's will. The person or group who gives the money is called the benefactor. In Trust law the beneficiary is the person who receives property from a trustee.
Footpad

A footpad was a type of robber who attacked people who were travelling, they specialised in pedestrian victims. They were common in the British Isles from the time of Elizabeth I to the 1800s. They were thought to be socially inferior to highwaymen (who robbed on horseback), often considered low criminals, opposed to highwaymen who would sometimes become infamous as well as famous. This term was commonly used from the 16th century to the 19th century, but slowly fell out of use.
Footpads always operated on foot, and robbed people after scaring them. Usually operating in the dark, they used this to their advantage by frightening the victim and getting away unseen; some of these crimes were brutally violent, although most commited them out of need and preferred more passive methods.
They opted for this method due to the high price of horses and the incognito factor of the dark. These activities usually took place in gangs.
Balkan Romance languages

The Balkan Romance languages are a branch of Eastern Romance languages spoken in the Balkans. There are four languages in the branch, Aromanian, Romanian (also called Daco-Romanian), Istro-Romanian, and Megleno-Romanian.
Adriano Pimenta

Adriano Pimenta (born 14 November 1982) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Sport Recife.
La Cinq

La Cinq () was France's first privately owned free-to-air television network. Created by Jerome Seydoux and Silvio Berlusconi, the network broadcasted from 1985 to 1992.
Mistral (typeface)

Mistral is a casual script typeface. It was designed by Roger Excoffon for the Fonderie Olive type foundry, and released in 1953. The Amsterdam Type foundry released a version in 1955.
List of Atlantic hurricanes in the 18th century

Atlantic hurricane seasons
Before 1600 1600s 1700s 1800s 1810s 1820s 1830s 1840s 1850s
While information for every storm that happened is not available, some parts of the coastline had enough people to give information of hurricane happenings. Each season was an event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation in the Atlantic basin. Most tropical cyclone formation occurs between June 1 and November 30.
1700-1719
Although not listed below, the Great Storm of 1703 that struck the Kingdom of England may have been a hurricane.
1720-1739
1740-1759
1760-1769
1770-1779
1780-1789
The 1780 Atlantic hurricane season was a very deadly hurricane season. About 25,000 people died mainly due to three storms in October.
A hurricane affected Puerto Rico on June 19, 1780.
The second hurricane seen hit New Orleans, causing a lot of damage.
A hurricane hit Jamaica on October 5, it also hit Cuba. The storm killed about 1115 people. This was also known as the Savanna-la-Mar Hurricane.
The Great Hurricane of 1780 killed 22,000 people in the eastern Caribbean Sea. Making it the deadliest Atlantic hurricane ever seen.
A powerful hurricane in the Eastern Gulf of Mexico from October 17 to the 21st killed 2,000 people. Also known as Solano's Hurricane.
During late October, a storm hit Barbados and St. Lucia.
A storm moved along the East Coast of the United States on November 17.
Portugal national under-20 football team

The Portugal national under-20 football team is the national under-20 football team of Portugal. It it controlled by the Portuguese Football Federation.
ABC Spark

ABC Spark is a Canadian English language channel. It is owned by Corus Entertainment. The channel was launched on March 26, 2012.
Yamato no Kuni no Miyatsuko

The Yamato no Kuni no Miyatsuko (Wei Guo Zao ) was a Japanese noble family that used to rule that Yamato Province.
João Carlos

Joao Carlos (John Charles in Portuguese) may refer to:
Joao Carlos, Prince of Beira (1821-1822), Portuguese prince
Joao Carlos (football manager) (born 1956), Joao Carlos da Silva Costa, Brazilian football manager
Joao Carlos (footballer, born 1972), Joao Carlos dos Santos, Brazilian football defender
Joao Carlos (footballer, born 1982), Joao Carlos Pinto Chaves, Brazilian football centre-back
Joao Carlos (footballer, born 1992), Joao Carlos dos Santos Torres, Brazilian football right-back
Joao Carlos (footballer, born 1987), Joao Carlos de Castro Ferreira, Brazilian football forward
Joao Carlos (footballer, born 1988), Joao Carlos Heidemann, Brazilian football goalkeeper
Joao Carlos (footballer, born 1989), Joao Miguel Martins Pais De Carlos, Portuguese football winger
Joao Carlos (footballer, born 1995), Joao Carlos Cardoso Santo, Brazilian football forward
Homestead (buildings)

