kenhktsui/simple_wikipedia_LM_quality_score_v1 huggingface dataset:
International Opium Convention

The International Opium Convention was the first drug control treaty (or agreement). It was signed at The Hague in The Netherlands on January 23, 1912. The United States organised a conference between 13 countries called the International Opium Commission in 1909 in Shanghai, China because people complained more and more about opium trade. The treaty was signed by Germany, the United States, China, France, the United Kingdom, Italy, Japan, The Netherlands, Persia, Portugal, Russia, and Siam. The Convention said that "The contracting Powers shall use their best endeavours to control, or to cause to be controlled, all persons manufacturing, importing, selling, distributing, and exporting morphine, cocaine, and their respective salts, as well as the buildings in which these persons carry such an industry or trade."
The Convention was implemented in 1915 by the United States, Netherlands, China, Honduras, and Norway. It went into force around the world in 1919 when it became part of the Treaty of Versailles.
A modified International Opium Convention was signed on February 19, 1925, which started on September 25, 1928. It introduced control system to be looked after by a Permanent Central Opium Board, part of the League of Nations. Egypt, with support from
China and United States, recommended that a ban on hashish be added to the Convention.
India and other countries did not agree, saying social and religious customs and that wild-growing cannabis plants being available in many places, that would make it difficult to enforce, so this never made it into the final treaty. A compromise was made that banned the export of Indian hemp to countries that have banned its use. Importing countries were made to issue certificates approving the import and stating that the shipment was required "exclusively for medical or scientific purposes." It also required Parties to "exercise an effective control of such a nature as to prevent the illicit international traffic in Indian hemp and especially in the resin." These restrictions still made it easy for countries to allow production, internal trade, and use of cannabis for recreational purposes.
The Convention was superseded by the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs.
Kambhampati Hari Babu

Kambhampati Hari Babu is an Indian politician and the current Governor of Mizoram. He was a member of parliament as a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party.
Sonoma Coast State Beach

Sonoma Coast State Beach is a series of beaches in Sonoma County, California. The beaches are protected as the Sonoma Coast State Park. It extends for about along the Pacific Coast, from Bodega Head in Bodega to just north of Goat Rock Beach.
The nearest town is Jenner. The coastline consists of a number of named beaches, including Arched Rock Beach, Jenner Beach, Blind Beach, Goat Beach and Goat Rock Beach. Goat Beach is known for being one of the most dangerous surfing spots in California because of its powerful waves, and it is recommended to not go near the water when visiting the beach. Jenner Beach got attention in August 2004 when two Christian youth camp counselors, 22-year-old Lindsay Cutshall and 26-year-old Jason Allen, were found dead. Both had been shot in the head at close range. The murders have not been solved.
Rural area

Rural areas are areas which are not towns or cities. They are often farming or agricultural areas. These areas are sometimes called "the country" or "countryside". People who live "in the country" often live in small villages, but they might also live somewhere where there are no other houses nearby.
Rural is the opposite of urban, which means places such as cities where buildings and places where people work and live are all close together.
Many people who live in cities like to go to the country to relax. They go there for recreation, often for their holidays, or to read.
In the U.S. and Angola the term "rural area" technically describes a place that has less than 500 inhabitants per square mile.
2020 Jolo bombings

The 2020 Jolo bombings occurred on August 24, 2020, when suicide bombers of Abu Sayyaf jihadists attacked Jolo, Sulu, Philippines, killing 14 people and wounding 75 others.
The first attack happened as army personnel were assisting in carrying out COVID-19 humanitarian efforts. The second, a suicide bombing, was carried out near the Our Lady of Mount Carmel Cathedral.
NGC 4605

NGC 4605 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation of Ursa Major. It is about 15 million light-years away from Earth.
Andrew Wyeth

Andrew Newell Wyeth ( ; July 12, 1917 - January 16, 2009) was an American visual artist, primarily a realist painter, working mostly in a regionalist style. He was one of the best-known U.S. artists of the middle 20th century.
Wyeth was born in Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania. He was the youngest of N.C. Wyeth's five children. His siblings included artists Henriette Wyeth and Carolyn Wyeth as well as inventor Nathaniel Wyeth. In 1940, he married Betsy James, who would often model in his paintings.
On January 16, 2009, Wyeth died in his sleep in Chadds Ford after a brief illness. He was 91 years old.
Ungersheim

Ungersheim is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France.
Marthe Bogaerts

Marthe Bogaerts was a French swimming administrator in the early 20th-century from Paris.
Sport executive
Bogaerts served as the president of the Mouettes de Paris club between 1911 and 1920. This swimming club was a main women's swimming club in the early 20th-century; during the early phase of the French women's swimming. She was nicknamed "tambour-majeur" (major drummer). She is described as chairing the the club with "authority" but also with "dedication". During her presidency, the club grew to two hundred swimmers.
After the foundation of the Academie d'education physique et sportive de la femme, it had 1300 members in 1918. Bogaerts became responsible for the swimming section. Many swimmers became instructors including Yvonne Degraine, Georgette Houy, Berthe Conte and Suzanne Wurtz.
Personal life
Bogaerts married to a sports journalist of newspaper L'Auto. They lived in the 13th arrondissement of Paris. Their daughter Andree Bogaerts (born 1903) was a swimmer. As a member of Mouettes de Paris she was was a competitive swimmer between 1912 and 1919. Her main achievements were winning the junior competition over 50 metre in Charenton-le-Pont in 1916 and finishing third in the 50 metre (behind Jeanne Decorne) and 80 metre at the Grand prix de Paris des joutes a la lance in 1919.
Bengy-sur-Craon

