kenhktsui/simple_wikipedia_LM_quality_score_v1 huggingface dataset:
Protection

Protection means when any group of people or things try to defend the people or things that they care about (so that they would not get hurt). Protection can also mean other things, for example:
Civil protection, or civil defense, protecting life, health, property and environment of citizens
Environmental protection, is a political action that is to do with protecting nature by preservation (keeping them), and restoration (making something that was lost to come back)
Contraception (euphemism)
Protectionism, in world trade, making people stop buying what other countries make, so they must buy things made in their own country
Protective clothing, clothing that protect the body from danger
A protectorate, in politics and history, is the protector (the person who protects), for example:
A Lord protector, guarding as the country like a minor Monarch or during The Protectorate as a British republic
The protectorate between a strong power (the protector) and a weaker one, who can ask for help when needed, or are obliged to agree
Protection (album), a 1994 album by the group Massive Attack
Protection (song), a song by trip-hop band Massive Attack. It was released in 1995
Protection (band) is an American band, based in San Francisco
The Protection of the Mother of God, a feast day in the Eastern Orthodox Church
Gabriel Pierné

Henri Constant Gabriel Pierne (16 August 1863-17 July 1937) was a French composer, conductor, and organist.
Personal Life
Gabriel Pierne was born in Metz in 1863. His family moved to Paris to get away from the Franco-Prussian War. He studied at the Paris Conservatoire. Pierne got first prizes for solfege, piano, organ, counterpoint, and fugue. He won the French Prix de Rome in 1882, with his work Edith. His teachers were Antoine Francois Marmontel, Albert Lavignac, Emile Durand, Cesar Franck (for the organ) and Jules Massenet (for composition).
He succeeded Franck as organist at Saint Clotilde Basilica in Paris from 1890 to 1898. Pierne himself was succeeded by another Franck student. His name was Charles Tournemire. Associated for many years with Edouard Colonne's concert series, the Concerts Colonne, from 1903, Pierne became head conductor of this series in 1910.
His most famous early performance was the world start of Igor Stravinsky's ballet The Firebird, at the Ballets Russes, Paris, on 25 June 1910. He remained in the post until 1933.
He died in Ploujean, Finistere, in 1937.
Rupert Everett

Rupert Everett (Rupert James Hector Everett, born 29 May 1959) is an English actor, singer and writer. He became famous when he appeared in Julian Mitchell's play and movie Another Country playing an openly homosexual student at an English public school in the 1930s. He has since appeared in many other works, including My Best Friend's Wedding, The Next Best Thing and the Shrek sequels.
Everett left school at 16 and ran away to London to become an actor. In order to support himself, he worked as a prostitute for drugs and money--he disclosed this information in an interview for US magazine in 1997. After being dismissed from the Central School of Speech and Drama, he travelled to Scotland and got a job at the Citizens Theatre in Glasgow.
In the 21st century, Everett has been writing. He has been a Vanity Fair contributing editor, has written for The Guardian and wrote a film screenplay on playwright Oscar Wilde's final years.
In 2006 Everett published a memoir, Red Carpets and Other Banana Skins, in which he reveals his six-year affair with British television presenter Paula Yates. Although he is sometimes described as bisexual, as opposed to homosexual, he described his heterosexual affairs during a radio show with Jonathan Ross as the result of adventurousness: "I was basically adventurous, I think I wanted to try everything".
Everett criticised the introduction of same-sex marriage, claiming, "I find it personally beyond tragic that we want to ape this institution that is so clearly a disaster".
Steric effects

Steric effects are the effects seen in molecules that come from the fact that atoms occupy space. When atoms are put close to each other, this costs energy. The electrons near the atoms want to stay away from each other. This can change the way molecules want to react. It can also change the shape (or conformation) of the molecule. The amount of space that a group of atoms takes is called the "steric bulk".
An example of steric effects is steric hindrance. This is when a large group in a molecule makes reactions not work. For example, an SN2 reaction does not happen on carbon atoms that have three substituents. Steric hindrance however can also be a positive thing. Sometimes, chemists would like a reaction to happen in one place rather than another one. A bulky group can block a position. It can also change the shape such that only one diastereomer from a reaction is made.
Steric effects are usually smaller than electronic effects. These affect the molecule's shape and reactivity as well, but they come from the way electrons are placed in bonds.
Sergio Escudero

Sergio Escudero can refer to:
Sergio Escudero (born in 1964) - Argentine-Japanese footballer
Sergio Escudero (born in 1988) - Argentine-Japanese footballer
Noël Martin

Noel Martin (1959 - July 14, 2020) was a Jamaican-born British man. He was the victim of a neo-Nazi attack in 1996. He lived in Birmingham, England. At the time he was attacked he was one of the many British and Irish construction workers working in Germany.
On 16 June 1996 in Brandenburg, in the former East Germany, he was attacked because of his dark skin by neo-Nazis. A block of concrete was thrown through the windshield of his car and Martin's car struck a tree.
Martin became a quadriplegic as a result of the attack, and required 24-hour care. He was a supporter of assisted suicide. He traveled to Berlin, as a result so that he can be euthanized. His first announcement, in 2006, set 23 June 2007 as the date of his suicide. However, his assisted suicide has been delayed many times afterwards.
Martin died on July 14, 2020, at the age of 60.
Cratfield