A homestead is a largely self sufficient farmhouse.
Basal ganglia

The basal ganglia (or basal nuclei) are three areas under the cerebral cortex. They are part of the cerebrum (forebrain), and connected to the midbrain and the thalamus. They are vital to movement, and damage here results in damaged ability to move.
The three areas are:
striatum
caudate nucleus
putamen
pallidum (or globus pallidus)
substantia nigra
nucleus accubens
subthalamic nucleus
The range of behaviours controlled by the nuclei is wide. They control eye movements. They do voluntary motor control, learning procedures for routine behaviors or "habits", and cognitive emotional functions.
The basal ganglia also control motivation. They select actions, that is, the choice of what to do at a given time. Experimental studies show that the basal ganglia inhibit (suppress) a number of motor systems. A release of this inhibition lets a motor system act. This "behaviour switching" is influenced by signals from many parts of the brain, including the prefrontal cortex, which plays a key role in doing things.
Evolution
The basal ganglia form one of the basic components of the forebrain, and can be recognized in all species of vertebrates. Even in the lamprey (one of the most primitive vertebrates) striatal, pallidal, and nigral elements can be identified by their anatomy and histochemistry.
Extra Playful

Extra Playful is the third EP by multi-instrumentalist John Cale. It was released in September 2011. It was his first album on Double Six Records label.
Track listing
All songs written and composed by John Cale.
Kingdom of León

The Kingdom of Leon was an independent kingdom in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. It was founded in 910 A.D. The Atlantic provinces became the Kingdom of Portugal in 1139, and the eastern, inland part of the kingdom was joined to the Kingdom of Castile by 1230. It is now Leon (province).
Tommy Atkins

Tommy Atkins (often just Tommy) is a term for a common soldier in the British Army. The term was used in the 19th century, but it is particularly associated with World War I. It can be used when talking about the soldiers, or when speaking to them. German soldiers would call out to "Tommy" across no man's land if they wanted to speak to a British soldier. French and Commonwealth troops would also call British soldiers "Tommies".
Harry Patch, who died aged 111 on 25 July 2009 was known as the "Last Tommy" because he was the last surviving British soldier who fought in World War I.
Singapore Chinese Orchestra

The Singapore Chinese Orchestra (SCO) is Singapore's only professional Chinese orchestra.
As the main one of local performing arts groups, the SCO has the patronage of Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong. It is located at the Singapore Conference Hall since 2001 after the revamp of the building. Under the baton of music director Sheng Hui, the 70-strong orchestra aspires to introduce Chinese orchestral music to an ever-broadening audience.
SMRT Trains

SMRT Trains Limited () is a rail operator in Singapore and a wholly owned subsidiary of SMRT Corporation. It was first known as Mass Rapid Transit Corporation (MRTC) when the company was founded in 6 August 1987. It was renamed Singapore MRT Limited before becoming its current name, SMRT Trains in 2004.
Yoshiyuki Matsuyama

is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team. His brother Hiroaki Matsuyama is also former footballer.
Biography
Matsuyama was born in Kyoto on July 31, 1966. After graduating from Waseda University, he joined Japan Soccer League club Furukawa Electric in 1989. The club won the 2nd place at the 1990 JSL Cup. He moved to Matsushita Electric (later Gamba Osaka) in 1991. He played 120 matches and scored 15 goals for the club. In 1997, he moved to his local club Kyoto Purple Sanga. He retired end of 1997 season.
In April 1987, when Matsuyama was a Waseda University student, he was selected the Japan national team for 1988 Summer Olympics qualification. At this qualification, on April 8, he debuted against Indonesia. He played 10 games and scored 4 goals for Japan until 1989.
Abu Hanifah

Abu Hanifa al-Nu'man b. Thabit b. Zuta b. Marzuban (c. September 5, 699 - June 14, 767) was known as Abu Hanifa, or as Imam Abu Hanifa by Sunni Muslims. He was an 8th-century Iraqi Sunni Muslim theologian and jurist.
Abu Hanifa founded the Hanafi school of orthodox Sunni jurisprudence. This is still the most widely practiced law school in the Sunni tradition. He is often spoken of as al-Imam al-a'zam ("The Great Imam") and Siraj al-a`imma ("The Lamp of the Imams") in Sunni Islam.
Jeffrey Kramer

Jeffrey Kramer (born July 15, 1945) is an American movie and television actor. He is best known for roles in Jaws, Halloween II and Santa Claus: The Movie.
Sylvirana guentheri

