La Chaux-de-Fonds

La Chaux-de-Fonds is the capital city of the district of La Chaux-de-Fonds in the canton of Neuchatel in Switzerland. After Geneva and Lausanne, it is the third-largest city in the French-speaking part of the country. As of December 2016, 38,965 people lived there.
The famous architect Le Corbusier, the writer Blaise Cendrars and the car maker Louis Chevrolet were born there.
In 2009, La Chaux-de-Fonds and Le Locle, its sister city, have jointly been awarded UNESCO World Heritage status for their exceptional universal value.
History
The city was founded in 1656. The region was first inhabited around 10,000 years ago (Epipaleolithic). A skull and other traces have been found in caves nearby.
In the middle of the 14th century, the region was colonized from the southern Val-de-Ruz. La Chaux-de-Fonds is first mentioned in 1350 as la Chaz de Fonz. In 1378 it was mentioned as Chault de Font.
The region was under the authority of the lords of Valangin. In the 15th and 16th centuries, a second wave of colonization came from the so-called Clos de la Franchise (the valleys of Le Locle and La Sagne). Agriculture was the main activity but the village remained small. In 1531 there were only about 35 people living there. The first church was built in 1528. By 1530, La Chaux-de-Fonds, like the rest of the Valangin lands, converted to the new Reformed faith. The Lord of Valanginian, Rene de Challant, fixed the boundaries of the parish in 1550. The church and parish provided a political structure and a small community of Valanginian citizens, free farmers and peasants grew up around the church. By 1615 there were 355 people living in the village. In 1616, the low and middle jurisdiction over La Chaux-de-Fonds moved to Le Locle and La Sagne, while the high court remained in Valanginian. The agriculture, supplemented by mills on the banks of the Doubs, continued to dominate. However, at the end of the 16th century, the city became an important crossroad between Neuchatel, Franche-Comte and the Bishopric of Basel.
The community grew during the Thirty Years' War, mainly because of its strategic position for trade. Economic activity accelerated in the 18th century with the development of the city's lace and watchmaking industries. Pierre Jacquet-Droz, best known for his automata, was a particularly prominent watchmaker of this era.
In 1794, the city was devastated by fire. Charles-Henri Junod created the new city's plan in 1835, and the city is now known for its "modern," grid-like plan, in comparison with most European cities' meandering streets. The central avenue is named the Avenue Leopold Robert.
Economy
The city's economy is based on industry and watch manufacturers.
Watch companies
Many watch companies started in La Chaux de Fonds:
Bouchet-Lassale SA, in 1978;
Marathon Watch Co. in 1904 - Originally founded as Weinsturm Watch.
Cyma Watches, 1862 - Schwob Freres and Co. 1892 - Cyma Watch Company.
Eberhard & Co., by George-Emile Eberhard, in 1887;
Corum
Ebel, by Eugene Blum and Alice Levy, in 1911;
Gallet & Co., by Julien Gallet, in 1826;
Girard-Perregaux, by Constantin Girard and Marie Perregaux, in 1856;
Heuer Leonidas, now TAG Heuer, by Edouard Heuer, in 1860;
Invicta Watch Group, by Raphael Picard, in 1837;
Movado, by Achilles Ditesheim, in 1881;
Omega SA, in 1848;
Rolex trademark, registered by Hans Wilsdorf, in 1908. His company, Wilsdorf and Davis, London, was later renamed Rolex Watch Company, Geneva and Biel, Bienne;
Rotary, by Moise Dreyfuss, in 1895;
Solvil et Titus, by Paul Ditisheim, in 1892;
Venus by Paul Arthur Schwarz and Olga Etienne, in 1902;
Vulcain by Maurice Ditisheim, in 1858.
Twin Town
La Chaux-de-Fonds is twinned with the town of Frameries, Belgium.