kenhktsui/simple_wikipedia_LM_quality_score_v1 huggingface dataset:
A Change Is Gonna Come

"A Change Is Gonna Come" is a 1964 song by Sam Cooke and was taken from his 11th studio album Ain't That Good News. The song is the B-side to his single Shake. It went to number 31 in the United States and went on to be used as an anthem for Civil Rights Movement.
Kanchipuram

Kanchipuram is one of the seven most holy cities of Hindus. It is about southwest of Chennai, Tamil Nadu state, India. Kanchipuram was an important religious and cultural place of Ancient India. The city continues to be an important religious place.
For a long time, from the 6th century till the 8th century, the city was capital city of the Pallava dynasty.
There are many temples in the city.
There is a Math (religious centre) of Shankaracharya in this city.
Justin Edinburgh

Justin Charles Edinburgh (18 December 1969 - 8 June 2019) was an English professional football player and manager. He played as a left back.
Life and career
Edinburgh was born in Basildon. He started his playing career at Southend United in 1988. He was loaned to Tottenham Hotspur in 1990 and signed a contract with the club that same year. During his time at Totteham between 1990 and 2000, Edinburgh made 258 appearances for the club and scored once. He also won two trophies with Spurs, the 1990-91 FA Cup and the 1998-99 Football League Cup. He signed for Portsmouth in 2000. He left the club in 2003 to become player-manager of Billericay Town.
After retiring from playing, Edinburgh moved into full-time management, starting in 2006. He managed many lower-league and non-league clubs, including Rushden & Diamonds, Newport County, Gillingham and Northampton Town. He was the manager of Leyton Orient at the time of his death in June 2019.
Edinburgh was married and had two children. He died of a cardiac arrest on 8 June 2019, at the age of 49.
Smart card

A smart card is a card with a microchip in it. Such cards are used as a method of identification and authentication.
Plastic cards that allow to take out money from a automated teller machine (ATM) often are smart cards nowadays (Some of them still have a magnetic stripe which holds the same information). Very often the user is identified with a PIN. If the PIN is entered correctly, money can be withdrawn. If the PIN is not entered correctly, the card is blocked (after a number of false attempts).
At first, smart cards were used in public telephones in France, in 1983. There, the card simply stored a pre-paid credit. This credit was reduced when calls were made. Another way to solve the problem is that the balance is stored in a remote database. To make calls, a (usually toll-free number) is first called. From there, additional calls can be made. This eliminates the need for cards with chips on them.
Smart cards also have many other uses, such as for making payments. These kinds of cards are used a lot in Japan, Singapore, and the Octopus card in Hong Kong.
Kinds
There are two basic kinds of smart cards:
Simple cards only contain memory that can be read and written to. Examples of this model are phone cards, or cards for health insurance. All the processing of the data is done outside the cards
Complex cards contain an integrated microchip. In addition to being able to store data, they can also do some of the data processing. Unlike with the simple cards, there is generally no way to directly access the memory of the card. Examples of such cards include the bank cards that can be used for withdrawing money, or the SIM cards used in mobile phones.
Both kind of cards contain a controller for managing the I/O.
Many smart cards have RFID technology that allows them to be used without inserting them into a machine. They just need to be placed on a reader. These are called "contactless smart cards" and many credit and debit cards in the 21st century are this kind.
Mikhail Kokshenov

Mikhail Mikhailovich Kokshenov (16 September 1936 - 4 June 2020) was a Russian actor, movie director and producer. He was born in Moscow. His career lasted from 1957 to 2010. His best known roles were as Zahar in Zhenya, Zhenechka and Katyusha (1967), as Karate in The Garage (1980) and as Septa in Sportloto-82 (1982).
Kokshenov died on 4 June 2020 in Moscow from stroke-related problems, aged 83.
Seymour, Iowa

Seymour is a city in Iowa in the United States. Seymour is a very tiny city.
River Wey

River Wey is a long river which runs through the counties of Hampshire, Surrey and West Sussex in England. The source is in the town of Alton, Hampshire.
One Step Closer

"One Step Closer" is a song by American rock band Linkin Park. It was released as the first single and second track off the band's first album, Hybrid Theory.
Tracks
All songs are written by Linkin Park except for "High Voltage", which is written by Mike Shinoda, Brad Delson and Joe Hahn; and "My December", which is also written by Shinoda.
One Step Closer
My December
High Voltage
One Step Closer (Video)
US promo:
One Step Closer (Album Version)
One Step Closer (Rock Mix)
10" vinyl:
"One Step Closer"
"My December"
Music video
The video starts out with a group of teenage friends hanging out around a dark alley. Two of them follow a strange man wearing a black hooded robe into a door which leads them to an underground room where the band is playing. Strange figures are around doing martial-arts moves. Midway through the song, they knock over a box, and run away when the martial arts people notice them. Towards the end of the song, lead singer Chester Bennington is upside-down.
Joe Hahn, the band's DJ, made the story of the video. Since bassist Dave Farrell has not returned to the band yet, Scott Koziol plays the bass. Gregory Dark directed the video.
Jerry Unser Jr.

