Algeria

Algeria ( or ), officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in North Africa, the tenth largest country in the world, and the largest country in Africa. It is part of the Maghreb region of Northwest Africa.
Algiers is the capital of the country. It has borders with many nations. Algeria borders Tunisia to the northeast, Libya to the east, Niger to the southeast, Mauritania and Mali to the southwest, Western Sahara to the west, and Morocco to the northwest.
History
People have lived in Algeria for thousands of years, which can be seen in the cave paintings at Tassili National Park that date to around 7000BC. By 600 BC, Phoenicians were in Hippo Regius (now called Annaba), Rusicade (now Skikda), and Tipasa in the central coastal part of the country. The Romans would annex (take over) the region by the conclusion of the Punic Wars in 146BC, with what is now modern-day Algeria staying in Roman hands till the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century and the region being taken over by the Germanic Vandals.
Algeria would become part of the Islamic world when the first Muslim Arabs came to Algeria in the mid-7th century, resulting in many people converting to the new religion of Islam. In the 11th century, the Arab tribes of Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym were living between Tunisia and eastern Algeria (Constantois). The famous mathematician, Fibonacci (1170--1250) lived in Algeria as a teenager. This is where he learned the Hindu-Arabic numeral system. Algeria was made part of the Ottoman Empire in 1517. Enslavement of black people was practiced there as it was throughout the empire.
In the 1500s and 1700s, the Spanish Empire ruled a lot of Algeria. Spain was expelled from Algeria by the Ottomans. France colonized Algeria starting in 1830. In 1954, the National Liberation Front (Front de Liberation Nationale or FLN) wanted freedom from France. They fought a war against France to free Algeria. It became independent from France on July 5, 1962.
In 1963 Ahmed Ben Bella became the first President of Algeria.
The Algerian Civil War began in 1991 and ended in 2002. The government decided to end the state of emergency on February 24, 2011.
Geography
A large part of southern Algeria is the Sahara Desert. The Aures and Nememcha mountain ranges are in the north. The highest point is Mount Tahat (3,003 m).
Languages
The two official languages of Algeria are Arabic and Berber.
Berber was made an official language in 2002.
Many Algerians speak French. French is considered the lingua franca of Algeria.
Economy
In Algeria, the government plays a big role in the economy. They have large stakes in many companies.
Algeria has a lot of oil and gas reserves.
Population
Algeria's population is about 45 million people. There are over 40 cities with more than 100,000 people.
Islam is the country's main religion.
Algeria used to have one of the oldest and largest Jewish communities in the world. Jews have been in the country since the first century. Now only 200 Jews live in the country.
Politics
The Parliament of Algeria is made up of two chambers:
The Council of the Nation (Upper Chamber)
The People's National Assembly (Lower Chamber)
Provinces
There are 58 provinces in Algeria. In 2019, the number of provinces was changed from 48 to 58. The provinces are:
1 Adrar
2 Chlef
3 Laghouat
4 Oum el Bouaghi
5 Batna
6 Bejaia
7 Biskra
8 Bechar
9 Blida
10 Bouira
11 Tamanghasset
12 Tebessa
13 Tlemcen
14 Tiaret
15 Tizi Ouzou
16 Algiers
17 Djelfa
18 Jijel
19 Setif
20 Saida
21 Skikda
22 Sidi Bel Abbes
23 Annaba
24 Guelma
25 Constantine
26 Medea
27 Mostaganem
28 M'Sila
29 Mascara
30 Ouargla
31 Oran
32 El Bayadh
33 Illizi
34 Bordj Bou Arreridj
35 Boumerdes
36 El Tarf
37 Tindouf
38 Tissemsilt
39 El Oued
40 Khenchela
41 Souk Ahras
42 Tipasa
43 Mila
44 Ain Defla
45 Naama
46 Ain Temouchent
47 Ghardaia
48 Relizane
49 El M'Ghair
50 El Menia
51 Ouled Djellal
52 Bordj Baji Mokhtar
53 Beni Abbes
54 Timimoun
55 Touggourt
56 Djanet
57 In Salah
58 In Guezzam
UNESCO World Heritage Sites
There are several UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Algeria including Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad, the first capital of the Hammadid empire; Tipasa, a Phoenician and later Roman town; and Djemila and Timgad, both Roman ruins; M'Zab Valley, a limestone valley containing a large urbanized oasis; also the Casbah of Algiers is an important citadel. The only natural World Heritage Sites is the Tassili n'Ajjer, a mountain range.