kenhktsui/simple_wikipedia_LM_quality_score_v1 huggingface dataset:
Frank Ticheli

Frank Ticheli (born January 21, 1958 in Monroe, Louisiana) is an American composer. He writes music for orchestras, choirs, and concert bands, as well as chamber works. He lives in Los Angeles, California and is a Professor of Composition at the University of Southern California. Many of the pieces he has written are very famous.
Education
He graduated from L.V. Berkner High School in Richardson, Texas and earned a Bachelor of Music in Composition from Southern Methodist Universitywhere he studied with Donald Erb and Jack Waldenmaier. He got his master's and doctoral degrees in composition from the University of Michigan, where he studied with William Albright, Leslie Bassett, George Wilson, and William Bolcom.
Career
Later, Ticheli was an Assistant Professor of Music at Trinity University in San Antonio, Texas. From 1991 to 1998, Ticheli was composer-in-residence with the Pacific Symphony Orchestra in Orange County, California. Since 1991, he has been a Professor of Composition at the University of Southern California's Thornton School of Music.
In 2011, he started the "Frank Ticheli Composition Scholarship," which will be awarded each year to a student who is starting to study Composition in graduate school.
Ticheli has won many awards. Many organizations, orchestras, and universities have paid him to write music.
Flag of Seychelles

The flag of Seychelles was adopted on January 8, 1996. It has a white
diagonal cross divided into four triangles of blue (top and bottom) and red (hoist-side and fly-side).
Seychelles
Seychelles
Elverta, California

Elverta is an unincorporated community northwest of Sacramento, California. It was named after Elverta Dike, whose husband donated property to a nearby church. It is in Sacramento County, California. The postal code of the city is 95626. In 2020 there were 5,435 people living in Elverta. Elverta is about from Sacramento, California, miles from Rio Linda, California, from Roseville, California, and from Antelope, California.
History
It was named after Elverta Dike, whose husband donated property to a nearby church. The community of Elverta/Rio Linda is on the part on the land grant of Rancho Del Paso of 1844. In 1910, a company named Fruit Land Company of Minneapolis got of the grant and in 1912 the area was splited with Elverta and Rio Linda.
Geography
Elverta is an unincoporated community and it is part of the Sacramento metropolitan area; the metropolitan area including Sacramento (State capital and County seat of California), also Arden-Arcade and Roseville.
Elverta is at (38.723216, -121.45452)
According to the United States Census Bureau, the unincorporated community has a total area of 8.8 square miles (22.9 square kilometers).
Véronique Schiltz

Veronique Schiltz (23 December 1942 - 4 February 2019) was a French archaeologist, historian of art, and literary translator. Her works focused on steppes art. She was a member of the Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres from 2011, and an Officer of the Legion of Honour.
Schiltz died in Paris on 4 February 2019, aged 76.
Ghost Dance

Ghost Dance was a new religious movement among Native Americans. It was active from about 1860 to about 1890. These people had been forced to change their ways of life, and had lost much of their culture and identity. The Ghost Dance promised them that if they performed the "Dance" and lived the right way, they could re-unite the living and the dead, they would again be given most of the things they had lost to the whites, and the people who had caused such misery would be driven away from their land. There were also real dance rituals that they did to represent their spiritual path.
There was a lot of activity twice: the first time around 1860, and the second time around 1890. Around 1860, a Native American (Paiute) called Wodziwob had a vision. He saw that the white people would be driven away, and the people would be reunited with their ancestors' spirits, called "ghosts". He was also told how to do the dance ritual. The movement spread rapidly. Each tribe added its own elements into the Ghost Dance. The first phase ended around 1872, because it did not have success, and Wodzivob said that he was possibly wrong.
The second wave started about twenty years later. A man called Wovoka who worked at an LDS Mormon ranch started it. He was influenced by the new faith, and by some of its ideas, such as sending apostles to spread the faith. This movement spread wider, and was again adapted to each tribe's culture. The Lakota also adopted the idea of a messiah. The Lakota lived on a reservation, and the local authorities saw this as threat, when they saw 25,000 natives dance. This led to the Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890, where many Natives were killed.
Wovoka wrote a letter in 1892 to the other tribes telling them that Jesus had just returned to earth that year, and that if they lived upright lives, they would be getting their lands and culture again some day, and the dead would live. He stayed out of public sight for the rest of his life after giving this message, and lived until the 1930s.
February 26 incident

The was an attempted coup d'etat in the Empire of Japan on 26 February 1936. It was organized by a group of young Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) officers. They wanted the purging the government and military leadership because of bad economic policies.
During this incident, the rebels assassinated two former prime ministers and occupied the government center of Tokyo. However, they failed in assassinating Prime Minister Keisuke Okada or take control of the Imperial Palace. With a lot of opposition against them, the rebels surrendered on 29 February.
This was the last time that a former prime minister was assassinated until Shinzo Abe's assassination in 2022.
Rina Lazo

Rina Lazo Wasem (October 23, 1923 - November 1, 2019) was a Guatemalan-Mexican painter. Lazo was born Guatemala City.
She began her career in mural painting with Diego Rivera as his assistant. She worked with him from 1947 until his death in 1957. Lazo was known for her mural works than canvases although the latter have been exhibited in Mexico and other countries making her one of Guatemala's better known artists. She was a member of the Mexican muralism movement.
Lazo died on November 1, 2019 in Mexico City of cardiac arrest at the age of 96. She was married to artist Arturo Garcia Bustos.
Visual acuity