Bengy-sur-Craon is a commune in the Cher department in the Centre-Val de Loire region of France. About 657 people lived there in January 2019.
Hemiksem

Hemiksem is a municipality in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007, 9755 people lived there.
It is at 51deg 08 North, 04deg 20 East.
Rebecka Liljeberg

Rebecka Manstrale Liljeberg (born 13 May 1981) is a Swedish actress.
She was born in Turinge, about 40 km southwest of Stockholm, and moved around Sweden for much of her youth. Liljeberg's mother was relatively young when she was born, and her parents divorced when she was one year old. At the age of 9 (1991), Liljeberg began her acting career when she won a role in the series Sunes jul. Between 1993 and 1997, she became played in amateur theatre, which she continued with until gaining a role in the movie Narkontakt later in 1997. The following year she won her breakthrough role in the Lukas Moodysson movie Fucking Amal. For the movie she stopped his study in high school to take up the role, which ultimately won her the 1999 Guldbagge Award for Best Actress, together with Alexandra Dahlstrom. After her roles in Fucking Amal and Sherdil, Liljeberg began an adult education course in order to graduate from high school. While studying, she also played in Bear's Kiss, and voiced a character in the Swedish version of IMAX movie T-Rex: Back to the Cretaceous. In 2002, she completed the adult education course, and is now studying medicine at the Karolinska Institute to become a pediatrician.
Private Life
Liljeberg is known to enjoy working with computers. She wrote for a Swedish newspaper Svenska Dagbladet for some time. Liljeberg also contributed to UNESCO's Utrymme anthology of twenty works from young writers around the world. Liljeberg now lives in Stockholm with her boyfriend Alexander Skepp. They have two children: Harry Theodor, born in June 2002 and Vera, born on 1 January, 2005. Liljeberg expressed a desire to work with director Lukas Moodysson again.
Tracey Walter

Tracey Walter (born November 25, 1947) is an American movie, television, stage, and voice actor who is known for his role as Bob the Goon in Tim Burton's 1989 movie Batman. He won a Saturn Award in 1984.
Walter was born on November 25, 1947 in Jersey City, New Jersey.
Slim Chaker

Slim Chaker (24 August 1961 - 8 October 2017) was a Tunisian politician. He was born in Sfax, Tunisia. He was a member of the Nidaa Tounes party.
Chaker served on the cabinet of Moncef Marzouki and Beji Caid Essebsi. He served as Minister of Public Health for a few months in 2017. He also served as Minister of Finance from 2015 to 2016 and Minister of Youth and Sports for a few months in 2011.
Chaker died in Tunis, Tunisia from a heart attack after taking part at a marathon on 8 October 2017 at the age of 56.
Second law of thermodynamics

The second law of thermodynamics says that when energy changes from one form to another form, or matter moves freely, entropy (disorder) in a closed system increases.
Differences in temperature, pressure, and density tend to even out horizontally after a while. Due to the force of gravity, density and pressure do not even out vertically. Density and pressure on the bottom will be more than at the top.
Entropy is a measure of spread of matter and energy to everywhere they have access.
The most common wording for the second law of thermodynamics is essentially due to Rudolf Clausius:
In other words, everything tries to maintain the same temperature over time.
There are many statements of the second law which use different terms, but all mean the same thing. Another statement by Clausius is:
Heat cannot of itself pass from a colder to a hotter body.
An equivalent statement by Lord Kelvin is:
A transformation whose only final result is to convert heat, extracted from a source at constant temperature, into work, is impossible.
The second law only applies to large systems. The second law is about the likely behavior of a system where no energy or matter gets in or out. The bigger the system is, the more likely the second law will be true.
Overview
In a general sense, the second law says that temperature differences between systems in contact with each other tend to even out and that work can be obtained from these non-equilibrium differences, but that loss of thermal energy occurs, when work is done and entropy increases. Pressure, density and temperature differences in an isolated system, all tend to equalize if given the opportunity; density and pressure, but not temperature, are affected by gravity. A heat engine is a mechanical device that provides useful work from the difference in temperature of two bodies.
Quotes
--Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington, The Nature of the Physical World (1927)
--Greg Hill and Kerry Thornley, Principia Discordia (1965)
--Philosopher / Physicist P.W. Bridgman, (1941)
Miscellaneous
Flanders and Swann produced a setting of a statement of the Second Law of Thermodynamics to music, called "First and Second Law.
The economist Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen showed the significance of the Entropy Law in the field of economics (see his work The Entropy Law and the Economic Process (1971), Harvard University Press).
Blue Hawaiian

A Blue Hawaiian is an alcoholic cocktail made from pineapple juice, rum and Curacao, with coconut cream and crushed ice. The name "Blue Hawaiian" comes from the blue colour given to the drink by Curacao, an orange flavoured liqueur.
Kaltjiti

