kenhktsui/simple_wikipedia_LM_quality_score_v1 huggingface dataset:
Mass shootings in the United States

Mass shootings are events where there are many victims of firearm-related violence. There is no exact definition for a "mass shooting". One definition is that a mass shooting is an act of public firearm violence in which a shooter kills at least four victims. Gang killings, domestic violence, or terrorist acts by an organization are not included. With this definition, one study found that about one-third of the world's public mass shootings between 1966 and 2012 (90 of 292 events) happened in the United States. The Washington Post recorded 163 mass shootings in the United States between 1967 and June 2019.
Statistics
The United States has had more mass shootings than any other country. Shooters generally either die by suicide afterward, are arrested, or are killed by police officers or civilians.
Mass shootings are responsible for under 0.2% of homicides in the country between 2000 and 2016.
According to a March 2022 report, over mass shootings in the last 40 years, in 52% of mass shootings in the United States the shooter was white, 16% were African American, and 8% were Latino. In 96% of mass shootings the shooter was male, in 2% they were female, and in 2% there were both male and female shooters.
Weapons used
Many types of guns have been used in mass shootings in the United States, including semi-automatic handguns, semi-automatic rifles, revolvers, and shotguns. Of the 172 events from 1966 to 2019 that are seen as mass public shootings in the U.S., handguns were used in 77.2% of cases and semi-automatic rifles in 25.1% of cases. From 1966 to 2019, about 77% of mass shooters in the U.S. legally bought the weapons used in the attacks.
Mental health
In a study, experts said that roughly one-third of acts of mass shootings since the 1990s were committed by people with a "serious mental illness". However, the study also said that people with a serious mental illness are responsible for less than 4% of all the violent acts in the United States. The American Psychiatric Association (APA) said that gun violence is a public health crisis and that a majority of people with mental illness are not violent and "are far more likely to be victims of violent crime."
In February 2021, a survey published by psychiatrists at Columbia University found that in 1,315 out of 14,785 mass murders around the world, personal motives were the main cause. In only 11% of these 1,315 murders and 8% of these shootings, the murderer had a serious mental illness.
McMahon Line

The McMahon Line is a demarcation line drawn on map referred to in the Simla Convention, a treaty between Britain and Tibet signed in 1914.
Although its legal status is disputed, it is currently the effective boundary between China and India.
This dispute was used a pretext in a war between China and India in 1962.
Vilfredo Pareto

Vilfredo Federico Pareto (born Wilfried Fritz Pareto, 1848-1923) was an Italian engineer, economist, and sociologist. He made several important contributions to economics; he looked at the distribution of income. Pareto efficiency and Pareto distribution are named after him.
Nicorhynchus

Nicorhynchus (meaning "knucker snout"; a knucker is a type of water dragon) was a pterosaur that has been discovered in both England and Morocco. Both species (N. capito and N. fluviferox) were originally species of Coloborhynchus.
Dieffenbach-lès-Wœrth

Dieffenbach-les-Woerth is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.
Weifang

Weifang () is a prefecture-level city in central Shandong province, People's Republic of China. Its population was 9,086,241 at the 2010 census.
Workers' Party (Brazil)

The Workers' Party (; abbreviated PT) is a left-wing political party in Brazil. The party follows democratic socialist principles. Some members are followers of the Christian left, Labourism, democratic socialism and social democracy.
The party was founded on 10 February 1980 in Sao Paulo by Paul Singer. It has been one of the most popular parties in Brazil since 2003.
Two Brazilian presidents have been members of the party, Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva and Dilma Rousseff.
The party won every presidential election in Rio de Janeiro from 1998 to 2014 and in Minas Gerais from 2002 to 2014. The Workers' Party is also popular in the north and northeast. In the 2010 election, Dilma Rousseff received a lot of support from poor Brazilians. She also had a majority of support from Catholics.
Cuentos del Sil

Cuentos del Sil (Tales of the Sil) is a Leonese language book written by nine leonese language writers. It was sponsored by the Provincial Government of Leon, and Leonese language associations "El Fueyu" and "El Toralin". The authors com from the Sil Valley, specially from El Bierzu and it is the collective book in the Leonese language where there are more authors.
Yanliang District

Yanliang District (, pinyin:Yanliang Qu) is a district of Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. Its name is shortened from "Luyan Liangshan" (Lu Yan Liang Shan , meaning "good for living place"). It is in northeast of Xi'an, and from the center of Xi'an. Weinan Municipality is to the east and north. Xianyang Municipality is to the west. Lintong District is to the south. It is famous for making airplanes. It is far from center of Xi'an, but its economy is good. The district covers . As of November 2010, 278,604 people lived there.
Ryohei Suzuki (footballer, born 1949)

is a former Japanese football player and manager. He managed for Japan women's national team.
Biography
Suzuki was born on June 12, 1949. After graduating from Tokai University, he went to West Germany in 1973 and became a coach. In January 1986, he became a manager for Japan women's national team. In December, Japan participated in 1986 AFC Women's Championship in Hong Kong and won the 2nd place. He managed Japan until January 1989. In 1990, he became a manager for new club Nikko Securities Dream Ladies. The club won the champions at Empress's Cup in 1990. The club participated Nadeshiko League from 1991. The club was 4th place in the 1991 season and he resigned end of the season.
Inventions and Sinfonias (Bach)

