kenhktsui/simple_wikipedia_LM_quality_score_v1 huggingface dataset:
Kary Mullis

Kary Banks Mullis (December 28, 1944 - August 7, 2019) was an American biochemist. In 1993, he shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Michael Smith for his role in discovering the development of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
Career
The process of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was first described by Kjell Kleppe and 1968 Nobel laureate H. Gobind Khorana. It allows specific DNA sequences to be amplified (multiplied hugely). Mullis greatly improved the technique, and it became a standard tool in DNA research.
In 1983, Mullis was working for Cetus Corp. as a chemist. That spring, according to Mullis, he was driving his vehicle late one night, when he had the idea to use a pair of primers to bracket the desired DNA sequence and to copy it using DNA polymerase. This would allow a small strand of DNA to be copied almost an infinite number of times. Cetus took Mullis off his usual projects to concentrate on PCR full-time. Mullis succeeded in demonstrating PCR on December 16, 1983.
Cetus paid him a mere $10,000 for the discovery but later sold it to Hoffmann-La Roche, owned by Roche Holding Ltd., for $300 million.
Death
Mullis died on August 7, 2019 from pneumonia in Newport Beach, California at the age of 74.
Donner Party

The Donner Party were a group of at least 87 American settlers who tried to cross the Sierra Nevada into California in the winter of 1846-47. Most historians count 87 members of the party. Stephen McCurdy in the Western Journal of Medicine includes three others, bringing the number to 90. 39 of them died from starvation, disease and the cold weather. The rest reached California the following year. They became famous in the history of the American West.
Journey
The party left Springfield, Illinois in April 1846. They were led by two brothers, Jacob and George Donner. The settlers followed the California Trail to Fort Bridger in Wyoming. From there, they left the trail to take a different route that was not used much. It was reportedly a shorter way to California. This route was called the Hastings' Cutoff. There was much hardship and suffering on this route. They wasted 18 precious days. Instead of being shorter, it took them much longer to get across Nevada.
On October 28, heavy snows trapped the settlers in the Sierra Nevada mountains. The group made shelters, but ran out of food. Some of them resorted to cannibalism in order to survive.
On December 16, seventeen people tried to go west again. Of these, two went back to the camp. Of the fifteen who kept going, seven stayed alive and reached a settlement on the western side of the mountains after 32 days. After this, a rescue party went back, and in about two weeks made it to one of the camps set up in the mountains. After this, three more groups tried to rescue those trapped in the mountains. The last person was rescued on April 7,1847. In all, 45 people from the original Donner Party died, and there were 36 who survived. All the survivors made it to California, but they disagreed about what happened during the winter and whose fault it was.
Memorials
Today, there are several memorials to the group, including a monument and the Donner Memorial State Park. A lake was also named after them.
Social justice warrior

Social justice warrior (also known as SJW), is a pejorative term for people who support feminism or have left-wing opinions. Originally the term social justice warrior was used by people who generally supported left-wing politics and who were activists for social justice and meant it as a good thing.
In relation to the video games industry
After the Gamergate controversy where Carl Benjamin and Milo Yiannopoulos accused people who didn't think video game journalism was being used by feminists to spread political correctness of being social justice warriors, the name became a pejorative for someone who wanted video games and popular culture to be more politically correct or someone who was easily offended.
Ilze Jaunalksne

Ilze Jaunalksne is a Latvian journalist for a television news program. In 2007 she received the International Women of Courage Award.
Jaualksne reported on political corruption and buying votes. She won a court case against the government.
Banda Los Recoditos

Banda Los Recoditos is a Mexican band. The members of the group formed the band in Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico.
History
In 1989, Banda Los Recoditos wad formed by a group of students. The band's name came from Banda el Recodo. This was because they were children of the band members from Banda el Recodo, a Mexican band formed by Cruz Lizarraga. Lizarraga invited the boys to perform at a birthday party for Jose Angel Espinoza Ferrusquilla, a family friend. After they were done singing, everyone was amazed at their talents. This helped them realize their love for music.
They started out by singing in celebrations in Mazatlan and other neighborhoods close by. They began to become popular among the people in the city. The band recorded their first album A Bailar de Cabllito. This album helped the band to tour in the United States, where they were asked to play. After the released, Pancho Barraza, and Alfonso Lizarraga joined Banda el Recodo.
In 1998, the band renamed their name to "Banda Vuelta De Rio". Alfonso Lopez had wanted to change the name. They recorded three independent albums. In 2001, they changed their band's name to "Banda Los RCS" (Banda Ritmo Con Sabor Sinaloense). However, in 2004, they changed their band name again to their original band name.
Carlos Perez, Luis Angel Franco, and Carlos Sarabia joined the band in 2004. They began recording Regional Mexican music. This was popularized by young Mexicans. In 2005, was given an award "Popular Breakthrough of the Year" at the Premios Oye!. This was for their third album Si No Existieras. In 2006, the band recorded an album with their parent's group Banda el Recodo called Dos Generaciones. In 2010, the band released !Ando Bien Pedo! their first major album. It reached to number one on the Billboard Top Latin Albums chart. The single, which is the same name, reached number one on the Hot Latin Tracks chart as well. On September 19, 2010, Luis Angel Franco announced that the band is working on a new album. They released it in 2011 under the title A Toda Madre.
Uterine cancer