Kaltjiti (also previously known as Fregon) is an Aboriginal community in the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands in South Australia. It is located about south of the Musgrave Ranges and is from the Stuart Highway. The town sits on Officer Creek, which flows from Mount Woodroffe. The creek is usually a dry sandy bed and only flows at times of very high rainfall. There are about 350 people living at Kaltjiti.
The first recording by white Australians of a community at Kaltjiti was by explorer Ernest Giles. He wrote that he found 200 male Aborigines there in September 1873, during his second trip into the South Australian desert. The meeting was violent, as Giles and his travellers interrupted a sacred ceremony. The first European settlement near Kaltjiti was set up in 1934. It was established by a dogger (dingo hunter), who was given the rights to the nearby bore (called Shirley Well) by the government as a reward for all the dingos he had killed. By the late 1950s, Aboriginal families were camped at Shirley Well permanently. In 1960, the station at Ernabella was expanded to include Shirley Well.
A outstation, called Fregon, was built with government help by 1961, as a base for Aboriginal stockmen and their families. It was built south of Shirley Well on Officer Creek. The aim of the settlement was to provide training in working with livestock and for the families to have access to traditional country in the sandhills to the west. Fregon was administered through Ernabella and it was not until 1968 that it had its own airstrip. It began with a school, a small health clinic, a workshop, a small store and houses for the staff.
Mail is delivered to Kaltjiti twice a week. Supplies are delivered every two weeks. Water is provided from four bores and placed in storage tanks for pumping to the community. Electricity comes from a diesel generator. Kaltjiti does not have a permanent police presence. State police are based at Marla and run patrols to the area.
Ohsweken Demons

The Ohsweken Demons is a professional indoor lacrosse team that plays in Hagersville, Ontario. It is part of the Canadian Lacrosse League. The team plays its home games in Iroquois Lacrosse Arena.
The team played its first season in 2012. It won the Creators' Cup league championship that year.
Caledonian Sleeper

Caledonian Sleeper is the collective name for overnight sleeper train services between London and Scotland, in Great Britain, Since 2015 it has been operating as its own company.
Lincoln, Maine

Lincoln is a town in Penobscot County, Maine, United States.
Godfried Danneels

Godfried Maria Jules Danneels (4 June 1933 - 14 March 2019) was a Belgian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He was the Metropolitan Archbishop of Mechelen-Brussels and the chairman of the episcopal conference from 1979 to 2010.
He was elevated to the cardinalate in 1983. He resigned in 2008 at the age of 75 and was accepted by Pope Benedict XVI on 18 January 2010. He was born in Kanegem, Tielt, Kingdom of Belgium.
Danneels died on 14 March 2019 in Mechelen, Belgium, aged 85.
The Angriest Dog in the World

The Angriest Dog in the World is a comic strip created by film director David Lynch.
Background
Lynch came up with the idea for the comic strip in 1973 during a time when he was feeling very angry. The comic strip was first published in the LA Reader, and ran from 1983 until 1992. The comic strip was also serialized in Cheval Noir.
Each comic strip is introduced with a small caption featuring this text:
Each strip is visually the same. The first three panels are identical, and feature the black dog growling, tied to a post in a yard by a chain. He is between a tree on the left and one wall of a house with a window on the right. The fourth panel is the same as the previous three panels, except it is night time and a circle of light is coming from the house's window.
A word balloon appears in one or more of the panels, showing one of the members of one of the house's unseen family, either Bill, Sylvia, Pete or Billy, Jr, is speaking. The speech is usually an aphorism or a non-sequitur. Such sayings include: "If everything is real... then nothing is real as well." and "It doesn't get any better than this."
In a short essay on Lynch's Rabbits, Objectif Cinema notes:
David Lynch has of course used animals within his back catalogue of work before. Dogs for instance feature in nearly every one of his movies usually as a visual prop: who could forget the scene in Wild at Heart in which our canine friend scampers away with the Bank teller's severed hand? Or the mewling pups in Mary X's living room in Eraserhead? Indeed a dog, albeit in cartoon form, took centre stage in Lynch's cartoon series for the LA Reader, The Angriest Dog in the World. But it is here on his website that Lynch seems to be opening up more to the wonders of nature: Bees, Coyotes and Dead Mice all have a part to play in various guises and manifestations within www.davidlynch.com, and as part of the pay-per-view series, the Rabbit has been given the starring role.
Homages
In 2003, cartoonist Ted Rall parodied the comic strip using his comic The Angriest Liberal in the World.
In 2004, Dinosaur Comics, a comic that uses the same sequence of illustrations, which are clip-art, in every comic strip in a similar way, made a direct reference to The Angriest Dog in the World.
In 2016, the episode of Homestar Runner "Later That Night... " was released. The episode of Homestar Runner features The Cheat dressed as The Angriest Dog in the World.
Episcopal Church

Episcopal Churches are those that kept the division of priesthood, into bishops, deacons, and priests; these churches are not Roman Catholic, very often they are Protestant or Anglican. in the US, the word is often used as a synonym for the Anglican Church.
General Weighted Average

The General Weighted Average (GWA) is the average of grades in all subjects taken, whether passed or failed. It is the result of combining the performance rating based on the screening criteria or subject. It serves as the indicator of a student's academic performance in a given semester or school year.
North American Aviation

North American Aviation (NAA) was an American aircraft manufacturer which built several important planes and spacecraft.
History
It was founded in 1928 to buy airlines, but then was forced to give up its control of those airlines because of the Air Mail act of 1934. It then went into manufacturing. The first plane it built was the T-6 Texan. It also built the B-25 Mitchell, the P-51 Mustang, and the F-86 Sabre. It later became part of Boeing after a series of mergers.
Outlaw Man