Cratfield is a village and civil parish in Suffolk Coastal, Suffolk, England. In 2001 there were 299 people living in Cratfield. Cratfield has a church called St Mary.
Protein structure

Protein structure describes how protein molecules are organised. This structure is what makes proteins work.
Proteins are important biological macromolecules present in all organisms. They are polymers formed from 20 possible amino acids by RNA translation. Protein structures range in size from tens to several thousand amino acids.
After translation, proteins fold into specific shapes. This is not done by chemical bonds but by weaker forces such as hydrogen bonds. To understand how proteins work, it is often necessary to discover their three-dimensional structure. To do this biophysics uses techniques such as X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, and dual polarisation interferometry.
A protein may switch from one shape to another as it does its job. The alternative states of the same protein are called conformations. An enzyme, for instance, will have at least two conformations: one with its co-enzyme and one without. The form with its coenzyme will have two conformations: one with its substrate and one without.
Levels of protein structure
There are four distinct levels of protein structure.
Primary structure
Proteins are molecules that consist of one or more chains of amino acids. Each different protein has a set of amino acids in a particular order. The primary structure is the sequence of the amino acids of a single polypeptide chain from its start (N-terminus) to its end (C-terminus). The amino acids are held together by a specific type of covalent bond, known as a peptide bond, which are made during the process of protein biosynthesis or translation.
Secondary structure
Secondary structure is the most simple structure made by proteins' polypeptide chains. There are two main types of secondary structure: alpha helix and beta strand (beta sheet). Alpha helices are coils that turn in a clockwise rotation. Beta strands are chains of amino acids that lie beside each other to make a beta sheet. These two types of secondary structure were suggested in 1951 by Linus Pauling and coworkers. Unlike the polypeptide chain, which is bonded through covalent peptide bonds, secondary structure is formed by hydrogen bonds.
Tertiary structure
This is the shape (spatial organization) of an entire protein molecule. Protein folding is largely self-organising. It is mainly decided by the protein's primary structure. This is called Anfinsen's dogma. However, the environment in which a protein is made and folded also effect its final shape.
Quaternary structure
If proteins are built of more than one polypeptide, this gives another level of structure. The quaternary structure, is how the polypeptide subunits fit together. Haemoglobin, for example, has two alpha and two beta chains. Both the alpha chains and beta chains are coded for by a cluster of six or seven genes, which provide the code for different versions of the molecule.
George Ty

George Siao Kian Ty ( 18 October 1932 - 23 November 2018) was a Filipino banker and business magnate. He founded Metropolitan Bank and Trust Company. He was born in Hong Kong. Ty had a net worth of $2.5 billion (September 2018).
Ty died on 23 November 2018 in Manila, Philippines from pancreatic cancer at the age of 86.
Brown tree frog

The brown tree frog, whistling tree frog, Ewing's tree frog, or southern brown tree frog (Litoria ewingii) is a frog from Australia. It lives in southeastern Australia and Tasmania, but it also lives in New Zealand.
The adult male frog is 22 to 40 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 32 to 46 mm. It is light brown in colour with a lighter belly and some patterns. Its feet are usually not webbed. The ends of their toes have suckers for climbing.
This frog can live in marshes, grasslands or on mountains. It lays eggs 500-600 at a time on underwater plants in ponds, streams, dams, and ditches. It takes months for them to grow into frogs. Unlike most frogs, the brown tree frog can lay eggs at any time during the year.
In New Zealand, brown frog tadpoles often given to schoolchildren so they can watch the tadpoles become frogs. This frog is now an invasive specie in New Zealand because people set the young frogs free outside after the project is done. Once they are released, brown tree frogs can kill New Zealand frogs by eating all their food or by giving them diseases from other places.
Terrapin

A terrapin is a turtle that lives in brackish water. They are named for the diamond pattern on their shells. They eat mollusks, crabs, and fish. Terrapins are sexually dimorphic. Females are much larger than males. Males range between 4 and 5 inches. Females average nearly 7 inches. The largest terrapin on record was a female measuring 9 inches.
A terrapin is one of several small species of turtle living in fresh or brackish water. Terrapins do not form a taxonomic unit, and may not be related. Many belong to the families Geoemydidae and Emydidae.
The name "terrapin" is derived from torope, a word in the Native American Algonquian language that refers to the species, Malaclemys terrapin. It appears that it became part of common usage during the colonial era of North America and was carried back to Great Britain. Since then, it has been used in common names for turtles in the English language. In the UK, red-eared sliders are known as red-eared terrapins.
Parbatya Chattagram Jana Sanghati Samiti

The Parbatya Chattagram Jana Sanghati Samiti (Bengali: paarbty cttttgraam jnsNhti smiti Parbotto Chottogram Jonoshonghoti Shomiti, or PCJSS, ) is a political party formed to represent the people and indigenous tribes of the Chittagong Hill Tracts in Bangladesh. Since its inception in 1973, the PCJSS has fought for Autonomy and the recognition of the ethnic identity and rights of the indigenous tribes of the Hill Tracts. Its military arm, the Shanti Bahini was used to fight government forces and Bengali settlers in the Hill Tracts. A Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord signed in 1997 led to the disarmament of the Shanti Bahini and enabled the PCJSS to return to mainstream politics.
Oscar von Sydow