Gunther's Amoy frog, Guenther's Amoy frog, Gunther's frog, Guenther's frog, Gunther's red-and-black frog or Gunther's brown frog (Sylvirana guentheri) is a frog from Vietnam, China and Taiwan. People have brought this frog to Guam. It can live as high as 1100 meters above sea level.
Appearance
The adult male frog is 63 to 68 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 75 to 76 mm long. The hind legs are about one and a half times as long as the body. It has vomerine teeth and a large tongue. It has a fold of skin on each side of its body, running from the eye down to the hip. This frog has a brown or yellow-brown back and a white belly.
Life cyle
The female frog lays eggs in rice fields and streams where the water does not move quickly. The tadpoles are silver-white in color. They have stripes running from their noses to their eyes and a dark spot behind each eye.
Chemicals
This frog makes chemicals on its skin. It makes (Val1)-bradykinin to stop larger animals from eating it. It also has antibiotics on its skin: guentherin, brevinin-2GHa, brevinin-2GHb, brevinin-2GHc, and temporin-GH.
Danger to humans
The parasite Angiostrongylus cantonensis, or rat lungworm, can live in this frog. This parasite gives humans the disease angiostrongyliasis and makes the membranes around the brain swell, which is very dangerous.
Alexandria, New Hampshire

Alexandria is a town in Grafton County, New Hampshire, United States.
Fernando (song)

"Fernando" is a song from the Swedish music group ABBA. It was released in March 1976.
The song is one of ABBA's best selling singles. It sold over six million copies in 1976 alone.
The song is available in the Spanish, Swedish and English languages.
Preta Gil

Preta Maria Gadelha Gil Moreira () (born August 8, 1974), known as Preta Gil (), is a Brazilian singer and actress. She is the daughter of Gilberto Gil, a famous musician and former Minister of Culture in Brazil.
Eppelsheim

Eppelsheim is a village (Ortsgemeinde) in the Alzey-Worms district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.
Geography
Eppelsheim lies on a high plateau in the Rhenish Hesse wine region.
Politics
Municipal council
The village has a council that governs it. The council has 16 members. These members are elected by the people of the village. In the 2014 election, 9 members of the FWG and 7 of the SPD were elected.
The honorary mayor is Ute Klenk-Kaufmann.
Coat of arms
The village's arms has two halves. They are divided vertically. On the left is a crowned lion. It is standing on its hind legs and facing left. The right half has a green branch with two green apples.
Culture
Museums
Deinotherium at the town hall
The Dinotherium-Museum in Eppelsheim holds fossil remains of mammals from deposits about ten million years old from the prehistoric Rhine near Eppelsheim. These deposits are known as the Deinotherium Sands, because they often contain teeth and bones from the extinct proboscid deinotherium.
Paleontological discoveries
Besides the dinotherium fossils, the femur of a Paidopithex rhenanus was found in the area in the 19th century. This was a now-extinct catarrhine primate.
In 2017, researchers reported finding teeth of an ape dating to about 9.7 million years ago. The teeth seem to belong to a kind of ape similar to Lucy (Australopithecus afarensis), but that animal first appeared in Africa more than 4 million years later.
Dayananda Saraswati

Dayananda Saraswati (, Maharshi Dayanand Sarasvati) born (12 February 1824 - 30 October 1883), at Tankara was an important Hindu religious leader of his time. He was the founder of the Arya Samaj, a Hindu reform movement of the Vedic tradition. He was a scholar of Vedic lore and Sanskrit language. He was the first to give the call for Swarajya as "India for Indians" in 1876.
Maharshi Dayananda taught the doctrine of Karma (Karmasiddhanta in Hinduism) and Reincarnation (Punarjanma in Hinduism). He emphasized the Vedic ideals of brahmacharya (celibacy) and Bhakti (devotion to God). He promoted equal rights for women. This included the right to education and reading of Indian scriptures. He was against child marriage. He was also against idol worshipping and animal sacrifice. He spoke out against other religions, especially Islam and Christianity. He felt they were out to destroy the Hindu faith.
Kuruş

Kurus (derived from the German Groschen; Ottoman Turkish: Grwsh gurus) is a smaller unit of Turkish currency. Since 2005, one new Turkish lira is equal to 100 kurus. It was first introduced in 1688.
ZTE