Visual acuity (VA) is acuteness or clearness of vision, especially form vision, which depends on the sharpness of the retinal focus within the eye, the sensitivity of the nervous elements, and the interpretative faculty of the brain.
VA is a quantitative measure of the ability to identify black symbols on a white background at a standardized distance when the size of the symbols is varied. The VA represents the smallest size that can be reliably identified. VA is the most common clinical measurement of visual function.
Some people may suffer from other visual problems, such as color blindness, reduced contrast, or inability to track fast-moving objects and still have normal visual acuity. Thus, normal visual acuity does not mean normal vision. The reason visual acuity is very widely used is that it is a test that corresponds very well with the normal daily activities a person can handle, and evaluate their impairment to do them.
Draper, Texas

Draper is a town in Denton County, Texas, United States.
Barlin

Barlin is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.
Schondra

Schondra is a municipality in the district of Bad Kissingen in Bavaria in Germany.
Michelbach-le-Bas

Michelbach-le-Bas is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France.
Enix

Enix was a Japanese company which published anime, manga, and video games, before merging with Square Co., Ltd. to form Square Enix. Their last game was Dragon Quest Monsters: Caravan Heart, for their most popular Dragon Quest series of role playing games which was started on the Famicom. In 2000, they setup a subsidiary to handle fingerprint identification.
Michael Townley (politician)

Michael Townley (born 4 November 1934) is an Australian politician. He served as a Senator for Tasmania from 1971 to 1987. He was elected as an independent but joined the Liberal Party in 1975. He was born in Hobart, Tasmania.
Thor

Thor (Old Norse: Thorr) is the god of thunder and lightning in Norse mythology, associated with strength, storms, hallowing and fertility. He is the son of Odin and Jord, the personification of the Earth, and is the strongest of the AEsir.
The champion of Asgard, Thor is said to protect both it and Midgard from the likes of the jotnar, a race of beings native to Jotunheimr. He is known in Old English as Thunor (Thunor) and in Old High German as Donar (runic thonar thonar), all of which stem from the Proto-Germanic *Thunraz, meaning "thunder".
The modern English weekday Thursday (from Old English Thunresdaeg, "Thunor's [Thor's] day") bears the god's name.
Family
Thor is the son of Odin, chief of the AEsir, and Jord, the living personification of the Earth. He is the eldest of Odin's sons and is the half-brother of Baldr, Hodr, Vidarr, and Vali.
He is married to the golden-haired goddess Sif, with whom he has a daughter, Thrudr. With his jotunn lover Jarnsaxa, Thor has two sons, Modi and Magni. He has a stepson, Ullr, who is Sif's son by a previous marriage.
Possessions
According to writings known as sagas, Thor wielded a short-handled war hammer, Mjolnir. It was fashioned for him by the dwarven brothers Eitri and Brokkr, and is said to be the most powerful weapon in all the Nine Worlds, capable of crushing even mountains. When Thor threw the hammer, it magically returned to the god's hand.
Other attributes of Thor include a pair of gauntlets known as Jarngreipr, which he is required to wear in order to wield Mjolnir, a belt, Megingjord, which doubles his strength when he wears it, and a staff, Gridarvolr, which, along with Jarngreipr, was given to him by the jotunn Gridr. Thor was believed to travel in a chariot drawn by two goats named Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjostr.
Orangetown, New York

Orangetown is a town in Rockland County, New York, United States. It is northwest of New York City, north of New Jersey, east of the town of Ramapo, south of the town of Clarkstown, and west of the Hudson River. The population was 49,212 at the 2010 census.
British Malaya

British Malaya is an area around the Malay Peninsula and Singapore Strait that was colonized by the British. It was the world's largest maker of tin and rubber. There were three parts to the British Malaya; Straits Settlements, Federated Malay States, and the Unfederated Malay States. It was replaced with the Federation of Malaya in 1947 and given independence in 1957. It was formed into Malaysia in 1963.
The British started trade in this area around 1800. It became more of a British colony by the later 1800s. Malaya was an important source of rubber and other plant products. The Empire of Japan invaded and conquered Malaya and Singapore in December 1941. Malaya remained under Japanese control for the rest of World War II, with Singapore as the capital.
Fire hydrant

A fire hydrant, also known as a fire plug or johnny pump, is a tool used for fighting fires. They are usually found easily on streets, stuck to the road. The first fire hydrant recorded was in Philadelphia.
A fire hydrant is the primary method of firefighting in a municipal area. It is basically an outlet with a valve that provides water to the fire pumps or fire jeeps engaged in firefighting. Laws for keeping operational fire hydrants at specific intervals and with free access in buildings, factories, urban and developed areas are an important component of fire control and safety.
Globular cluster