Oscar Fredrik von Sydow, born 12 1873, dead 19 August 1936, was a Swedish politician. He served as the Prime Minister of Sweden from February 23 to October 13, 1921.
Saint-Georges-le-Fléchard

Saint-Georges-le-Flechard is a commune of 288 people (2005). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
No Motherland Without You

No Motherland Without You is a North Korean song. It is the signature song of Kim Jong-il. The song tells of the talent and virtues of Jong-il, and the attachment of the Korean people for him. The song's chorus is "We cannot exist without you, Comrade Kim Jong-il! The motherland cannot exist without you!" It is also thought to be the anthem of Songun politics because Jong-il started the Songun (military-first) policy of North Korean politics in 1995. It is often broadcast on the radio and from loudspeakers on the streets of Pyongyang.
Lyrics
The civil lyrics use the phrase gimjeongildongji (Comrade Kim Jong-il) to refer to the son of Kim Il-sung. The military version of the song refers to the North Korean leader as gimjeongiljanggun (transl. Gim Jeong-il jang-gun; eng. General Kim Jong-il) because he was the Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army since 1991. The lyrics used by the Korean Workers' Party are as follows:
Note: The military version of the song refers to Kim Jong-il as General Kim Jong-il, not Comrade Kim Jong-il because he was the KPA Supreme Commander-in-Chief since 1991 and the Chairman of the DPRK National Defense Commission since 1993, while the civilian/official version refers otherwise because he was the Workers Party of Korea General Secretary since 1997 and held other civilian positions.
McIntosh County

McIntosh County is the name of three counties in the United States:
McIntosh County, Georgia
McIntosh County, North Dakota
McIntosh County, Oklahoma
DXET-TV

DXET-TV, channel 2, is a commercial television station. It is owned and operated by TV5 Network Inc. Its studios, the analog and digital transmitter are located at TV5 Heights, Broadcast Ave., Shrine Hills, Matina, Davao City.
NY1 Rail and Road

NY1 Rail and Road is a 24-hour cable news channel. It only broadcasts news about traffic and mass transit conditions in the five boroughs of New York City. NY1 Rail and Road updates every five minutes and has feeds for four different zones (Manhattan and Brooklyn, Queens, Staten Island, and the Hudson Valley.) The station airs a constant floating digital aerial map of New York City with a short anchor segment every half-hour, along with periodic cutaways indicating mass transit service changes
Beast (Beauty and the Beast)

The Beast is a character from Beauty and the Beast. In different movies and musicals, Dan Stevens, Terrence Mann, James Barbour and Steve Blanchard have played the role of the Beast. Now he was portrayed by Josh Groban.
Vineyard

A vineyard is a place where grapes are grown. Some vineyards belong to wineries. The grapes grown in those are used to make wine.
Chondrostei

The Chondrostei are a sub-class of ray-finned fish, the Actinopterygii. They include the sturgeons, huge fish which provide caviar.
The Chondrostei are mainly cartilaginous fish with some ossification. There are 52 species divided among two orders. The orders are the Acipenseriformes (sturgeons and paddlefishes), and the Polypteriformes (reedfishes and bichirs).
This group has at times been classified with the sharks: the similarities are obvious, not only do the chondrosteans mostly lack bone, the structure of the jaw is more akin to that of sharks than other bony fish. Both lack scales (except the Polypteriforms). Additional shared features include spiracles and, in sturgeons, a heterocercal tail (the vertebrae extend into the larger lobe of the caudal fin). However the fossil record suggests that these fish have more in common with the Teleostei than their external appearance might suggest.
Evolution
It is thought that the ancestors of the chondrosteans were bony fish but that this characteristic was lost in later evolutionary development, resulting in a lightening of the frame. Elderly chondrosteans show beginnings of ossification of the skeleton which suggests that this process is delayed rather than lost in these fish.
In the early Mesozoic, a number of fish families were beginning to develop adaptations which would make them lighter, faster and more efficient predators. Chondrosteans took a radical approach. Cartilage is lighter than bone, and they delayed the development of bone, so that it only developed in elderly fish. They lost the upper jaw bones completely. Other changes allowed them to shoot the jaw forwards to grab prey.
Why did Chondrosteans react with such total reorganization? Obviously selection pressure must have been very strong. However, in one way they were almost unique. Rarely amongst animals, they underwent polyploidy, several times. Instead of two sets of chromosomes (diploid), the Chondrosteans have 8 or 16 sets of chromosomes. Such a dramatic genetic change may have given the potential for a rapid, drastic reorganization of the body plan.
Paraphyly
The Chondrostei are paraphyletic. The group does not contain all of its descendants. Therefore, it is going to be reorganized.
Thomas Sowell

Thomas Sowell (; born June 30, 1930) is an American economist and social theorist. He is a Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution, Stanford University.
Sowell worked at Cornell University and University of California, Los Angeles. He has also worked for think tanks such as the Urban Institute.
Since 1980, he has worked at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University. He writes from a libertarian conservative perspective. He is a National Humanities Medal recipient for innovative scholarship which incorporated history, economics and political science.
Five manifestations of Shangdi

The Five manifestations of Shangdi are in Chinese religion, the five manifestations of Shangdi. This idea dates to the Shang dynasty.
Patrick Stewart

Sir Patrick Stewart (born 13 July 1940) is an English actor. He then served as the Chancellor of University of Huddersfield from 2004 to 2015. He is also a Shakespearian actor who spent 16 years with the Royal Shakespeare Company, but is best known for playing the role of Capt. Jean-Luc Picard on Star Trek: The Next Generation. He also played Professor X in the X-Men movies and his extensive voice work as Avery Bullock (along with Avery Bullock as B, The Police Academy Chief and Himself) in the animated series American Dad!. He was then given a knighthood by Queen Elizabeth II in her New Years Honours at the start of 2010, and then became "Sir Patrick Stewart".
He was immortalized outside the Chinese Theatre in January 2020.
Michael Herr

Michael David Herr (April 13, 1940 - June 23, 2016) was an American writer and war correspondent. He was known as the author of Dispatches (1977). He was a correspondent for Esquire magazine (1967-1969) during the Vietnam War.
Kalami language

Kalami is a Dardic language spoken in Swat District, Pakistan. It is also spoken in Dir District. It is closely related to Torwali.
Brendan Halligan

Brendan Halligan (5 July 1936 - 9 August 2020) was an Irish economist and politician. He was founder and president of the Institute of International and European Affairs (IIEA). He was president of the Ireland China Institute.
He was also a Board Member of Mainstream Renewable Power. He was General Secretary of the Labour Party, a Teachta Dala (TD), a Senator, and a Member of the European Parliament (MEP). He was born in Dublin.
He died on 9 August 2020, aged 84.
Dover, Ohio

Dover is a city in Tuscarawas County, Ohio, United States. The population was 12,210 at the 2000 United States Census.
1932 WAAA Championships

The 1932 WAAA Championships were the 11th national track and field championships for women in the United Kingdom. The tournament was held in London (SB), United Kingdom, with the cross country event being held in Coventry.
Allensville, Kentucky

Allensville is an unincorporated community of Kentucky in the United States.
Vinuesa

Vinuesa is a municipality found in the province of Soria in the autonomous community of Castile and Leon in Spain.
Corcelle-Mieslot

Corcelle-Mieslot is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comte in the Doubs department in east France.
Technical University Munich

The Technische Universitat Munchen (TUM; University of Technology, Munich; Technical University of Munich) is a research university with campuses in Munich, Garching and Freising-Weihenstephan. It was founded in 1868. The university alumni and professor list include 17 Nobel Prize winners. As of winter semester 2018 TUM has 41.375 students, 566 professors, and 10.501 staff members.
Jade Emperor

The Jade Emperor ( or , ) is one of the representations of the first god ( ) in Chinese mythology and religion. In Daoist theology, he is associated with Yuanshi Tianzun, one of the Three Pure Ones. He is also the ("Highest Power") of Caodaism. He is often identified with Sakra in Chinese Buddhist cosmology. In Korean mythology, he is known as Haneullim.
The Jade Emperor is known by many names. Some names include (1) the Heavenly Grandfather (, ), which originally meant "Heavenly Duke", (2) the Jade Lord; (3) the Highest Emperor; (4) Great Emperor of Jade (, or , ).
Mythology
The Jade Emperor was originally the assistant of the Divine Master of the Heavenly Origin, Yuanshi Tianzun. Yuanshi Tianzun is the supreme beginning, the limitless and eternal creator of Heaven and Earth. He picked Yu-huang, or the Jade Emperor, as his personal successor.
The Jade Emperor will later be succeeded by the Heavenly Master of the Dawn of Jade of the Golden Door (). The characters for both are shown on the front of the arms of his throne.
In two traditional writing texts produced in 1925 and 1972, Guan Yu became the 18th Jade Emperor in about 1840 AD. However, some have disagreed that Guan Yu has succeeded. And thus the Jade Emperor and Guan Yu are often worshiped separately. In Tienti teaching, the ruling Jade Emperor has 55 predecessors. However, this is from the opinion of the Chinese folk religion. Many Taoists do not believe these claims to be true.
Festivals
The Jade Emperor's Birthday () falls on the ninth day of the first lunar month. On this day, Taoist temples perform a Jade Emperor ritual (, , literally "heaven worship"). In this, priests and common people lie straight on the ground, burn incenses and make food offerings.
Liza Koshy

Liza Koshy (born March 31, 1996) is an American actress, television host, comedian and YouTuber. She began her career on Vine in 2013, before starting a YouTube channel.
Among her acting roles have been Aday Walker in Tyler Perry's horror comedy film Boo! A Madea Halloween (2016) and The Explorer in the YouTube Premium series Escape the Night (2017). She starred as Violet Adams in the Hulu drama television series Freakish (2016-2017). From 2017 to 2018, she was a contributor to the MTV television series Total Request Live. Since 2018, Koshy has produced and starred as the title character in the YouTube Premium comedy series Liza on Demand. From 2018 to 2019, she hosted the Nickelodeon game show revival Double Dare, for which she received an Emmy Award nomination. In 2020, she starred in the Netflix dance-comedy film Work It.
Cypriniformes

Cypriniformes is a group of ray-finned fish, which includes carps and minnows. The group contains 320 genera, with over 3200 species.
Great Purge