"Outlaw Man" is a 1973 song by Eagles and is the second single from their second studio album Desperado. It went to number 59 in the United States.
1973 songs
Eagles (band) songs
Eric Jacobson

Eric Jacobson (born July 25, 1970) is an American puppeteer who has been working with Sesame Street since 1994. He is the current performer of Grover since 1998 and Bert since 1997, he's also the current performer of Miss Piggy and Fozzie Bear in The Muppets Franchise, replacing Frank Oz. He is married to Mary Jacobson.
Twisted Sister

Twisted Sister is an American metal band. They were popular in the 1980's with their music videos We're Not Gonna Take it and I Wanna Rock. Originally a glam rock band influenced by New York Dolls, when Dee Snider came they moved to a heavy metal direction.
Thomas Burgess (bishop, born 1756)

Thomas Burgess (18 November 1756 - 19 February 1837) was an English author, philosopher, Bishop of st Davids and Bishop of Salisbury, he founded st David's college, Lampeter was a founding member of Odiham agricultural society, and helped to establish the royal veterinary college in London, and was the first president of the Royal society of literature
Oleguer Presas

Oleguer Presas (born 2 February 1980) is a Spanish football player. He plays for Ajax.
Jim McDermott

James Adelbert McDermott (born December 28, 1936) is an American politician. He was the U.S. Representative for from 1989 to 2017. He is a member of the Democratic Party.
He served on the House Ways and Means Committee and was a member of the House Progressive Caucus. He was formerly the committee chairman, then in 1995, ranking minority member on the House Ethics Committee.
On January 4, 2016, he announced his retirement.
The Gold Rush

The Gold Rush is a 1925 silent movie. It was written, directed, and produced by Charlie Chaplin. He stars in the movie, too. The movie is set in the Yukon during the Klondike Gold Rush. Chaplin plays the Little Tramp. It was a character he created. The Little Tramp appeared in many Chaplin movies. In this movie, the Little Tramp has many adventures with other prospectors. He falls in love with a saloon girl. Critics liked the movie. One critic wrote, "Here is a comedy with streaks of poetry, pathos, tenderness, linked with brusqueness and boisterousness. It is the outstanding gem of all Chaplin's pictures, as it has more thought and originality than even such masterpieces of mirth as The Kid and Shoulder Arms." In 1992 The Gold Rush was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry. Chaplin hoped that people would remember him for this movie.
Pope Callixtus III

Pope Callixtus III (; December 31, 1378-August 6, 1458), born Alfonso de Borja, was an Spanish official of the Roman Catholic Church and the 210th Pope from April 8, 1455 until his death.
Early life
Borja was born near Valencia on December 31, 1378.
Bishop
Martin V named Borja bishop of Valencia in 1429.
Cardinal
In 1444, Eugene IV made Borja or "Borgia" a cardinal.
Pope
After Nicholas V died, Cardinal Borgia was elected pope on April 8, 1455. He chose to be called Callixtus III.
In 1456, Callixtus authorized a review of the trial of Joan of Arc; and she was found innocent.
Thingujam

Thingujam is a Meetei Manipuri surname or family name which has Indian origin. People of this family mainly inhabit in Manipur, India.
Fallerans

Fallerans is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comte in the Doubs department in east France.
Le Nouvion-en-Thiérache

Le Nouvion-en-Thierache is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.
Ölmbrotorp

Olmbrotorp is a locality in Orebro Municipality in Orebro County in Sweden. In 2010, 548 people lived there.
The Seventh Companion

The Seventh Companion () is a 1967 Soviet drama movie directed by Grigori Aronov and Aleksei German. It stars Andrei Popov, Aleksandr Anisimov, and Georgiy Shtil.
Anthem of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic

The "anthem of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic" was the anthem of Kazakhstan during the Soviet era.
Tamura, Fukushima

is a city in Fukushima, Japan. Tamura was created on March 1, 2005 by combining several towns towns and villages from the Tamura District. They were Funehiki, Ogoe, Takine, and Tokiwa, and Miyakoji. Between 1 March and 31 August 2011, many people moved to Tamura. The population actually went up by about 1,000 people, or 2%.
Landmarks
There are two well-known places to visit in Takine-cho. Abukuma Limestone Caves and the Hoshi no Mura ("Village of Stars") Observatory are popular with tourists.
Lakh

Lakh is the number 10^5, obtained by multiplying ten-thousand by 10, also named one hundred thousand. The word lakh is used in India. It is written as 1,00,000 in India and 100,000 in most other countries. 100 lakh is one crore.
William P. Curlin Jr.

William Prather Curlin Jr. (born November 30, 1933) was an American politician. He is a member of the United States House of Representatives from Kentucky from 1971 through 1973.
He was in the United States Army from 1955 to 1957.
He was a member of the Kentucky General Assembly from 1968 to 1971 as a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives.
Paolo Cannavaro

Paolo Cannavaro (born 26 June 1981) is an Italian football player. He plays for Napoli.
Sandy Martens

Sandy Martens is a football player. He has played for Belgium national team.
Favoriten

Favoriten is the 10th district of Vienna, Austria.
Favoriten is bordered by the districts Meidling to the west and Simmering to the east. Liesing is to the southwest. Margareten and Wieden are to the north.
Dompierre-sur-Charente

Dompierre-sur-Charente is a commune of 464 people (2018). It is in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in the Charente-Maritime department in southwest France.
Bavarian Alps

The Bavarian Alps () are a section of the Northern Eastern Alps (Nordlichen Ostalpen) in the international unified orographic classification of the Alps (SOIUSA) according to Sergio Marazzi. The same name is used in the Partizione delle Alpi for a mountain group of the Central Alps, but there it covers a larger area. The term "Bavarian Alps" is not used in the mountain classification of the Eastern Alps developed by the German-speaking Alpine Clubs. In contrast, the large natural region of the Swabian-Bavarian Pre-Alps largely coincides with the Bavarian Alps, but does not include some parts of the landscape (see below).
In a broader sense, "Bavarian Alps" also stands for the part of the Alps located on Bavarian or German territory. Bavaria is the only German state that has a share of the Alps. Mostly, however, the Bavarian Alps are understood to mean only the mountain parts located between the rivers Lech and Saalach in Germany. With this interpretation, therefore, the Allgau Alps, to which the Bavarian territory has only recently extended, and the Berchtesgaden Alps do not belong to the Bavarian Alps.
The Bavarian Alps are to be distinguished from the Bavarian Prealps. The latter comprise only the Bavarian part of the Pre-Alps between the Loisach in the west and the Inn in the east.
Classification
Most of the subsections of the Bavarian Alps according to SOIUSA each correspond to a group of the Alpine Club Division of the Eastern Alps (AVE). Only the Wallgau Alps and Mangfall Mountains subsections are combined in the AVE to form the Bavarian Pre-Alps group.
The Partizione delle Alpi uses the term Bavarian Alps for the entire area of the SOIUSA sections of the North Tyrolean Limestone Alps and Bavarian Alps west of the Inn.
Parts of the Alps lying in Bavaria
The following table contains all mountain groups of the Alps that are at least partly located in Bavaria and thus in Germany - in the initial overview sorted roughly from west to east and indicated with maximum altitude in meters (m) above sea level (NHN). The highest mountains and heights listed refer to the part of the mountain groups that lies in Bavaria and not to the entire mountain group. For example, the highest mountain in the Allgau Alps, the 2656-meter-high Grosser Krottenkopf, is located in Tyrol and is consequently not included in the table.
The highest elevation of the Alps in Germany is the Zugspitze. It is located in the western part of the Wetterstein Mountains - which, however, do not belong to the Bavarian Alps - and has a high alpine character with a height of 2,962 m above sea level as well as two small glaciers (see high mountains). Also the partly high alpine Berchtesgaden Alps do not belong to the group of the Bavarian Alps.
Landscape
Like the Alps as a whole, the Bavarian Alps as part of the Northern Alps were strongly shaped by the last ice age. Kare, lakes and the typical U-shaped valleys were formed by glaciers. Deposits of the ice-age rivers as well as especially the glaciers created a hilly landscape with lakes and bogs, especially in the foothills of the Alps.
Ecological niche

An ecological niche is the part of the environment into which a species fits, and to which it is adapted. A shorthand definition of niche in biology is how an organism makes a living in a place.
However, the term has been used in different ways. It is not only a place but a way of life. For example, grazers, insectivores, scavengers and predators can all live their different lifestyles in the same forest. A niche can be occupied by different species in different places even though they 'earn their living' in roughly the same way. Thus the 'bird of prey eating small mammals' niche would in grasslands include the kestrel, but in an oak wood it would be filled by the tawny owl.
The idea of a niche in natural history is ancient: many writers noticed that animals and plants live in places where they are well adapted to live. The word niche was first used in biology by naturalist Roswell Johnson, but in 1917 Joseph Grinnell was the first to use it in a research program. Later, he described the niches of a variety of species. Grinnell was the first to offer the "exclusion principle" in which only one species could occupy a particular niche at any one time.
Scientists who study the interactions between living things, such as animals and their environment are called ecologists, and their branch of science is called ecology. A niche is a term which describes a position or opportunity into which some organism fits well. Thus, an ecological niche is a place in nature that is filled by an animal or plant because it is well suited to do so.
Invasions
When a niche is left open, for example by extinction, other organisms may fill that position.
Also, invasive species of plants and animals in a new land often take over all or part of the niches of native organisms. Sometimes the loss results in the extinction of the natives.
Avenging Force

Avenging Force is a 1986 American action movie directed by Sam Firstenberg and written by James Booth (who also starred). It stars Michael Dudikoff, Steve James, John P. Ryan, Marc Alaimo and was distributed by Cannon Films. It is considered to be a cult film.
Vilcabamba, Peru

Vilcabamba was founded by Manco Inca in 1539 and was the last city of the Inca Empire until it fell to the Spaniards in 1572. That meant the end of Inca resistance to Spanish rule.
History
After the Incan empire fell, the city was burned and the area swiftly became a remote, not very populated or connected part of Peru. The location of Vilcabamba was forgotten.
The ruins of the city were rediscovered by Hiram Bingham in 1909 in a remote forest site 130 km west of Cuzco, but he failed to realize its significance, because he believed that Machu Picchu, which he also rediscovered, was the fabled "Lost City of the Incas". It was not until explorations and discoveries in the 1960s, that many came to see this site at Espiritu Pampa as the real Vilcabamba of legend.
Sources
MacQuarrie, Kim: The Last Days of the Incas. Simon & Schuster, 2007. .
Nijinsky (movie)