ZTE (Chinese: Zhong Xing Tong Xun ) (Zhong Xing Telecommunication Equipment Company Limited) is a publicly owned, Chinese business that designs and builds telecommunications equipment and systems.
The company is located in Shenzhen, and was started in 1985 ZTE offers a many telecommunications products that provide services, such as video on demand and streaming media to its customers, which are mainly people that provide telecommunications services.
In 1997, the company was listed on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange, and since December 2004 has been listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange. It is included in the Hang Seng China Enterprises Index.
ZTE has 13 of its own R&D centers in China, USA, Sweden and Korea.
More than 10% of ZTE's annual income goes to R&D. The company has partnerships with large international companies such as: Intel, Microsoft, IBM, Alcatel, Qualcomm, Analog Devices, Accenture, Texas Instruments, Freescale, Agere Systems and ADI.
Cass County, Iowa

Cass County is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. In the 2020 census, 13,127 people lived there. The county seat is Atlantic.
Giuseppe Galasso

Giuseppe Galasso (19 November 1929 - 12 February 2018) was an Italian historian and politician. He was born in Rome. He was a member of the Chamber of Deputies from 1983 to 1994.
Galasso died in Rome of prostate cancer on 12 February 2018 at the age of 88.
Paquita Rico

Francisca Rico Martinez (13 October 1929 - 9 July 2017), better known as Paquita Rico, was a Spanish actress and singer. She was born in Triana, Seville. She appeared in 30 movies between 1948 and 1983. She starred in the movie Let's Make the Impossible!, which was entered into the 8th Berlin International Film Festival.
Rico died at a hospital in Seville, Spain from pneumonia on 9 July 2017 at the age of 87.
Saint-Yan Airport

Saint-Yan Airport () , also known as Charolais Bourgogne Sud Airport, is an airport in Saint-Yan, a commune of the Saone-et-Loire department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comte region of France. A campus of the Ecole nationale de l'aviation civile (French civil aviation university) is located on the airport.
Pancy-Courtecon

Pancy-Courtecon is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.
Cesare Salvadori

Cesare Salvadori (22 September 1941 - 8 August 2021) was an Italian sabre fencer. He won a gold medal at the 1972 Summer Olympics and two silver medals at the 1964 and 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Turin, Italy.
Salvadori died on 8 August 2021 in Turin at the age of 79.
Weesp

Weesp is a former municipality in the Dutch province of North Holland. In 2021, about 20,400 people lived there.
Since 24 March 2022, it has been part of the new municipality of Amsterdam.
David Steel

David Martin Scott Steel, Baron Steel of Aikwood (born 31 March 1938) is a British retired Liberal politician.
Steel served as the Leader of the Liberal Party from 1976 until its merger with the Social Democratic Party in 1988 to form the Liberal Democrats. He served as a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1965 to 1997 and as a Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) from 1999 to 2003.
Dr. Luigi

Dr. Luigi a puzzle video game for the Wii U console. It was developed by Nintendo and Arika. It was released in North America on December 31, 2013, and in Europe on January 15, 2014.
Gameplay
The gameplay of Dr. Luigi is to make sure vitamins of the same color are lined up together. There are three colors of vitamins: red, blue, and yellow. The player has to clear the field of viruses by dropping capsules with two colors on them. The player moves the capsules as they fall by moving them left or right and rotating them. The player gets points by killing viruses. The game ends if the bottle fills up with capsules.
There are four different modes. "Retro Remedy" is played like other Dr. Mario games. In "Operation L", capsules that are shaped like an L are dropped into the playing field. In "Virus Buster", players hold the Wii U GamePad vertically, and use the controller's touch screen to drop the capsules onto the playing field. In "Online Battle", players can play against other people through online multiplayer.
Sphaenorhynchus prasinus

Bokermann's lime tree frog (Sphaenorhynchus prasinus) is a frog. It lives in Brazil.
Obergefell v. Hodges

Obergefell v. Hodges was a landmark decision United States Supreme Court case. The Court held that the recognition and provision of same-sex marriage is a fundamental right. They ruled it is guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
Not one lawsuit
The U.S. Supreme Court case, Obergefell v. Hodges, is not the result of one lawsuit. Instead, it is the result of a consolidation of six lower-court cases originally representing sixteen same-sex couples, seven of their children, a widower, an adoption agency, and a funeral director. The original cases hail from the four states of Michigan, Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee. All six federal district courts ruled for the same-sex couples and other claimants. The lead plaintiff in the case was Jim Obergefell. He had challenged Ohio's ban on same-sex marriage. He filed the lawsuit because he could not put his name on his partner, John Arthur's death certificate. Ohio would not recognize their marriage in Maryland.
Decision
The dissents in the Obergefell case argued that this decision was not based in law. Chief Justice Roberts, in his dissenting opinion, explained the Obergefell plaintiffs' "'fundamental right' claim falls into the most sensitive category of constitutional adjudication." The claim is not based on a right mentioned in the constitution. Instead, it was argued that it discrimination against "a right implied by the Fourteenth Amendment's requirement that 'liberty' may not be deprived without 'due process of law.'"
On June 26, 2015, Obergefell requires all states to issue a license to marry between all people of the same sex. It requires all states to recognize same-sex marriages performed in other jurisdictions.
Raphael Hofer

