kenhktsui/simple_wikipedia_LM_quality_score_v1 huggingface dataset:
Harold Shipp

Harold Gordon Shipp (January 21, 1926 - September 7, 2014) was a Canadian businessman and philanthropist. He was the chairman of Shipp Corporation Limited. He was born in East York of Toronto, Ontario.
Shipp died after a short illness at the Trillium Hospital in Mississauga, Ontario on September 7, 2014, aged 88.
Pointe Coupee Parish, Louisiana

Pointe Coupee Parish, ( or ; ), is a parish in the U.S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2020 census, the population was 20,758. The parish seat is New Roads.
Johnny Kemp

Jonathan "Johnny" Kemp (2 August 1959 - 16 April 2015) was a Bahamian singer-songwriter and record producer. He began singing at nightclubs in the Bahamas at 13. In 1979, he moved to New York City, New York in the United States and later signed with Columbia Records. His best known song is "Just Got Paid", which he got a Grammy Award nomination.
Kemp was born in Nassau. He was married and had two sons.
Kemp was found dead on 16 April 2015 on a beach in Montego Bay, St. James, Jamaica. He was 55 and is believed to have fallen, hit his head on some rocks and drowned.
Charles Schultze

Charles Louis Schultze (December 12, 1924 - September 27, 2016) was an American economist and public policy analyst. He served as the Chairperson of the Council of Economic Advisers during the President Carter Administration.
Schultze was appointed the assistant director of the Bureau of the Budget by President John F. Kennedy in 1962, and was the Director from 1965 until 1968 during President Lyndon Johnson's Great Society agenda.
Schultze was born in Alexandria, Virginia. He studied at Georgetown University and at the University of Maryland, College Park. He was a veteran of WWII, serving in the army in the European theater. Schultze died from complications of sepsis caused by dementia on September 27, 2016 in Washington, D.C., aged 92.
Arvid Carlsson

Arvid Carlsson (25 January 1923 - 29 June 2018) was a Swedish neuropharmacologist. He was best known for his work with the neurotransmitter dopamine and its effects on Parkinson's disease.
He won the Wolf Prize in Medicine in 1979.
For his work on dopamine, Carlsson was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2000. He won the award alongside Eric Kandel and Paul Greengard.
Pater familias

The pater familias (sometimes written together paterfamilias) was the head of the Ancient Roman household. Very often it was the oldest man in the familiy. His family consisted of his wife, his children, his slaves, and other relatives. His duty was to represent the family to the outside, towards the state, but also towards the gods. If his sons married, their wives and children were also subject to the pater familias. He had supreme power, called patria potestas. This also meant that he was a judge in family matters. As such, he has the right to decide over life and death of the family members (called ius vitae necisque - the right [to decide] over life and death)
When the Pater famliias died, his children would become free from his power. His sons would usually rise to the position of pater familas of their famillies.
Vel Phillips

Velvalea Rodgers "Vel" Phillips (February 18, 1923 - April 17, 2018) was an American attorney and civil rights activist. She served as a local official and judge in Milwaukee, Wisconsin and as Secretary of State of Wisconsin, the first woman and African-American elected to that state position, from 1979 to 1983.
Phillips died under hospice care in Milwaukee at age 95 on April 17, 2018.
Jonathan Toews

Jonathan Bryan Toews ( ; born April 29, 1988 in Winnipeg, Manitoba) is an Canadian professional ice hockey centre. He currently plays for the Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League (NHL). He serves as their captain.
Before playing in the NHL, Toews played college hockey for 2 years at the University of North Dakota. During his time there, he contributed 85 points (40 goals, 45 assists), a plus-38 rating and a 56.7% faceoff winning percentage in 76 games. He was also able to help UND reach the NCAA Frozen Four in both 2006 and 2007 and served as their alternate captain during his sophomore season He helped UND win the Broadmoor Cup as WCHA champions and he was also named the West Regional MVP after he tallied five points. Before he went into the 2006 NHL Entry Draft, the NHL Central Scouting Bureau ranked Toews third among North American prospects He was drafted with the 3rd overall pick by the Chicago Blackhawks in the 2006 NHL Entry Draft.
When Toews brought the Stanley Cup to his hometown of Winnipeg after the Blackhawks won it, the province of Manitoba named a lake in his honour. It is named Toews Lake and is 150 km north of Flin Flon. During that same day, Toews was given the Keys to the City and the Dakota Community Centre in St. Vital where he first played organized hockey was renamed the Jonathan Toews Community Centre in his honour.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
Awards
World U-17 Hockey Challenge MVP (2005)
WCHA Rookie of the Week (twice in 2005-2006)
NCAA West Regional MVP (2006)
World Junior All-Star Team (2007)
Manitoba's Male Athlete of the Year (2007, 2010, 2014)
He was nominated for the Calder Memorial Trophy (2008)
NHL All-Star Game (2009, 2011, 2012*)
All-Star selection of the 2010 Olympic Hockey Tournament
2010 Winter Olympics (Best Forward)
2010 Stanley Cup Champion
Conn Smythe Trophy (2010)
He became the second-youngest person to win the Conn Smythe Trophy (22 years, 41 days; with only Patrick Roy being younger); he was also the youngest Captain to win the Conn Smythe Trophy.
He became the youngest person to gain entry into the Triple Gold Club (22 years, 41 days at time last component was achieved)
He was named full captain of an NHL team after only 64 NHL games; became the fourth youngest full captain (Landeskog, Crosby, Vincent Lecavalier) in NHL history and quickest by games.
He became one of only six players to win Olympic gold and the Stanley Cup in the same year.
Caratunk, Maine