Nijinsky is a 1980 American biographical drama movie directed by Herbert Ross and starring Alan Bates, Leslie Browne, George de la Pena, Carla Fracci, Ronald Pickup, Ronald Lacey, Vernon Dobtcheff, Frederick Jaeger, Jeremy Irons, Sian Phillips. It was distributed by Paramount Pictures.
Macoupin County, Illinois

Macoupin County is a county in the U.S. state of Illinois. In the 2020 census, 44,967 people lived there. The county seat is Carlinville.
It is a part of the St. Louis Metropolitan Area.
Ranidae

The Ranidae or true frogs can be found in most countries except Antarctica. The true frogs can be found in North America, northern South America, Europe, Asia, Madagascar, Africa, East Indies, New Guinea, and Australia. The bullfrog is the largest true frog in North America. Usually, true frogs are smooth, moist-skinned frogs, with large, powerful legs and have webbed feet. The smallest true frogs are the Wood frog (Rana sylvatica). The largest is the Goliath frog (Conraua goliath). True frogs are semi-aquatic frogs. They live near water.
Sallen

Sallen is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Michelangelo (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)

Michelangelo is one of the four Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. He is the comic relief of the group of brothers and uses nunchakus.
Portrayals
Mikey has been played by Mikey Kelley in movies based on TMNT.
DXGB-TV

DXGB-TV Channel 11 (analog) and Channel 51 (digital), is a TV5 Network, Inc.-affiliated station in Zamboanga City. It is the flagship station of Golden Broadcasting Professionals, Incorporated, a local broadcast entity. Its main broadcast facilities and transmitter are located at the GBPI Building, Campaner Street, Zamboanga City.
Saulchoy-sous-Poix

Saulchoy-sous-Poix is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France.
Frans de Haan

Franciscus Mattheus Christiaan "Frans" de Haan (18 September 1938 - 2 December 2022) was a Dutch basketball player and golfer. As a basketball player he played with The Wolves Amsterdam and the Netherlands men's national basketball team.
Biography
De Haan was born in 1938 in Amsterdam. His father was AFC Ajax footballer Frans de Haan (voetballer) (1897-1974).
With basketball club The Wolves Amsterdam he played in the Dutch Basketball League and became national champion in 1960 and 1961 with coach Henk van de Broek and in 1964 with Ruud Welter. De Haan played with the Netherlands men's national basketball team between 1958 and 1970. He represented the Netherlands at the EuroBasket 1961 in Belgrado, EuroBasket 1963 in Wroclaw and EuroBasket 1967 in Helsinki.
As a golfer De Haan became national champion in 1972 and 1973. In 1982 he won togehter with R.J.J. Tans Tans the Army Tankard. In 1981 De Haan co-founded an association of former golf internationals named Orange All Stars. He was chairman for many years (at least until 2008).
De Haan died in Wassenaar on 2 December 2022, at the age of 84.
Turkish Grand Prix

The Turkish Grand Prix is a grand prix hold in Turkey. Formula One raced at Turkey from 2005 onwards. After 2011 it was dropped from the calendar. The only race track to host a Turkish Grand Prix is Istanbul Park. The track is famous for it's high speed Turn 8.
Winners of the Turkish Grand Prix
Repeat winners (drivers)
Repeat winners (constructors)
Repeat winners (engine manufacturers)
* Built by Ilmor in 2005
Year by year
All Turkish Grands Prix were held at Istanbul Park.
Eddie Condon

Albert Edwin "Eddie" Condon (November 16, 1905 - August 4, 1973) was a Chicago jazz/big band rhythm guitarist.
T. S. Eliot

Thomas Stearns Eliot OM (26 September 1888 - 4 January 1965) was an American-born British poet. He was one of the most influential poets of the 20th century. He also wrote plays and some important essays about literature.
Early life
He was born in St. Louis, Missouri, then went to college in Harvard. He spent most of his adult life in London, England. He became a British citizen in 1928.
Career
One famous book of his was written for children and is called The Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats. The songs in the Andrew Lloyd Webber musical Cats are based on poems in it. He also wrote "The Waste Land", a very mysterious, complicated poem that helped start a new style called Modernism. His friend, Ezra Pound, another Modern poet, helped him finish it. His poem "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" and his play Murder in the Cathedral (about Thomas Becket) are also well known.
Personal life and death
He was married two times. He worked at a bank in England and later as the head editor of a famous publishing company in London that is now called Faber and Faber. In 1948, he won the Nobel Prize in Literature. He died of emphysema in London.
Louisiana–Monroe Warhawks

The Louisiana-Monroe Warhawks are the sports teams that play for the University of Louisiana at Monroe. There are 16 teams.
Gospel Oak

Gospel Oak is an area in northwest London. It is in the London Borough of Camden.
Fugging, Upper Austria

Fugging ( ) is an Austrian village in the municipality of Tarsdorf, in the Innviertel region of western Upper Austria.
The village is 33 kilometres north of Salzburg, four kilometres east of the German border and can be travelled to in half an hour by car from the town of Petting, in Bavaria.
History and name
Fugging (which was Fucking at the time) has existed since at least 1070 and is named after a man from the 6th century called "Fuko". In old Germanic, "-ing" is used to describe people as belonging to their leader; so "Fucking" means "(place of) Fuko's people."
Although the village has a population of 104 , it has drawn attention in the English-speaking world for its name, which is spelled the same as the continuous form of the profane English-language verb "fuck".
Fucking's most famous feature is a traffic sign with its name on it, which tourists often photograph. This street sign is often stolen. Significant public funds have been spent on replacing the stolen signs.
In 2004, because many signs had been stolen, a vote was held to change the village name, but the villagers voted not to change. In August 2005, the road signs were welded to a very strong pole. This made it more difficult to steal them.
Fucking changed its name to Fugging, the name change came to affect on 1 January 2021.
France Télévisions