Raphael Hofer (born 14 February 2003) is an Austrian professional footballer. He plays as a forward for Liefering. He also played for the U19 of FC Salzburg in the UEFA Youth League 2021-22.
Career
He started his career with SV Mauerkirchen and then with SV Ried. In 2016 he went on to FC Red Bull Salzburg. He played for the Red Bull Academy in all three stages. In 2021 he went on to FC Liefering. He played his first match for Liefering in July 2021 where got subbed on for Forson Amankwah in the 89th minute. For the 2023/24 season he was loaned to FC Blau-Weiss Linz.
Kuthiala

Kothiala is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.
Yoshikiyo Kuboyama

Yoshikiyo Kuboyama (born 21 July 1976) is a former Japanese football player.
Peter Thorburn

Peter Robert Tyler Thorburn (19 March 1939 - 26 January 2021) was a New Zealand rugby union player and coach. He was born in Auckland. He played as a flanker. He played for Auckland until 1985. He coached North Harbour in New Zealand from 1985 to 1991. He later coached Bristol (2001-03) and later the United States national team (2006-07).
Thorburn in Takapuna on 26 January 2021. He was 81.
Francis, Duke of Châtellerault

Francois de Bourbon (or Francis of Bourbon), Duke of Chatellerault (1492 - 13 September 1515) was a French prince from the House of Bourbon-Montpensier, a cadet branch of the House of Bourbon (itself a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty). He was the brother of Louis II, Count of Montpensier, Charles III, Duke of Bourbon (also known as The Constable of Bourbon), Louise de Bourbon, Duchess of Montpensier, and Renee of Bourbon (who became Duchess of Lorraine on 26 June 1515, less than three months before Francois's death).
Life
Francois de Bourbon was the third and youngest son of Gilbert de Bourbon, the Count of Montpensier, and his noble Italian wife Clara Gonzaga, with both of Francois's parents dying before he even became a teenager. Francois fought loyally under the command of his elder brother Charles in Guyenne and Navarre and was rewarded for his services by Francis I of France with the Duchy of Chatellerault in February 1514. Francois de Bourbon was killed in action on 13 September 1515 at the Battle of Marignano (in what is now the northern Italian city of Melegnano, in Lombardy) against the Swiss during the Italian Wars. After Francois's death, the Duchy of Chatellerault passed onto Francois's elder brother Charles, who was already Duke of Bourbon. After Charles's death in 1527 during the Sack of Rome, French King Francis I's mother Louise of Savoy inherited the Duchy of Chatellerault, with it becoming a part of the French royal domain after Louise's death in 1531. Later on, the Duchy of Chatellerault was given to Charles II de Valois, Duke of Orleans, the third and youngest son of Francis I of France.
Francois de Bourbon never married but was rumored to have had an illegitimate daughter named Isabelle de Bourbon (who allegedly married a Spaniard named Laurent Suarez, the Count of Corunna), but this was never actually proven.
Paul Rand

Paul Rand (born Peretz Rosenbaum; August 15, 1914 - November 26, 1996) was an influential American graphic designer, best known for his corporate logo designs, including the iconic logos for IBM, ABC, and UPS. Rand was a pioneer of the modernist movement in graphic design and is widely regarded as one of the most important and influential designers of the 20th century. His work was characterized by simplicity, wit, and elegance, and he was known for his ability to distill complex ideas into memorable and timeless designs. Rand was also a prolific writer and educator, and his books, including "Thoughts on Design" and "Design, Form, and Chaos," are still widely read and studied today. Throughout his career, Rand was honored with numerous awards and accolades, including induction into the Art Directors Club Hall of Fame and the New York City Art Directors Club Hall of Fame.
Early life and Education
Paul Rand was born as Peretz Rosenbaum on August 15, 1914, in Brooklyn, New York, to Jewish immigrants from Russia. He grew up in a working-class family and was the youngest of three sons. Rand showed an early interest in art and design, often drawing cartoons and designing posters for his school's events.
Early Career
Rand attended the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, where he studied advertising and illustration. During his time at Pratt, Rand became interested in the work of modernist designers such as Jan Tschichold and Laszlo Moholy-Nagy. He also studied the works of artists such as Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, whose cubist style would later influence his design work.
After completing his studies at Pratt in 1932, Rand worked as a freelance designer and illustrator. He also studied at the Art Students League of New York, where he honed his skills in drawing and painting.
Elizabeth Edwards