Jeremy Michael Unser Jr. (November 15, 1932 - May 17, 1959) was an American racecar driver. He was the 1957 USAC Stock Car champion.
He died in a practice crash before the 1959 Indianapolis 500 on May 17, 1959.
His brothers Al and Bobby and his nephew Al Jr. have won the "500". His son Johnny and nephew Robby have also competed in the race.
Iznogoud

Iznogoud is an animated television program. It is based on the French comic Iznogoud. The series was first made in 1995.
Episodes
The Hideaway Bed
Hats Off!
OceanHero

OceanHero is a search engine focused on collecting plastics, mostly bottle waste in the oceans. It has been certified by the United Nations (UN) Head of Marine and Freshwater Branch.
OceanHero follows the model of a similar search engine, Ecosia, which finances tree planting. It earns revenue like most other search engines by displaying ads on search results. The revenue generated from ads are then used to finance collecting plastic bottles from oceans located in Southeast Asia. It can also be installed as a Chrome extension.
OceanHero uses a "shell" system for their searches. Users earn 20 shells from each search. For opening a tab, users earn 10 shells. Similarly, different colored shells occasionally pop up on the search engine, asking questions where users can earn shells. Earning 100 shells is the equivalent of financing the recovery of 1 plastic bottle. Every recovered bottle is shown on a bottle counter.
Using OceanHero gives financial support to collect plastic from the oceans.Many people who work for them are low income people who are paid the revenue from ads on search results. They are paid to remove plastics from their local seas.
Songs of Experience

Songs of Experience is the 12th album by Irish rock band, U2. It was released on 2017. The photo on the album cover shows Bono's son Eli and The Edge's daughter Sian holding hands. The photo is by Anton Corbijn.
Mar-a-Lago

Mar-a-Lago () is a resort and national historic landmark in Palm Beach, Florida, built from 1924 to 1927 by cereal-company heiress and socialite Marjorie Merriweather Post. The 126-room, mansion has the Mar-a-Lago Club, a members-only club with guest rooms, a spa, and other hotel-style amenities.
It is located in Palm Beach County on the Palm Beach barrier island, with the Atlantic Ocean to the east and Florida's Intracoastal Waterway to the west.
In 1985, Mar-a-Lago was purchased by Donald Trump at a price of around $10 million. His wife at the time, Ivana Trump, was charged with running the property.
Trump has been there as President of the United States many times, calling it the Winter White House and his "Southern White House".
Mar-a-Lago has been used to host meetings for President Trump and international leaders, including Japanese prime minister Shinzo Abe and Chinese president Xi Jinping.
It is the second largest mansion in the state of Florida and the 22nd largest mansion in the United States.
Masuho, Yamanashi

was a town in Minamikoma District, Yamanashi, Japan.
On March 8, 2010, two towns combined to become a new town. Masuho and Kajikazawa became Fujikawa.
Don't Let Go (Love)

"Don't Let Go (Love)" is a song by En Vogue. It was written by Ivan Matias, Andrea Martin, and Marqueze Etheridge. The song appears on the soundtrack to Set It Off (1996). The song was also produced by Organized Noize. It also appears on the group's third album, EV3 (1997). Two music videos for the single were released alongside it.
The song was the group's last single and music video to feature member Dawn Robinson. It was En Vogue's biggest international single, reaching the top 10 in several countries. According to Billboard, the single ranked as the 83rd most successful single of the 1990s. It was certified Platinum in the United States.
The song won the Soul Train Lady of Soul Award for "Best R&B, Rap or Soul Single by Group, Band or Duo" in 1997. It was also nominated for a Grammy Award for "Best R&B Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group".
Julio Valdez

Julio Julian Castillo Valdez (June 3, 1956 - July 23, 2022) was a Dominican professional baseball infielder and manager. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Boston Red Sox from 1980 to 1983. He later managed in Minor League Baseball.
Valdez died on July 23, 2022 at the age of 66.
Villeneuve, Vaud

Villeneuve is a municipality in the Aigle district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.
Hiroshi Ochiai

is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography
Ochiai was born in Saitama on 28 February 1946. After graduating from Saitama Urawa High School, he joined Toshiba in 1964. He played at offensive position. In 1966, he moved to his local club Mitsubishi Motors played in Japan Soccer League (JSL). He played in all 260 league matches in the league until 1981. In 1969, he became a top scorer and the club won the champions at JSL first time. In the 1970s he was converted to defensive position. In 1973, the club won JSL and Emperor's Cup. In 1978, the club won all three major title in Japan; JSL, JSL Cup, Emperor's Cup and he was selected "Japanese Footballer of the Year" awards. He retired in 1984. He played 267 games and scored 56 goals in the league. This 267 games is the second record in JSL after Yoshikazu Nagai (272 games). He was selected Best Eleven 10 times included for 9 years in a row (1973-1981). The club won the league champions 2 times, JSL Cup 2 times and Emperor's Cup 4 times.
In September 1974, Ochiai was selected the Japan national team for 1974 Asian Games. At this competition, on 7 September, he debuted against Israel. After his debut, he played in most games included 1976 Summer Olympics qualification, 1978 World Cup qualification and 1978 Asian Games. In 1980, 1980 Summer Olympics qualification was his last game for Japan. He played 63 games and scored 9 goals for Japan until 1980.
After retirement, in 1988, Ochiai became an assistant coach for Japan national team under manager Kenzo Yokoyama who was teammate at Mitsubishi Motors. In 1992, Ochiai became an assistant coach for Urawa Reds (former Mitsubishi Motors) under manager Takaji Mori.
In 2010, Ochiai was selected Japan Football Hall of Fame.
Ukrainian Premier League

The Ukrainian Premier League is a football league which is the top division in Ukraine. Current champions are FC Shakhtar Donetsk
Football leagues in Europe
Kodiak bear

The Kodiak bear (Ursus arctos middendorffi), also known as the Kodiak brown bear, sometimes the Alaskan brown bear, live in the islands of the Kodiak Archipelago in southwest Alaska. It is the largest recognized subspecies or population of the brown bear, and one of the two largest bears alive today, the other being the polar bear.
Lucens

Lucens is a municipality in Broye-Vully in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.
History
Lucens was first mentioned in 964 as in villa Losingus. It was formerly known by the German name Losingen.
In 1969, the Lucens reactor, an underground nuclear reactor started operation in Lucens. It soon had a serious accident, resulting in massive radioactive contamination of the underground site, which was then sealed.
The nearby municipality Oulens-sur-Lucens became part of Lucens municipality on 1 July 2011.
On 1 January 2017, the former municipalities of Brenles, Chesalles-sur-Moudon, Cremin, Forel-sur-Lucens and Sarzens joined together to become the municipality of Lucens.
Charlie Baker

Charles Duane "Charlie" Baker, Jr. (born November 13, 1956) is an American businessman and politician. Since March 1, 2023, he has been president of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). Baker was the 72nd Governor of Massachusetts, serving from 2015 to 2023. He was a cabinet official under two Massachusetts governors, spent ten years as CEO of Harvard Pilgrim Health Care. He was also the Republican nominee for Governor of Massachusetts in his unsuccessful bid in 2010.
Gangstar: West Coast Hustle

Gangstar: West Coast Hustle is a game for the iPhone.
William Duborgh Jensen

William Duborgh Jensen (10 May 1935 - 24 May 2017) was a Norwegian fashion and costume designer. He was Norway's first "haute couturier" with his own collection in 1958. He later worked in television and movie as a costume designer.
He was appointed as a Knight, First Class of the Order of St. Olav in 2006 for his efforts in fashion design.
William died on 24 May 2017 in Oslo at the age of 82.
Estes Park, Colorado

Estes Park is a statutory town in Larimer County, Colorado, United States. Estes Park had a population of 5,858 at the 2010 census. It is near Rocky Mountain National Park. Landmarks include The Stanley Hotel and The Baldpate Inn.
Cultural events
Frozen Deady Guy Days. This annual mid-March festival "celebrates an unusual turn of events that brought the frozen body of a decease Norwegian man to . . . [the near-by community of] Nederland." Before 2023, the event was held in Nederland. Beginning in 2023, it will be held in Estes Park. The festival includes music and unusual races.
Striped bystranka

The striped bystranka (scientific name: Alburnoides taeniatus) is a type of freshwater fish.
Joe Perry (musician)

Anthony Joseph Perry (born September 10, 1950) is an American guitarist and singer-songwriter. He is known as a member of the American rock band Aerosmith.
Voiceless bilabial plosive

The voiceless bilabial stop is a type of consonant. The letter for this sound in the International Phonetic Alphabet is <> . The X-SAMPA symbol for this sound is . The English language has this sound, and it is the sound represented by "p" in pear and paper.
Seriatim

In law, seriatim (Latin for "in series") indicates that a court is addressing multiple issues in a certain order, such as the order that the issues were originally presented to the court.
Legal usage
A seriatim opinion describes an opinion delivered by a court with multiple judges, in which each judge reads his or her own opinion rather than a single judge writing an opinion on behalf of the entire court. This is a practice generally used when a legal case does not have a majority opinion.
Use of the word, and other Latin phrases, has become less frequent in legal communications as a result of, among other factors, efforts by groups such as the Plain Language Movement to promote the use of "plain English" in legal discourse.
In the United Kingdom
In modern use pleadings is used for "one by one in sequence". For example, in English civil cases, defence statements generally used to conclude with the phrase "save as expressly admitted herein, each allegation of the plaintiffs is denied as if set out in full and traversed herein seriatim." This formulation is now discouraged under the English Civil Procedure Rules, especially rule 16.5 (3)-(5).
It is sometimes seen in older deeds and contracts as a more traditional way of using terms of reference. For example "the railway by-laws shall apply to the contract as if set out herein seriatim." It is sometimes found as part of the longer phrase brevatim et seriatim, meaning "briefly and in series".
The term is also used when replying to a communication that contains a number of points, issues or questions to show that the responses are in the same order in which they were raised in the original document: "To deal with your queries seriatim..."
In the United States
During the Supreme Court under Chief Justice Marshall, 1801 to 1835, the practice of judicial opinions being delivered in seriatim was discontinued.
In 2009, Title III, Rule 15(a)(1) of the U.S. Federal Rules of Civil Procedure regarding Amended and Supplemental Pleadings (part of pretrial procedure) was amended to allow three changes in the time previously allowed to make one change.
This provision will force the pleader to consider carefully and promptly the wisdom of amending to meet the arguments in the motion... and will expedite determination of issues that otherwise might be raised seriatim.
The right to make changes now ends 21 days after service of a motion.
Bobby Rush (musician)

Bobby Rush (born November 10, 1933) is a Grammy Award Winning American blues musician, composer and singer. His style is made of elements of blues, rap and funk. He was born in Homer, Louisiana, but was raised in Pine Bluff, Arkansas and in Chicago, Illinois.
In 2007, he became the first blues artist to perform in China, earning him the title "International Dean of the Blues." He was later named Friendship Ambassador to the Great Wall of China after performing the largest concert ever held at that site.
Rush has been awarded 17 blues music awards in his lifetime, and in 2006 he was added into the Blues Hall of Fame.
Grammy Awards
The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Rush has won one award from four nominations.
U.S. Route 81