Uterine cancer, also known as womb cancer, is any type of cancer that starts from the tissue of the uterus. It can refer to several types of cancer, with cervical cancer being the most common type worldwide and the second most common cancer in women in developing countries. Endometrial cancer (or cancer of the inner lining of the uterus) is the second most common type, and fourth most common cancer in women from developed countries.
Risk factors depend on specific type, but obesity, older age, and human papillomavirus infection add the greatest risk of developing uterine cancer.
Early on, there may be no symptoms, but irregular vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain or fullness may develop. If caught early, most types of uterine cancer can be cured using surgical or medical methods. When the cancer has extended beyond the uterine tissue, more advanced treatments including combinations of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or surgery may be required.
Hestra

Hestra is a locality in Gislaved Municipality in Jonkoping County in Sweden. In 2010, 1,306 people lived there.
Trébabu

Trebabu () is a commune. It is found in the region Brittany in the Finistere department in the northwest of France.
Bromont-Lamothe

Bromont-Lamothe is a commune in the Puy-de-Dome department in Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes in central France.
Sverre Kjelsberg

Sverre Kjelsberg (18 October 1946 - 18 June 2016) was a Norwegian singer, musician (guitar, bass), composer and lyricist. He was a member of the band The Pussycats from 1964. He and Mattis Haetta represented Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest 1980 with the entry Samiid AEdnan, which was composed by Kjelsberg and Ragnar Olsen.
On 18 June 2016, Kjelsberg was found dead in his home, aged 69. He had been ill with cancer, but was declared cancer-free in 2015.
Nicéphore Soglo

Nicephore Dieudonne Soglo (born November 29, 1934) is a Beninese politician. He was Prime Minister of Benin from 1990 to 1991 and President from 1991 to 1996. He was Mayor of Cotonou from 2003 to 2015.
Rijsoord

Rijsoord is a village in the province of South Holland, the Netherlands.
It belongs to the municipality of Ridderkerk and was a municipality until 1855.
Rijsoord has 3,005 people living there in 2022.
During World War II, the Dutch army surrendered to Nazi Germany in Rijsoord on May 15, 1940.
Matt Holland

Matt Holland (born 11 April 1974) is an Irish-British footballer. He has played for Republic of Ireland national team.
Wonder Woman (2017 movie)

Wonder Woman is an American superhero movie. It is based on the DC Comics character Wonder Woman. It is distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures.
Background
The movie is intended to be the fourth installment in the DC Extended Universe. The movie is directed by Patty Jenkins, written by Allan Heinberg, Geoff Johns and Patty Jenkins, and from a story by Heinberg and Zack Snyder. Principal photography began in late November 2015 and wrapped in May 2016. Wonder Woman was released on June 2, 2017 in the United States, in 2D, 3D and IMAX 3D.
Cast
Gal Gadot as Wonder Woman/Diana Prince
An Amazonian princess and main hero of the movie
Chris Pine as Steve Trevor
Wonder Woman's love interest and fighter pilot for the United States Military
Connie Nielsen as Queen Hippolyta
The Queen of the Amazons and the mother of Wonder Woman
David Thewlis as Ares
The main antagonist of the movie. The evil son of Zeus based on the Greek mythological god of War who pretends to be Sir Patrick Morgan
Robin Wright as General Antiope
The sister of Hippolyta and Wonder Woman's aunt
Lucy Davis as Etta Candy
Steve Trevor's best friend and secretary
Lisa Loven Kongsli as Menalippe
Antiope's lieutenant
Danny Huston as General Erich Ludendorff
General of the German Army
Elena Anaya as Doctor Poison
A mad scientist known for her works about poison and works with Gen. Ludendorff
Ewen Bremner as Charlie
Drunk sharpshooter and friend of Steve Trevor
Said Taghmaoui as Sameer
A Turkish spy who is friends with Steve Trevor
Awards
Records
The movie set many box office records, including becoming the highest-grossing movie directed by a woman, the biggest domestic opening for a movie directed by a woman, the highest-grossing superhero origin movie domestically, the largest opening for a female-led comic book movie.
Sequel
At the 2017 San Diego Comic Con, Warner Bros. officially announced a sequel would be released on December 13, 2019, and would be titled Wonder Woman 1984; the date was later moved up to November 1, 2019, to avoid competition with Star Wars: Episode IX.
Antica Dolceria Bonajuto

Antica Dolceria Bonajuto is a chocolate factory founded in Modica in 1880, known as the oldest in Sicily and one of the oldest in Italy.
History
Francesco Bonajuto founded the current place in 1880 but with the name of Caffe Roma, a socialist inspired meeting place, which became Antica Dolceria Bonajuto in 1992.
Over the years many illustrious people of the chocolate shop have been, among them: writer, journalist and art critic Leonardo Sciascia, his friend and colleague Gesualdo Bufalino, or American Journalists Raymond Walter Apple Jr. of the New York Times and Frederika Randall of the Wall Street Journal.
Awards
In 1911 Francesco Bonajuto's chocolates won the gold medal at the Turin Universal Exposition (1911) which was organized in conjunction with other national exhibitions such as those in Rome (where Bonajuto was awarded) and Florence.
Bibliography
The Bonajuto confectionery. History of the oldest chocolate shop in Sicily, Giovanni Criscione, Palermo, Kalos edizioni d'arte, 2014.
The wooden biscuit, Raffaele Poidomani, Modica, Bonajuto, 2005.
Dog food