Caratunk is a town in Somerset County, Maine, United States.
Manuel Vicente

Manuel Sesimbra Vicente (born 15 May 1956) is an Angolan politician. He has been Vice President of Angola since September 2012. He was born in Central Luanda.
Before becoming vice president, Vicente served as the chairman of Sonangol. Sonangol is an oil and natural gas company owned by the government of Angola.
Mollens

Mollens is the name of two municipalities in Switzerland:
Mollens, Valais
Mollens, Vaud
Kamiichi, Toyama

is a town in Toyama Prefecture, Japan.
Turanid race

Turanid race (also Turanoid or South Siberian race) is a word from physical anthropology that no one uses any more. In the past, anthropologists used this word to talk about people from South Siberia, called the South Siberian race They did this because using old ideas about dividing humans into groups by race could make it look like Europeans colonialism was a good thing.
When anthropologists first used this word, they meant people living in Central Asia and Kazakhstan. In European books, writers called it part of the Caucasian race with some "Mongoloid" mixed in. The form with strongly bronze age Andronovo characteristics is the most ancient form of the Turanid type.
Ethnic connections and subdivision
The Turanid race was said to be connected to Turkic peoples, Mountain Tajiks of Xinjiang (Sarikoli) and the Pamir tribes. Historically, tt was characteristic of the Onogurs, Huns, Magyars, Pechenegs, Cumans, Ancient Uyghurs, Avars, Kabars, Khazars, the Volga Bulgars (8th-9th cc.) and was one of the composite elements of the ruling strata of the Hungarians at the time of the conquest. Turanoid skulls dating to the Mesolithic age were also discovered at the archaeological site of Alfalou in North Africa.
Tomb of Zechariah

The Tomb of Zechariah (Zechariah Ben Jehoiada) is a famous grave in the Mount of Olives Jewish Cemetery, Jerusalem.
East Java

East Java () is a province of Indonesia. It has a land border only with the province of Central Java to the west.
Adriatic Sea

The Adriatic Sea is a body of water and is a part of the Mediterranean Sea. The Italian Peninsula from the Balkan Peninsula was sepatated by the sea. Countries that have a coastline in the Adriatic Sea are Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Albania.
The average width of the sea is about 160 km. The Strait of Otranto joins the Adriatic Sea and the Ionian Sea and is only 85 to 100 km wide. The sea is very shallow. Its average depth is 240 m (133 fathoms). The sea is deepest east of Monte Gargano and south of Dubrovnik where it dips below 1,460 m (800 fathoms).
Maurice Chevalier

Maurice Auguste Chevalier (September 12, 1888 - January 1, 1972) was a French actor and cabaret singer. He was born in Paris. He was perhaps best known for his songs, including "Louise", "Mimi", "Valentine", and "Thank Heaven for Little Girls" and for his movies, including The Love Parade, The Big Pond, Love Me Tonight and Gigi.
During World War I, Chevalier was a prisoner of war of Germany for two years from 1914 through 1916.
In 1930, he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for his roles in The Love Parade (1929) and The Big Pond (1930), which made his first big American hit, "Livin' in the Sunlight, Lovin' in the Moonlight".
In 1958, Chevalier received an Honorary Academy Award for his works in the movie industry.
In 1970, he made his final work to the movie industry where he sang the title song of the Disney movie The Aristocats.
Chevalier died on January 1, 1972 in Paris of kidney failure at the age of 83.
Kelly Olynyk

Kelly Tyler Olynyk (born April 19, 1991) is an Canadian professional basketball player. He is a power forward-center for the Utah Jazz of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He was born in Toronto, Ontario and moved to Kamloops, British Columbia when he was in grade 7.
Olynyk played college basketball at Gonzaga University. During his freshman and sophomore years there, Olynyk averaged 12 to 13 minutes per game and was mainly a bench player. During his junior year, Olynyk and Gonzaga both agreed that he would redshirt. He played in the 2012-13 season and was selected for both the Consensus First-Team All-American and the 2012-13 Academic All-America first team.
Olynyk was selected 13th overall by the Dallas Mavericks in the 2013 NBA draft. The same day, the Mavericks traded Olynyk to the Boston Celtics in exchange for Lucas Nogueira and two future second round picks. During his first summer league game, he scored 25 points with 9-of-13 shooting. He signed his rookie scale contract with the Celtics on July 7, 2013.
On October 29, 2014, the Celtics extended Olynyk's rookie scale contract through the 2015-16 season after exercising their third-year team option. On December 15, 2014, Olynyk scored a career-high 30 points in a 105-87 win over the Philadelphia 76ers.
During the first quarter of Game 4 of the 2015 NBA Playoffs, Olynyk got tangled with Cleveland Cavaliers player Kevin Love while battling for a loose ball and dislocated Love's left shoulder. Love called it a "bush-league play" and Olynyk said that he would "never intentionally hurt someone." The league suspended Olynyk for one game without pay and ruled that he had "yanked [Love's] arm down".
On September 26, 2022, Olynyk was traded to the Utah Jazz.
Landrethun-lès-Ardres

Landrethun-les-Ardres is a commune. It is in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.
Russellville, Missouri

Russellville is a city in Cole County, Missouri, United States. The town was founded in 1838.
Heiko Bellmann

Heiko Bellmann (17 March 1950 - 7 March 2014) was a German biologist, writer, zoologist and photographer. He published over fifty books.
Bellman died on 7 March 2014 at the age of 63.
Behrouz Afagh