U.S. Route 81 or U.S. Highway 81 (US 81) is a major north-south U.S. highway. It goes for in the central United States. It is one of the original United States Numbered Highways created in 1926 by the American Association of State Highway Officials.
The route of US 81 follows that of the old Meridian Highway which dates back as early as 1911. The highway has alternately (and unofficially) been known as part of the Pan-American Highway. In the part in the state of Oklahoma, the highway closely follows the old Chisholm Trail for cattle drives from Texas to railheads in Kansas in the 1860s and 1870s.
As of 2004, the highway's northern endpoint is just north of Pembina, North Dakota, at the Canadian border.
Its southern endpoint is in Fort Worth, Texas, at an intersection with I-35W and US 287. Between 1926 and 1991, US 81's southern endpoint was at the Mexican border in Laredo, Texas. In 1991, the endpoint was moved to San Antonio.
Geri and Freki

In Norse mythology, Geri and Freki (Old Norse: "the ravenous" and "greedy one") are two wolves who are said to accompany the god Odin. The two are most often seen at Odin's side when he is in Valhalla, feasting with the warriors who dwell in its numerous halls. They are said to devour those who would present false information to or otherwise lie to Odin.
La Tour-du-Pin

La Tour-du-Pin is a commune. It is found in the Isere department in the southeastern part of France.
Ashkan Dejagah

Seyed Ashkan Dejagah (; born 5 July 1986) is an Iranian-German footballer who currently plays as a winger for Tractor S.C. in the Persian Gulf Pro League.
He has been member of the Iranian national team since 2012. He was part of the Iran squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil and the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia.
Gerard Lawson

Gerard Lawson (born January 12, 1985) is an American football player. He is cornerback and kickoff returner. Lawson is currently a free agent. He was signed by the Cleveland Browns in 2008. He played college football at Oregon State.
Lawson has also played for the Hartford Colonials and Philadelphia Eagles.
Independent Smallholders, Agrarian Workers and Civic Party

The Independent Smallholders, Agrarian Workers and Civic Party (Hungarian: Fuggetlen Kisgazda-, Foldmunkas- es Polgari Part), known mostly by its acronym FKgP or its shortened form Independent Smallholders' Party (Hungarian: Fuggetlen Kisgazdapart), is a political party in Hungary. Since the 2002 parliamentary elections, the party has won no seats.
After the end of Communism in Hungary, the Smallholders' Party was founded and took part in the center-right governments of Jozsef Antall, Peter Boross, and Viktor Orban. In the 2002 Hungarian parliamentary election it lost all its seats in Parliament.
In early 2019, Our Homeland Movement (Mi Hazank Mozgalom) made an alliance with the far-right Hungarian Justice and Life Party (MIEP) and FKgP.
Cell nucleus

The cell nucleus (plural: cell nuclei) contains the cell's genes and controls the cell's growth and reproduction. It has a double layered nuclear membrane round it. The nucleus is usually the most prominent organelle in a cell. The nucleus is small and round, and works as the cell's control center. It contains chromosomes which house the DNA. The human body contains billions of cells, most of which have a nucleus.
All eukaryote organisms have nuclei in their cells, even the many eukaryotes that are single-celled. Bacteria and Archaea, which are prokaryotes, are single-celled organisms of a different type and do not have nuclei. Cell nuclei were first found by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in the 17th century.
The nucleus has a membrane around it but the things inside it do not. Inside it are many proteins, RNA molecules, chromosomes and the nucleolus. In the nucleolus ribosomes are put together. After being produced in the nucleolus, ribosomes are exported to the cytoplasm where they translate mRNA into proteins.
When a cell is dividing or preparing to divide, the chromosomes become visible with a light microscope. At other times when the chromosomes are not visible, the nucleolus will be visible.
Nuclear membrane
Large molecules cannot get through the double-layer nuclear membrane. However, nuclear pores exist. They control the movement of molecules across the membrane. The pores cross both nuclear membranes, providing a channel. The larger molecules are actively transported by carrier proteins, and there is free movement of small molecules and ions. Movement of large molecules such as proteins and RNA through the pores is required for both gene expression and the maintenance of chromosomes.
Nucleolus
Within the nucleus is a structure called a nucleolus. It is made at a nucleolus organizer region (NOR). This is a chromosomal region around which the nucleolus forms. Inside the nucleolus ribosomes are made. These are exported through the nuclear pore complexes to the cytoplasm. There they work to build proteins. They become attached to the endoplasmic reticulum if they are making membrane proteins.
Californium

Californium is a chemical element. It is a radioactive metal. It has the chemical symbol Cf. It has the atomic number 98. Californium is a transuranium element. Californium does not have many uses. It was discovered by bombarding a curium target with alpha particles (helium ions). Californium is named after the US State of California, where it was discovered, in the University of Berkeley.
Californium is produced in nuclear reactors and particle accelerators.
There are 20 known isotopes. The most stable is californium-251, which has a half-life of 898 years. This short half-life means the element is not found in the Earth's crust. Californium-252, whose half-life is 2.645 years, is the most common isotope used.
Compounds of californium are mostly of californium(III), which can take part in three chemical bonds. Californium can be used to help start up nuclear reactors, and is used as a source of neutrons. It can be used in making higher mass elements. Ununoctium was synthesized by bombarding californium-249 atoms with calcium-48 ions.
Safety
When californium is used, workers must be protected from the element's ability to disrupt the formation of red blood cells.
Ryan Prescott (actor)

