Pyrénées-Orientales

Pyrenees-Orientales (English: Eastern Pyrenees; ; ) is a department in the region of Occitanie in southern France; it is next to the northern Spanish border and the Mediterranean Sea.
The department is formed by the historically Catalan-speaking area of Rosillon (with its different parts: Roussillon (modern), Haute Cerdagne (or simply Cerdagne), Conflent, Vallespir and Capcir) and Fenouilledes, an historically Occitan-speaking area.
History
Before 1659, most of the present department was part of the former Principality of Catalonia, within the Kingdom of Spain, so historically most of it has been Catalan-speaking, and it is still sometimes referred to as Northern Catalonia.
Pyrenees-Orientales was created in 1790 during the French Revolution, when the whole of France was divided into departments, replacing the old provinces. Pyrenees-Orientales was formed by the province of Roussillon and Fenouilledes (), a small piece of territory which had formerly been on the southern edge of Languedoc.
Geography
Pyrenees-Orientales has an area of . It has the department of Aude to the north, the Mediterranean Sea to the east, Spain to the south, and Andorra and the department of Ariege to the west.
The department is dominated by the Pyrenees mountain range. The highest mountain is Pic Carlit () that is high. The best known mountain in the department is Le Canigou () that is high.
There are three main rivers in the department: from north to south, Agly, Tet (the largest river of the department) and Tech; the Agly has its source in the Corbieres hills, in the southern part of the Aude department. The other two river has their sources in the Pyrenees. The three rivers flow into the eastern Plain of Roussillon before they flow into the Mediterranean Sea.
Most of the population and agricultural production are concentrated in the Plain of Roussillon, with only 30% of the area.
Llivia is a town of Cerdanya, province of Girona, Catalonia, Spain, that forms a Spanish exclave surrounded by French territory.
Climate
In the department, there are three subtypes of the group C in the Koppen climate classification:
Csa - Mediterranean climate with hot summers.
Cfa - Subtropical humid climate with hot summers.
Cfb - Oceanic climate with template summers.
Administration
The departement is managed by the Departamental Council of the Pyrenees-Orientales in Perpignan. The Pyrenees-Orientales is part of the region of Occitanie.
Administrative divisions
The area is traditionally divided into comarques, of which five (French Cerdagne, Capcir, Conflent, Roussillon and Vallespir) are historically Catalan-speaking and one (Fenouilledes) is historically Occitan-speaking.
There are 3 arrondissements (districts), 17 cantons and 226 communes (municipalities) in the Pyrenees-Orientales.
The following is a list of the 17 cantons of the Pyrenees-Orientales department (with their INSEE codes), following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015:
Les Aspres (6601)
Le Canigou (6602)
La Cote Sableuse (6603)
La Cote Salanquaise (6604)
La Cote Vermeille (6605)
Perpignan-1 (6606)
Perpignan-2 (6607)
Perpignan-3 (6608)
Perpignan-4 (6609)
Perpignan-5 (6610)
Perpignan-6 (6611)
La Plaine d'Illiberis (6612)
Les Pyrenees catalanes (6613)
Le Riberal (6614)
La Vallee de la Tet (6615)
La Vallee de l'Agly (6616)
Vallespir-Alberes (6617)
Demographics
Pyrenees-Orientales has a population, in 2014, of 466,327, for a population density of inhabitants/km2. The arrondissement of Perpignan, with 349,959 inhabitants, is by far the largest. The other two, Ceret and Prades, have respectively 73,192 and 43,176 inhabitants.
The only important city is Perpignan with 120,605 people living there in 2012. The subprefectures Ceret and Prades have 7,663 and 5,927, respectively.
Evolution of the population in Pyrenees-Orientales
The cities with more than 6,000 inhabitants in the department are:
The inhabitants of Pyrenees-Orientales are known, in French, as Pyrenaliens (women: Pyrenaliennes) or Catalans (women: Catalanes).
French is spoken by almost all the population. Minority languages in the region are Catalan and Occitan, which between them are estimated to be spoken by rather more than a quarter of the population and understood by more than 40%.
On 10 December 2007, the Departamental Council of the Pyrenees-Orientales recognized Catalan as a regional language of the department, though French is still the only official language in France, according to the Constitution.
Economy
Pyrenees-Orientales is a wine-growing area and a tourist destination.
The area is famous for its wine with the predominately red grape varieties grown all over the department.
Places of interest
Some places of interest are:
Prades () - site of the Catalan Summer University (Universitat Catalana d'Estiu).
Banyuls-sur-Mer (Catalan Banyuls de la Marenda) famous for its wines.
Prats de Mollo - important defensive castle of the 17th century facing south to the Pyrenees.
Salses - important defensive castle of the 16th century, on the ancient frontier with Spain.