Elizabeth Anania Edwards (born Mary Elizabeth Anania; July 3, 1949 - December 7, 2010) was an American author, health care activist and attorney. She was married to John Edwards, a United States Senator from North Carolina and a former vice-presidential nominee.
Edwards was born in Jacksonville, Florida. She died from breast cancer at age 61, in Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
Scinax

Scinax is a genus of frogs (snouted treefrogs) in the family Hylidae. These frogs live in eastern and southern Mexico to Argentina and Uruguay, Trinidad and Tobago, and Saint Lucia. These are small to medium-sized tree frogs. Duellman and Wiens brought this genus back into use in 1992. The name originates from the Greek word skinos, meaning fast-moving or nimble.
Women's National Basketball League

The Women's National Basketball League (WNBL) is the main women's professional basketball league in Australia. It currently has ten teams. The league was started in 1981. It is the women's counterpart to the National Basketball League (NBL). The regular season is played from October to March. The Grand Final is in either late February or early March.
Some WNBL teams have NBL counterparts. The Adelaide Lightning, West Coast Waves, and Sydney Flames are the only current teams to play sharing the market with an NBL team.
Teams
The WNBL currently has 10 teams.
Incredibox

Incredibox is a music video game, made and released by the French company So Far So Good. To play, users must drag and drop sound icons onto the "polos", or the characters, to make music. Players can use combos to unlock animated bonuses and record their mixes for a ranking. There is an automatic mode that randomly places sounds icons.
Gameplay
Incredibox is an app where the player can use 7 beatboxers to make a mix. Once they pick one from the available 8 versions, they are brought to an interface. This interface shows 20 available sound icons, divided into 4 categories: beat, effects, melodies and voices. Each icon is a unique acappella sound loop to drag and drop onto the polos.
Khobar

Khobar is a city in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia, located on the coast of the Persian Gulf. It is one of the most populous cities in the Gulf Cooperation Council, with a population of 9,41,357 in 2012.
Ohio County, West Virginia

Ohio County is a county in West Virginia. It was created in 1776. It was named for the Ohio River which forms its western border. West Liberty (formerly Black's Cabin) was the county seat from 1777 to 1797. The city of Wheeling, West Virginia has been the county seat since then. As of 2010, 44,443 people lived there.
Ohio County is part of the Wheeling, West Virginia metropolitan area.
Bordering counties
Brooke County (north)
Washington County, Pennsylvania (east)
Marshall County (south)
Belmont County, Ohio (west)
Jefferson County, Ohio (northwest)
Ohio County is one of four US counties to border the state with whom it shares its name (the others are Nevada County, California, Texas County, Oklahoma, and Delaware County, Pennsylvania).
Spoonbill

Spoonbills are a group of large, long-legged wading birds in the family Threskiornithidae, which also includes the Ibises.
All have large, flat, spatulate bills and feed by wading through shallow water, sweeping the partly-opened bill from side to side. The moment any small aquatic creature touches the inside of the bill--an insect, crustacean, or tiny fish--it is snapped shut. Spoonbills generally prefer fresh water to salt but are found in both environments. They need to feed many hours each day.
Spoonbills are monogamous, but, so far as is known, only for one season at a time. Most species nest in trees or reed-beds, often with ibises or herons.
Aruba

Aruba is an island in the Caribbean Sea, just north of the Venezuelan Paraguana Peninsula. It is in the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Unlike much of the Caribbean region, it has a dry climate and an arid, cactus-strewn landscape. This climate has helped tourism, because visitors to the island can reliably expect warm, sunny weather.
The island broke off from the Netherlands Antilles in 1986, hoping to gain its independence by 1996. In 1990, that effort stopped at the request of the island people.
Aruba is one of the four countries that form the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The other nations are the Netherlands, Curacao and Sint Maarten. The citizens of these countries all share a single nationality: Dutch.
About three quarters of the Aruban gross national product is earned through tourism or related activities.
The island came into the news after U.S. high school student Natalee Holloway disappeared on a graduation trip on May 30, 2005. Today, some refer to Aruba as "One Happy Island".
Geography
Aruba is a generally flat, riverless island. It is in the southern part of the Caribbean Sea. The western and southern beaches have white sandy beaches. They are generally protected from the ocean currents. This is one of the reasons Aruba is a popular tourist location.
Together with Bonaire and Curacao, Aruba forms a group referred to as the ABC islands. Collectively, Aruba and the other Dutch islands in the Caribbean are often called the Dutch Caribbean.
Aruba has no administrative subdivisions. For census purposes, it is divided into eight regions. Its capital is Oranjestad.
People
The Aruba population is about 75% mixed, 15% black, and 10% white. The first inhabitants of Aruba were the Caiquetio Indians of the Arawak tribe from Venezuela.
Rose syrup