Ryan Andrew Prescott (born 21 January 1989) is an English actor. He is best known his the role as Ryan Connor on the long-running ITV soap opera Coronation Street, he began starring in the role in 2018. In 2011, Prescott played the role of Flynn Buchanan in ITV's fellow soap opera Emmerdale.
Prescott was born in Southport, England.
Marun Field

The Marun field is a large oil field in Iran. It is 67 kilometers long and usually 7 kilometers wide. It is west of Dezful. It was discovered in 1964 and was drilled in 1966 for the first time.
2018 United States Senate election in Tennessee

The 2018 United States Senate election in Tennessee took place on November 6, 2018.
The Race was between Republican Marsha Blackburn, and Democrat Phil Bredesen.
Marsha Blackburn won the election.
Swan (1976 movie)

Swan (Bulgarian: "Lebed", translit.: "Lebed") is a 1976 Bulgarian drama movie directed by Rumen Surdzhiyski and Georgi Kaloyanchev, Yordan Spirov, Mario Marinov, Yavor Milushev.
Nick Higgs

Nicholas Higgs is a former businessman and previous chairman of Bristol Rovers Football Club. He became chairman of the football club in August 2008, when he replaced Ron Craig, and stepped down in 2016.
Schwaderloch

Schwaderloch is a municipality of the district of Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.
Johnny Gimble

John Paul "Johnny" Gimble (May 30, 1926 - May 9, 2015) was an American country musician. He played the fiddle and worked in the Western swing genre. From the 1970s, he won five Best Instrumentalist awards from the Country Music Awards and eight Best Fiddle Player awards from the Academy of Country Music.
He worked with musicians including Merle Haggard, Willie Nelson, Chet Atkins, Carrie Underwood and Ray Price. He appeared on Austin City Limits and Garrison Keillor's broadcasts. He was also a member of the Million Dollar Band and his last album was Celebrating with Friends (2010). Gimble was nominated for a Grammy Award.
Gimble was born in Tyler, Texas. He had many strokes in his later life and died on May 9, 2015 in Dripping Springs, Texas. He was 88.
Elia Kazan

Elia Kazan (; born Elias Kazantzoglou (); September 7, 1909 - September 28, 2003) was a Turkish-born Greek-American director, producer, writer and actor.
He was called by The New York Times as "one of the most honored and influential directors in Broadway and Hollywood history". He helped co-found the Actors Studio in Manhattan.
Kazan directed A Streetcar Named Desire (1951), On the Waterfront (1954), and East of Eden (1955). He won two Academy Awards, three Tony Awards and four Golden Globe Awards.
Verchocq

Verchocq is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.
Spurius Carvilius Ruga

Spurius Carvilius Ruga is the creator of the letter G.
Margaret Spellings

Margaret Spellings (born Margaret Dudar; November 30, 1957) was the second Secretary of Education under the administration of U.S. President George W. Bush. She was previously Assistant to the President for Domestic Policy to President Bush.
She was one of the principal authors of the 2001 No Child Left Behind Act.
Simonetta Sommaruga

Simonetta Myriam Sommaruga (born 14 May 1960) is a Swiss politician. She is a member of the Social Democratic Party.
Sommaurga was a member of the Swiss Federal Council from 2010 to 2022. She was Vice President of the Federal Council for the year 2014. In 2015 and 2020, she was President of the Swiss Confederation.
Anders Behring Breivik

Anders Behring Breivik (born 13 February 1979) is a Norwegian terrorist and perpetrator of the 2011 Norway attacks. The attacks were on 22 July 2011, when Breivik bombed the government buildings in Oslo, which caused eight deaths, and then he went on to carry out a mass shooting at a camp of the Workers' Youth League of the Labour Party, which ended in 69 deaths, most of whom were teenagers. He was charged with violating paragraph 147a of the Norwegian Criminal Code, which is "destabilising or destroying basic functions of society" and "creating serious fear in the population", acts of terrorism under the criminal law and ordered held for eight weeks; the first four in solitary confinement which was pending further court proceedings.
Breivik has sued Norway; he won part of his lawsuit in the district court in 2016, but lost in the higher courts in 2017; he has formally asked European Court of Human Rights, if that court can try his case against Norway.
Breivik was born and raised in Oslo.
Breivik failed to develop a stable and safe identity when he was at schools, and the places where he worked, and on internet forums about politics, and in the world of gaming, and as a result he turned the defeats, shame, and hate, towards society,
said Svein Osterud (no:) professor emeritus.
In Norway, as of 2017, Breivik has become [, to a degree,] "the person whose name shall not be mentioned", claimed an article in Dagsavisen; furthermore, if Norway [wishes] to fight against what he stood for, then one must study "step by step" why [the attacks] happened, in the same way we study how, kind doctors in another country, became able to kill mentally disabled, Jews, and persons who had Schizophrenia.
Religious and political views
Breivik converted [or changed his religion, faith or belief,] to Nazism, while in prison, his lawyer Oystein Storrvik(no:) said in 2016.
The religious faith of Breivik, is Odinism. Previously, Breivik and others had linked his religious beliefs to Christianity: in 2011 he said that he was a Protestant, however in 2016 he said that he was not a Christian, and that never had he been a Christian.
A compilation (or so-called manifest)
Hours before the 2011 Norway attacks, Breivik e-mailed a copy of a compilation of text by various authors, and some text by Breivik.
In 2017, blogger and author "Fjordman" (real name: Peder Are Nostvold Jensen) gave his opinion about texts written by Breivik (in the compilation and in letters from prison): Breivik appears to have psychiatric problems.
Health
He has been diagnosed with personality disorders: antisocial and narcissistic, media said in 2012.
In 2012, his health was found to be good enough to be a defendant in a criminal trial, for the 2011 Norway attacks.
Hamidian massacres