France Televisions (; stylized as france*tv) is the French national public television broadcasting. the company is owned by the state and also owns other Subsidiary companies such as France 2 (formerly Antenne 2) and France 3 (formerly France Regions 3), later joined by the legally independent channels France 4 (formerly Festival), and France Five (formerly La Cinquieme).
Molecular gastronomy

Molecular gastronomy is a type of science that studies the chemical reactions in food during cooking.
Twann-Tüscherz

Twann-Tuscherz () is a municipality of the administrative district of Biel/Bienne in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2010, the former municipalities of Twann and Tuscherz-Alfermee merged into the new municipality of Twann-Tuscherz.
Mark-Paul Gosselaar

Mark-Paul Gosselaar (born March 1, 1974) is an American actor. He is well-known for his roles on television. He played Zack Morris on Saved by the Bell. He also played the detective John Clark on ABC's NYPD Blue.
Gosselaar was born in the Los Angeles area of California.
Rob Swire

Robert Swire-Thompson (born 5 November 1982), also known as Anscenic, is an Australian DJ, musician, record producer, singer and songwriter. Since 1998, he has been a member of the drum and bass band Pendulum, alongside Gareth McGrillen. In 2011, Swire and McGrillen left the band and created an electro house duo called Knife Party.
Mike Oxley

Michael Garver "Mike" Oxley (February 11, 1944 - January 1, 2016) was an American politician. He was a member of the Republican party. He served as a U.S. representative from the 4th congressional district of Ohio. He was born in Findlay, Ohio.
Oxley died of lung cancer in McLean, Virginia on January 1, 2016 at the age of 71.
The Tales of Kanglei Throne

"The Tales of Kanglei Throne" is an English language novel, written by Linthoi Chanu. It is a collection of legends from Meitei mythology as well as history. The epic saga starts from the journey of Poireiton, an underworld immortal prince, to the human world, and ends up to the transformation of a mortal human princess into a fish. The book includes many stories about the Kanglei Throne, and it's origin, each as captivating as the other.
New Orleans English

New Orleans English refers to the range of accents native to the Greater New Orleans metropolitan area. It's often described as New York City English or the Boston accent mixed with Southern American English. Most subvarieties are non-rhotic.
James Gobbo

Sir James Augustine Gobbo AC, CVO, QC (22 March 1931 - 7 November 2021) was an Australian jurist and politician. He was the 25th Governor of Victoria serving from 1997 through 2000. He was born in Melbourne.
Gobbo was made Knight Bachelor in 1981 and became a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) in 1993 and a Knight of Grace of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem (KStJ) in 1997. He was awarded the Centenary Medal in 2001.
Gobbo died on 7 November 2021 at the age of 90.
Donald

Donald is a masculine given name. It is pronounced [don-ld]. The name Donald has its roots in the Gaelic name Domhnall and is typically associated with masculinity. Its meaning, "ruler of the world" or "world mighty", is derived from the Celtic words dumno, meaning "world," and val, meaning "rule." The name gained popularity thanks to the Scottish King Donald II, who was the grandson of King Alpin and became a legendary figure. This name was ranked #592 on the US Popular Names in 2021.
Other common forms are Don, Donny and Donnie.
Famous Donalds
Don Cheadle, American actor
Donald Dewar, first First Minister of Scotland
Don Drysdale, Major League Baseball player
Donald Duck, fictional duck created by Walt Disney
Don Edwards, American politician
Don Ho, Hawaiian musician
Don LaFontaine, American voice actor
Don Regan, American politician
Don Knotts, American comedic actor
Don McLean, American singer and musician
Don Meredith, former American NFL quarterback.
Don Quixote, fictional knight in the book of the same name.
Young Earth creationism

Young Earth creationism (YEC) is the pseudoscientific belief that the God of Judaism or Christianity created the Universe, the Earth and all life on Earth over a short time between 5,700 and 10,000 years ago. Those who believe young Earth creationism are mainly Christians and Jews. They believe the Genesis account of creation in the Bible is completely true. Young Earth creationists believe that God created the Earth in six 24-hour days. They disagree with other creationists because they believe the Bible is literally true when it tells the age of the Earth.
Many scientists agree together that young Earth creationism is wrong and know about experiments and observations (facts that scientists have seen, heard, recorded with their instruments) in their theory. Scientists believe that the universe is more than 13 billion years old while the earth existed for 4.5 billion years according to scientific theory.
Ritornello

