kenhktsui/simple_wikipedia_LM_quality_score_v1 huggingface dataset:
Entropy

The entropy of an object is a measure of the amount of energy which is unavailable to do work. Entropy is also a measure of the number of possible arrangements the atoms in a system can have. In this sense, entropy is a measure of uncertainty or randomness. The higher the entropy of an object, the more uncertain we are about the states of the atoms making up that object because there are more states to decide from. A law of physics says that it takes work to make the entropy of an object or system smaller; without work, entropy can never become smaller - you could say that everything slowly goes to disorder (higher entropy).
The word entropy came from the study of heat and energy in the period 1850 to 1900. Some very useful mathematical ideas about probability calculations emerged from the study of entropy. These ideas are now used in information theory, statistical mechanics, chemistry and other areas of study.
Entropy is simply a quantitative measure of what the second law of thermodynamics describes: the spreading of energy until it is evenly spread. The meaning of entropy is different in different fields. It can mean:
Information entropy, which is a measure of information communicated by systems that are affected by data noise.
Thermodynamic entropy is part of the science of heat energy. It is a measure of how organized or disorganized energy is in a system of atoms or molecules.
The Red Girl

The Red Girl is a 1908 American silent western movie directed by D. W. Griffith and stars Florence Lawrence, Charles Inslee, and Linda Arvidson.
Clyde Tombaugh

Clyde William Tombaugh (February 4, 1906January 17, 1997) was an American astronomer known for discovering Pluto in 1930.
Biography
Tombaugh was born in Streator, Illinois. After his family moved to Burdett, Kansas, Tombaugh planned to attend college. After a hailstorm ruined his family's farm crops, he no longer had money for the expense of college.
After he discovered Pluto, he went to college at the University of Kansas and graduated with two degrees in astronomy.
Winterrieden

Winterrieden is a municipality in Unterallgau in Bavaria, Germany. The municipality has a municipal association with Babenhausen.
Filippo Reef

Filippo Reef is a coral reef in the Pacific Ocean. It is located at , east of Starbuck Island in the Line Islands. The reef was reported by the master of the Italian barque Filippo who saw it on 28 June 1886. From an unidentified report of breakers dated 1926, it was estimated to have a water depth of only , and appeared to be about long northwest to southeast, and less in width.
The only sighting referenced shows a date of 1926. The topographic data supplied by the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO), however, shows a sea depth of . It is therefore likely that this 1926 report is an error, and that Filippo Reef is a phantom island. Maps showing the reef rely on the report of 1926, and are likely in error.
Nevertheless, it is marked in the 2005 edition of the National Geographic Atlas of the World.
Pailharès

Pailhares is a commune in the Ardeche departement in southern France.
Litoria viranula

Litoria viranula is a frog from Papua New Guinea and Indonesia. It is related to Litoria bicolor.
The male adult frog is about 23.5 mm long from nose to rear end and the females is about 26.4 mm long. Its head is longer than it is wide and its pupils open up and down. The front feet usually have almost no webbing and the back feet have lots of webbing. It is bright green with a bronze stripe on its back. It has darker patches on its legs and middle.
It lives in forests near the Digul River and Fly River.
They lay eggs in flowing water and in temporarily flooded places.
The Latin name of this species viranula is a combination of viridis and ranula for green and frog.
Castelviel

Castelviel is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.
Supply-side economics

Supply-side economics or trickle-down economics is a theory that if taxes were cut on the richest people in society, rich people would use their extra money to invest in the economy, but if taxes were increased, the wealthy would leave the country and invest somewhere else where the tax rates are lower. People who support supply-side economics believe that taxes punished productivity and if they were lowered, people would produce more goods and services. Many supporters of supply-side economics also support things such as limited government spending, low inflation, and regulating the economy less.
Economist Arthur Laffer supported supply-side economics with a theory called a Laffer Curve. The theory stated that government will get no money if taxes were too high--nobody would pay them--and that the government would not get enough money if taxes were too low. The theory also stated that if taxes were too high, the economy would be less productive and it would give the government less money and that if taxes were low, the economy would be productive and the government would get more money.
Supply-side economics was used while Ronald Reagan was president during the 1980's. Income taxes on the wealthiest Americans were cut from 70% to 50% to 28% during his two terms. Also, capital gains taxes were cut. Supporters of supply-side economics mention that those tax cuts have resulted in economic recovery during the 1980's and the strong economic boom in the 1990's and first decade of the 21st century.
Critics of supply-side economics say that the wealthy gain a lot of money in the hope that a very small amount of it will trickle down to the poor, and they call it voodoo economics. Many critics say that supply-side economic policies are bad because they result in a bigger gap between the rich and the poor. They also criticize that the reduction in taxes results in the cutting of programs for the poor people who need it. Other critics point out that large supply-cuts tax cuts, in combination with increases in military spending, has resulted in the government being in a large amount of debt.
Tuatara

Tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) are a species of reptiles which look like lizards. However, they are the only surviving member of an order of reptiles which flourished 200 million years ago.
There is now only the genus Sphenodon, with two species of Tuatara. Both are endemic to (only live in) New Zealand. Lizards and snakes are the closest living relatives of the tuatara.
Tuatara are green-brown, and measure up to 80 cm from head to the end of their tail. They have a spiny crest along the back: the Maori word tuatara refers to this.
The crest is more pronounced in males. Tuatara are special in many ways. One of these is the pattern of their teeth. They have two rows of teeth in the upper jaw overlap one row on the lower jaw. This is unique among living species.
Sense organs
Third 'eye'
Tuatara are also unusual because they have a third 'eye'. They have two normal eyes. The third eye is on top of their head, in between their other eyes. It does not see like a normal eye. The parietal eye, as it is called, is only visible in hatchlings. They have a translucent patch at the top centre of the skull. After four to six months this becomes covered with opaque scales and pigment.
The function of the parietal eye is unknown, but it may be useful in absorbing ultraviolet rays to manufacture vitamin D. It may also do other things. Of all living tetrapods, the parietal eye is most obvious in this animal. The parietal eye is part of the pineal system. The animal's pineal gland secretes melatonin at night. Some salamanders use their pineal body to perceive polarised light, which helps navigation. Unlike lizards they have no eardrums or external male sexual organ.
Hearing
Tuataras do not have ears, but they can hear. They have a number of unique features in their skeleton (bones), some of them shared through common descent with fish.
Endangered species
The tuatara has been classified as an endangered species since 1895. The second species, S. guntheri, was not discovered until 1989.
Tuatara, like many of New Zealand's native animals, are threatened by habitat loss and the introduced Polynesian Rat Rattus exulans. They were extinct on the mainland, with the remaining populations confined to 32 offshore islands, until the first mainland release into the heavily fenced and monitored Karori Wildlife Sanctuary in 2005.
Xavi Simons

Xavier Quentin Shay Simons (born 21 April 2003) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Ligue 1 club Paris Saint-Germain.
Born in Amsterdam, Simons is the son of Dutch former footballer Regillio Simons. Simons is of Surinamese descent through his father and of Dutch descent through his mother. His brother Faustino, who also played football, shares the same birthday as him.
Donald Davidson

Donald Davidson was an American philosopher. He taught philosophy during several years at the American universities.
Education
Davidson majored in English and comparative literature on William Shakespeare at Harvard University and switched it to philosophy.
career
He taught Philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley and also held teaching appointments several other universities such as Stanford University, Rockefeller University, Princeton University, and the University of Chicago.
Works
Here is the list of some of his works in philosophy:
"Truth and Meaning," Synthese, 17, 1967. (Reprinted in Davidson, 2001b.)
"Mental Events," in Experience and Theory, Foster and Swanson (eds.). London: Duckworth. 1970. (Reprinted in Davidson, 2001a).
"Agency," in Agent, Action, and Reason, Binkley, Bronaugh, and Marras (eds.), Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 1971. (Reprinted in Davidson, 2001a.)
Essays on Actions and Events, 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2001a.
Inquiries into Truth and Interpretation, 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2001b.
Problems of Rationality, Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2004.
Truth, Language, and History: Philosophical Essays, Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2005.
Truth and Predication. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2005.
BBC News (TV channel)

BBC News is a free news channel, broadcast by BBC. It began on 9th November 1997 as BBC News 24 until it was rebranded to its current name on 21st April 2008. The BBC's website, bbc.co.uk, also features a section called BBC News. This section contains news articles and videos of broadcasts from the news channel.
Fame (musical)

Fame - The Musical is a musical. Jose Fernandez wrote the book. Jacques Levy wrote the lyrics. Steve Margoshes wrote the music. The musical is based on Fame, a 1980 movie.
The musical premiered in 1980 in Miami, Florida. It opened on the West End in 1995. It played Off-Broadway between 2003 and 2004. The story tells of students in a high school for the performing arts.
Timofei Moșneaga

Timofei Mosneaga (6 March 1932 - 1 June 2014) was a Moldovan physician and politician.
In 1960, at the age of 27, he was appointed Director of Republican Clinical Hospital. Timofei Mosneaga held this position for over four decades and brought an essential contribution to the development of the institution.
In 1989, Timofei Mosneaga was elected People's Deputy of the Soviet Union and was member of the Supreme Soviet Committee on Foreign Affairs.
In 1994, he was elected Member of the Moldovan Parliament.
In the period 1994-1997, Timofei Mosneaga held the office of Minister of Health of Moldova.
He passed away on 1 June 2014 in Chisinau.
For outstanding merits in his professional activity, Timofei Mosneaga received high state distinctions, among which the Order of the Republic.
His bust stands on the Alley of Brilliant Scientists and Doctors in Chisinau.
As of 19 July 2017, per the Moldovan Cabinet's decision, the Republican Clinical Hospital is named after Timofei Mosneaga.
Chris Sununu

Christopher T. "Chris" Sununu (born November 5, 1974) is the 82nd Governor of New Hampshire. Sununu was a Republican member of the New Hampshire Executive Council from 2011 to 2017.
Sununu was born in Salem, New Hampshire.
He also serves as chief executive officer of the Waterville Valley Ski Resort in Waterville Valley, New Hampshire. He earned a bachelor's degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Sununu is a son of former New Hampshire Governor John H. Sununu and brother of former U.S. Senator John E. Sununu.
On July 19, 2023, Sununu announced that he would not run for a fifth term as governor.
Emmingen-Liptingen

Emmingen-Liptingen is a municipality of the district of Tuttlingen in the state of Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany.
History
Emmingen was first mentioned in 820, Liptingen in 761. The municipalities were joined together in 1975.
List of BitTorrent clients