The Hamidian massacres took place around 1895 until 1897. The estimated number of Armenians killed are around 100,000 - 300,000.
These events are known by the Armenians as the "Great Massacres". The Armenians believed the Hamidian measures showed the extension of the Turkish state to do a systematic policy of murder and plunder against a small population. The Armenian revolutionary groups started around the end of the Russo-Turkish War of 1878 and grew with the first introduction of Article 166 of the Ottoman Penal code 166, and the raid of Erzerum Cathedral.
Article 166 was meant to control the possession of arms, but it was used to target Armenians by not letting them possess arms. Local Kurdish tribes were armed to attack the defenseless Armenian population. Some diplomats said that the aim of these groups was to commit massacres so as to show counter-measures, and to invite "foreign powers to intervene," as Istanbul's British Ambassador Sir Philip Currie seen in March 1894. Even some Turkish authors admit the that this was just a pretext for the massacres.
Emerald

An emerald is a mineral gemstone and a variety of beryl. It is the birthstone of someone whose birthday is in the month of May. It is a green crystal. The emerald is one of the most valuable gems, along with the ruby, the opal, topaz, the diamond, and a sapphire.
Etymology
The word emerald comes from Vulgar Latin. The word was Esmaralda/Esmaraldus, a different way of saying the Latin word Smaragdus, which came from the Greek, (smaragdos; "green gem"). It first came from a Semitic word, izmargad (). This meant "emerald" or "green". The name could also be related to the Semitic word baraq (barak ;lburq; "lightning" or "shine") (c.f. bareqeth and , barq, "lightning"). It is where the Persian ( zomorrod), Turkish (), Sanskrit ( maragdam) and Russian (; izumrud) words came from.
Plinian eruption

A Plinian eruption is a kind of volcanic eruption which is similar to that of Mount Vesuvius in the year 79 AD. It is named after Pliny the Younger who wrote the only surviving eyewitness account of the eruption. That eruption of Vesuvius killed Pliny the Elder, the uncle of Pliny the Younger.
Plinian eruptions have columns of gas and volcanic ash high into the stratosphere. There is a large amount of pumice ejected into the atmosphere and very powerful gas blast eruptions.
Short eruptions can end in less than a day. Longer ones can take several days to months. These eruptions begin with clouds of volcanic ash and occasionally pyroclastic flows. Sometimes the amount of magma erupted is so large that the top of the volcano collapses. This leaves a caldera behind. Fine ash can deposit over large areas. Plinian eruptions often happen with loud noises, such as those created by Krakatoa.
Large Plinian eruptions
Some examples of large Plinian eruptions that formed calderas include the following:
the 2022 Hunga Tonga eruption in Tonga;
the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption in Luzon in the Philippines;
the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens in Washington, United States;
the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa in Indonesia;
the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, also in Indonesia;
the 1667 and 1739 eruptions of Mount Tarumae in Japan;
the 1645 BC eruption of Santorini caldera in Greece;
the 4860 BC eruption forming Crater Lake in Oregon, United States;
the 11000 BC eruption of the Laacher See in Germany;
the Long Valley Caldera eruption in eastern California, United States over 760,000 years ago;
and, of course, the AD 79 eruption of Mount Vesuvius in Italy, which was the prototypical Plinian eruption.
The lava is usually rhyolitic and has a lot of silicates. Basaltic lavas are unusual for Plinian eruptions; the most recent example is the 1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera in New Zealand.
Pliny's description
Pliny wrote about what his uncle's did after first seeing the eruption:
Pliny the Elder went to rescue some of the victims. He sailed across the Gulf of Naples to Stabiae (near the modern town of Castellammare di Stabia). Pliny the Younger wrote an account of his death, and suggested that he collapsed and died through inhaling poisonous gases emitted by the volcano. His body was found buried under the ashes of the Vesuvius with no apparent injuries on 26 August, after the plume had dispersed. This confirmed the death through asphyxiation or poisoning.
Murder of Stephen Lawrence

Stephen Lawrence (13 September 1974 - 22 April 1993) was a black British teenager from Plumstead, southeast London. He was murdered in a racist attack while waiting for a bus in Well Hall Road, Eltham on the 22 April 1993, when he was 18 years old. The case caused changes of views on racism and the police. It also led to the partial end of the rule against double jeopardy. Two of the killers were convicted of murder on 3 January 2012.
Walt Disney Television

Walt Disney Television is the name of the television production division of Walt Disney Productions (now known as Walt Disney Pictures since 1985).
History
It was started in 1983, as the Walt Disney Pictures Television Division, the name was later shortened to Walt Disney Pictures Television and in 1986 was later shortened to Walt Disney Television in 1988. Until 1983, Disney shows were aired under the banner of the parent company, then named Walt Disney Productions.
Sho Okubo