A globular cluster is a group of stars of a similar age which orbits the central bulge of a galaxy. Gravity holds clusters together and gives them their spherical shape. Towards the centre of such clusters there are many stars in a relatively small space.
Globular clusters occur in the halo of a galaxy and in its disk. Those in the halo contain many more stars and are much older than the less dense open clusters in the disk. Globular clusters are fairly common: there are about 150 to 158 known globular clusters in the Milky Way. Large galaxies can have more: Andromeda may have as many as 500.
Some giant elliptical galaxies, particularly those at the centres of galaxy clusters, such as M87, have as many as 10,000 globular clusters. These globular clusters orbit the galaxy out to huge distances, 40 kiloparsecs (approximately 131,000 light-years) or more.
Every galaxy of sufficient mass in the Local Group has its group of globular clusters, and almost every large galaxy surveyed has a system of globular clusters. The Sagittarius Dwarf and Canis Major Dwarf galaxies appear to be in the process of donating their associated globular clusters (such as Palomar 12) to the Milky Way. This demonstrates how many of this galaxy's globular clusters might have been acquired in the past.
Observation history
The first globular cluster discovered was M22 in 1665, but individual stars in a globular cluster were not seen until Charles Messier observed M4. The first eight globular clusters discovered are shown in the table. The M before a number refers to the catalogue of Charles Messier, while NGC is from the New General Catalogue.
William Herschel began a survey program in 1782 using larger telescopes and was able to resolve the stars in all 33 of the known globular clusters. In addition he found 37 additional clusters. In Herschel's 1789 catalog of deep sky objects, his second such, he became the first to use the name globular cluster as their description.
The number of globular clusters discovered continued to increase, reaching 83 in 1915, 93 in 1930 and 97 by 1947. A total of 152 globular clusters have now been found in the Milky Way galaxy, out of probably 180 +- 20. The additional, undiscovered globular clusters are believed to be hidden behind the gas and dust of the Milky Way.
1125

Events
May 23 -- Lothair of Saxony becomes Holy Roman Emperor on the death of Henry V.
War ends between Toulouse and Provence.
The castle of Nassau is built.
Magnus the Strong becomes ruler of Sweden.
June 11 -- The Crusaders defeat the Seljuk Turks at the Battle of Azaz.
Births
Renaud de Courtenay, Anglo-Norman nobleman (d. 1194)
Lu You, Chinese poet (d. 1210)
Deaths
January 24 -- King David IV of Georgia (b. 1073).
April 12 -- Vladislav I of Bohemia.
May 19 -- Vladimir Monomakh, Grand Duke of Kiev.
May 23 -- Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1081).
October 21 -- Cosmas of Prague, Bohemian chronicler.
Eustace III of Boulogne.
Ingold II, ruler of Sweden (b. 1105).
International Marxist Group

The International Marxist Group (IMG) was a Trotskyist group in Britain between 1968 and 1982. It was the British Section of the Fourth International. It had around 1,000 members and supporters in the late 1970s. In 1980, it had 682 members; by 1982, when it changed its name to the Socialist League, membership had fallen to 534. At that point all its members had joined the Labour Party.
It supported The Black Dwarf, a newspaper edited by Tariq Ali which started in June 1968. In 1970 Red Mole was started. In May 1973, the fortnightly Red Mole was replaced by Red Weekly. In June 1977, Socialist Challenge replaced Red Weekly. In December 1982, when it renamed itself the Socialist League, it began publishing Socialist Action.
Nikolai Ryzhkov

Nikolai Ivanovich Ryzhkov (born 28 September 1929) is a former Soviet politician who served as the Premier of the Soviet Union during Mikhail Gorbachev's Rule from 1985 to 1991. He became a Russian politician after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Ryzhkov was Boris Yeltsin's leading opponent in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) 1991 presidential election.
Ryzhkov was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labour twice, the Order of the October Revolution in 1971, the Order of Lenin twice, and the Order of Merit for the Fatherland, 4th class. He was named a National Hero of Armenia.
In March 2014, after the Crimean crisis, Ryzhkov was sanctioned by both the European Union and United States.
Dendropsophus jimi

Dendropsophus jimi is a frog that lives in Paraguay and Brazil.
Shōtoku (era)

was a after Hoei and before Kyoho. This period started in April 1711 and ended in June 1716. During this time, the emperor was .
The nengo Shotoku means "Correct Virtue".
Oder-Neisse line

The Oder-Neisse line (named after the Oder and Neisse rivers) is the border between Germany and Poland since the end of the Second World War. As a result of the defeat Germany lost a part of its territory to Poland. Previously, the German Empire had to cede the former Prussian provinces of Posen and Westpreussen, as well as parts of upper Silesia, to the newly founded Polish state after the First World War in 1919. In earlier centuries these territories were part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. They were annexed to the Kingdom of Prussia, as a result of the tripartite partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth by the Kingdom Prussia, the Holy Roman Empire and the Russian Empire.
Most of the ethnically-German part of the population of these provinces, alongside most of the German minority population in what was Poland before the Second World War (741,000 people), either fled before the Red Army to central and western Germany or were forcibly resettled later. It should be noted here that German citizens of Polish descent and ethically-Polish residents of these regions and other parts of Germany faced systematic discrimination, internment in concentration camps, property-confiscations, forced-resettlement and expulsion under the Nazi administration.
Cairo