The Great Purge or the Great Terror (), was a purge in the Soviet Union from 1936 to 1938.
It was a large-scale "repression" of the more wealthy peasants (kulaks). Ethnic minorities were murdered. Even members of the Communist Party, government officials, and the Red Army leadership were killed.
Everyone was watched by the police. Everyone was suspected. People were imprisoned without a fair trial. Executions were common. Historians think the total number of deaths due to Stalinist repression in 1937-38 was between 950,000 to 1.2 million.
The "Kulak Operation" and the targeting of national minorities made up the Great Terror. Together these two actions caused nine-tenths of the death sentences and three-fourths of Gulag prison camp sentences.
In the Western world, Robert Conquest's 1968 book The Great Terror popularized the phrase. Conquest's title was a reminder of the French Revolution time known as the Reign of Terror (French: la Terreur, "the Terror"; from June to July 1794: la Grande Terreur, 'the Great Terror').
Monaro (New South Wales)

Monaro (pronounced "mon-air'-ro") is the name of a region in the south of New South Wales, Australia. It also includes a small area of Victoria near Snowy River National Park. The Australian Capital Territory is often considered part of the region. Most towns in the region have very close links with Canberra.
The Monaro region is a large plateau about above sea level. It lies between the valley of the Murrumbidgee River in the north, and the Errinundra Plateau in the south. It drops steeply to the coast on its eastern side. Much of the region is an ancient highland, but there is basaltic bedrock near Cooma and Nimmitabel. This produces the only true chernozems in Australia. These are some of the best soils in the whole country. Elsewhere on the Monaro the granitic soils are very infertile. They supported dry forest vegetation before clearing for farming.
Because it is located east of the Snowy Mountains, the rain-bearing westerly winds drop rain and snow on the mountains leaving the Monaro region in a rain shadow. Annual rainfall ranges from around Dalgety to at the eastern edge of the plateau. Occasional storms can produce very heavy rainfall. On one day in June 1975, Nimmitabel received of rain. Temperatures in summer are warm to very warm. The average maximum temperatures range from around Canberra and Queanbeyan to on the highest parts of the plateau. Nights in summer can be cool, but in winter the region is the coldest part of mainland Australia outside the Alps The with July minimum temperatures averaging in Canberra and in Bombala.
The Monaro region features rolling hills that rise to very rugged peaks in the Tinderry Mountains. There are shallow valleys in the upper Murrumbidgee. The basaltic Monaro Range separates the Snowy and Murrumbidgee drainages. Because the climate in the basaltic areas is too cold for crops, the main industry is raising sheep and beef cattle.
The Monaro Highway is the main State highway from Canberra to the Monaro region. The main towns in the region are Cooma and Bombala, others include Berridale, Adaminaby, Delegate, Dalgety, Nimmitabel and Jindabyne.
Ice-nine

Ice-nine is a fictional material. It was invented by author Kurt Vonnegut in his novel, Cat's Cradle. Ice-nine was a special type of ice that would freeze at higher temperatures than normal ice. When dropped into other bodies of water, it froze that, too, which resulted in all bodies of water on earth being frozen by Ice-nine.
Met Gala

Met Gala or Met Ball is an annual festival for the benefit of the Metropolitan Museum of Art's Costume Institute in New York City. It's also about annual fashion exhibit where the celebrities take part in. The Met Gala was established in 1948. Since 1973 this event has become "a jewel in New York City's social crown". This is also called as the Super Bowl of fashion.
History
The Costume Institute at the Met has been existed since 1959. Firstly the gala was annual benefit for New York charities. The attendees were members of New York high society. Then fashion designer Diana Vreeland bring it into the spotlight from 1973.
Preservation

Preservation may mean:
The common meaning is: keeping and maintaining to make sure that the object is protected against decay and will be (nearly) the same in future.
Sierre District

Sierre is a district of the canton of Valais in Switzerland.
Mount Gilead, Ohio

Mount Gilead is a village in Ohio in the United States. It is the county seat of Morrow County.
Stheno

Stheno is a gorgon in Greek mythology. She has 2 sisters. She and her sister Euryale was immortal, and the third sister Medusa was mortal. Medusa is the queen who turns people to stone with her eyes. Euryale could jump high. Stheno was very strong. She had snake hair, metal arms, and wings. She was the daughter of Phorcys and Ceto.
List of companies of Kolkata

This list includes notable companies with primary headquarters in Kolkata. The industry and sector follow the Industry Classification Benchmark. Companies that no longer exist are included and noted as defunct.
Hysteresis

Hysteresis is a concept in physical science.
In hysteresis the output of a system depends not only on its input, but also on its history of past inputs. This is because the history affects the value of an internal state. To predict the future outputs of a system, either its internal state or its history must be known.
The effect may happen because of a lag between input and output. This effect disappears as the input changes more slowly. This effect meets the description of hysteresis given above, but is often referred to as rate-dependent hysteresis to distinguish it from hysteresis with a more durable memory effect.
Hysteresis occurs in ferromagnetic materials and ferroelectric materials. It also occurs in the deformation of some materials (such as rubber bands and shape-memory alloys). Many artificial systems are designed to have hysteresis: for example, in thermostats and computers.
Betty Buckley