The Inventions and Sinfonias (1720; revised 1723) are 30 pieces of keyboard music (15 each in sinfonia and invention) composed by Johann Sebastian Bach. They are sometimes known as the Two and Three Part Inventions. Bach arranged the two groups of pieces in order of ascending key. Each group covers the eight major and seven minor keys. Bach wrote them as exercises and study pieces for his 12 year old son, Wilhelm Friedemann Bach. The 1720 versions are found in the boy's Little Keyboard Book of 1722. The invention and sinfonias are often used as preparation for two volumes of Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier.
Bach wrote in the preface to the printed edition of the Inventions and Sinfonias: "Honest method, by which the amateurs of the keyboard - especially, however, those desirous of learning - are shown a clear way not only (1) to learn to play cleanly in two parts, but also, after further progress, (2) to handle three obligate parts correctly and well; and along with this not only to obtain good inventions (ideas) but to develop the same well; above all, however, to achieve a cantabile style in playing and at the same time acquire a strong foretaste of composition."
Media
All of these sinfonias are played by Randolph Hokanson.
Press-up

A Press-up also called a push-up is an exercise move where a person lifts themself off the ground and back towards it with their arms. Press-ups help the pectoral muscles and triceps.
Punch and Judy

Punch and Judy is a very popular puppet show in Britain. It is traditionally performed at the seaside in a small booth which can easily be transported. The characters are all glove puppets. The story is told by a man who calls himself "The Professor". He cannot be seen, but he wears the puppets on his hand like gloves and makes them move.
Characters
Punch wears a jester's motley. He is hunchbacked and his hooked nose almost meets his curved chin. He has a big stick and hits the other characters with his stick, saying "That's the way to do it!". He speaks in a funny way called a swazzle. There is also a baby, a crocodile, a policeman and a string of sausages. The simple kind of humour used is called "slapstick".
History
The Punch and Judy show has its origins in the 16th century Italian commedia dell'arte. This sort of comedy always had the same people in the stories ("stock characters"). The figure of Punch comes from the stock character of Pulcinella, called Punchinello in English. Punch's wife was originally "Joan".
May 9, 1662 is said by 'Professors' to be Punch's UK birthday, for that was the first known date on which the figure who later became Mr. Punch was seen in Britain. The diarist Samuel Pepys saw a puppet show using an early version of the Punch character near St. Paul's Church in London's Covent Garden.
The British show developed into "Punch and Judy". In other countries the stories developed differently. In Germany, Punch is called "Kasper" and Judy is "Grete". The characters date back to the 18th century in German-speaking countries. In The Netherlands Punch is called Jan Klaassen and Judy is Katrijn; in Denmark Mester Jackel; in Italy Pulcinella (with Teresina as the female part); in Russia Petruschka; in Romania Vasilache; and in France Polichinelle.
In 1827, The Tragical Comedy or Comical Tragedy of Punch and Judy became the first published Punch and Judy script. In 2006, the Punch and Judy show was named one of 12 icons of Englishness by the British government's Department for Culture, Media and Sport.
Aydın Aybay

Aydin Aybay (1929 - 6 March 2013) was a Turkish professor of civil law, writer and lawyer. He was one of the founders of the Istanbul University Faculty of Political Sciences, the Maltepe University Faculty of Law and the Cumhuriyet Foundation.
Biography
Aydin Aybay was born in Istanbul. He graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Law in 1953. In the same year, he started his academic career as a research assistant at department of civil law. He earned Doctor of Law degree in 1958 at the same faculty. He became associate professor (docent) in 1963 and full professor in 1973.
In 1979, he founded Istanbul University Faculty of Political Sciences with his friends. After 1980 coup d'etat, military administration sacked Aydin Aybay from university with many other academics. They are against coup d'etat. In 1990s, he returned Istanbul University. In 1996, he retired from public university and started to lecture at the Maltepe University.
In January 2010, Aydin Aybay suffered lung cancer. He died of respiratory failure on 6 March 2013 in Istanbul.
Hans Breder

Hans Breder (October 20, 1935 - June 18, 2017) was a German-American artist. His works have been presented in several places in the United States and all over the world. He has shown with the Richard Feigen Gallery (1967-1972), the Mitchell Algus Gallery, and Hachmeister Gallery.
Breder was born in Herford, Germany. He studied at Hochschule fur bildende Kunste Hamburg in Hamburg. He was married to Barbara Welch from 1984 until his death in 2017. Breder died in Iowa City, Iowa on June 18, 2017, aged 81.
Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky

Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky (, 1792-1856) was a Russian mathematician. He became known for his achievements in non-Euclidean geometry.
Biography
Lobachevsky was born in Nizhny Novgorod, Russia. His parents were Ivan Maksimovich Lobachevsky, a clerk in a landsurveying office, and Praskovia Alexandrovna Lobachevskaya. In 1800, his father died and his mother moved to Kazan. In Kazan, