Age of Enlightenment

The Age of Enlightenment was an 18th-century cultural movement in Europe. It was most popular in France, where its leaders included philosophers like Voltaire and Denis Diderot. helped spread the Enlightenment's ideas by writing the Encyclopedie was written by Diderot, which helped spread the Enlightenment in the first large encyclopedia that was available to everyone. The Enlightenment grew partly out of the earlier scientific revolution and the ideas of Rene Descartes.
Ideas
The Enlightenment's most important idea was that all people can reason and think for themselves and so people should not automatically believe authority. People do not even have to believe the teachings of churches or priests. That was a very new idea at the time.
Another important idea was that a society is best when everyone works together to create it. Even people with very little power or money should have the same rights as the rich and powerful to help create the society they live in. The nobility should no longer have special rights or privileges.
Those were very new ideas at the time. They were also dangerous thoughts for the people in power. Many Enlightenment philosophers were put in prison or were forced to leave their home countries.
Effects
Many of the Founding Fathers of the United States believed the Enlightenment's ideas. For example, the idea that a government should benefit all of a country's people not just the people in power was very important to them. They made the idea about a government "for the people" one of the most important parts of the new United States Constitution and the new American government that they created.
The Enlightenment's ideas were also important to the people who fought in the French Revolution, which started in 1789.
In some countries, kings and queens took some of the Enlightenment's ideas and made changes to their governments although they kept power for themselves. Such kings and queens were called "enlightened despots." Examples include Catherine the Great of Russia, Frederick the Great of Prussia, and Gustav III of Sweden.
During the Age of Enlightenment, as more and more people began to use reason, some began to disagree with the idea that God created the world, which caused conflicts and later war.
Many ideas that are important today were created during the Enlightenment such as the following:
Freedom, democracy, and reason should be the most important things in a society.
Everybody in a society should have the same rights, and they should be promised by a contract in wvery government.
People should solve problems with rationalism and the scientific method, instead of looking for answers from religion .
Writers and philosophers should be free to look for the truth even if they disagreed with the ideas of people in power such as the aristocracy.
There should be freedom of religion. People should be allowed to choose their religion, and people should accept others who follow different religions.
The Enlightenment's ideas about thinking with reason, having personal freedoms, and not having to follow the Catholic Church were important in creating capitalism and socialism.
Important figures
Important people in the Enlightenment came from many different countries and shared ideas in many different ways. Here are some of the best-known Enlightenment figures, organized by home country:
English
John Locke (1632-1704): An English philosopher, known as the Father of Modern Empiricism and the Father of Liberalism, had ideas that were very important to Thomas Jefferson and the Founding Fathers in the United States Declaration of Independence. Locke's interesting ideas about people's rights to "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" were especially important,and appear in the Declaration of Independence.
Thomas Paine (1737-1809): A writer, deist, radical republican, and polemicist who most famously wrote a pamphlet called Common Sense. It stated that England should not be allowed to control the colonies in America. Paine also wrote The Age of Reason, a criticism of the Bible, and The Rights of Man, which defended the French Revolution.
French
Voltaire (born Francois-Marie Arouet) (1694-1778): A philosopher, writer, playwright, and deist, he opposed the Catholic Church and the French government. That got imprisoned and exiled from France. He wrote many different books about philosophy, plays, and histories. His ideas were important in the French Revolution. Many people considered the 18th century to be le siecle de Voltaire ("the Century of Voltaire").
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778): A Swiss-born French philosopher, writer, and teacher had criticisms of the French government that were some of the most powerful of his time. In his book Emile, or On Education, he wrote about many of his opinions on education. He is also a figure of the Counter-Enlightenment.
Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755): A political thinker, he famously wrote about the separation of powers. Today, his idea is very common and is part of many constitutions all over the world.
Denis Diderot (1713-1784): A philosopher, art critic, and writer, he wrote the Encyclopedie, which included 28 different books. In these books, he wrote about all different kinds of learning.
American
Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826): An American statesman, political philosopher, and deist, he was a Patriot and fought againt Britian during the American Revolution. He helped write the United States Declaration of Independence (1776).
Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790): A statesman, author, scientist, and poet, he was also a Patriot during the American Revolution and helped write the Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution (1787). He was the first person to understand lightning and worked as a civil servant in Philadelphia.
German
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804): A Prussian (German) philosopher, writer, and physicist, he was one of the most important people of the German Enlightenment. Between 1781 and 1790, Kant wrote three important books in the history of philosophy: Critique of Pure Reason, Critique of Practical Reason, and Critique of Judgement.
Gottfried Leibniz (1646-1716): A Saxon philosopher and mathematician, he created calculus and was another leader of the German Enlightenment.
Christian Wolff (1679-1754): A Silesian philosopher, he continued Leibniz's work.
Scottish
David Hume (1711-1776): A Scottish historian, philosopher, and economist, he had ideas that were important to Immanuel Kant and Adam Smith.
Adam Smith (1723-1790): An economist and philosopher, he wrote The Wealth of Nations. In the famous book, he argued that wealth is not money but instead comes from capital and labor. He is sometimes thought to have created laissez-faire economic theory. His books brought many changes to the Western world.
Spain
Benito Jeronimo Feijoo (1676-1764): A Galician monk, he wrote essays to spread Enlightenment ideas and to show that some myths are false.
Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos (1744-1811): An Asturian statesman, he wanted land to be used by normal people and not kept by churches or the nobility.
Swedish
Emanuel Swedenborg (1688-1772): A Swedish natural philosopher and theologian, he tried to figure out how the soul works in the body.