A BitTorrent client is a program that downloads files using the BitTorrent protocol.
30,000 Pounds of Bananas

"30,000 Pounds of Bananas" is a song by Harry Chapin. It is from his 1974 Verities & Balderdash album.
The song tells the story of real-life truck accident which happened on March 18, 1965, in Scranton, Pennsylvania.
Momijigari

is the Japanese tradition of visiting areas where leaves have turned red in the autumn. The word comes from the two Japanese words meaning "red leaves" or "maple tree" and , "hunting". It is also called . "Koyo" is another pronunciation of the characters for "momiji". In Hokkaido another word for it is .
Many people in Japan do this. The cities of Nikko, Tochigi and Kyoto are very popular. The tradition started in the Heian era.
Dying Fetus

Dying Fetus is an American death metal band from Upper Marlboro, Maryland. Dying Fetus has three members in the band; the current band members are John Gallagher, Sean Beasley and Trey Williams. The band was formed in 1991 by the band member John Gallagher and former band member Jason Netherton. They released their debut album, Purification Through Violence, in 1996 and shortly afterwards left Pulverizer Records. They are currently signed to Relapse Records.
Goyencourt

Goyencourt is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France.
Samantha Giles

Samantha Elizabeth Giles (born 2 July 1971) is an English actress and author. She is best known for portraying the role of Bernice Blackstock in the ITV soap opera Emmerdale (1998-2002, 2004, 2012-2019, 2021-2023).
Personal life
Giles lives in Liverpool, Merseyside. She has two daughters.
Pourya Fayazi

Pourya Fayazi Damnabi (, born 12 January 1993) is an Iranian volleyball player who plays for Shahrdari Urmia. He also plays for Iran men's national volleyball team. His debut game was against European champions Serbia at the FIVB Volleyball Men's World Cup on November 22, 2011.
Leipzig (district)

The rural district Leipzig is a district of Saxony, Germany. It was founded in August, 2008 and consists of the former rural districts Muldentalkreis and Leipziger Land.
Bardonecchia

Bardonecchia is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Italian region of Piedmont.
Jay Brazeau

James "Jay" Brazeau (born December 22, 1953) is an Australian born Canadian actor. He is best known for his role as Sam Fisher in Cold Squad, as Harlan in Stargate SG-1 (1997-2007), for voicing Uncle Quigley in Sabrina: The Animated Series and as Bobby in Double Jeopardy (1999).
In May 2011, Brazeau suffered a minor stroke while changing costumes backstage 30 minutes into a preview performance.
Lead Hill, Arkansas

Lead Hill is a small town in the US state of Arkansas.
Tracey Childs

Tracey Childs (born 30 May 1963) is a British actress who played Lynne Howard in Howards' Way, Linda Cosgrove in Born and Bred, Elaine Jenkins in Broadchurch and Patty Cornwell in Hollyoaks. She has also guest starred in Dempsey and Makepeace, Someone to Watch Over Me, Bergerac, Boon, EastEnders, The Bill, London's Burning, Doctor Who, Doctors and 2 Broke Girls. She was married to actor Tony Anholt.
Maryan Plakhetko

Maryan Ivanovych Plakhetko (; 1 March 1945 - 22 February 2020) was a Ukrainian footballer. He played as a defender.
Plakhetko was born in Nizhankovichi. He most notably played club football for CSKA Moscow. He also played for Karpaty Lviv and SKA Lviv. Plakhetko played two games for the Soviet Union national team in 1968 and 1971.
Plakhetko died in Moscow on 22 February 2020 at the age of 74.
Estenfeld

Estenfeld is a municipality in Wurzburg in Bavaria in Germany.
Zoran Đinđić

Zoran Dindic (1 August 1952 - 12 March 2003) was a Serbian politician. He was Prime Minister of Serbia from 2001 until we was assassinated in 2003.
He was the mayor of Belgrade in 1997, and long-time opposition politician.
Chevrolet Chevelle

The Chevrolet Chevelle is an American mid-sized car produced by Chevrolet of General Motors from 1964 to 1977.
The Chevelle has three generations from 1964-1967, 1968-1972 and 1973-1977.
It is considered to be one of the greatest muscle cars.
In 1978, the Chevelle was replaced by the Malibu.
Bhutan Time

Bhutan Time (BTT) is the time zone of Bhutan. It is +06:00 ahead of Universal Time Coordinated (UTC+6:00).
Sophie Turner

Sophie Belinda Jonas (born nee Turner; 21 February 1996) is a British actress. She plays Sansa Stark in Game of Thrones, She played Young Adeline March in The Thirteenth Tale. She also played Heather in the 2015 comedy movie Barely Lethal.
She was born in Northampton, England. In 2019, she married singer-songwriter Joe Jonas.
Legal (constituency)

The Legal, is a functional constituency in the elections for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong first created in 1985. Electors include The member of the Law Society of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Bar Association, and the officers in the Government's judicial departments.
Alan White (Yes drummer)

Alan White (14 June 1949 - 26 May 2022) was an English musician, best known as the drummer from the band Yes. He also played on records by former Beatles John Lennon and George Harrison.
White was honored into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Yes in 2017.
White died on 26 May 2022 at his home in Newcastle, Washington from a short-illness, aged 72.
Silambu

Silambu (, ) is a type of hollow anklet or foot jewelry. It is filled with metal beads, and it makes a sound when the person walks. People in many parts of the Indian subcontinent wear silambu at different times and on different occasions. Silver silambu are also often called silver thandai by adults. Most of the performers wear silver silambu for dances performances performed during the puja.
The court dancers wore silambu. Silambu may also have been used by Kandyan dancers.
Etymology
According to Jeyaraj, the word 'silambu' is derived from the verb 'silambal', meaning 'to make sound'.
Description
The silambu is filled with beads or small balls that make noise when the wearer moves or dances. It may be worn on the ankle or the leg. When worn on the leg, it is called kalchilambu in Tamil.
Some silambu are made of copper and use iron balls to make sound. Others are made of silver.
In dance
In Tamil Nadu, a traditional dance called Kai Silambu Attam is danced at the temple during the Amman festival or Navratri festival. During this dance, the dancers wear silambu on their ankles and also hold them in their hands. They have different styles of jumping in their dance. This vibration produces sound in the silambu.
Nautch and Kandyan dancers may wear silambu.
In literature
The main character of the epic Silappatikaram (a story of Silambu) is based on Kannagita's attempt to sell her anklet Silambu. The title comes from the name of the anklet.
In festivals
Silambu are sometimes placed on cows' legs during the Pongal festival.
Asheboro, North Carolina

Asheboro is a city in and the county seat of Randolph County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 25,012 at the 2010 census. It is the home of the state-owned North Carolina Zoo.
Gouise

Gouise is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.
Tropical cyclone formation alert

A Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA) is a notice given out by the U.S. Navy-run Joint Typhoon Warning Center in Honolulu, Hawaii or the Naval Maritime Forecast Center in Norfolk, Virginia warning of the possibility of a tropical cyclone forming from a tropical disturbance that has been watched carefully.
Ivo Brešan

Ivo Bresan (27 May 1936 - 3 January 2017) was a Croatian playwright, novelist and screenwriter. He was for known for political satire. He was on screen from the early 1970s to 2006. His work included Acting Hamlet in the Village of Mrdusa Donja (1973), How the War Started on My Island (1996) and Marshal Tito's Spirit (1999). He had written screenplays with his son Vinko Bresan.
Bresan was born in Vodice. In 2001, he was awarded the Vladimir Nazor Award for Life Achievement in Literature
Bresan died on 3 January 2017 in Zagreb at the age of 80.
Ed Begley Jr.

Edward James "Ed" Begley, Jr. (born September 16, 1949) is an American movie, television, stage, and voice actor and environmentalist. He is known for his roles in; She-Devil, What's Your Number?, Whatever Works, and in Living with Ed. He is also known for his television role in St. Elsewhere.
Begley, Jr. was born on September 16, 1949 in Los Angeles, California to Ed Begley, Sr. and to Allene Jeanne Sanders. He studied at Notre Dame High School and at Los Angeles Valley College. He was married to Ingrid Taylor from 1976 until they divorced in 1989. He has now been married to Rachelle Carson since 2000. He has three children. He lives in Los Angeles, California.
Prime Minister of Yemen

The Prime Minister of the Republic of Yemen is the head of government of Yemen.
Under the Constitution of Yemen, the Prime Minister is appointed by the President. Their appointment must be approved by the House of Representatives.
The current Prime Minister of Yemen is Maeen Abdulmalik Saeed.
Ernesto Teodoro Moneta

Ernesto Teodoro Moneta was an Italian journalist and soldier. He later became a pacifist and won the 1907 Nobel Peace Prize.
Moneto was born in Milan on September 20, 1833. He died February 10, 1918.
Horacio Serpa

Horacio Serpa Uribe (January 4, 1943 - October 31, 2020) was an Colombian politician. He was governor of Santander between January 2008 to December 2011 and candidate in the 1998, 2002, and 2006 presidential elections. He also served in the Senate of Colombia from 2014 to 2018.
Serpa died on 31 October 2020 in Bucaramanga from colon and pancreatic cancer at the age of 77.
Target Center

The Target Center is an arena in downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota. It is sponsored by Target Corporation. The arena has 702 club seats and 68 suites.
The center is home to the National Basketball Association's Minnesota Timberwolves. From 1994-1996, it was home to the Minnesota Arctic Blast of RHI. In 1996, it was home to the Arena Football League team Minnesota Fighting Pike. The Women's National Basketball Association's Minnesota Lynx also play in the arena.
David Emanuel (fashion designer)

David Emanuel (born 17 November 1952) is a fashion designer who is best known for designing, with his former wife Elizabeth Emanuel.
Pre-Socratic philosophy

The Pre-Socratic Greek philosophers were active before Socrates. The popular usage of the term comes from Hermann Diels' work Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker (The Fragments of the Pre-Socratics, 1903).
Most of what we know about the pre-Socractic philosophers come from quotations by later philosophers and historians. While most of them produced significant texts, none of the texts have survived in complete form.
The standard reference works in English are:
Gompertz, Theodor 1901. The Greek thinkers: a history of ancient philosophy. Volume 1: the beginnings. London: Murray.
Guthrie W.K. 1962. A history of Greek philosophy. Volume 1: The earlier presocratics and the Pythagoreans. Cambridge University Press.
The fundamental idea which motivated most of the presocratics (as they are called) is naturalism. This is the idea that questions about life and the world can be answered without using myths, and that "the natural world is the whole of reality".
With the Greeks we see rational thought and scientific reasoning appear.
Amsterdam (city), New York

Amsterdam is a city in Montgomery County, New York, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 18,620. The name is influenced from the city of Amsterdam in the Netherlands.
The city of Amsterdam is surrounded on the north, east, and west sides by the town of Amsterdam. The city developed on both sides of the Mohawk River, with the majority located on the north bank. The Port Jackson area on the south side is also part of the city.
Division of Lawson

The Division of Lawson was an Australian Electoral Division for the Australian House of Representatives in the state of New South Wales.
The division was created in 1949. It was abolished in 1969. It was named after Henry Lawson, an Australian author. It was located in the north-west of New South Wales. It was also located in the towns of Coonabarabran, Dubbo and Mudgee.
Casti-Wergenstein

Casti-Wergenstein () is a municipality in the district of Hinterrhein in the canton of Graubunden.
Ponta Delgada

Ponta Delgada is the capital of the autonomous region of the Azores in Portugal. It is on Sao Miguel Island, the largest and most populous in the archipelago. As of 2021, 67,287 people lived here and its area is .
Over the Rainbow

"Over the Rainbow" is a song from the movie The Wizard of Oz. It was composed by Harold Arlen and the lyrics were written by E.Y. Harburg. Judy Garland sang the song in the movie. Over time it would become her signature song. The song won an Academy Award. The song is also known as "Somewhere Over the Rainbow".
About five minutes into the movie, Judy Garland (as Dorothy Gale) sings "Over the Rainbow". She is trying to get her aunt and uncle to listen to her story about an incident involving her dog, Toto. Dorothy's Aunt Em tells her to "find yourself a place where you won't get into any trouble". Dorothy walks off with Toto. She says to the dog, "Someplace where there isn't any trouble. Do you suppose there is such a place, Toto? There must be. It's not a place you can get to by a boat, or a train. It's far, far away. Behind the moon, beyond the rain." She begins to sing the song.
MGM executives thought the song "slowed down the picture". They said it did not sound like a song a little girl would sing in a barnyard. They wanted to cut it from the movie. Other people wanted the song to be kept in the movie. The executives changed their minds and the song was kept.
"Over the Rainbow" was going to be sung again by Garland in the scene where she is locked in the witch's room and watches the hourglass. She weeps through the song, and ends with "I'm frightened, Auntie Em! I'm frightened!". The song was cut from the scene. The "I'm frightened" cry was kept in the movie.
The song is number one on the "Songs of the Century" list compiled by the Recording Industry Association of America and the National Endowment for the Arts. The American Film Institute has ranked "Over the Rainbow" as the greatest movie song of all time on the list of "AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs". American troops in Europe in World War II adopted the song as a symbol of the United States. Garland performed the song for American troops as part of a 1943 command performance.
Hawaiian singer Israel Kamakawiwo`ole (1959-1997) recorded a version of "Over the Rainbow" in 1988. It was released in 1993.
Dzemijetul Hajrije

Dzemijetul Hajrije is the oldest Muslim organization in the United States. It is a benevolent society started in 1906 to help Muslim immigrants from Bosnia.
History
In the late 1800s, many young men came from Bosnia to Chicago to work in construction. They built roads, buildings, and tunnels for the Chicago commuter train system. Many Bosnians worked on the tunnels for Arif Dilich's Paschen Construction Company, a large company in Chicago. The Dzemijetul Hajrije was like a family to the many young single men. It had religious services and special activities for Eid and other holidays. It helped pay for medical expenses and funerals.
Many Muslims also lived in Gary, Indiana and worked in the steel mills. Another group of Bosnian Muslims went to work in the copper mines in Butte, Montana. Dzemijetul Hajrije started chapters in Gary, Indiana in 1913, Wilpen, Pennyslvania in 1915, and Butte, Montana in 1916. They did not have a mosque, but they met in coffeehouses. In 1956 the last Bosnian coffeehouse closed.
After World War II more Bosnians immigrated to Chicago. Many were well-educated, but they had to take jobs as taxi cab drivers, factory workers, and janitors. In the early 1950s, they asked Sheik Kamil Avdich, a religious scholar, to be their first imam. They started the Muslim Religious and Cultural Home. In 1957, they opened a mosque on Halsted Street. In 1968, they changed their name to the Bosnian American Cultural Association. In the 1970s they bought land in Northbrook for a larger mosque, the Islamic Cultural Center of Greater Chicago.
Inbe Shrine

Inbe Shrine is a Shinto shrine situated in Nikenya-cho, Tokushima City, Tokushima Prefecture. It was previously known as a Myojin Taisha. Nowadays, it is considered a beppyo shrine under the Association of Shinto Shrines.
Deity
(Tian Ri Jiu Ming )
Inbe Shrine's deity is believed to be the Oyagami or the ancestor deity of the . The shrine's deity is known to have played a role in the story of Amaterasu Omikami hiding in the cave, where Tentagyoku-no-mikoto led him to plant a tree and make a white coin woven from kozo fibers. The deity is also believed to have introduced cotton (also called Yu) to Japan.
History
Inbe Shrine was originally located in Mashoku County, Awa Province and was listed in the 'Engishiki Jinmyocho' and 'Myojin Taisha Shrine'. However, due to fires and other factors, its location became unknown during the Middle Ages. In the early modern period, multiple shrines were built in Shikinai and Inbe Shrines claiming to be the original Inbe Shrine. In 1871, it was temporarily promoted to Kokuhei Chusha with "location unknown". In 1874, Inbe-jinja Shrine in Yamakawa-cho was replaced by Gosho-jinja Shrine. In 1881, Gosho-jinja Shrine was changed to Shikinaibu-jinja Shrine, but Yamazaki opposed it. In 1885, the current location on the slopes of Mt. Bizan was selected and Kotohira-jinja Shrine was enshrined there. It was moved to Gosho-jinja Shrine as a temporary subsidiary shrine before being relocated to its present location on May 15, 1892, following the completion of the shrine building.
The shrine was built in the year 1892. But during the year 1945, a big part of the main buildings got destroyed because of war-related incidents. To rebuild it, the current main hall was constructed in 1953, which has a 3-bay front and a 2-bay roof on the remaining three sides. To decorate the roof, chigi and bonito were placed on the ridge.
A loom is placed in the weaving hall. There the fabric for imperial succession is woven
Festival
The Spring Reitaisai Washigae Shinto ritual is performed on May 15th to commemorate the Inbe Shrine's relocation in 1892.
Saint-Léger, Mayenne

Saint-Leger is a commune of 231 people (2004). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
Processed cheese

Processed cheese is a dairy product. It is made from cheese. Other unfermented dairy products, emulsifiers, salts, food colorings and whey may be added to this.
History
The first processed cheese was made by Walter Gerber in Thun, Switzerland in 1911. Today, this is still sold as Gala. The first processed cheese in Germany was made by Gebruder Wiedemann, in 1922. This was named Adler (which is German for Eagle). At approximately the same time, Fromageries Bel launched La vache qui rit, which is still available today. In Austria, it was Alma, in 1921.
Advantages and disadvantages
There are a number of advantages of processed cheese over regular cheese. These are:
Processed cheese has a longer shelf-life
It is possible to use leftovers from other cheesemaking processes.
The melting process can be controlled better. Regular cheese often separates into fat, and proteins.
There are fewer flavors of processed cheese than of unprocessed cheese
One disadvantage to processed cheese is that it is unhealthier than other cheeses if eaten too much.
The Rules of Attraction

The Rules of Attraction is a 2002 American satirical black comedy-drama movie. It stars James van der Beek and Jessica Biel. This movie is based on the novel of the same name by Bret Easton Ellis. It is about events at a fictional college in New Hampshire. The Rules of Attraction was originally rated NC-17 by the MPAA, although edits were performed by Lionsgate so that the movie could get an R rating.
Play My Music

"Play My Music" is a 2008 song performed and recorded by The Jonas Brothers. The song was featured on the Disney Channel Original Movie Camp Rock. "Play My Music" is also on the original version of The Camp Rock Soundtrack and the pre-release album (Camp Rock Soundtrack (Pre-release)).
2008 songs
Camp Rock
Antonella Lattanzi

Antonella Lattanzi (born 1979 in Bari) is an Italian novelist and screenwriter. She was a finalist at the 2013 Stresa Prize. She won the 2017 Cortina d'Ampezzo Prize.
Life
Lattanzi's work appears in "Tuttolibri de La Stampa" and "Il Venerdi de La Repubblica".
She and Filippo Gravinio wrote the screenplays of the movie Fiore by Claudio Giovannesi in 2013, and 2night by Ivan Silvestrini in 2016.
Self-destructive behavior

Self-destructive behavior is any behavior that is harmful, or that could be harmful to the person who behaves that way. It is sometimes done on purpose but not always. Many people have shown such behavior. They may do it on purpose, out of an impulse, or it may grow to be a habit. It may continue for a long time, some people have killed themselves with such behavior.
When professionals talk about such behavior, they look at behaviors that are fatal, that form a habit, or that lead to some form of addiction. People who suffer from certain mental illnesses also show self-destructive behavior. Examples of such illnesses are attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, borderline personality disorder and schizophrenia.
Forms
Self-destructive behavior may be used as a coping mechanism when one is overwhelmed. For example, faced with a pressing scholastic assessment, someone may choose to sabotage their work rather than cope with the stress. This would make submission of (or passing) the assessment impossible, but remove the worry associated with it.
More obvious forms of self-destruction are eating disorders, alcoholism, drug addictions, self-harm, gambling addictions and suicide attempts.
Many peple who lack self-confidence show self-destructive behavior. They think they cannot handle the stress. Because they are not self-confident, they ask themselves questions, in a relationship, whether the other person is truly faithful ("how can they love someone like me?"); at work or school, whether the realization of assignments and deadlines is possible ("there is no way I can complete all my work on time"). Self-destructive people usually lack healthier coping mechanisms, like asserting personal boundaries. As a result, they tend to feel that showing they are incompetent is the only way to untangle themselves from demands.
Successful individuals may self-destructively sabotage their own achievements; this may stem from a feeling of anxiety, unworthiness, or from an impulsive desire to repeat the "climb to the top."
Self-destructive behavior is often considered to be the same as self-harm, but this is not accurate. Self-harm is an extreme form of self-destructive behavior, but it may appear in many other forms. Just as personal experience can affect how extreme one's self-destructive behavior is, self-harm reflects this. Overall, personal experience and mental health problems is what affects self-harm.
Treatment
Treating people with self-desctrutive behavior is difficult. It often means that these people need to go through dfferent stages, to fully recover. For body-focused repetitive behaviors, such as trichotillomania there are therapies such as habit reversal training and decoupling which seem to be effective. For behaviour involving alcohol and/or drugs there are rehabilitation places that can help to stop the behaviour. Medicines such as tranquilisers (calming medicines) and anti-depressant medications that may help especially if the cause is mental illness.
Great Ardra

King Arrada, also called Great Arrada, was a medieval king of what is now Benin.
List of serving senior officers of the British Army

This is a list of serving senior officers of the British Army. It includes currently serving generals, lieutenant generals, major generals, and brigadiers.
Ojārs Ēriks Kalniņš

Ojars Eriks Kalnins (22 October 1949 - 14 October 2021) was a Latvian politician. He was a member of the Saeima from 2010 until his death in 2021. He was in charge of the Latvian Institute from 1999 until 2010. He also was the Ambassador to the United States from 1993 until 1999. Kalnins was born in Munich, Germany.
Kalnins died on 14 October 2021 in Riga, Latvia one week before his 72nd birthday.
Sarah Wilson

Sarah Wilson (born October 4, 1984) is an American rugby union player. She played for the United States women's national rugby union team at the 2014 Women's Rugby World Cup.
She played for Ohio State University and Glendale Raptors R.F.C..
Emily V. Gordon

Emily V. Gordon (born May 3, 1979) is an American writer, producer and podcast host.
She co-wrote the 2017 romantic comedy movie The Big Sick, based on her relationship with her husband, comedian Kumail Nanjiani. They were nominated the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay.
She co-created the live show The Meltdown with Jonah and Kumail and has worked with Comedy Central many times.
She met Nanjiani at a comedy show in Chicago where he was performing. They began dating but Gordon fell seriously ill and was put into a medically induced coma before being diagnosed with Still's disease. Gordon recovered and three months later -- twelve months after meeting -- they married.
New Zealand Media and Entertainment

New Zealand Media and Entertainment (shortened as NZME) is a New Zealand newspaper, radio and digital media company. It began in 2014 as an official merger between APN News & Media's New Zealand division and The Radio Network, part of the Australian Radio Network. It operates 32 newspapers, 9 radio networks and several websites in 25 markets across the country, serving more than three million people.
Brands
The NZME brands incorporate the national newspaper The New Zealand Herald, local newspapers Bay of Plenty Times, Rotorua Daily Post and Northern Advocate. He runs the GrabOne website and iHeartRadio in New Zealand. The Radio division operates the Newstalk ZB, The Hits, ZM, Radio Hauraki, Flava, Coast, Gold and Gold AM radio networks on radio frequencies nationwide and through the iHeartRadio digital listening website and mobile app.
Stand by Me (Ben E. King song)

"Stand by Me" is a R&B ballad which was originally performed by Ben E. King. The song was inspired by the spiritual single "Lord Stand by Me". The song is on the soundtrack of the 1986 movie Stand by Me.
Musicians who have covered the song include Prince Royce and John Lennon. In 1999, BMI named it the fourth most performed song of the 20th century.
Plasticity (physics)

Plasticity, or plastic deformation, is the ability of a solid material to have a permanent change in shape. In physics and materials science, this is called deformation.
For example, a solid piece of metal being bent or pounded into a new shape shows plasticity. Permanent changes occur in the material itself. In engineering, the transition from elastic behaviour to plastic behaviour is known as yielding.
Gosfield

Gosfield is a village and civil parish in Braintree District, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 1364 people living in Gosfield.
John Whitehead

Sir John Stainton Whitehead GCMG CVO (20 September 1932 - 8 November 2013) is a British diplomat and businessman.
Career
Whitehead joined the British Foreign Service in 1955.
He was Ambassador from the United Kingdom to Japan (1986 - 1992).
After his retirement from the diplomatic service, he was a senior advisor to Deutsche Bank, Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) and other international companies.
He became Chairman of Deutsche Morgan Grenfell Trust Bank (Japan).
Wabasha, Minnesota

Wabasha is a city in Wabasha County, Minnesota, USA. It is also the county seat.The population was 2,495 in 2013. Wabasha is located in southeastern Minnesota on the Mississippi River. Established in 1830, Wabasha is the oldest town in Minnesota. It is also the oldest continuously occupied city in the upper Mississippi River valley. Wabasha is named after chief Wa-pa-shaw of the Sioux Nation.
Wabasha was the setting of the movies Grumpy Old Men and Grumpier Old Men.
Don Sundquist

Donald Kenneth Sundquist (March 15, 1936 - August 27, 2023) was an American businessman and politician. He was the 47th Governor of Tennessee from 1995 to 2003. Prior to his governorship, he represented Tennessee's 7th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1983 to 1995.
Sundquist died in Memphis, Tennessee on August 27, 2023 from problems caused by surgery, aged 87.
Jean Carnahan

Jean Anne Carpenter Carnahan (born December 20, 1933) is an American politician and writer. She served as First Lady of Missouri from 1993 to 2000, and as her state's junior U.S. senator from 2001 to 2002.
A member of the Democratic Party, she was appointed in 2001 to fill the Senate seat of her husband Mel Carnahan, who had been elected but died before taking office, becoming the first woman to represent Missouri in the Senate.
Yehezkel Braun