Cairo (, usually transliterated as Al-Qahirah) is the capital and largest city in Egypt. The city name can be translated as the one who won.
Cairo has 7,947,121 people. About 17,290,000 people live in its urban area. This makes it the biggest city of the Arab World. It also is the city with the biggest urban area in Africa
The city is on the Nile River.
Geography
Climate
The city of Cairo has a hot desert climate (BWh), meaning it has a hot, sunny and dry climate a year long. The city, however, has more humidity than other cities with the hot desert climate (BWh).
History
The area around the city was an important focal point of Ancient Egypt.
In 968, the Fatimids entered Egypt and they made Cairo the capital of their caliphate.
The Al Azhar mosque and university was made in 972. This became the world's oldest university. It is the most widely known seminary in the Islamic world.
In 1992, Cairo was devastated by a 5.8 magnitude earthquake that caused 545 deaths, injuring 6,512, and made 50,000 people homeless, the most destructive since 1847.
Tourism
The great pyramids of Giza and the step pyramid of Sakkara are just outside of the city.
The Egyptian Museum holds the world's largest collection of antiquities from the time of the ancient Pharaohs. Many treasures from the tomb of King Tutankhamun are in this museum.
Famous Cairenes
People from Cairo are called 'Cairenes'.
Abu Sa'id al-Afif - Fifteenth Century Samaritian
Boutros Boutros-Ghali, former Secretary-General of the United Nations
Naguib Mahfouz, novelist, Nobel Prize in Literature in 1988.
Reed City, Michigan

Reed City is a city in Michigan. In 2010, 2,452 people lived there. The city is the county seat of Osceola County, in the United States.
Shōhō

was a after Kan'ei and before Keian. This period started in December 1644 and ended in February 1648. During this time, the emperor was .
Events of the Shoho era
1644 (Shoho 1): The third major map of Japan was ordered by the shogunate.
18 May 1645 (Shoho 2, 23rd day of the 4th month): The Shogun was elevated the court role of Dainagon.
Related pages
Edo period
Gundi Busch

Gundula "Gundi" Busch (April 29, 1935 - January 31, 2014) was a German figure skater. Busch was born in Milan, Italy.
She was the 1954 World champion, the 1954 European champion, and a two-time West German national champion. She also was part of the 1952 Winter Olympics.
Busch died on January 31, 2021 in Stockholm, Sweden at the age of 78.
Dihina language

Dihina is a Cushitic language. It is very similar to Ale. Some people think they are the same language, because they are so similar. ISO gives both languages the same code, GWD.
Anton Srholec

Anton Srholec (12 June 1929 - 7 January 2016) was a Slovak Roman Catholic priest, Salesian and writer. He was ordained by Pope Paul VI in 1970 but was banned under communism rule in Czechoslovakia and was jailed for ten years. He was best known for his work charity work as head of the Resota Center for homeless people in Bratislava. He was born in Skalica.
Srholec died from lung cancer on 7 January 2016 in Bratislava. He was 86.
Norman Reedus

Norman Mark Reedus (born January 6, 1969) is an American actor, model and artist. He is known for starring as Daryl Dixon in the AMC series The Walking Dead (2010-present) and Murphy MacManus in the movie The Boondock Saints (1999) and its sequel The Boondock Saints II: All Saints Day (2009). He is the host of Ride with Norman Reedus. He performed the motion capture and voice acting for the main character Sam in Hideo Kojima's video game Death Stranding (2019). He has also modeled for companies such as Prada and Levi's.
Reedus was born in Hollywood, Florida. He has a child with Danish model Helena Christensen. He is now in a relationship with German model Diane Kruger. The couple have one child.
Astronomical spectroscopy

Astronomical spectroscopy is the science of using spectroscopy to figure out what elements astronomical bodies, such as stars, planets and nebulae, are made of. It can also be used to work out how those objects are moving, using doppler shift.
The study of spectroscopy and spectra is used in astronomy to help scientists study the whole spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, including visible light, which radiates from stars and other hot celestial objects. Spectroscopy can be used to find properties of distant stars and galaxies. It can find out their chemical composition, temperature, density, mass, distance, luminosity, and relative motion using doppler effect measurements.
Chemical properties of stars
Isaac Newton used a prism to split white light into a spectrum of color, and Fraunhofer's high-quality prisms allowed scientists to see dark lines of an unknown origin.
It was not until the 1850s that Gustav Kirchoff and Robert Bunsen explained the dark lines. Hot solid objects produce light with a continuous spectrum, and hot gasses emit light at specific wavelengths. However, hot solid objects surrounded by cooler gasses show a near-continuous spectrum with dark lines corresponding to the emission lines of the gasses. By comparing the absorption lines of the
Sun with emission spectra of known gasses, the chemical composition of stars can be discovered.
Nuenen, Gerwen en Nederwetten

Nuenen, Gerwen en Nederwetten is a municipality in the Dutch province of North Brabant. In 2019, 23,186 people lived there.
Telephone numbering plan

A telephone numbering plan is a system used in telecommunications to give telephone numbers to customers and to route telephone calls in a telephone network. A closed numbering plan imposes a fixed length to numbers, such as in North America (10-digit). An open numbering plan may have telephone numbers that vary in length.
A dial plan establishes the type of telephone number in a given area. This includes country codes, access codes, area codes and all combinations of digits dialed. For instance, the North American public switched telephone network (PSTN) uses a phone numbers with a 3-digit area code and a 7-digit telephone number.
Taien calendar

, also known as Daien or Daiyan or Dayan calendar, was a Japanese lunisolar calendar (genka reki). It was developed in China; and it was used in Japan from about 746 to 857.
History
The calendar was created in China. It was first used in the 17th year of the Kaigen era during the Tang Dynasty.
The Taien-reki system corrected errors in the Genka calendar and Giho calendar which were used in Japan in the first half of the 8th century. It was the work of Yixing, who was a Chinese astronomer.
Charlton Heston