Dog food is food Dog food is food made for dogs. Dogs are omnivores but they like to eat meat. They have sharp, pointed teeth and shorter gastrointestinal tracts of carnivores, better suited for meat than vegetables. Their feeding habits evolved as they lived with humans in agricultural societies and ate scrap leftovers and excrement from humans. Dogs' ability to digest carbohydrates easily may be a key difference between dogs and wolves.
The first food was made specifically for dogs in the nineteenth century, Spratt's Patent Dog Biscuit. In the United States people spent around $23.3 billion in 2022 on dog food.
Gopala (Pala king)

Gopala I was the founder of the Pala Empire of Bengal , Indian subcontinent. He came to power around 750 CE in Gaur after being elected by a group of regional chieftains (leaders). Pala means "protector". The word Pala comes in every Pala ruler's name.
Family
The name of Gopala's father is Vapyata. His grandfather is Dayitavishnu. The Khalimpur copper plate of Gopala's son Dharmapala refers Vapyata as "killer of enemies". It also describes Dayitavishnu as Sarva-vidyavadata ("all-knowing" in the meaning of "highly educated").
Reign
According to Manjusrimulakalpa, Gopala died at the age of 80, after a reign of 27 years.Not much is known about his life or military career. But at the time of his death, he left a large empire to his son Dharmapala.
Ito Curata

Ito Curata (2 November 1959 - 26 March 2020) was a Filipino fashion designer. He worked creating bridal gowns and Filipiniana clothing. His well known clients were Hollywood actress Sharon Stone, former Philippine president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, and Filipino actress Bea Alonzo. He was born in Manila.
He and his partner Miller were hospitalized in mid march due to COVID-19 symptoms in Manila. Curata died on March 26, 2020 due to pneumonia caused by the infection, aged 60.
Mario Power Tennis

Mario Power Tennis, known as in Japan is a sport video game for the GameCube. The game was released in Europe and North America in 2004 and in Australia in 2005. The game was re-released on the Nintendo Wii as part of New Play Control!. And you released date only the Platfrorms complete.
Reviews
The game got very good reviews, including a score of 81.03% on GameRankings. It also received a score of 8.5 from IGN.
Babar and the Adventures of Badou

Babar and the Adventures of Badou is a computer-animated television series for children. It was first broadcast in 2010. The series is based on the characters created by Jean and Laurent de Brunhoff. The series takes place several years after the original series. It has added new characters to the Babar universe. These include Badou. He is Babar's 8-year-old grandson and the protagonist of the series. The series is made for Disney by Nelvana, TeamTO and LuxAnimation, in co-production with TF1 with the Participation of Playhouse Disney France/The Walt Disney Company France. 65 episodes were made for three seasons.
The English version of the series first aired on September 6, 2010 in Australia on ABC2. It aired in France on TF1's TFOU strand on November 8, 2010, and in Canada on YTV on November 22, 2010. On September 16, 2010, Disney and Nelvana Enterprises said that the series would air in the United States on Playhouse Disney. The series started on June 13, 2010.
Babar and the Adventures of Badou was renewed for a second season. It began airing on Disney Junior on March 25, 2013. The third and final season aired from 2014 to 2015.
Gabriel Braga Nunes

Gabriel Braga Nunes (born February 7, 1972) is a Brazilian actor. He is best known for his work in telenovelas Essas Mulheres, Cidadao Brasileiro, Caminhos do Coracao and Poder Paralelo. He played a main role in Insensato Coracao for Rede Globo.
Katsuhiro Suzuki

Katsuhiro Suzuki (born 26 November 1977) is a former Japanese football player.
Flag of Vietnam

The flag of Vietnam, officially "red flag with a gold star" (co do sao vang), was designed in 1940. The background color is red and there is a yellow star. Red means revolution and victory while the yellow star means leadership of Communist Party of Vietnam. The star also means different grades of Vietnam.
Barkingside tube station

Barkingside tube station is a London Underground station on the Central Line. It has been in Travelcard Zone 4 since 2 January 2007. It is on the eastern edge of Barkingside in the London Borough of Redbridge, at the end of a cul-de-sac called Station Road. The station is above ground and has two platforms - northbound and southbound. The station is located at .
Bürchen

Burchen (Walliser German: Birchu) is a municipality of the district Raron in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.
Tarja Halonen

Tarja Halonen (born December 24, 1943) is the former President of Finland. She is from Helsinki. She was elected in 2000 and 2006. Her mandate ended in 2012 and she left office on 1 March 2012.
U. R. Ananthamurthy

Udupi Rajagopalacharya Ananthamurthy (; 21 December 1932 - 22 August 2014) was an Indian writer and critic. He wrote in the Kannada language. He was thought to be as one of the pioneers of the Navya movement. In 1998, he received the Padma Bhushan award from the Government of India.
He was the Vice-Chancellor of Mahatma Gandhi University in Kerala during the late 1980s. He was one of the finalists of Man Booker International Prize for the year 2013.
Ananthamurthy died of cardiac arrest caused by renal failure on 22 August 2014 in Bangalore, Karnataka, India, aged 81.
Mohammad Mokhber

Mohammad Mokhber Dezfuli () (born 1955) is an Iranian politician who is the 7th and current first vice president of Iran since August 8, 2021.
Antigen