Behrouz Afagh () is Head of BBC World Service's Asia & Pacific Region.
Albumin

Albumin is the name for a number of globular proteins that can be dissolved in water. Albumin is found in blood serum. Albumin is also found in egg white. The albumin index is used to measure the freshness of an egg. It measures how far an egg spreads if broken on a flat smooth surface. The older an egg is, the further it spreads.
Kittitas County, Washington

Kittitas County is a county in the U.S. state of Washington. The county seat is Ellensburg, Washington. In 2020, 44,337 people lived there. The county includes of which 2,297 are land (the rest is water). The highest point is Mount Daniel at .
Mathaux

Mathaux is a commune of the Aube departement in the north-central part of France. In 2017, 200 people lived there.
Hossein Kaebi

Hossein Kaebi (born 23 September 1985) is an Iranian football player. He plays for Steel Azin and Iran national team.
Saltville, Virginia

Saltville is a town in Smyth and Washington counties in Virginia, United States.
Baar

Baar can refer to:
Places
Baar, Switzerland, a municipality in the canton of Zug, Switzerland
Baar, Swabia, a municipality in western Bavaria, Germany
Baar, Rhineland-Palatinate, a municipality in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
Baar (region), a region in southern Germany, between the Black Forest and the Swabian Alb
Baar-Ebenhausen, a municipality in central Bavaria
Elena Baltacha

Elena Sergeevna Baltacha (14 August 1983 - 4 May 2014) was a British professional tennis player.
Baltacha was born in Kiev, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union to Olga and Sergei Pavlovich Baltacha. Her brother is Sergei Baltacha, Jr. She moved to the United Kingdom in 1989.
She was British No. 1 intermittently from 2002 to 2012. However, due to her absence from competition, due to knee surgery, she dropped down the world rankings and at the time of her retirement, on 18 November 2013, she was ranked as the world No. 221 and British No. 6. She was a four-time winner of the Aegon Award.
Baltacha was diagnosed with liver cancer in January 2014. She died of the disease three months later, aged 30.
Jared Polis

Jared Schutz Polis (; born May 12, 1975) is an American politician, businessman, and philanthropist. He is the 43rd and current Governor of Colorado.
Polis served as the U.S. Representative for from 2009 to 2019. He is a Democrat. He was among the richest members of Congress. His personal net worth is estimated at nearly $400 million.
In June 2017 Polis announced his candidacy for Governor of Colorado in the 2018 election. He won the general election in November 2018 defeating Walker Stapleton.
Polis was one of the few people to be openly gay when first elected to the U.S. House of Representatives and the first gay parent in Congress. In 2018, he became the first openly gay man and second openly LGBT person (after Kate Brown of Oregon) elected governor of a U.S. state. He is also the first Jewish governor of Colorado. In 2020, he became the first U.S. governor to be engaged to a same-sex partner.
Waray language

Waray-Waray or Warai (commonly spelled as Waray; also Winaray or Lineyte-Samarnon) is a language spoken in the provinces of Samar, Leyte, and Biliran in the Philippines.
The Waraynon group of languages consists of Waray, Waray Sorsogon and Masbate Sorsogon. All the Warayan languages belong to the Visayan language family and are related to Cebuano and more closely to Hiligaynon and Masbatenyo.
Usage
Waray-Waray is one of the ten officially recognized regional languages in the Philippines and used in the local government. It is spoken throughout the islands especially in the Eastern Visayas region. But it is also spoken in some parts of Mindanao, Masbate, Sorsogon and Metro Manila where Warays went to. There is also a very small number of Filipinos abroad, especially in the United States, that speaks this language.
Sounds
The Waray language has sixteen consonants: . There are three main vowels: a , i , and u . Consonants and were once allophone but cannot interchange, like palaron (to be lucky) [from palad, palm (because someone's luck is seen in the palm)] but not paladon and tagadiin (from where) [from diin, where] but not tagariin.
Numbers
Native numbers are used for numbers one through ten. From eleven onwards, Spanish numbers are exclusively used in Waray today, their native counterparts being almost unheard of by the majority of native speakers numbers (except for gatus for hundred and yukot for thousand). Some, specially the old ones, are spoken alongside the Spanish counterparts.
Some common words and phrases
Below are examples of the Waray spoken in Metropolitan Tacloban and the nearby areas:
Can you understand Waray?: Nakakaintindi / Nasabut ka hin Winaray? (hin or hiton)
Good morning (noon / afternoon / evening): Maupay nga aga (udto / kulop / gab-i)
Thank you: Salamat
I love you: Hinihigugma ko ikaw or Ginhihigugma ko ikaw or Pina-ura ta ikaw
Where are you from? : Taga diin ka? or Taga nga-in ka?
What is your name? : Ano it imo ngaran?
Who are you?: Hin-o ka?
How are you? : Kumusta ka na?
I'm fine / In God's will: Kalu-oy sa Dyos
How much is this? : Tag pira ini?
I like this / that: Karuyag ko ini / itun
I can't understand: Diri ako nakakaintindi or Diri ako nakakasabut
I don't know: Diri ako maaram or Ambot
What: Ano
Who: Hin-o
Where: Hain or Di-in
When (future): San-o
When (past): Kakan-o
Why: Kay-ano
How: Gin-aano?/Patiunan-o?
Yes: Oo
No: Dire / Diri
There: Adto or Didto or Ngad-to
Here: Didi or Nganhi or Din-hi
Up: Igbaw
Down: Ubos
Top: Baw-baw
Bottom: Ilarom or Sirong
Right: Tu-o
Left: Wala
Far: Harayu / Harayo
Near: Hirane / Hirani
Front or in front: Atubang or Atubangan
Night: Gab-i
Day: Adlaw
Nothing: Waray
Good: Maupay
Beautiful: Mahusay
Handsome: Gwapo
Boy: Lalaki
Girl: Babayi
Gay: Bayot
Lesbian: Lesbyana
I'm a friend of...: Sangkay ak ni...
I'm lost here: Nawawara ak didi.
Billy Rose's Jumbo