Charlton Heston (October 4, 1923 - April 5, 2008) was an American actor and political activist. He had many big roles, such as playing Moses in the movie The Ten Commandments, astronaut Colonel George Taylor in Planet of the Apes (1968) and Beneath the Planet of the Apes (1970), the dystopian The Omega Man (1971), and Soylent Green (1973). Heston played Judah Ben-Hur in the Academy Award-winning Ben-Hur.
Early life
He was born in Wilmette, Illinois on October 4, 1923. He was raised in St. Helen, Michigan. Heston studied at New Trier High School and at Northwestern University.
Political views
Heston was also known for his politics. When he was young he held liberal views and marched with people such as Martin Luther King, Jr. for civil rights in the 1960s.
It was rare for a Hollywood actor to be for such causes at that time. Later in his life, he was for conservative causes such as gun rights. He was president of the National Rifle Association of America, a group that is for the rights of gun owners, from 1998 to 2003.
In July 2003, he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom at the White House from President George W. Bush.
Death
Late in his life, Heston had Alzheimer's disease. He died of pneumonia, aged 84, in Beverly Hills, California.
Bülent Ecevit

Mustafa Bulent Ecevit (28 May 1925 - 5 November 2006) was a Turkish politician, poet, writer, scholar, and journalist. He served as the Prime Minister of Turkey four times between 1974 and 2002. He served as prime minister of Turkey in 1974, 1977, 1978-79, and 1999-2002. He was the leader of the Republican People's Party (CHP) between 1972 and 1980, and in 1989 he became the leader of the Democratic Left Party (DSP).
Personal life
He was born in Istanbul to a middle-class family. Ecevit's father Fahri Ecevit was a professor in Ankara University. His mother, Fatma Nazli, was among the first women in Turkey to paint professionally. Ecevit said his mother was of Bosniak ancestry and his paternal grandfather was of Kurdish ancestry. He was married to political writer and politician Rahsan Ecevit.
4′33″

4'33'' is a musical composition written by avant-garde (non-traditional) musician John Cage. It is his most famous work. It consists of no notes, only 4 minutes and thirty-three seconds of silence. The piece challenges the definition of music. The only thing the sheet music says is "tacet", or "it is silent". It was first played by David Tudor in Woodstock, New York.
Priesendorf

Priesendorf is a community in the Upper Franconian district of Bamberg and a member of the administrative community (Verwaltungsgemeinschaft) of Lisberg.
Gentry, Missouri

Gentry is a village in Gentry County, Missouri, United States.
Rombly

Rombly is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.
Consuelo Moure

Consuelo Moure (1947 - 2 April 2014) was a Spanish-born Colombian actress. She was known for her roles in Nochebuena, Pena maxima, La esquina, Tres hombres y tres mujeres, Es mejor ser rico que pobre and in Champagne. She was born in Pamplona.
Moure died on 2 April 2014 in Bogota, Colombia from lung cancer, aged 67.
Joshua Wong

Joshua Wong Chi-fung (, born 13 October 1996) is a Hong Kong student activist and politician. He is a member of the Umbrella Movement. The movement seeks democracy of Hong Kong from China. He led students & youths in the 2014 Hong Kong protests and has been jailed twice for leading the pro-democracy protests. In April 2016, he founded Demosisto with Nathan Law, Agnes Chow and more. On 30 June 2020, after the Hong Kong national security law was passed, he told the public on Facebook that he leaves Demosisto. Wong said, the passed national security law means pro-democracy activist have to worry about their lives and personal safety.
Crystallinity

Crystallinity is a physical property of a solid that acts like a crystal. The degree of crystallinity of a crystal has a big influence on hardness, density, transparency and diffusion.
Crystallinity can be measured using x-ray diffraction, but calorimetric techniques are also commonly used.
Giorgio Ardisson

Giorgio Ardisson, also known as George Ardisson (31 December 1931 - 11 December 2014), was an Italian actor. He was known for his roles in Agent 3S3: Passport to Hell and Agent 3S3, Massacre in the Sun. Ardisson was born in Turin, Italy.
Ardisson died in Rome, Italy, aged 82.
Logical equivalence

In logic and mathematics, two statements are logically equivalent if they can prove each other (under a set of axioms), or have the same truth value under all circumstances. In propositional logic, two statements are logically equivalent precisely when their truth tables are identical. To express logical equivalence between two statements, the symbols , and are often used.
For example, the statements "A and B" and "B and A" are logically equivalent. If P and Q are logically equivalent, then the statement "P if and only if Q" is a tautology.
Ernst-Happel-Stadion