An antigen is a molecule on the outside of a pathogen (a "germ"). It causes the production of antibodies which stick to the invading virus or bacterium. This is an immune response.
Antigens are usually a protein on the outside of a bacterium or virus. It gets recognized by the adaptive immune system as foreign, and this stimulates the production of antibodies. The antibodies combine with the antigens and make the invading virus or bacterium ineffective. Antigens stimulate the production of antibodies: they do not produce them directly. Vaccines for the seasonal flu virus is a common example.
The body system is normally tolerant of its own molecules, which don't trigger an attack. Autoimmune diseases are caused when this safeguard fails.
The first time that a new antigen comes into contact with the body the response of the immune system will be a complete immune response. During this first response, the antigen will cause antibodies to be made.
The next time the same antigen contacts the body, a full-scale immune response is not needed as the body already has a specific antibody available instantly for that antigen.
Vaccinations usually contain dead bacteria or antigen so the antibodies can recognise it later and make antibodies faster.
Terminology
Epitope - the distinct surface features of an antigen.
Allergen - A substance capable of causing an allergic reaction. The (detrimental) reaction may result after exposure via ingestion, inhalation, injection, or contact with skin.
Superantigen - A class of antigens that cause non-specific activation of T-cells, resulting in polyclonal T-cell activation and massive cytokine release.
Tolerogen - A substance that invokes a specific immune non-responsiveness due to its molecular form. If its molecular form is changed, a tolerogen can become an immunogen.
Immunoglobulin-binding protein - proteins that stick to antigens, for example the B-cell antigen receptor complex.
T-dependent antigen - Antigens that require the assistance of T cells to induce the formation of specific antibodies.
T-independent antigen - Antigens that stimulate B cells directly.
Immunodominant antigens - Antigens that dominate (over all others from a pathogen) in their ability to produce an immune response.
Cypress

Cypress is a name used for many trees and shrubs in the conifer family Cupressaceae (cypress family).
The name comes from the genus Cupressus which survives today as a conifer tree. About 30 cypress species survive.
Many cypress trees have needle-like, evergreen foliage and acorn-like seed cones.
Their earlier relatives were very common in the forests of the Jurassic period.
Flag of convenience

Flag of convenience is a word from shipping. Every ship needs to be registered in a port. The laws of the port are valid for the ship's crew. In some countries the rules are not as strict as in others, or they are cheaper to use. Many owners of ships from other countries register their ships in one of those easy or cheap countries. The ship might never even come anywhere near that country, but it must fly the flag of the country where it was registered. This is then called a flag of convenience. Among the most popular flags are Panama, Marshall Islands and Liberia.
Inuwa Abdulkadir

Inuwa Abdulkadir (12 January 1966 - 6 July 2020) was a Nigerian lawyer and politician. He was National Vice Chairman (North West) of the All Progressives Congress (APC). He was Federal Minister of Youth Development from 2012 to 2013 under the cabinet of President Goodluck Jonathan. He was born in Sokoto, Nigeria.
Abdulkadir died on 6 July 2020 in Sokoto from COVID-19, aged 54.
Personal Life
Inuwa died on 6 July, 2020VID-19 during the COVID-19 pandemic in NigInuwa a. He was married and had ten ch.dren.
Biography
Inuwa was born on 12 January 1966 in Sokoto state, Nigeria. He attended Ahmadu Bello Academy in Farufaru from 1977 to 1982, Inuwa received Bachelor of law from Usman Danfodio University in Sokoto from 1982 to 1990.
Political Career
President Goodluck Jonathan appointed Inuwa as the Federal Minister of Youth Development in 2012. Whereas in 2013 inuwa was removed from the office.
West Pakistan

The province of West Pakistan was created on 14 October 1955 by the merger of the provinces, states and tribal areas of the western wing. The province was composed of twelve divisions and the provincial capital was established at Lahore. The province of East Bengal was renamed East Pakistan with the provincial capital at Dacca. The federal government moved in 1959 from Karachi to Rawalpindi (provisional capital until Islamabad was finished), whilst the federal legislature moved to DACCA.
West Pakistan formed a block whose people seemed homogeneous (similar to each other). However, the new region included people of different ethnicities and languages. The "One Unit Policy" was regarded as a rational administrative reform which would reduce spending and eliminate provincial prejudices. However with the military coup of 1958, trouble loomed for the province when the office of Chief Minister was abolished and the President took over executive powers for West Pakistan. The province of West Pakistan was dissolved in July 1970 by President Yahya Khan.
General elections held in December 1970 saw the Awami League under Mujibur Rahman win an overall majority of seats in parliament (all but two of the 162 seats allocated to East Pakistan). The Awami League advocated greater autonomy (or self-rule) for East Pakistan, but the military government did not permit Mujibur Rahman to form a government.
Stamp showing both the East and west divisions of Pakistan Before the secession of Bangladesh. On March 25th 1971, West Pakistan began a civil war to subdue the democratic victory of East Pakistanis. This began the war between the Pakistani military and the Mukhti Bahini. The resulting refugee crisis led to the intervention by India, eventually leading to the surrender of the Pakistani Army. East Pakistan suffered a genocide of its Bengali population. East Pakistan became the independent state of Bangladesh on December 16, 1971. The term West Pakistan became redundant.
Lézardrieux

Lezardrieux is a commune. It is found in the Bretagne region in the Cotes-d'Armor department in the west of France.
Geiger counter