The Pakistani Rose Syrup or the Iconic Rooh Afza (Pakistani dessert drink) - is the Official "National non-alcoholic Sherbet of Pakistan" respectively. Rooh Afza is often prepared as part of Iftar (the evening meal for breaking the fast or Roza), during Ramadan (the holy month of fasting for Muslims). The concentrate can also be mixed with water, which is a common preparation in the hot Pakistani summer. When mixed with water, the final drink is a type of Sharbat.
Valines

Valines is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France.
Quincy, California

Quincy (formerly Quinsy) is a census-designated place (CDP) of California in the United States. It is the county seat of Plumas County. As of the 2020 census, 1,630 people lived in Quincy.
Propithecus

Propithecus is the genus of the sifakas. They are a genus of lemur in Madagascar. Nine species have been identified. They cannot run on all four legs because their legs are much longer than their arms. Instead, they bounce along the forest floor, jumping from one foot to the other, holding their arms up in the air. Some of them are critically endangered species.
Hans Ferdinand Linskens

Hans Ferdinand Linskens (Lahr, Germany, May 22, 1921-August 13, 2007) was a German scientist. He did research in botany and genetics. He was professor of botany at the Radboud University Nijmegen from 1957 to 1986. Linskens was the editor-in-chief of the scientific journals Theoretical and Applied Genetics (1977 to 1987) and Sexual Plant Reproduction. He was also an influential editor of handbooks.
Linskens was an elected member of the Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina, Linnean Society of London, Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, and the Academie Royale des Sciences de Belgique.
Oscar Ustari

Oscar Ustari (born 3 July 1986) is an Argentine football player. He has played for Argentina national team.
Paul Andreu

Paul Andreu (10 July 1938 - 11 October 2018) was a French architect. He was known for his designs of multiple airports. He was most recently a professor of architecture at Zhejiang University and had a private practice. He was born in Cauderan (Gironde), in southwest France.
Andreau was known for his designs in Ninoy Aquino International Airport (Manila), Soekarno-Hatta International Airport (Jakarta), Shanghai Pudong International Airport in China, Abu Dhabi International Airport, Dubai International Airport, Cairo International Airport, Brunei International Airport, and the Charles de Gaulle Airport, and Orly Airport in Paris.
Andreau died on 11 October 2018 at the age of 80.
Political corruption

Political corruption is using powers of government officials or their network contacts for inappropriate private gain.
The forms of corruption are very different between one another. Examples of political corruption are lobbying, bribery, extortion (which refers when to someone commits blackmail or bribery against or threatens other people through putting a feeling of fear by telling certain people something will happen if the victim does not comply), nepotism (the unfair use of power for receiving job employments or benefits by family or friends), patronage (improperly using state money/goods to reward families, certain groups or races in exchange for voting for certain political party members) and embezzlement. Corruption is often linked to human trafficking, money laundering and drug trafficking. But political corruptions are not limited to these illegal acts. Misuse of government power for certain other purposes, an example of which is police brutality is also classified as political corruption.
Political corruption hurts democracy by going against the formal process. Corruption in elections and in legislature reduces responsibility and falsely represents the related creations of policies.
Economies having a high level of political corruption tend to not be as financially successful as one that has low level corruption. Political corruption not only threatens justice and ethical values. Recalls of loans by international banks, along with massive selling of emerging market stocks from international mutual funds, is associated with (and can actually cause) crises in economics and currency problems in certain countries. Examples of these problems are in Asia, Africa and Central America.
Field hockey at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament

The women's field hockey tournament at the 2012 Summer Olympics was the 9th version of the field hockey tournament at the Summer Olympics.
It began on 29 July, and ended on 10 August. The Netherlands won the tournament over Argentina.
Grand Prairie, Texas