Sho Okubo (born 2 April 1988) is a former Japanese football player.
Koki Kotegawa

Koki Kotegawa (born 12 September 1989) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Oita Trinita.
Lenting

Lenting is a municipality in the district of Eichstatt in Bavaria in Germany.
Takht-i-Bahi

Takht-I-Bahi (), commonly mispronounced as Takht-I-Bhai (), is an Indo-Parthian archaeological site of an ancient Buddhist monastery in Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The site is considered among the most imposing relics of Buddhism in all of Gandhara, and has been "exceptionally well-preserved."
History
The Buddhist monastery was founded in the 1st century CE, and was in use until the 7th century. The complex is regarded by archaeologists as being particularly representative of the architecture of Buddhist monastic centres from its era. Takht-i-Bahi was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1980. Therefore they can be considered as the "National Buddhist Temple of Pakistan", a potential Sacred Pilgrimage site, for All-Universal Buddhists Yatris respectively.
Surroundings and structure
There are four main areas of the Takht Bahi complex:
The Stupa Court, a cluster of stupas located in a central courtyard.
The monastic chambers, consisting of individual cells arranged around a courtyard, assembly halls, and a dining area.
A temple complex, consisting of stupas and similar to the Stupa Court, but of later construction.
The Tantric monastic complex, which consists of small, dark cells with low openings, which may have been used for certain forms of Tantric meditation.
Additional structures on the site may have served as residences or meeting halls, or for secular purposes. All of the buildings on the site are constructed from local stone, and are mortared with lime and mud.
Name meaning
The word Takht-I-Bahi may have different explanations. Local believes that site got its name from two wells on the hill or the springs nearby. In Persian, Takht means 'top' or 'throne' while Bahi means 'spring' or 'water'. When combined together its meaning is 'spring from the top' or 'high spring', and there were two springs on the top of mountains. Another meaning suggested is 'throne of origin'.
1st century BC

The 1st century BC started on January 1, 100 BC and ended on December 31, 1 BC. An alternative name for this century is the last century BC. The AD/BC notation does not use a year zero. Scientific notation does, however, use a minus sign, so '2 BC' is equal to 'year -1'.
Meenachil river

The Meenachil river (Malayalam: miinccilaa) is a river in the Indian state of Kerala. It is long and flows into Vembanad Lake at Kumarakom. The river was mentioned in Arundhati Roy's Booker Prize-winning novel, The God of Small Things.
John Cale

John Davies Cale, OBE (born 9 March 1942) is a Welsh musician, composer and record producer, known as a founding member of experimental rock band The Velvet Underground. He played on two of their albums The Velvet Underground & Nico (1967) and White Light/White Heat (1968). In 1970 he released first solo album Vintage Violence. He also worked as record producer. During his career, he worked with such as John Cage, Hector Zazou, Nick Drake, Brian Eno, Patti Smith, The Stooges and Manic Street Preachers.
Earmuffs

Earmuffs are objects that are made to cover and protect a person's ears. A plastic or metal band fits over the top of the head, and there are two pads at the ends that cover the ears warmly.
Invention
Chester Greenwood invented the earmuffs when he was 15. His ears would turn into unusual colors like red, white, purple, or blue and begin to hurt when it was cold (he lived in Maine).<ref>Harris, Harry. Good Old-Fashioned Yankee Ingenuity. Chelsea, Mich.: Scarborough House, 1990</ref> Because of this, he could not try the new ice skates he got for his fifteenth birthday. Chester had tried wrapping a scarf around his head, but it was too bulky. So Chester twisted some wire so that it went across the top of his head, and made a loop on each end near his ears. Then he asked his grandmother to sew some material on the end of each loop. She put black velvet on the inside of the ears, and beaver fur on the outside of each loop, then sewed the wire across Chester's hat to make it stay. Soon lots of people in his town wanted ear warmers like Chester's, and he opened a factory when he was 19 to make them. Each year, his home town (Farmington) celebrates his invention with a parade on "Chester Greenwood Day."
Types of earmuffs
There are two kinds of earmuffs: thermal earmuffs, which keep a person's ears warm, and acoustic earmuffs, also called ear defenders'', which block out a lot of sound and noise and can be used in construction (building) sites, for example, when jackhammering.
Dzyanis Kowba

Dzyanis Yur'evich Kowba (, , Denis Yuriyevich Kovba; 6 September 1979 - 18 November 2021) was a Belarusian professional footballer. He played as a defensive midfielder. He was a member of Belarus national team between 2002 and 2007. He was born in Vitebsk, Soviet Union.
Kowba died on 18 November 2021 in Minsk, Belarus from COVID-19 at the age of 42.
Manuel Moroun

Manuel Moroun (June 5, 1927 - July 12, 2020) was an American billionaire businessman. He was the owner of CenTra, Inc, which controls the Ambassador Bridge, the international crossing connecting Detroit, Michigan and Windsor, Ontario. A 2008 Forbes article listed him as the 321st richest American.
Moroun died of congestive heart failure on July 12, 2020 in Detroit, aged 93.
Piancogno

Piancogno is a comune in the Province of Brescia in the Lombardy region in Italy.
AC Omonia

The Athletic Club Omonia Nicosia is a football club from Cyprus. It is based in the capital, Nicosia.
Waveform