A Geiger counter (sometimes called Geiger-Muller counter) is an instrument that measures ionizing radiation such as alpha particles, beta particles, or gamma rays. It is best known as a hand held radiation survey instrument, but it can also be used as a bench instrument or permanently installed.
The original operating principle was discovered in 1908 and since the subsequent development of the Geiger-Muller tube in 1928 the counter has been a very popular instrument due to its robust sensing detector and element and relatively low cost.
Principle of operation
The radiation sensor is a Geiger-Muller tube which gives out an electronic signal when radiation is present.
The readout is counts or radiation dose. The counts display is commonly "counts per second". Radiation dose rate is displayed in a unit such as the sievert.
The readout can be analogue or digital, and modern instruments have communications with a computer or network.
There is usually an option to produce audible representing the radiation intensity. This allows the user to concentrate on manipulation of the instrument without looking at the display.
Types and applications
For alpha particles and low energy beta particles the "end window" type of GM tube is used as these particles have a limited range even in free air and are easily stopped by a solid material.
Geiger counters can be used to detect gamma radiation, and for this the windowless tube is used. A special type of the Geiger tube is used to measure neutrons.
Physical design
For hand-held units there are two fundamental physical configurations: the "integral" unit, with both detector and electronics in the same unit, and the "two-piece" design which has a separate detector probe and an electronics module connected by a short cable.
There is a particular type of gamma instrument known as a "hot spot" detector which has the detector tube on the end of a long pole or flexible conduit. These are used to measure high radiation gamma locations whilst protecting the operator by means of distance shielding.
History
In 1908 Hans Geiger, developed a technique for detecting alpha particles that would later be used in the Geiger-Muller tube. This counter was only capable of detecting alpha particles but in 1928 Geiger and Walther Muller developed the sealed Geiger-Muller tube which could detect more types of ionizing radiation and it became a practical radiation sensor. Once this was available, Geiger counter instruments could be produced relatively cheaply.
Vamachara

Vamachara or Vama marga (Left-Hand Path) are technical terms used for practices in tantra that are considered to be outside the usual Hindu social norms. The term Dakshinachara (Right-Hand Path) is used to refer to Tantric sects that stay within these social norms.
Stephen Greif

Stephen John Greif (; 26 August 1944 - 23 December 2022) was an English actor. He is known for his TV roles as Travis in Blake's 7 and Harry Fenning in three series of Citizen Smith. His movie credits include Casanova (2005) and Shoot on Sight (2007). Greif was born in Sawbridgeworth, Hertfordshire.
Greif died on 23 December 2022, at the age of 78.
Mamluk

Mamluks are members of a military caste that controlled Egypt from 1254 to 1811. Other mamluks held power in some other Muslim countries. The word means "slave" in the Arabic language and they began as slaves. In 1517 the Ottoman Empire conquered them, but Mamluks continued to be powerful. Muhammad Ali Pasha defeated them and took control of Egypt in 1811.
Peptide hormone

Peptide hormones are hormones whose molecules are peptide. Peptide hormones have shorter amino acid chain lengths than protein hormones. These hormones have an effect on the endocrine system of animals, including humans.
Goux-les-Usiers

Goux-les-Usiers is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comte in the Doubs department in east France.
Phoenician alphabet

The Phoenician alphabet was an alphabetic script that was used in the territories of modern-day Lebanon, Syria and Palestine from about the 12th century to the 5th century BC. It was written right to left. Only consonant sounds are written down, some versions have "helpers" for certain vowels.
It was used to write languages such as Phoenician and Aramaic. The script was developed from the earlier Proto-Sinaitic script. Later, the script developed into the Ancient Greek script. Most alphabetic scripts in use today are derived from the Phoenician alphabet.
Before using the modern Arabic numerals, the Arabic language used a system where each letter also had a numeric value; this system is known as Abjad.
Apathy

Apathy (also called impassivity) is a state of indifference or suppression of concern, not being excited or having no passion to perform things. Apathy is often expressed by people with schizoid personality disorder, depression and schizophrenia.
Comma-separated values

In computing, a comma-separated values (CSV) file stores information you might find in a spreadsheet, such as a table of text, numbers, and dates, in a plain text file.
Format
Typically, the first line in a plain text file would contain header information, which are labels for table information organized vertically. Starting with the second line, each line would represent a row. Each cell in a row is separated by a comma, hence its name.
The following is a simple example of this type of file. The example has three columns (labeled 'name', 'age', and 'favorite color'), and four rows (including the header line at the top).name,age,favorite color
Alice,12,green
Bob,23,purple
Jane,34,blue
Escaping
Text in a cell may be surrounded by quotation character ("), to note the start and end of a cell (a particular column and row location) in a table. Quotation characters in a cell value in turn can be denoted by doubling the quotation character (""). This is primarily used to signify that a particular cell contains data that may be confusing to a computer that's trying to read the file. A common example of this is when a cell contains a comma as part of it's data. Without the quotation marks, it's unclear if the comma denotes a separation between cells:name,age
Smith, Joe,45
Choi, Ceri,56
Plummer, Olive,23or if it should be part of the cell's data:"name","age"
"Smith, Joe","45"
"Choi, Ceri","56"
"Plummer, Olive","23"
Compatibility
CSV is a way to describe table data. However, various applications may require different types of tables. Having a file in CSV format may not be enough for a file to be compatible with a particular application.
Furthermore, CSV is stored in plain text. An application may have problems reading a CSV file because of incompatibility with the plain text format, either because of the character encoding or line break format.
Samahni Valley