Yehezkel Braun (; January 18, 1922 - August 27, 2014) was a German-born Israeli composer. Braun was Professor Emeritus at Tel Aviv University.
Braun was born in Breslau, Germany (now Wroclaw, Poland). He moved to Mandate Palestine when he was two years old. Braun studied at the Israel Academy of Music. He received a Master's degree in Classical Studies from Tel Aviv University. In 2001, Braun was awarded the Israel Prize for music.
Braun died in Tel Aviv on August 27, 2014. He was 92.
Arraute-Charritte

Arraute-Charritte is a commune of the Pyrenees-Atlantiques departement in the southwestern part of France.
Uberlândia Esporte Clube

Uberlandia E.C. is a football club which plays in Brazil.
Ministry of Sound

Ministry of Sound is a British record label. It started out as a nightclub in London, but has since diversified into a multimedia entertainment business. In addition to the nightclub, it is an independent record label and worldwide events brand with a radio station and other media outlets.
History
Since its launch in 1993, Ministry of Sound has been responsible for 70 million album sales worldwide, in addition to 40 UK number-one albums and 21 number-one singles.
On 10 August 2016, it was announced that Ministry of Sound's A&R business had been acquired by Sony Music.
Chemical synapse

Chemical synapses are synapses that use chemical messengers called neurotransmitters to transmit signals. They are found all over the body. Especially in the central nervous system and the brain.
Neurons use electrical signals to carry information. These signals are called action potentials. There are an estimated 86 billion neurons in the average human brain. Neurons don't act alone. They need to connect to other neurons and pass messages between each other. The electrical signal cannot pass the gap between neurons alone. This is why neurotransmitters are needed to pass signals from one neuron to the next. In this sense they differ from electrical synapses which pass electric signals directly to the next neuron. Chemical synapses can be further classified depending upon function and structure.
Structure
The structure of a typical chemical synapse comes in three parts:
The pre-synaptic terminal is usually on the axon. This releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. The pre-synaptic terminal is the first part of synaptic transmission and so has a "pre-" prefix.
The synaptic membrane of the post-synaptic cell is usually on the dendrite of the next neuron. This absorbs neurotransmitters into the post-synaptic neuron (the neuron that is receiving the signal). The post-synaptic cell is the last part of the transmission process and so has a "post-" suffix.
The synaptic cleft is the bit in the middle of the two membranes. This space is filled with an extracellular (extra- = outside of. cellular = live cell.) matrix of proteins that mainly acts to hold the two neurons together.
Two types of chemical synapse
Type I synapses are the more common chemical synapse in the human brain. These synapses excite (trigger) the next neuron. The next neuron produces an action potential when this synaptic transmission happens. These synapses are usually found on dendrites of the post-synaptic cell. The pre-synaptic terminal is found on the axon of the neuron that sends the transmission (pre-synaptic cell). Type I synapses are symmetrical in shape.
Type II synapses are less common in the human brain. These synapses are asymmetrical in shape. They inhibit. Instead of causing an action potential in the next neuron, these synapses stop an action potential. They are less common than type I synapses.
Cumberland County, Kentucky

Cumberland County is a county located in the Pennyroyal Plateau region of the U.S. state of Kentucky. As of the 2010 census, the population was 6,856. Its county seat is Burkesville.
Morrison Bluff, Arkansas

Morrison Bluff is a town in the US state of Arkansas.
Brother (disambiguation)

Brother may refer to:
Monk, the male version of a nun
A fraternity member
A member of a peer group who is male
A male family member with the same parents (sibling). Also see the Wiktionary page
An African-American male
Parmesan cheese

Parmesan cheese is the name of an Italian extra-hard cheese made of raw cow's milk. The original Parmesan cheese is more precisely called Parmigiano-Reggiano. It is produced only in Italy, in the provinces of Parma, Reggio Emilia, Modena, Mantua (partly) and Bologna (partly). It is usually the cheese to go with Spaghetti and other typical Italian pasta, but it also has many other uses. Parmesan is a part of Italian national cuisine and it can be eaten both grated and in slivers. It is hard, sharp and dry.
Parmigiano-Reggiano is DOP / AOC. This means that the way they are made and the region in Italy they come from are strictly controlled.
The brand (Parmigiano Reggiano) is protected, and only in Europe. In many parts of the world, cheese is sold as Parmesan cheese that has nothing to do with the true (Italian) Parmigiano Reggiano.
The original Parmesan cheese is one of the most expensive cheeses in the world.
Name
Within the European Union, the term Parmesan may only be used, by law, to refer to Parmigiano-Reggiano itself, which must be made in a restricted geographic area, using stringently defined methods. In many areas outside Europe, the name "Parmesan" has become genericized: Any one of a number of hard Italian-style grating cheeses are called 'Patmesan'. After the European ruling that "parmesan" could not be used as a generic name, Kraft renamed its grated cheese "Pamesello" in Europe.
Surface wave

In physics, a surface wave can refer to a mechanical wave that propagates along the interface between differing media, usually two fluids with different densities. A surface wave can also be an electromagnetic wave guided by a refractive index gradient. For radio waves, a ground wave is a surface wave that propagates close to the surface of the Earth.
Bert Williams

Bert Frederick Williams MBE (31 January 1920 - 19 January 2014) was an English international football goalkeeper. Nicknamed "The Cat", he spent the majority of his playing career at Wolverhampton Wanderers where he won the League Championship and FA Cup. At the time of his death Williams was the oldest living England international.
Mareuil-en-Dôle

Mareuil-en-Dole is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.