The waveform is the shape of a wave as it travels. There are many different waveforms. They are usually a shape which is repeated over and over (a "periodic waveform"). A common waveform is the sine wave. It is normally not possible to see a waveform without some device.
Root mean square
The amplitude of a waveform may change a lot. Even though it changes, the waveform has a root mean square (rms) value. For example: in the UK, the AC mains supply is a sine wave and has a voltage of 240 V. This is an rms voltage. The actual voltage varies:
The amplitude of the sine wave keeps changing from -339.4 V to +339.4 V.
Root mean square is important. It lets us work out many useful things, like power and heating in a wire.
This table has information about working out the rms for some waveforms.
Osvaldo Moles

Osvaldo Moles (March 14, 1913 - May 14, 1967) was a Brazilian journalist and radio personality with Italian ancestors.
Works
In 1937 he founded with other journalists PRG-2 Radio Tupi and worked also for PRB-9 Radio Record.
He received many awards and was also songs writer with Adoniran Barbosa.
In 1952 he was awarded with Premio Saci and received also some Trophy Roquette Pinto.
In 1962 he plannde the political campaign to Laudo Natel.
Death
He died in 1967 by commuting suicide and the press silences the fact.
Bibliography
MICHELETTI, B. D. . Piquenique classe C y Bras, Bexiga e Barra Funda : Osvaldo Moles como sucesor de Antonio de Alcantara Machado. In: Edicion a cargo de Fidel Lopez Criado; CILEC. (Org.). LITERATURA, CINE Y PRENSA: EL CANON Y SU CIRCUNSTANCIA. 1ed.Santiago de Compostela: Andavira, 2014, v. 1, p. 641-650.
MICHELETTI, B. D. Osvaldo Moles - o legado do radialista. Tese de Mestrado (Comunicacao) - PPGCOM-UNIP, Sao Paulo, 2015.
MOLES, O. Piquenique classe C: Cronicas e flagrantes de Sao Paulo. Sao Paulo: Boa Leitura, 1962.
MOURA, F.; NIGRI, A. Adoniran Barbosa: Se o senhor nao ta lembrado. Sao Paulo: Boitempo, 2002.
MUGNAINI Jr., A., Adoniran - Da Licenca de Contar..., A Girafa, 2002.
CAMPOS JR., C. Adoniran: uma biografia. 2. ed. Sao Paulo: Globo, 2009.
LUSO JR., J. DE A.; CASTRO, J. V. DE. Laudo Natel: biografia do governador. Sao Paulo, 1971.
HOHLFELDT, A. Radio e imprensa: como as duas midias se encontraram e se fortaleceram em Mocambique. In: Conferencia Internacional Imperio Portugues . Lisboa: Instituto de Ciencias Sociais da Universidade de Lisboa , 2013.
Russians (song)

"Russians" is a 1985 song by Sting and is the fourth single from their debut studio album The Dream of the Blue Turtles. It went to number 12 in the United Kingdom, number 16 in the United States and Sweden, number 13 in Switzerland, number 1 in Italy, number 4 in France, number 2 in Germany, number 8 in the Netherlands, number 7 in Belgium, number 25 in New Zealand and number 35 in Canada.
Track listings
7'' single
"Russians" - 3:57
"Gabriel's Message" - 2:15
12'' maxi
"Russians" - 3:57
"Gabriel's Message" - 2:10
"I Burn for You" (live) - 4:40
1052

The year 1052 was a leap year which started on Wednesday.
Events
Godwin, Earl of Wessex returns to England from exile.
Sergej Barbarez

Sergej Barbarez (born 17 September 1971) is a former Bosnia and Herzegovina football player. He has played for Bosnia and Herzegovina national team.
Donkey Hodie

Donkey Hodie is an American puppet live action musical preschool television series created by David and Adam Rudman for PBS Kids, and is aimed at preschoolers ages 3 to 5. Inspired by characters created by Fred Rogers, the series premiered May 3, 2021 and is the second spinoff of Rogers' television series Mister Rogers' Neighborhood after Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood. The first full episode was initially set to premiere in winter 2021 on PBS Kids in the United States, but it was pushed back to May 3 of the same year.
Hylaeosaurus

Hylaeosaurus was a herbivorous ankylosaurian dinosaur which lived about 136 million years ago in the early Cretaceous period of England.
It was discovered in 1832 by Gideon Mantell. In 1842 it was one of the three dinosaurs Richard Owen based the Dinosauria on. Only limited remains have been found of Hylaeosaurus and much of its anatomy is unknown. A recent cladistic analysis sees it as a basal ankylosaurid.
Hylaeosaurus was about five metres long. It was an armoured dinosaur that carried at least three long spines on its shoulder.
Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap

Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap is a studio album by the Australian hard rock band AC/DC. It was released in November 1976 in Europe and delayed for release in USA until 1981.
Medullary ray

In botany, medullary rays (pith rays or wood rays) are sheets or ribbons of cells running from the inside of the plant to the outside. That is, they run at right angles to the xylem and phloem, which run vertically. While the plant is alive, these medullary cells are alive. They carry nutrients (sap) towards the surface of the tree.
In wood products the rays can be seen running perpendicular to the growth rings. If wood is cut into boards with the growth rings roughly perpendicular to the face of the board, the medullary rays often produce beautiful "figure" such as silver grain, medullary spots, pith flecks, etc.
The function of medullary rays is to carry chemicals which fight invasion by insects and fungi, and block any damaged areas. The cells deposit tannins and resins which block up the damaged area. This process is called tylosis.
Vélu

Velu is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.