The Ernst-Happel-Stadion is a football stadium in Vienna, Austria. The Ernst Happel Stadium is the largest football stadium in Austria. It is the home of the Austrian national football team. Club football matches are limited to the Austrian cup final and international competitions with one of Vienna's top clubs, FK Austria Wien and SK Rapid Wien, as their homegrounds are too small for UEFA Champions League and UEFA Cup matches. Local derbies between FK Austria and SK Rapid have also been played in the stadium. In 2014, it became the official homeground of SK Rapid Wien because their stadium was being rebuilt.
History
The stadium was built between 1929 and 1931. It was used and opend for the second Workers' Olympiad 1931. The capacity of the stadium was approximately 60,000 people. The first match in the new stadium was a match between a selection from workers sportclubs from Lower Austria and Vienna. (2:3).
During the occupation of Austria by Nazi Germany it was used as barracks and also as collecting point for Viennese Jews. In 2003 a private plaque was created in the VIP area to remind on this incidents. In 1944 the stadium was bombed and heavily demaged.
After the Second World war the stadium was reconstructed. 1956 the capacity was extended to 92,708 people.The record was 91,000 visitors on October 30, 1960 at the football match between Spain and Austria (3-0). After the death of former Austrian top player and coach Ernst Happel, the Prater Stadium was renamed after him in 1992.
UEFA Euro 2008
The Ernst-Happel-Stadion hosted 7 games of Euro 2008: 3 group games of the Austrian team, two quarter-finals, one semi-final and the final.
Other matches
1995 UEFA Champions League final: Ajax 1 - 0 Milan
1994 UEFA Cup final: Internazionale 1- 0 Austria Salzburg
1990 European Cup final: Milan 1 - 0 Benfica
1987 European Cup final: Porto 2 - 1 Bayern Munich
1970 European Cup Winners Cup final: Manchester City 2 - 1 Gornik Zabrze
1964 European Cup final: Internazionale 3 - 1 Real Madrid
Concerts
The stadium has hosted concerts by many famous artists, including AC/DC, Bon Jovi, David Bowie, Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band, Guns N' Roses, Michael Jackson, Pink Floyd, Robert Plant, Rihanna, The Rolling Stones, U2, Kanye West and Robbie Williams, among others.
Argentré

Argentre is a commune of 2487 people (2007). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
Peter R. de Vries

Peter Rudolf de Vries (14 November 1956 - 15 July 2021) was a Dutch investigative journalist and crime reporter. He was known for hosting the television program Peter R. de Vries, misdaadverslaggever. In 2005, he founded his own political party.
Death
On 6 July 2021, De Vriea was shot in the head after leaving the television studio of RTL Boulevard in Amsterdam. He was taken to a hospital in critical condition, where he died nine days later at the age of 64.
Skate (fish)

For the act of skating, see skating.
Skates are cartilaginous fish. They are the family Rajidae in the order Rajiformes. They are chondrichthyes, and closely related to the rays. There are more than 200 species in 27 genera.
There are two subfamilies, the hardnose skates and the softnose skates.
Skates and stingrays
Skates are a bit like stingrays (they are in the same group), but they are usually smaller with shorter, thicker tails. There is also a difference: skates do not have stings. Instead, their tails are thicker, with small "thorns" along the edges. At the base of the tail is a set of extra fins.
Skates and rays are also different in the way the give birth. Most rays are ovoviviparous (the eggs develop inside a mother's body), but skates lay their eggs. This means they are oviparous.
Alpine, New Jersey

Alpine is a borough in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. It is north of Manhattan.
Ryakuji

Ryakuji (kanji:Lue Zi , kana:riyakuzi) are shorthand and usually unofficial forms of kanji.
For example, " is a shorthand form of the kanji Tong , which itself is another form of the kanji Tong , which means "same". For compound words where the same kanji is used twice in a row, " is used where the second kanji would be so that it doesn't have to be written again.
For example, the word tokidoki, which means "from time to time", uses the same kanji for "time" twice, but is written as Shi " instead of Shi Shi because Japanese would see the second compound as redundant. So " implies that the second character is the same as the first.
Other same character compounds include:
This is similar to English ligatures, or letters that combine to make a new letter or symbol such as &, which was a combination of the letters that make the Latin word "et".
Blonay

Blonay is a municipality in the Riviera-Pays-d'Enhaut district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.
Shenandoah Valley

The Shenandoah Valley (nicknamed "The Big Valley" ) is a geographic valley and cultural region of western Virginia and the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia in the United States. The valley is bounded on the east by the Blue Ridge Mountains. On the west it is bounded by the eastern front of the Appalachians. To the north it goes to the Potomac River and to the south by the James River. The cultural region covers a larger area that includes all of the valley plus the Virginia highlands to the west, and the Roanoke Valley to the south. The Valley is about long. It is the home of two well-known universities, James Madison and Shenandoah University.
History
For nearly 11,000 years before the Europeans came, Native Americans lived in the Shenandoah Valley. The first European to visit the area was probably a Jesuit priest in 1632. However, the first European credited with exploring the Valley was a German doctor named John Lederer in 1669. In the 1600s, Englishmen were told about the large forests which included chestnut trees as tall as .
Jackson's Valley Campaign Was fought here in 1862.
Geography
It is named for the river that stretches much of its length. The Shenandoah Valley has eight counties in Virginia and two counties in West Virginia.
Hollywood Hillbillies

Hollywood Hillbillies is an American reality television series, based on CopperCab. It is about Michael Kittrell (better known as Michael Copper or his YouTube username CopperCab), his grandmother Delores "Mema" Hughes, his aunt Dee Dee Peters, and his uncle John Cox moving from their home in Grayson, Georgia to Hollywood, California. It aired on January 21, 2014.
North East Delhi