Samahni valley is a valley located on the Line of Control that separates Azad Kashmir from Indian Occupied Kashmir. It covers an area of 1270 km2 and is the largest valley in Kashmir by area covered.
Yuji Hironaga

is a former Japanese football player.
Biography
Hironaga was born in Osaka Prefecture on July 25, 1975. After graduating from Toin Gakuen High School, he joined Verdy Kawasaki (later Tokyo Verdy) in 1994. He played as defensive midfielder and center back. In 1994, the club won the championships for the J1 League and J.League Cup. He moved to his local club Gamba Osaka in 1998. He played many matches at Gamba, and returned to Verdy in June 1999. He played as a forward as well as a midfielder. His opportunity to play decreased in 2001 and he moved to the J2 League club Yokohama FC. He played many matches as defensive midfielder. He moved to Cerezo Osaka in 2003. He retired at the end of the 2004 season.
In July 1996, Hironaga was selected the Japan U-23 national team for 1996 Summer Olympics. At this tournament, he played 2 matches as defensive midfielder. Although Japan won 2 matches, Japan lost at First round. At this time, Japan won Brazil in first game. It was known as "Miracle of Miami" (maiaminoQi Ji ) in Japan.
Annabelle Wallis

Annabelle Wallis (born 25 September 1984) is an English actress. She is known for her roles as Jane Seymour in Showtime's period drama The Tudors (2009-2010), Grace Burgess in the BBC drama Peaky Blinders (2013-2019), Mia Form in the supernatural horror movie Annabelle (2014) and Madison Mitchell in the horror movie Malignant (2021).
Her maternal great-uncle was Irish actor Richard Harris.
Wallis has been in a relationship with American actor Chris Pine since April 2018.
Port Clinton, Ohio

Port Clinton is a city in and the county seat of Ottawa County. It is located at the mouth of the Portage River on Lake Erie, about 44 miles east of Toledo. The population was 6,056 at the 2010 census.
Aharon Yadlin

Aharon Yadlin (; 17 April 1926 - 12 August 2022) was an Israeli educator and politician. He was born in Ben Shemen, Mandatory Palestine. In 2010, he was honored with an Israel Prize.
Yadlin studied at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
He was a member of the The Alignment after switching from the Labor Party.
He served as Deputy Minister of Education from 1964 through 1972, and as Minister of Education from 1974 through 1977 in the First Rabin Government.
Yadlin died on 12 August 2022 in Hatzerim, Israel at the age of 96.
North Country (movie)

North Country is a 2005 American drama movie about a woman being harassed in a mining facility.
Steuerberg

Steuerberg () is a municipality of the district of Feldkirchen in the Austrian state of Carinthia.
Langenpreising

Langenpreising is a municipality in the district of Erding in Bavaria in Germany.
Bernate Ticino

Bernate Ticino is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Milan in the northern Italian region of Lombardy.
Ashinazuchi and Tenazuchi

(ashinaduchitenaduchi) is a pair of Japanese deities
In ancient Japanese stories called the Kojiki and the Nihon Shoki, there was a god named Susanoo who was sent away from his home in the heavens to live on Earth in a place called Izumo. There, he met an old couple named who were children of a mountain god called Oyamatsumi. They told him about a scary monster called Yamata no Orochi, which had eaten seven of their eight daughters. Susanoo offered to kill the monster if they would give him their only surviving daughter, Kushinadahime, to be his wife.
Steve Brookstein

Steve Brookstein (born 10 November 1968) is a British soul and jazz singer from London. He has been active since he won the 2004 UK series of talent show The X Factor. He has had 1 hit single to date, number 1 hit, Against All Odds a cover of the 1984 Phil Collins original his version was number 11 in Ireland. He was part of the Syco Music record label. His first album Heart & Soul reached number 1 in the United Kingdom album charts. His second album 40,000 Things only reached number 165.
Wormingford

Wormingford is a village and civil parish in Colchester district, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 459 people living in Wormingford.
Lancaster, Wisconsin

Lancaster is a city in Grant County, Wisconsin, United States.. As of the 2010 census, 3.868 people lived there. Lancaster is the county seat of Grant County.
History
Major G.M. Price laid out the town in 1837. He was asked to name it Lancaster by a relative who came from Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Lancaster was the home of the first governor of Wisconsin, Nelson Dewey.
Geography
Lancaster is located in the unglaciated "Driftless Area" of southwest Wisconsin. Its topography is very different from that of the rest of the state.
The city has a total area of . All of it is land.
Brias

Brias is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.
Classical liberalism

Classical liberalism is a type of liberalism. It is a belief in economics and a political ideology. It is about civil and economic freedom.
Classical liberals believe in a small government, and believe that people will be ruled mostly by natural law. They believe that people have inalienable rights, which is to say rights that cannot be taken away. They also believe in a free market and property rights.
Notable people who developed classical liberalism during the 18th and 19th century are Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus and Thomas Jefferson. More recently, in the mid-20th century, Ludwig von Mises, Friedrich Hayek and Milton Friedman were in favor. Many of the beliefs of classical liberalism are similar to those of libertarianism, in addition to some forms of conservatism.
The Sixth of July

The Sixth of July () is a 1968 Soviet drama movie directed by Yuli Karasik. It stars Alla Demidova, Ivan Solovyov, and Armen Dzhigarkhanyan.
Rick Bragnalo