Ritornello is an Italian word meaning "little return". At first in music ritornello was used as an instruction to repeat a part. By the 1600's the word was used to describe a part of the music played by instruments in a vocal piece. These instrumental sections could be at the start (a prelude), in the middle (an interlude), or at the end (a postlude). In dramatic music, the ritornello provided an opportunity for dancing, or for a scene change. In the Baroque period, a common way to write a song, called an aria, was in da capo form. The aria would be written as two contrasting sections, A and B. By adding an instrumental ritornello (R), the aria could be developed further, forming the scheme R-A-R-B-R-A-R.
In the early 1700's composers began using the ritornello form in concertos, the solo instrument replacing the voice. This gave the composer the chance to develop music during the solos with new material and key changes, between repeated sections of full orchestra. Guiseppe Torelli began using this form, which was then developed and extended by Antonio Vivaldi. Vivaldi's way of using this form has the following features:
Ritornellos for the full orchestra alternate with sections for the soloist or soloists.
The opening ritornello is composed of several small sections. These are usually two to four bars in length, which may be repeated or varied. These sections can be separated from each other or combined in new ways but are still the ritornello.
When the ritornello is used again, it may be only a part, using only one or some of the sections, sometimes varied.
The ritornellos guide the tonal structure of the music. They establish the new key if the music changes keys. The first and last use of the ritornello is in the tonic. One (usually the first to be in a new key) is in the dominant; and others are in closely related keys.
Later composers such as Bach and Telemann used Vivaldi's form in their works.
Mettmann Rural District

Mettmann is a Kreis (district) in the middle of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
In the district is the valley of the small river Dussel, the Neanderthal, where the fossils of the human species Neanderthals were first found.
RTVE

The Corporacion de Radio y Television Espanola, S.A. ("Spanish Radio and Television Corporation"; RTVE) is the state-owned public corporation that became the management of the Spanish public radio and television service in 2007.
Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans

Anne Marie Louise d'Orleans, Duchess of Montpensier (29 May 1627 - 5 April 1693) known as La Grande Mademoiselle, was the eldest daughter of Gaston d'Orleans, and his first wife Marie de Bourbon, Duchess of Montpensier (duchess in her own right). She inherited her title from her mother and was given to her first cousin the Duke of Orleans in 1695 by order of Louis XIV when it was clear that Anne Marie Louise would not have children. She was known as Mademoiselle for most of her life. She was the wealthiest woman of her time.
Biography
Her mother died giving birth to her. Her mother was the Duchess of Montpensier in her own right and the title was inherited by Anne Marie Louise. She was one of the greatest heiresses in history. She died unmarried and childless, leaving her vast fortune to her cousin, Philippe of France. After a string of proposals from various members of European royalty, including Charles II of England, Afonso VI of Portugal and Charles Emmanuel II of Savoy, she eventually fell in love with Antoine Nompar de Caumont, Duke of Lauzun and scandalised the court when she asked Louis XIV for permission to marry him, as such a union was viewed as a mesalliance. She is best remembered for her role in the Fronde, bringing the famous opera composer Jean Baptiste Lully to the king's court, and her Memoires. She carried out various improvements to the Chateau of Eu, Chateau of Saint-Fargeau and Chateau of Choisy, her personal properties.
Jean-Marc Fontaine

Jean-Marc Fontaine (13 March 1944 - 29 January 2019) was a French mathematician. He was one of the founders of p-adic Hodge theory. He was a professor at Paris-Sud 11 University from 1988 to his death. He was born in Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
In 1984 he received the Prix Carriere from the French Academy of Sciences. Beginning in 2002 he was a member of the French Academy of Sciences.
Fontaine died on 29 January 2019 in Paris from thyroid cancer at the age of 74.
Land of the Free

Land of the Free is the national anthem of Belize. Samuel Alfred Haynes wrote the words. Selwyn Walford Young wrote the music. They did this in 1963. It became official in 1981.
Dover Plains, New York

Dover Plains is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in Dutchess County, New York, United States.
Roh Tae-woo

Roh Tae-woo (4 December 1932 - 26 October 2021), was the sixth President of South Korea (1988-1993). He was a Korean general and politician. A member of the Hanahoi, Roh was the hand-picked successor of the ex-general and president Chun Doo-hwan. This caused large pro-democracy rallies in Seoul and other cities in 1987. Roh agreed to hold democratic presidential elections, making himself a candidate for the next election. The opposition split the votes between Kim Young-sam and Kim Dae-jung (both of whom later became presidents). This made Roh the first elected president after the time that the military ruled the country.
Roh's rule was notable for hosting the Seoul Olympics in 1988 and for his foreign policy of nordpolitik.
In 1993, Roh's successor Kim Young-sam led an anti-corruption campaign that saw Roh and Chun Doo-hwan on trial for bribery. The two former presidents were later charged with mutiny and treason for their part in the 1979 coup and the 1980 Gwangju Riot.
Both were found to be guilty in August 1996 of treason, mutiny and corruption. Chun was sentenced to death, later changed to life imprisonment. Roh's 22 1/2-year jail sentence was reduced to 17 years. Both were released from prison in early 1998, pardoned by then-President Kim Dae-jung.
Roh died on October 26, 2021, at the Seoul National University Hospital in Seoul at the age of 88.
Nanda Devi

Nanda Devi () is the highest mountain in the Republic of India. It is also the national mountain of the nation. It is holy to the Hindus, source of the Ganges river.
Nanda Devi lies in the state of Uttarakhand.
Salary

A salary is a type of payment a person gets for work done for a job. A salary is usually paid for a fixed period of time, such as a month or a week. Generally, it does not matter how many hours are worked, the salary remains the same. If someone is not a salaried employee, they are generally an "hourly" employee and are paid a certain amount for each hour's which is known as "wages."