Billy Rose's Jumbo is a 1962 MGM musical movie. It stars Jimmy Durante, Doris Day, Martha Raye, and Stephen Boyd. The movie was directed by Charles Walters. It featured Busby Berkeley's choreography. It was nominated for an Academy Award for the adaptation of its Rodgers and Hart score.
Bo'ness

Bo'ness (short for Borrowstouness) is a town in the Falkirk council area of Scotland, UK. Bo'ness is well known for its iron. Even if Bo'ness is the form of name it's known for and being used on road signs, its original name Borrowstounness.
Name history
The usage of the name dates back to the early 1400s when the Burgh of Linlithgow built a harbour on a broad promontory (or "ness"). The "burgh's town on the ness" then became Borrowstounness. It eventually became known as Bo'ness.
Downtempo

Downtempo (sometimes known as chill out, chill or downbeat) is a music style with electronic music. It is similar to ambient music, but usually with a beat or groove.
The tempo, as well as the drum patterns of each track can vary. Sometimes the beat can be restrained and/or simple. Sometimes the beats are more complicated and more featured instead of being in the background, but even then they are usually less intense than other kinds of electronic music like trance and house. The tempo is often slower than that of traditional electronic dance music. Often the name chill-out music is used to refer to songs demonstrative of the genre, but those names also refer to other styles of music, and downtempo encompasses a wider variety of styles than those terms alone would indicate. Because of the relaxing and often sensual or romantic feel of most downtempo music, it is a popular form of background music in 'chill out rooms' of dance parties, and many alternative cafes.
Kyoto

Kyoto () is a city in Japan. This city was the capital of Japan from 794 until 1868.
Kyoto is a major city in the Kansai region of Japan. Its population is 1.5 million people. The city of Kyoto is the capital city of the prefecture of Kyoto. Kyoto is one of the cultural, educational, and technology centers of Japan. In it are many universities including Kyoto University, the second oldest national university of Japan.
History
After 794, the Japanese emperors lived in this city which was called Heian-kyo.
In 1868, the city was called Saikyo ("Western capital") in order to distinguish it from Edo (Tokyo) which was the "Eastern capital".
Geography
There are mountains around the city on the east, north, and west sides. Some people in Kyoto believe that these mountains make Kyoto's summer especially hot and humid, and Kyoto's winter very cold.
We can see many temples and shrines built in traditional Japanese architectural styles here. Some of those buildings are registered as UNESCO World Heritage Sites. On the other hand, since Kyoto was one of biggest and richest Japanese cities in the middle of the 19th century; the citizens were eager to import European style, and there are many European style buildings in the center of Kyoto for company offices and schools.
Kyoto is one of oldest cities in Japan. Many tourists from all over the world come to Kyoto. Japanese people often come to Kyoto in the spring to see the cherry blossoms, and in the autumn to see the leaves change color.
Traditional Kyoto food often uses vegetables. McDonald's signboards in Kyoto are brown to preserve the traditional surroundings.
The oldest novel in the world, Shikibu Murasaki's The Tale of Genji is set in Kyoto during the Heian Period.
Kyoto is famous for three festivals: Gion festival, Aoi festival in the summer, and Jidai festival in the autumn.
Brøndby IF

Brondbyernes Idraetsforening short Brondby IF is a professional association football club based in Brondbyvester. The club was founded in 1964 when two local clubs merged (Brondbyoster IF and Brondbyvester IF).
Brondby IF has won 11 Danish championships and 7 Danish Cups. Brondby reached the semi-finals of the UEFA Cup 1990-91.
Bryan, Texas

Bryan is a city in Brazos County, Texas, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 76,201.
Kota Morimura

is a Japanese professional athlete. He is best known as a Association football or soccer player.
Club career statistics
|-
|2007||rowspan="2"|Tokyo||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|2008||2||0||0||0||0||0||2||0
|-
|2009||rowspan="2"|Mito Hollyhock||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||46||5||1||0||colspan="2"|-||47||5
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||
|-
|2011||rowspan="2"|Giravanz Kitakyushu||||||||||||||
|-
|2012||||||||||||||||
49||5||1||0||0||0||50||5
49||5||1||0||0||0||50||5
|}
Chauffour-lès-Bailly

Chauffour-les-Bailly is a commune of the Aube departement in the north-central part of France.
Bonifacio

Bonifacio () is a town and commune near the southern tip of the island of Corsica, in the departement of Corse-du-Sud, France. Its inhabitants are called Bonifaciens and the city was founded as a fortress and named after Boniface II of Tuscany in 828. Bonifacio is split into two sections. The vieille ville (old town), or la Haute Ville (the Upper city).
Geography
Bonifacio is located directly on the Mediterranean Sea, separated from Sardinia by the Strait of Bonifacio. The commune includes the Lavezzi Islands.
Famous people born in Bonifacio
Tommaso Maria Zigliara (1833-1893), Roman Catholic cardinal, theologian, and philosopher.
Jessore District