Richard James Bragnalo (born December 1, 1951 in Fort William, Ontario) is a retired Canadian ice hockey centre.
Signed by the Washington Capitals as a free agent in 1976, Bragnalo played parts of four seasons for the Capitals. After playing a few years in the minors, Bragnalo moved onto playing hockey in Italy with the team of the Val Pusteria Wolves, former EV Bruneck. He signed for HC Milano Saima in 1990, scoring the goal that permitted Milano to win the league in 1990/91. He retired in 1992.
Uzès

Uzes is a commune in the Gard department in southern France.
Sermizelles

Sermizelles is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Deep, Deep Trouble

"Deep, Deep Trouble" is a 1990 song performed by Bart Simpson. It is about Bart getting in trouble. He is told to mow the lawn by father Homer Simpson. The song was from the 1990 album The Simpsons Sing the Blues.
The song was released in early 1991. It charted in many countries. It reached #1 in Ireland.
Bar Hill

Bar Hill is a village that can be found about 4 miles (7 km) northwest of Cambridge, in South Cambridgeshire, Cambridgeshire, England. In 2001 there were 4,233 people living in Bar Hill.
Erica Yohn

Erica Yohn (October 1, 1928 - January 27, 2019) was an American actress.
Yohn had many small parts in movies, such as Pee-wee's Big Adventure, and television shows, such as Rhoda, ER, Murphy Brown, Quantum Leap and Kojak.
She had recurring roles on The Famous Teddy Z, State of Grace, Beverly Hills, 90210, and Picket Fences. She voiced Fievel and Tanya Mousekewitz's mother in An American Tail and its sequels.
Yohn died on January 27, 2019 in North Hollywood, California at the age of 90.
Personal life
Yohn was married to actor Tom Rosqui, who died in 1991, aged 62, from cancer.
Jump River (town), Wisconsin

Jump River is a town of Taylor County in the state of Wisconsin in the United States. 311 people were living in Jump River as of 2000. Jump River has an area of 36 square miles.
Baton Rouge metropolitan area

The Baton Rouge metropolitan statistical area, as defined by the United States Office of Management and Budget, or simply the Baton Rouge metropolitan area or Greater Baton Rouge, is a sprawling metropolitan statistical area surrounding the city of Baton Rouge. Its principal city Baton Rouge is unusual because it has no major incorporated satellite cities, a rarity for a metropolitan area of its size. Comprising the western edge of the Florida Parishes regions, it is known as "Plantation Country", the "Capital Region", and "The 225" (a reference to its area code). At the 2010 U.S. census, the metropolitan area had a population of 802,484, up from 705,973 in 2000. At the 2020 census, its population increased to 870,569, up from 2020 estimates at 858,571.
FIA Super Licence

The FIA Super Licence is a qualification allowing the licence (license) holder to take part in Formula One Grands Prix as a driver. The licence is issued by the FIA upon request.
There are several requirements to qualify for an FIA Super Licence. The driver requesting the licence must already have a Grade A competition licence. They must also meet the requirements of the FIA International Sporting Code, Appendix L. Appendix L lists other racing experience required. One of the following is required:
The driver must be the current champion in one of the lower FIA racing series. Examples of the lower series include Formula 3 (British, Italian, Japanese or Euroseries) or Formula Two (formerly known as GP2 and Formula 3000),
The driver must have finished well on a regular basis in one of the above categories.
Drivers who have competed in the IndyCar Series are eligible for a Super Licence if they finished in the top six places of the drivers championship.
This allows drivers from the United States domestic series to move into Formula One without first taking part in other FIA sanctioned events.
In rare and special cases, Appendix L allows the FIA to award a Super Licence to a driver who does not meet the normal requirements. A yes vote by all the members is required. The driver must also completed 300 kilometres of testing at racing speeds in a current car.
Nationality of drivers
The nationality that appears on the racing licence is the same one that appears on the driver's passport. This does not need to be the same as the country issuing the racing licence. A Frenchman living in Germany can race with a German licence, but the nationality displayed would still be French. In order to race as German, the driver would need to have German nationality as well. For drivers with multiple citizenships, the driver chooses which country to drive for.
Carman (singer)

Carmelo Domenic Licciardello (January 19, 1956 - February 16, 2021) known by his stage name, Carman, was an American contemporary Christian music singer-songwriter, television host, life coach and evangelist.
Between 1987 and 1989, he was named Charisma magazine's readers' choice for favorite male vocalist. In 1990 and 1992, Billboard named him the Contemporary Christian Artist of the Year.
Carman died on February 16, 2021 at a Las Vegas, Nevada hospital from problems caused by hernia surgery at the age of 65.
Staldenried

Staldenried (Walliser German: Schtaaluried) is a municipality of the district of Visp in the canton of Valais in Switzerland. It consists of the largest hamlet of Gspon, the hamlets of Zur Kirche and Zur Tanne along with about twenty small settlements.
Charles's law

Charles's Law is a basic law in physics and chemistry. It describes the relationship between the temperature and volume of a gas, if the pressure and amount of gas do not change. It is also known as the Law of Charles and Gay-Lussac or the Law of Volumes.
According to Charles's Law, the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature when measured at a constant pressure. In other words, as the temperature of a gas increases, its volume increases, and as the temperature decreases, its volume decreases. This relationship can be written mathematically as:
V1 / T1 = V2 / T2
where V1 and T1 are the initial volume and temperature, and V2 and T2 are the final volume and temperature.
Charles's Law assumes that the pressure and amount of gas do not change. In reality, pressure can influence the behavior of gases, so the ideal gas law, which uses all three variables (pressure, volume, and temperature), often describes gas behavior more accurately.
Charles's Law is particularly useful in applications involving the expansion or contraction of gases due to temperature changes, such as in gas thermometers or the behavior of gases in various engineering processes.
Little Miss Broadway