North East Delhi is one of the eleven administrative districts of Delhi, India. The District was established in 1997.
North East Delhi borders Yamuna River on the west, Ghaziabad District to the north and east, East Delhi to the south, and North Delhi to the west across the Yamuna. This area is densely populated with very slow development as compared to other districts. No development took place here even during Commonwealth Games makeover of other districts of Delhi. For public transport people are totally dependent upon overloaded sharing Autos. Half of the roads are covered by street hawkers. Exits connecting this place districts (Shastri Park and Wazirabad) with other parts are fully choked in peak hours.
Demographics
According to the 2011 census, North East Delhi had a population of 2,241,624, roughly equal to the nation of Latvia, or the United States state of New Mexico. This gives it a ranking of 202nd in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 26.78%. North East Delhi has a sex ratio of 886 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 83.09%.
Mr. Happy Go Lucky

Mr. Happy Go Lucky is the 14th studio album by American singer-songwriter John Mellencamp and the first following his heart attack in 1994. It went to number 11 in the United States and spawned the last top 40 single to date Key West Intermezzo (I Saw You First).
Track listing
All songs written by John Mellencamp, except where noted.
Pedro Munitis

Pedro Munitis (born 19 June 1975) is a Spanish football player. He plays for Racing Santander.
Gennes, Doubs

Gennes is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comte in the Doubs department in east France.
Lawrence Lessig

Lester Lawrence Lessig III (born June 3, 1961) is an American academic and political activist. He is known for his work in reducing legal restrictions on copyright, trademark and radio frequency, and helped create the free culture movement. He has been an activist against the Second Amendment and created the Second Constitutional Convention.
Early life
Lessig was born in Rapid City, South Dakota, the son of Patricia, who sold real estate, and Lester L. "Jack" Lessig, an engineer. He grew up in Williamsport, Pennsylvania. He studied at the Wharton School, at Trinity College, Cambridge, and at Yale University. For a year, he worked as a clerk in Chicago.
Career
Academic
Lessig started his academic career at the University of Chicago Law School, where he was Professor from 1991 to 1997. From 1997 to 2000, he was at Harvard Law School, holding for a year the chair of Berkman Professor of Law, affiliated with the Berkman Center for Internet & Society. He subsequently joined Stanford Law School, where he established the school's Center for Internet and Society.
Lessig returned to Harvard in December 2008 as Professor and Director of the Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics. In 2013, Lessig was appointed as the Roy L. Furman Professor of Law and Leadership; his chair lecture was titled "Aaron's Laws: Law and Justice in a Digital Age." In 2013, Lessig was also awarded an honorary doctorate by the Faculty of Social Sciences at Lund University, Sweden.
Political activism
Lessig is currently considered politically liberal. As a law clerk, however, he worked for both Judge Richard Posner and Justice Antonin Scalia, two influential conservative judges.
Lessig has emphasized in interviews that his philosophy experience at Cambridge radically changed his values and career path. Previously, he had held strong conservative or libertarian political views.
2016 presidential campaign
In August 2015, Lessig announced that he was exploring a possible candidacy for President of the United States in the 2016 election. On September 6, 2015, Lessig announced that he would run for the 2016 Democratic presidential nomination. Almost two months into the campaign trail, poor polling numbers and not being qualified to enter the debates, Lessig dropped out on November 2, 2015.
Personal life
Lessig is married to Bettina Neuefeind. He is the father of three children (Willem, Teo, and Tess).
Leeds City College

Leeds City College is a college in the City of Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. It is for further education, that is, education after finishing the compulsory years of secondary school. It is the largest college for further education in Leeds. It has around 57,000 students, and 2,300 staff. It makes about PS78 million each year.
The Christie NHS Foundation Trust

The Christie NHS Foundation Trust is the biggest cancer centre in the North of England. It was started in 1892 and moved to its present site in Withington in 1932. The Holt Radium Institute was a research centre which ran a radiotherapy service. Ralston Paterson was the Director of the Radium Institute in 1931, and built a world recognised centre for the treatment of cancer by radiation. New research laboratories, provided by the Women's Trust Fund and named after the Patersons, were opened in 1966. It changed its name to the Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute in 2013. It was destroyed by fire in 2017. It was rebuilt and reopened in 2023. The new building is 25,000 square metres and ten storeys high, more than twice the size of the earlier building,
The Christie registers around 12,500 new patients and treats about 60,000 patients every year. It covers a population of 3.2 million, and runs clinics at 16 other hospitals. There is a private cancer unit which made PS25 million in 2018-9.
Saint-Apollinaire-de-Rias

Saint-Apollinaire-de-Rias is a commune in the Ardeche departement in southern France.
1172

1172 was a leap year.
Events
Duke Richard of Aquitaine becomes Duke of Poitiers. He later becomes King Richard I of England.
Pope Gregory VIII starts the Council of Avranches.
The Synod of Cashel ended the Celtic Christian system and converted them to Rome.
Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs

The Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs is a Billboard chart that ranks the top 50 most popular R&B and Hip hop songs in the United States. The chart is ranked by Billboard. Since it has started, the chart has been renamed many times to accurately reflect the music industry at that time. There is also a chart called the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles which ranks the top 25 songs that are making progress onto the main R&B/hip-hop chart.
Manuel Serifo Nhamadjo

Manuel Serifo Nhamadjo (25 March 1958 - 17 March 2020) was a Guinea-Bissauan politician. He was the acting President of Guinea-Bissau from May 2012 to June 2014. His predecessor was Mamadu Ture Kuruma.
Nhamadjo died on 17 March 2020 in Lisbon, Portugal at the age of 61.
David Graeber