Jessore District is a district of Bangladesh. It is in the Khulna Division.
Naseeb apna apna (1970 movie)

Naseeb apna apna is a Pakistani Urdu black and white movie. It was directed by Qamar Zaidi and produced by Waheed Murad. It casted Waheed Murad, Shabnam, Zamrrud, Tamanna, Nirala and Saqi. It was a musical love story. The songs of the movie, especially Aye abr-e-karam..., became popular among the Waheed Murad's and Shabnam's fans. It proved to be one of the greatest hits in the early stage of Shabnam's movie career.
Millie Hughes-Fulford

Millie Elizabeth Hughes-Fulford (December 21, 1945 - February 2, 2021) was an American medical investigator, molecular biologist, and NASA payload specialist. She flew aboard the NASA Space Shuttle Columbia in 1991. She was the first female payload specialist in space. Hughes-Fulford was born in Mineral Wells, Texas.
Hughes-Fulford died on February 2, 2021 in San Francisco, California from lymphoma at the age of 75.
Jorge Bruni

Jorge Bruni (1941 - 13 December 2020) was an Uruguayan politician. He was the Minister of the Interior from 2009 to 2010 during the Tabare Vazquez presidency. He was a member of the Broad Front Party.
Bruni died on 13 December 2020 in Montevideo at the age of 79.
Al Jean

Al Jean (born January 9, 1961 in Farmington Hills, Michigan) is an American television comedy writer best known for his work on The Simpsons. He has been showrunning (managing) The Simpsons since season 13.
Army Cadet Force

The Army Cadet Force (ACF) is a youth organisation in Great Britain, where members train in military skills.
It was founded in 1859, and had its official 150th birthday in 2010, marked by the Cadet 150 celebrations.
The ACF gives a lot of youth in the UK an ability to change their lives with the opportunities it offers for little money. The ACF offers many activities such as the Summer Mountain Foundation Course (SMF). A lot of these skills can be used in both civilian and military life.
In the Army Cadets, cadets will progress through a rank structure which will improve the cadets' team work and leadership skills while they are under pressure.
In the summer the ACF offers the opportunity for cadets to attend Annual Camp. On Annual Camp cadets will take part in hiking, fieldcraft and combat training exercises among many more activities.
Noorder-Koggenland

Noorder-Koggenland is a former municipality in the Dutch province of North Holland. Since 2007, it has been part of the municipality of Medemblik.
Lidar

Lidar is a method for measuring distances by using a laser on a target and measuring its reflection with a sensor.
History
After the invention of laser, first tool similar to a lidar was made in 1961 at Hughes Aircraft Company. It was first intended to track satellites. It was originally called "Colidar", acronym for "Coherent Light Detecting And Ranging".
One of first usages of lidar were in meteorology. National Center for Atmospheric Research used it to measure clouds and pollution.
Pyramid scheme

A pyramid scheme is a way of making money that cannot continue very long. It involves promising people payment, services or ideals, primarily for enrolling other people into the scheme or training them to take part. It does not supply any real investment or sale of products or services to the public. Pyramid schemes are a form of fraud. For this reason, pyramid schemes are illegal in many countries.
This type of scheme has existed for at least a century (100 years). The way the scheme is described is sometimes changed to hide what it is doing. Many people believe that multilevel marketing (MLM) is also a pyramid scheme.
Concept and basic models
A successful pyramid scheme combines a business that seems real with a simple-to-understand money-making description which is used for profit. The idea is that the first person, Mr. X, makes a payment. To get money, Mr. X has to recruit others like him who will also make a payment. Mr. X gets paid out of money received from those new people (recruits). The recruits go on to involve others. As each new recruit makes a payment, Mr. X gets a part. He is promised always increasing benefits as the "business" expands.
Such "businesses" do not have real products or services. To make them more believable, most such scams have fake letters from successful members and information. Only the first person (sometimes called the "pharaoh") and a very few at the top levels of the pyramid make a lot of money. The amounts get much smaller further down the pyramid. Someone at the bottom of the pyramid loses money. They paid to enter, but cannot get anyone else to join.
The "Eight-Ball" model
Recruiting a large number of others into a scheme can be difficult so a system is used that seems more simple. In this model each person must recruit only two others. However, a larger number of levels is needed before the person gets paid any money. The scheme requires a person to recruit two others, who must each recruit two others, who must each recruit two others.
The "eight-ball" model contains a total of fifteen members. This scheme has been called the "Airplane Game" and the four tiers labelled as "captain," "co-pilot," "crew," and "passenger" to denote a person's level.
Such schemes may hide their pyramid nature by calling themselves as "gifting circles" with money being "gifted." The eight passengers must each pay (or "gift") a sum (e.g. $1,000) to join the scheme. This total of $8,000 goes to the captain who leaves the scheme. Everyone remaining moves up one level. There are now two new captains so the group splits in two with each group requiring eight new passengers. A person who joins the scheme as a passenger will not get any money until they advance through the crew and co-pilot levels to captain. Therefore, the participants in the bottom 3 tiers of the pyramid lose their money if the scheme collapses. Popular schemes such as the "Women Empowering Women" do this.
Claude Rains

William Claude Rains (10 November 188930 May 1967) was a British-American actor. He played Dr. Jack Griffin in The Invisible Man (1933). He also starred in The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938), Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939), The Wolf Man (1941), Casablanca and Kings Row (both 1942), Notorious (1946) and Lawrence of Arabia (1962).
Oscar Panno