Little Miss Broadway is a 1938 musical comedy-drama movie. Shirley Temple plays an orphaned girl named Betsy Brown. Edna May Oliver plays Sarah Wendling. The movie is about an apartment landlord who demands certain occupants pay $2,500, or move out. This movie is also about adoption and musical plays. Critics gave the movie very positive reviews.
List of rivers of Washington

This is a list of rivers in the U.S. state of Washington.
By drainage basin
This list is arranged by drainage basin, with respective tributaries indented under each larger stream's name.
Wilkes County, Georgia

Wilkes County is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, 9,565 people lived there. The county seat is Washington.
Dave Thomas

David "Dave" Thomas (July 2, 1932 - January 8, 2002) was the founder of Wendy's Old Fashioned Hamburgers, and was its chief executive officer (CEO). He never graduated from high school, but did earn his GED in 1993.
Thomas is also famous as a commercial spokesman for his company. He first appeared in a Wendy's TV commercial in 1989, and by the time he died, he had appeared in over 800, including every Wendy's commercial that aired in the 1990s.
Q-Productions

Q-Productions is an independent record label founded by Abraham Quintanilla Jr in 1993, to help build further awareness for his daughter, Selena. After Selena's death, Abraham Quintanilla Jr opened the record label to the public to help find new stars in the music and film industries. Q-Productions specializes in Tejano music.
Oak Harbor, Washington

Oak Harbor is a city located on Whidbey Island in Island County, Washington, United States. The population was 22,075 at the 2010 census.
The Way We Were

The Way We Were is a 1973 American romantic drama movie directed by Sydney Pollack. It stars Barbra Streisand and Robert Redford. Arthur Laurents wrote both the novel and screenplay. It is based on his college days at Cornell University and his experiences with the House Un-American Activities Committee.
Round-bottom flask

Round-bottom flasks (round-bottomed flasks or RB flasks) are types of flasks having spherical bottoms used as laboratory glassware.
They are used mostly for chemical or biochemical work. Today, they are usually made of heat-resistant borosilicate glass. There is at least one tubular section known as the neck with an opening at the tip. Two or three-necked flasks are made. Round bottom flasks come in many sizes.
Jonathan Cohen (diplomat)

Jonathan R. Cohen is an American diplomat. He was the acting United States Ambassador to the United Nations from January 1, 2019 to September 10, 2019, replacing Nikki Haley. Before, he was a Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs, from August 2016 to June 2018.
Cohen was nominated by President Donald Trump in early 2018 to become United States Deputy Representative to the United Nations and was unanimously confirmed by the Senate on May 24, 2018.
On April 11, 2019, President Trump nominated Cohen to be Ambassador of the United States to Egypt.
Terasecond and longer

A terasecond (symbol: Ts) is one trillion seconds. That is about 31,700 years. It can be written as 1012 seconds.
Arunjit Borah

Arunjit Borah (born July 26, 1977) is an Indian filmmaker. He gained recognition for his work as a director and has been involved in projects such as Taxii, Letters from Deuta, Midnight Song, Zibah and Mini.
Early life and education
Borah was born and raised in Dibrugarh, Assam, India. After completing his schooling, Borah pursued an Executive MBA from Vinayak Mission University.
Career
After a few years in the corporate sector, Borah decided to pursue his passion for filmmaking. He began his film career as a 1st Assistant Director in the Hindi feature film Project Marathwada.
Borah gained recognition for his short film "Taxii," which received critical acclaim in various film festivals in India and abroad. The film's engaging storyline and direction showcased Borah's talent as a filmmaker. He collaborated with composer Brandi Thomas from Los Angeles for the film's music. Following Taxii, Borah directed his second short film, Letters from Deuta. He then directed a Jammu Tourism TVC titled "Discover Jammu," which highlighted the region's attractions.
In 2021, Borah released his first feature film, "Midnight Song," in the Assamese language. Additionally, Borah directed the Hindi short film "Zibah," exploring the sensitive subject of Female Genital Mutilation, which was screened at international film festivals and received awards.
Walter Pérez Villamonte

Walter Perez Villamonte (3 November 1936 - 29 March 2018) was a Bolivian Roman Catholic bishop.
Perez Villamonte was ordained to the priesthood in 1962. He served as titular bishop of Churbis and as auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Sucre, Bolivia, from 1995 to 1998. He then served as bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Potosi, Bolivia, from 1998 to 2009.
Perez Villamonte died on 29 March 2018 at the age of 81.
Orosirian

The Orosirian is the third geological period in the Palaeoproterozoic. It began 2.05 billion years ago (bya) and ended at 1.8 bya.
The latter half of the period was a time of mountain-building on nearly all continents. It was the time when the supercontinent Columbia began to form.
Two of the largest known impact events on Earth happened during the Orosirian. At the beginning of the period, 2023 million years ago (mya), a large asteroid hit the earth and created the Vredefort impact structure. The event that created the Sudbury Basin structure happened near the end of the period about 1850 mya.