Betty Lynn Buckley (born July 3, 1947) is an American actress and singer. She won a 1983 Tony Award for Best Actress Featured in a Musical for her role in the original Broadway play Cats.
Buckley later played Norma Desmond in the 1994-96 play Sunset Boulevard. She was nominated for a 1995 Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Musical. Her other Broadway credits include 1776 and Pippin.
Buckley also acted in the series Eight is Enough from 1977 to 1981. Other acts include playing Ms. Collins in Carrie (1976). Other acts include the musical version of Carrie in 1988 and playing Mrs. Jones in The Happening (2008).
Buckley was born in Big Spring, Texas.
Denham Harman

Denham Harman (February 14, 1916 - November 25, 2014) was an American biogerontologist. He was the professor emeritus at the University of Nebraska Medical Center. Harman was widely known as the "father of the free radical theory of aging".
Harman died in Omaha, Nebraska on November 25, 2014 from a short-illness, aged 98.
Admission to practice law

Lawyers are given permission to practice law when they get a license to practice law. There are two types of lawyers, barristers and solicitors. Barristers have to get admission to the bar, but solicitors have to get different certificates.
United States
In the United States, there is only one type of lawyer, but there used to be two types until the American Bar Association chose to only have one in 1921. By 1980, only Mississippi, Montana, South Dakota, West Virginia, and Wisconsin still had two types of lawyers. , Wisconsin is the only state that still has two types of lawyers.
Laura Biagiotti

Laura Biagiotti (; August 4, 1943 - May 26, 2017) was an Italian fashion designer. She was born in Rome, Italy. She had her first fashion show in 1972. The House of Biagiotti (based on Via dei Condotti in Rome) is now listed among the largest fashion houses in Italy with an expansion of products including accessories and watches. She moved to Beijing for some time and was the first Italian designer to present a collection in China, in April 1988.
Biagiotti died on May 26, 2017 in Rome from complications of a heart attack at the age of 73.
Saeima

The Saeima is the parliament of the Republic of Latvia. It is a unicameral parliament made up of 100 members who are elected by proportional representation. Elections are scheduled to be held once every four years.
The President of Latvia can dismiss the Saeima and call early elections.
Bill Baxley

William Joseph Baxley II (born June 27, 1941), is an American Democratic politician and attorney. From 1983 until 1987, he was the Lieutenant Governor of Alabama.
1957–58 European Cup

The 1957-58 European Cup was the 3rd European cup that was won by Real Madrid over AC Milan.
Result
Preliminary round
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Bracket
First round
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1 Borussia Dortmund beat CCA Bucuresti 3-1 in a play-off to qualify for the quarter-finals.
Quarter-finals
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Semi-finals
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First leg
Second leg
Real Madrid won 4-2 on aggregate.
Milan won 5-2 on aggregate.
Void (astronomy)

In astronomy, voids are the empty spaces between filaments. Filaments and voids are the largest-scale structures in the Universe. There are no or few galaxies in voids. Most voids have a diameter of 11 to 150 Mpc.
Especially large voids are the empty spaces without many superclusters.
These voids are sometimes called supervoids.
A 1994 official counting lists a total of 27 supervoids with a distance of up to 740 Mpc.
Dudley, Massachusetts

Dudley is a town in Worcester County, Massachusetts, United States.
Romeo and Juliet (1955 movie)

Romeo and Juliet () is a 1955 Soviet movie directed by Lev Arnshtam and Leonid Lavrovsky. It stars Galina Ulanova, Yuri Zhdanov, and I. Olenina.
Guise

Guise is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.
William Luce

William Aubert Luce (October 16, 1931 - December 9, 2019) was an American playwright and television writer. He wrote many plays which starred Julie Harris. His best known play works were The Belle of Amherst and Barrymore. He also wrote the television screenplay of The Last Days of Patton. Luce was born in Portland, Oregon.
Luce died of Alzheimer's disease-related problems at his home in Green Valley, Arizona on December 9, 2019 at the age of 88.
Yarmouk University

Yarmouk University is a public Jordanian university located in the city of Irbid in the north of Jordan. It was established in 1976. it is specialized in pure sciences, with the exception of the Hijjawi College of Applied Engineering. The university consists of 15 major schools.
Ahmet Davutoğlu

Ahmet Davutoglu (; born 26 February 1959) is a Turkish politician. He was the Prime Minister of Turkey and leader of the Justice and Development Party (AKP) from August 2014 to May 2016.
Davutoglu was Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2009 to 2014. He was elected as an AKP Member of Parliament for Konya in 2011 and was re-elected as an MP in 2015. He resigned as Prime Minister on 22 May 2016.
Longbridge Plant

Longbridge Plant is an automobile plant in Longbridge, Birmingham, West Midlands, England. Most of it was demolished in 2005 and 2007.
Abaré

Abare is a Brazilian municipality in the state of Bahia.
Guru Har Krishan

Guru Har Krishan ( ; 23 July 1656 - 30 March 1664) was the eighth of the ten gurus of Sikhism. He became Guru on 7 October 1661, on the death of his father, Guru Har Rai. Due to the smallpox epidemic that was happening at that time, Guru Har Krishan died at the young age of 7. His grand-uncle, Guru Tegh Bahadur, became the next Guru of the Sikhs.
Edvard Munch