Oscar Roberto Panno (born 17 March 1935) is an Argentine chess Grandmaster. Panno was the first top world chess player born in South America. Panno won the 2nd World Junior Chess Championship in 1953. Panno was born in Buenos Aires.
Panno has several successes at the tournaments at Mar del Plata. He won the international tournaments in 1954 and 1969 (shared with Miguel Najdorf), and the open tournaments in 1986, 1988, and 1994.
Panno played eleven times for Argentina in Chess Olympiads (1954-58, 1962, 1966-70, 1976, 1986-88, 1992). The 1954 Olympiad team won the silver medal, while the 1958 and 1962 teams won the bronze medal.
Janaki Ammal

Janaki Ammal was the first Indian female botanist. She was the first to receive her masters in science. She was the first-known woman to get a Ph.D. in Botany in the United States. She was the first to receive the Padma Shri award. Ammal was also known as the sugar cane queen. She worked on developing sweeter sugar cane varieties.
Birth
Janaki Ammal was born in 1897. She was born in a state called Kerala in India. She was the tenth person in her family. She had 19 brothers and 19 sisters. Her father was a judge. He also took care of the garden. This sparked Ammal's love for botany.
Early Career
Ammal taught for three years at a Women's Christian College. Then she was invited to the University of Michigan. She joined the botany division. She was an immigrant. She was held at Ellis Island. She earned her masters in science. 6 years later she received her doctorate. Ammal was the first woman to ever receive her doctorate degree in botany in the US.
Research
Ammal worked at the Sugar Cane Breeding Institute. Ammal helped the institute to create and support sweeter sugar cane. This was significant because they no longer had to rely on imports from other countries. Ammal moved to Norfolk, England. She worked at the John Innes Institute. She and C.D. Darlington co-authored Chromosome Atlas of Cultivated Plants. Ammal was recommended to work at the Royal Horticulture Society. She became a paid cytologist. She worked on a medication that doubles a plant's chromosomes. This makes the plant grow quicker and larger. One shrub was named after her. The shrub was called Mongolia Kobus Janaki Ammal.
Return to India
Ammal returned to India. She did so at the request of the prime minister. She worked on improving India's agriculture and preserving indigenous plants.
Late Career
She focused on helping Save Silent Valley. Ammal's efforts were successful. The forest was no longer going to be flooded. Ammal died months earlier. She died at the age of 87.
Lautém Municipality

Lautem is one of the municipalities of East Timor. Its capital is Lospalos.
To the north lies the Banda Sea, and to the south the Timor Sea. Lautem includes the small island of Jaco.
Parenthood (1989 movie)

Parenthood is a 1989 American comedy movie directed by Ron Howard and starring Steve Martin, Dianne Wiest, Mary Steenburgen, Jason Robards, Rick Moranis, Tom Hulce, Martha Plimpton, Keanu Reeves, Harley Jane Kozak, Joaquin Phoenix, Kevin Hart, Dennis Dugan. It was distributed by Universal Pictures and was nominated for 2 Academy Awards in 1990. It was spun off into two television adaptions in 1990 and 2010.
Kyle McCulloch

Kyle McCulloch (born November 11, 1962) is a Canadian television writer, producer and voice actor. He is best known for writing for the cartoon shows South Park and SpongeBob SquarePants. He also created and voiced the title character of the web series Mr. Wong (2000-2001).
McCulloch is from Winnipeg, Manitoba. He now lives in Los Angeles, California, United States.
Opinion

An opinion is something a person or a group of people think. "What is your opinion?" is like saying: "What do you think about it?"
The person's answer might start with: "In my opinion..........." or "I think........."
Sometimes companies try to find out what people think about something by asking many people their opinion. This is called an "opinion poll" and the people who do it are "pollsters". They might be trying to find out whether people think something is good or bad, such as electricity or exercise or Wikipedia, or whether one politician or beer or sport team is better than another.
Opinions are usually contrasted with facts. Facts are statements which are reliably supported by evidence. Opinions may or may not turn out to be facts.
English Chess Federation

The English Chess Federation (ECF) is the governing chess organisation in England and is affiliated to FIDE. The ECF was formed in 2004, and took charge in 2005. It replaced the British Chess Federation (BCF), the governing body of chess in England from 1904 until 2005.
It was suggested that the BCF should change its name because only England came under its jurisdiction. It did not administer chess in the other countries of the UK. The BCF did have a British dimension, since it ran the British Chess Championship. This is one of two important tournaments held each year in Britain (the other is the annual international tournament at Hastings).
From the 1990s there was a campaign for the BCF to become a company limited by guarantee, to bid for more sponsorship money.
At the start of the 2005/6 season the English Chess Federation was created, inheriting the BCF's assets and personnel. The former BCF still exists for legacy purposes, but its website was inherited by the ECF. The Scottish and Welsh Federations hold their own championships every year as they did before. Therefore the change does not make much difference to most players.
The situation in Ireland is more complicated. The Irish Chess Union since 1912 was the governing body for both the Republic and Northern Ireland. In 2005 the Ulster Chess Union broke away from the Irish Chess Union. These two groups were part of the original British Chess Federation, but are not in any way connected to the new English Chess Federation. All groups except the Ulster Chess Union are members of the International Chess Federation FIDE, and the European Chess Union.
Belluno