David Rolfe Graeber (; February 12, 1961 - September 2, 2020) was an American anthropologist, anarchist activist and author. He was known for his books Debt: The First 5000 Years (2011), The Utopia of Rules (2015) and Bullshit Jobs: A Theory (2018).
He was a professor of anthropology at the London School of Economics.
Graeber was born in New York City. He studied at the University of Chicago and at State University of New York at Purchase.
Graeber died on 2 September 2020 in a Venice hospital from a hemorrhage caused by pancreatitis at the age of 59.
Armed Islamic Group

The Armed Islamic Group (GIA, from French Groupe Islamique Arme; Arabic ljm`@ lslmy@ lmslWH@, al-Jama'ah al-Islamiyah al-Musallaha) was an Islamist terrorist organization based in Algeria. It wanted to overthrow the Algerian government and replace it with an Islamic state. The GIA adopted violent tactics in 1992 after the military government did not recognise the victory of the Islamic Salvation Front in the first round of elections held in December 1991. The Islamic Salvation Front was the largest Islamic opposition party at the time.
Between 1992 and 1998 the GIA led a violent campaign. They killed many civilians. Sometimes they wiped out entire villages in its area of operation (see List of Algerian massacres of the 1990s; notably the Bentalha massacre and Rais massacre, among others). After announcing its campaign against foreigners living in Algeria in 1993, the GIA killed more than 100 expatriate men and women in the country. The group used assassinations and bombings, including car bombs. It is known to have favored kidnapping victims and slitting their throats. The GIA was considered a terrorist organization by the governments of Algeria, France and the United States. Outside of Algeria, the GIA established a presence in France, Belgium, the UK, Italy and the United States.
Lim Boo Liat

Lim Boo Liat (21 August 1926 - 11 July 2020) was a Malaysian zoologist. He was known for his biological diversity of Malaysia. He was a strong supporter for the conservation of the country's natural heritage. Lim was the first Southeast Asian to be awarded Honorary Membership to the American Society of Mammalogists.
Lim died at his home in Cheras on 11 July 2020.
Juan Carlos Guerra Zunzunegui

Juan Carlos Guerra Zunzunegui (1 February 1935 - 28 September 2020) was a Spanish politician and lawyer. Guerra Zunzunegui was born in Madrid. He was a member of the People's Party. From 1977 to 1986, he was a member of the Senate. Between 1986 to 2008, he was in the Congress of Deputies.
Guerra Zunzunegui died on 28 September 2020 in Madrid, aged 85.
Georgy Porgy (song)

"Georgy Porgy" is a 1979 song by American rock band Toto. It is the third single from their debut studio album Toto and went to number 48 in the United States and number 11 in New Zealand. It was covered by Eric Benet featuring Faith Evans for his second studio album A Day in the Life. It went to number 2 in New Zealand.
Track listings
UK CD1
"Georgy Porgy" (radio edit) - 4:19
"Georgy Porgy" (So So Def radio remix with rap) - 3:56
"Georgy Porgy" (Somethin' for the People remix) - 4:45
"Georgy Porgy" (So So Def radio remix without rap) - 3:34
UK CD2
"Georgy Porgy" (album version) - 4:40
"Georgy Porgy" (Spreadlove's 2 Step vocal mix) - 6:21
"Georgy Porgy" (Hippie Torales radio remix) - 3:24
UK 12-inch single
A1. "Georgy Porgy" (Hippie Torales remix) - 6:14
B1. "Georgy Porgy" (Spreadlove's 2 Step vocal mix) - 6:21
B2. "Georgy Porgy" (Spreadlove's Demonic dub) - 5:35
European CD single
"Georgy Porgy" (radio edit) - 4:19
"Georgy Porgy" (Hippie Torales remix) - 6:14
Australian CD single
"Georgy Porgy" (radio edit)
"Georgy Porgy" (Hippie Torales radio remix)
"Georgy Porgy" (Hani's Fresh Air remix)
"Georgy Porgy" (Roy Davis Jr. Heavenly Body remix)
"Georgy Porgy" (Hippie Torrales remix)
"Georgy Porgy" (Roy Davis Jr. Galactic Sould remix)
Singing Reveler (Epiktetos)

Singing Reveler is the tondo (circular painting) in a terracotta drinking cup said to have been painted by Epiktetos. It is dated about 520510 BC. The cup measures 3 1/16 x 9 15/16 x 7 1/16 to 7 3/16 in. The cup is in the collections of The J. Paul Getty Museum.
The tondo depicts an older, balding man reclining on a couch and singing. The setting is probably a drinking party (symposium). These cups were meant to be used at such parties and were often decorated with party scenes.
Variscourt

Variscourt is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.
Texas Attorney General

The Attorney General of Texas is the state attorney general of the state government of the U.S. state of Texas. The attorney general is also the chief legal officer and the head of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice. He/she carries out official duties and responsibilities of the office through the Office of the Attorney General.
The state attorney general is elected to a four-year term. This does not have term limits. The election is held at the same statewide election as the governor, lieutenant governor, etc.
Ken Paxton is the current Attorney General of Texas, in office since January 2015 under Greg Abbott.
Cedrasco

Cedrasco is a comune in the Province of Sondrio in the Lombardy region in Italy.
Pfetterhouse

Pfetterhouse is a commune. It is in the Haut-Rhin department.