Edvard Munch (12 December 1863 - 23 January 1944) was a Norwegian painter and print-maker. He was born in Adalsbruk. He was an expressionist who painted 1789 known paintings. He is well known for his treatment of emotion such as fear. His way of seeing things had a large influence on the expressionism of the 20th century. People saw this treatment as being intense.
During his life, he had success as a painter: He became famous outside Norway, and his paintings got high prices. The National Gallery (Norway) used much money to buy paintings by Munch. He painted a large murals in the aula (main room) of Norway's (then) only university.
Early life and education
He had four brothers and sisters. He had followed his mother and sister by being the best artists in their family. While Edvard was still young, his mother and one of his sisters died. But it was when he was thirteen that he really came to like art. The first paintings he did were simple objects like medicine bottles and other objects. Later on, he drew oil paintings.
He went to technical college in 1879 where he learnt how to draw paintings with perspective. However, in 1880, the following year he left the school to become a painter.
He went to the Royal School of Art and Design. This is where he learnt sculpturing and naturalistic painting. This is where he drew his first important portrait of himself and his father.
Health and death
Munch was ill very often. Many scientists think that he suffered from bipolar disorder (manic depression). He died at his house in Oslo.
Paintings
The Scream (1893; originally called Despair). This is Munch's best-known painting, and is one of the best known images in the world. It is one of the pieces in a series titled The Frieze of Life. In the series Munch explored the themes of life, love, fear, death and melancholy. As with many of his works, he made several versions of the painting. One version was stolen from the Munch-museum in Oslo, Norway, on 22 August 2004, but on 31 August 2006 Norwegian police found it together with another picture that was stolen at the same time, Madonna.
The Frieze of Life themes come back throughout Munch's work. These themes can be seen in paintings such as The Sick Child (1886, portrait of his deceased sister Sophie), (1893-1894), Ashes (1894), and The Bridge. The last-named shows limp figures. Those figures have faces with no features, or they have no faces at all. Threatening shapes of heavy trees and houses are above the figures. Munch portrayed women either as frail, innocent sufferers or as lurid, life-devouring vampires. Munch analysts say this reflects his sexual anxieties.
If My Homie Calls

"If My Homie Calls" is the second single by American rapper 2Pac. It was featured on his debut studio album 2Pacalypse Now. Shakur performed the song on MTV show Yo! MTV Raps in 1992.
John Rushing

John Rushing (February 26, 1972 - October 23, 2020) was an American college and professional football assistant coach. He was the safeties coach at the University of Arizona. Rushing served for six years as a defensive coach at Utah State University and was the secondary coach for three other college programs. He was born in Merced, California.
Rushing played college football at Washington State University in Pullman. He also coached the Green Bay Packers and the Los Angeles Rams.
Rushing died on October 23, 2020 in Tucson, Arizona at the age of 48.
Myopia

Myopia, also called near-sightedness or short-sightedness, is a problem with the focusing ability of the eye. It is when the eye is not able to focus properly on objects in the distance. This condition is very common and it often occurs with many members of the same family. It happens when the lens becomes a different shape (too curved) from usual, or when the eye is longer than normal, so light entering the eye focuses on a point in front of the retina, rather than right on it. This makes distant objects look blurry. People with myopia often squint while watching television or trying to see distant objects. Sudden myopia can often be the first symptom of Type II Diabetes.
In most cases, it can be fixed easily using glasses, contact lenses, or surgery.
Calcio Lecco 1912

Calcio Lecco 1912 is a football club which plays in Italy.
Twice-cooked pork

Twice-cooked pork (, literally: meat that has been returned to the wok) is probably the best-known Sichuan-style Chinese dish. Twice-cooked pork is cooked by boiling pork rib steak chunks in hot water with slices of ginger and salt first, then after being cut into thin slices, the pork is put back into a wok and shallow-fried in hot oil.
Legend
Twice-cooked pork is said to have started in the Qing Dynasty, while the Qianlong Emperor toured Sichuan. Qianlong wanted a feast at every stop that he made, and, when he arrived at one particular village, the villagers were very worried. The crops had not been harvesting well that year and there may not have been enough to host the emperor. They were worried that the emperor would do bad things to them if they did not give him a feast, so they quickly put the food they had not yet eaten back into the pot, cooked it again (thus "twice-cooking" them) and served the food to the emperor. To their surprise, the emperor enjoyed it, and so the "Twice Cooked Pork" became a famous Sichuan dish.
Types
Common vegetables to add to twice-cooked pork are cabbage, peppers and garlic shoots. Pixian, a thick broad-bean sauce, is also a common ingredient.
Newbiggin

Newbiggin is a village and civil parish in Eden, Cumbria, England. In 2001 there were 96 people living in Newbiggin.
Australian Grand Prix