Belluno (, , ) is a comune and city in the Veneto region, in Northeast Italy. Belluno is the capital of the province of the same name. The city is about north of Venice.
Geography
The town is near the confluence of the Piave river with the small river Ardo. To the north of the town is the Schiara, a group of mountains. To the south, the foothills of the Alps separate Belluno from the plain of the Veneto. The most northern part of the comune is in the "Dolomiti Bellunesi National Park" ().
The comune of Belluno has an area of and its altitude is .
Belluno borders with the following comuni: Alpago, Limana, Longarone, Ponte nelle Alpi, Sedico, Sospirolo, Vittorio Veneto (in the Treviso province).
Frazioni
The following frazioni (hamlets) are part of Belluno: Anconetta, Antole, Bes, Bolzano, Caleipo, Castion, Castoi, Cet, Cirvoi, Col di Salce, Faverga, Fiammoi, Giamosa, Giazzoi, Gioz, Levego, Madeago, Mares, Mier, Nevegal, Nogare, Orzes, Rivamaor, Safforze, Sagrogna, Sala, Salce, San Fermo, San Pietro in Campo, Sois, Sopracroda, Sossai, Tisoi, Veneggia, Vezzano, Vignole, Visome.
Hurricane Ida (2009)

Hurricane Ida was the last storm in the 2009 Atlantic hurricane season. It formed in the southwestern Caribbean on November 4 after being in that area for a few days. After becoming a depression it quickly got stronger and became a tropical storm and a hurricane shortly before it struck Nicaragua. Over Central America, Hurricane Ida weakened very fast, becoming downgraded to a tropical depression before the end of the day on November 5.
By November 6, Ida went back into the Caribbean and later became a hurricane again. Its strength changed a few times before it died on November 10 off the coast of Alabama. Reports show that Hurricane Ida caused $5.6 million in damage and caused 2 deaths.
Storm history
Ida was tracked back to a tropical wave that entered the western Caribbean Sea on November 1. A low soon formed near the tropical wave. This low did not move very much and it also got a lot of clouds near the middle of it. There was hardly any wind shear, which allowed for more clouds to form.
On November 4, the tropical wave National Hurricane Center began call it Tropical Depression Eleven. The new tropical depression quickly got stronger and became Tropical Storm Ida soon after that. An Aircraft went into Ida and soon found winds at 65 miles per hour, which meant it was nearly a hurricane.
Continuing to the northwest, Tropical Storm Ida was upgraded to Hurricane Ida when winds got to 80 miles per hour; at the time, it was put at only 75 miles per hour. Soon after this, Hurricane Ida made landfall in Nicaragua on November 5. Ida weakened quickly over land and was downgraded to a tropical storm just after landfall. Near the end of the day on November 5, Tropical Storm Ida weakened to a tropical depression.
Tropical Depression Ida survived its passage over land and went back into the Caribbean on November 6. Over the western Caribbean, it quickly became a tropical storm again. After moving north, Tropical Storm Ida became a hurricane again. It reached its highest winds on November 8 while it crossed between Cuba and Mexico; they were measured at 105 miles per hour, making it a category 2 hurricane. Water temperatures in the Gulf of Mexico were not warm enough to keep Ida at this strength. so it quickly weakened back to a tropical storm.
For only six hours, it became a hurricane again before it became extratropical on November 10 while it was just south of Alabama. At the time, it looked like it stayed as a tropical storm and made landfall in Alabama, this was later noted as incorrect. Its remnants formed a strong nor'easter that affected some of the states of the East Coast of the United States.
Impact
Damage in Nicaragua was near $2.1 million and there were no people killed. In El Salvador, it seemed at first that killed over 100 people, this was discovered as a mistake later on.
Assis

Assis is a Brazilian city in the southwestern part of the state of Sao Paulo. Its population, in 2013, was 100,911 inhabitants. It has an area of 462 km2. It was named for the city's founder Captain Francisco Nogueira Acis.
The spelling was later changed to add another 's'.
Chris Godwin

Rod Christopher Godwin Jr. (born February 27, 1996) is an American football wide receiver for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Penn State. He was drafted by the Buccaneers in the third round of the 2017 NFL Draft.
Fingering (sexual act)

Fingering is the act of touching the vulva or vagina and sometimes the anus for the purpose of sexual stimulation with the fingers. It is like the handjob, which is the manual stimulation of the penis. It is a common form of foreplay or mutual masturbation. To "finger oneself" is to masturbate in this way.
Digital penetration is penetration (for example sexual penetration) with one or more fingers.
Vaginal fingering
Vaginal fingering can end in orgasm. It also may or may not include the entire sexual encounter. It may be part of foreplay or part of a start to other sexual activities. These activities can provide sexual pleasure to a partner when penetrative intercourse is not possible or desirable for whatever reason.
Anal fingering
Fingering of the butt and rectum is commonly enjoyed in preparation for further anal sex. Anal fingering can arouse a person, allowing them to relax their anus and prepare them for the insertion of a penis or a dildo.
Safety
The practice is generally considered safe sex as long as the hands are protected with latex gloves.
2008–09 Montreal Canadiens season

The 2008-09 Montreal Canadiens season is their 99th season of play and 91st in the National Hockey League (NHL).
Regular season
Playoffs
The Canadiens lost to the Boston Bruins in the Conference Quarter-Finals no games to 4.
Microspathodon chrysurus