Grand Prairie is a city in Dallas County, Tarrant County, Ellis County in the state of Texas. It is a rather big city with a population of 175,336 people in 2010. Grand Prairie is part of a bigger region known as the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex made up of Dallas and Fort Worth and their suburbs or cities outside of them.
Bending

This article is about the structural behavior. For other meanings see Bending (disambiguation).
In engineering and mechanics, bending (also known as flexure) characterizes the behavior of a structural element subjected to a lateral load (i.e. at right angles to its length).
A structural element subjected to bending is known as a beam. Stiffness is its ability to resist bending.
A closet rod sagging under the weight of clothes is an example of a beam experiencing bending.
Sandy Oaks, Texas

Sandy Oaks is a city in Bexar County, Texas, United States.
Iguana

Iguana is a type of lizard that lives in tropical areas of Central and South America and the Caribbean. There are only two species of Iguana: the Green Iguana and the Lesser Antillean Iguana
Appearance
The two species of lizard both have a dewlap, a row of spines running down their back to their tail, and a third eye on their head. This eye is known as the parietal eye, which looks just like a pale scale on the top of their head. Behind their neck are small scales which look like spikes, and are called tuberculate scales. They also have a large round scale on their cheek called a subtympanic shield.
Senses
Iguanas have excellent vision and can see long distances, shapes, shadows, color and movement. An iguana uses its eyes to navigate through trees and forests, as well as for finding food. They also use their eyes to communicate with members of the same species. An iguana's ear is called a tympanum. It is the iguana's ear drum and is found right above the subtympanic shield and behind the eye. This is a very thin, delicate part of the iguana, and is very important to its hearing.
Kaposi's sarcoma

Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a type of cancer that can form masses in the skin, lymph nodes, or other organs. The skin lesions are usually purple in color. They can appear singularly, in a limited area, or be widespread. Lesions may be flat or raised.
Tenerife airport disaster

The Tenerife airport disaster happened on March 27, 1977, when two Boeing 747s collided on the ground of Los Rodeos Airport (now Tenerife North Airport). This crash killed 583 people on board the two flights.
The crash was caused for multiple reasons.
The KLM captain wanted to takeoff quickly so that he could return to Amsterdam as soon as possible. Because of a radio heterodyne, this made him misunderstand a partly garbled transmission into thinking that he was cleared by the Air Traffic Controller to takeoff, and so he began his takeoff roll, not knowing that the Pan American 747 was still on the runway.. At that time, the Tenerife North Airport did not have ground radar, so the controllers could not know that the KLM flight was taking off.
Another reason was the fog surrounding the airport. The bad weather reduced the visibility, meaning both pilots and the controllers could not see. Because of the fog, the pilots only saw each other at the last minute, when prevention of the crash was impossible. If there was no fog, the KLM crew would have seen the Pan Am plane on the runway and would not have taken off.
During the takeoff roll of KLM 4805, the crew of the Pan Am radioed that they were still taxiing down the runway. The KLM flight crew heard this and asked themselves if the Pan American was still on the runway, to which the captain then replied "oh yes".
A few seconds later, the crew of both aircraft spot each other, the captain of the Pan Am exclaiming, "there he is, that goddamn son of a bitch is coming, he's coming", and "get off, get off, get off", as full thrust was applied in an attempt to get his aircraft off the runway out of the way of the oncoming KLM.
In an attempt to leave the ground before collision, the captain rotates his aircraft, causing a tailstrike that lasts a few hundred feet. Just as the KLM leaves the ground, both 747s collide and explode, dealing major damage to the almost stationary Pan Am airplane. The KLM, without engines and main landing gear, descends back down to the runway and crashes, skidding along the pavement and explodes, killing everyone on board.
It was the worst accident in the history of aviation.
Maximilian, Margrave of Baden

Maximilian, Margrave of Baden (Maximilian Andreas Friedrich Gustav Ernst August Bernhard; born 3 July 1933-29 December 2022), was the elder son of Berthold, Margrave of Baden and Princess Theodora of Greece and Denmark.
Through his mother, he was the oldest living nephew of Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. He was first cousin to Charles III. He was the head of the Grand-Ducal House of Baden.
Olsberg

Olsberg could mean:
Olsberg, Germany, a town in Sauerland, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
Olsberg, Switzerland, a commune in Rheinfelden district in Aargau, Switzerland
Olsberg, France, a village in the departement of Moselle
Laddonia, Missouri

Laddonia is a city in Audrain County, Missouri, United States.