The Australian Grand Prix is a motorsport race contested by cars in the Formula One section. The race was first held in Adelaide before moving to Melbourne in 1996.
Winners
Repeat winners (drivers)
Drivers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.
As of the 2018 edition, four-time World Drivers' Champion Alain Prost remains the only driver to win the race in both World Championship and domestic formats, winning the Australian Drivers' Championship 1982 race before winning in Adelaide in 1986 and 1988.
Repeat winners (constructors)
Teams in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.
Repeat winners (engine manufacturers)
Manufacturers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.
* Between 1997-2003 built by Ilmor
** Between 1968-1993 designed and built by Cosworth, funded by Ford
By year
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.
Alain Prost is the only driver, as of the 2019 Australian Grand Prix, to win the race in both Australian domestic (1982) and World Championship (1986 and 1988) formats.
The last Australian driver to win the AGP was World Champion Alan Jones who won 1980's non-championship race.
The last Australian driver to officially finish on the podium was John Smith in 1983. Australia's only current () Grand Prix driver Daniel Ricciardo had finished 2nd in the 2014 race, but was disqualified post-race.
Since becoming a round of the Formula One World Championship in , Jones (1985 and 1986), David Brabham (1990 and 1994), Mark Webber (2002-2013) and Ricciardo (2012-present) are the only Australian drivers to race in the Australian Grand Prix.
Football Federation of Armenia

The Football Federation of Armenia (FFA) is the governing body of football in Armenia. It organizes the Armenian Premier League and the Armenian national football team. It is based in Yerevan.
Scott Ryan (Australian politician)

Scott Michael Ryan (born 12 May 1973) is an Australian politician. He has been a Senator for Victoria since 2008, representing the Liberal Party. He has been the President of the Senate since 2017.
Manuel Luna

Manuel Luna is a retired judoka from Venezuela. Luna competed at the 1976 Summer Olympics. He was born on 14 August 1945.
Death Valley Junction

Death Valley Junction (formerly, Amargosa and '"Death Valley'") is a tiny Mojave Desert community in unincorporated Inyo County, California, at the intersection of SR 190 and SR 127, just east of Death Valley National Park. The zip code is 92328, the elevation is , and the population fewer than 20. It contains the Amargosa Opera House and Hotel.
Frank McAtamney

Francis Stevens McAtamney (15 May 1934 - 6 February 2022) was a New Zealand rugby union player. He was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, in 1956 and 1957, playing in the prop position. He was born in Middlemarch, New Zealand.
McAtamney died on 6 February 2022 in Geraldine, New Zealand at the age of 87.
Empedocles

Empedocles was a Greek pre-Socratic philosopher and a person who lived in Agrigentum, a Greek colony in Sicily.
Empedocles' philosophy is best known for being the origin of the cosmogenic theory of the four classical elements in the Western world. He also proposed powers called Love and Strife which would act as forces to bring about the mixture and separation of the elements. These physical speculations were part of a history of the universe which also dealt with the origin and development of life.
Influenced by the Pythagoreans, he supported the doctrine of reincarnation. Empedocles is generally considered the last Greek philosopher to record his ideas in verse. Some of his work still survives today, more so than in the case of any other Presocratic philosopher. Empedocles' death was mythologized by ancient writers, and has been the subject of a number of literary treatments.
Cormaranche-en-Bugey

Cormaranche-en-Bugey is a former commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Plateau d'Hauteville.
Second constituency for French residents overseas

The second constituency for French residents overseas () is an overseas constituency of France. It represents the Caribbean, Central America, Mexico and South America.
It is the least populated of the 11 overseas constituencies in France.
Du Quoin, Illinois

Du Quoin is a city in Illinois in the United States.
Soumaila Diabate

Soumaila Diabate (born 22 November2004) is a Malian footballer. He plays as midfielder for the Austrian 2. Liga club FC Liefering.
Career
Diabate started his career at Guidars FC. In January 2023 he went to Austria to join FC Red Bull Salzburg. In Salzburg he was loaned to FC Liefering in the Second league.
In April 2023 he made his debut for Liefering . He came in for Tolgahan Sahin during the half-time break on the 21st matchday of the 2022/23 season against Kapfenberg SV.
Polka

The polka is a dance for couples which originated in Czechoslovakia (now the Czech Republic). It was a "craze" in Europe for a time in the mid to late 19th century. and in the United States. The craze spread in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, of which the Czechs were part.
The dance is done with a one-two-three-hop style: The dance soon spread to London and was introduced to America in 1844. It remained a popular ballroom dance until the late 19th century.
Nuvilly

Nuvilly is a municipality of the district Broye in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland.
Ka

Ka is one of the five parts of the Egyptian idea of the soul. The Ka was the life force and left the body during death. Ka was believed to be in food and drink and was placed with the dead for offerings. The Egyptians believed that at death the Ba and the Ka join together through Nehebkau before entering Duat.
The Morning After (1986 movie)

The Morning After is a 1986 American mystery thriller movie directed by Sidney Lumet and starring Jane Fonda in her Oscar nominated role, Jeff Bridges, Raul Julia, Kathy Bates, Diane Salinger, Kathleen Wilhoite. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.
Anton de Bary

Heinrich Anton de Bary (26 January 1831 - 19 January 1888) was a German surgeon, botanist, microbiologist, and mycologist (fungal systematics and physiology).
He is considered a founding father of plant pathology (phytopathology) as well as the founder of modern mycology. His extensive and careful studies of the life history of fungi and contribution to the understanding of algae and higher plants were landmarks of biology.
Lichen
De Bary studied the formation of lichens, the association between a fungus and an alga. He traced the stages through which they grew and reproduced and the adaptations which enabled them to survive drought and winter. He coined the word 'symbiosis' in 1879 in his monograph as "the living together of unlike organisms". He carefully studied the morphology of moulds, yeasts, and fungi and he established mycology as an independent science.
Aizkraukle

Aizkraukle is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1967.