The yellowtail damselfish (Microspathodon chrysurus) is a species of damselfish native to tropical areas such as the Caribbean coast of Panama. Damselfish are plentiful in coral reef environments. The International Union for Conservation of Nature lists this fish as being of "least concern". The species is exploited on a minor scale, for fisheries and the aquarium trade. It may be threatened by the invasive lionfish.
Adult and young adult damselfish differ significantly in terms of body color. The difference was so noticeable that researchers believed the adult and young adult forms were two distinct species. Adults are brown with a yellow caudal fin. Young adults are violet with blue spots in their back and transparent caudal fins.
Reproduction
The spawning (laying eggs) cycle of the yellowtail damselfish starts at sunrise and lasts approximately 1 hour after male damselfish have prepared nests on dead coral surfaces. Their eggs are demersal, sticking to the coral where males guard and fan oxygen over them. Hatching occurs the morning of the 6th day of incubation. Reproductive activity is highest during the lunar period between full and new moon. At those points in the lunar cycle, the pull of the sun and the moon are very high resulting in spring tides.
Amenia (CDP), New York

Amenia is a community in Dutchess County, New York, United States.
Hillsong Church

Hillsong Church, commonly known as Hillsong, is a very large church in Sydney. According to the church, over 35,000 people attend services each week. It also has churches in Brisbane, London, Kiev, Cape Town, Stockholm, Paris, Moscow and New York City. The churches are pastored by senior pastor Brian Houston. Hillsong is also well known for their worship music CDs and DVDs.
Wren

The wrens are passerine birds in the mainly New World family Troglodytidae. There are about 80 species in about 20 genera. The Wren is also the shortest bird in Britain.
Originally, the word 'wren' was (and still is) used for the species found in Europe, western Asia and North Africa. The word came into English after a long history in the Germanic languages. The bird's scientific name is Troglodytes troglodytes. When European biologists got to the Americas, they soon realised that the family of wrens has many species, and is mainly an American family of birds.
Most wrens are about 10 centimetres (4 inches) long, brown (both sexes), and has a short bill that curves slightly down. Its wings are round and it has a short tail.
Vocalizations
Its song is a gushing burst of sweet music, loud and emphatic. It has an enormous voice for its size, ten times louder, weight for weight, than a cockerel. Its song may sometimes be confused for the dunnock, which has warble that is shorter and weaker. The wren's song also has trill sounds, which the dunnock does not. The male has a long and complex song, with a series of tinkling trills one after the other for seconds on end.
When this bird is annoyed or excited, its call runs into an emphatic churr, like clockwork running down.
Jim Bush

James Stanley "Jim" Bush (September 15, 1926 - July 10, 2017) was an American National Track and Field Hall of Fame track and field coach. He was known primarily for his coaching tenure at the University of California, Los Angeles from 1965 to 1984. During that time, his teams won five NCAA Men's Outdoor Track and Field Championships (1966, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1978 (tied with UTEP) and he coached as many as 30 Olympians. He was born in Cleveland, Ohio.
Bush died on July 10, 2017 in Culver City, California of melanoma at the age of 90.
Richard Jenkins

Richard Dale Jenkins (born May 4, 1947) is an American Academy Award-nominated television, stage, voice, and movie actor who has appeared in many movies such as; The Visitor, The Cabin in the Woods, Eddie, Fun with Dick and Jane, Blue Steel, Wolf, The Mod Squad, Killing Them Softly, Kong: Skull Island and The Shape of Water. In television, he is known for his role in Six Feet Under.
Jenkins was born in DeKalb, Illinois on May 4, 1947. Jenkins was educated at Illinois Wesleyan University. Jenkins is currently married to Sharon R. Friedrick since 1969, they have 2 children together. Jenkins currently lives in Cumberland, Rhode Island.
San Marino national football team

The San Marino national football team () is a national football team, that represents the country of San Marino.
Autoimmunity

Autoimmunity is a medical condition where a person's immune system attacks that person's own body. A healthy immune system recognizes viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens, then fights them off. When a person has autoimmunity, their immune system attacks the person's own body. It recognizes the body's healthy cells and tissues as antigens, and reacts by attacking them. Sometimes this reaction causes severe inflammation, which can be painful and even dangerous. Sometimes the reaction is not dangerous and causes very few symptoms. Diseases caused by autoimmunity are called autoimmune diseases.
A person can suddenly develop autoimmunity. Scientists can also cause autoimmunity by injecting people with autoantigens (the healthy cells that the immune system attacks).
Ivan Maček

Ivan Macek, nom de guerre Matija (28 May 1908 - 10 July 1993), was a Yugoslav Communist politician from Slovenia. He served as the President of the People's Assembly of SR Slovenia from 1963 to 1967.
Early life
Macek was born in Spodnja Zadobrova near Ljubljana, Austria-Hungary (now in Slovenia). He became a member of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia in 1930. In 1935 was sent to the Soviet Union. He studied at the International Lenin School, Moscow. He returned to Yugoslavia in 1937. He became a member of the Central Committee of the Communist party of Slovenia. Yugoslav police detained him in 1938 and he was sentenced to four years in prison in Sremska Mitrovica.
Later life and death
After the war, Macek moved into a mansion that had been confiscated from the pharmacist Leo Bahovec Macek was minister of the interior and vice-president of the Slovene government (1945-1953), vice-president of the Executive council of PR Slovenia and a member of the Federal Executive Council (1953-1963) and also the President of the People's Assembly of SR Slovenia (1963-1967). He was also a deputy in the National and Federal Assembly.
Macek died in Ljubljana, Slovenia on 10 July 1993 due to heart failure.
Awards
Macek was declared as the People's Hero of Yugoslavia in 1952.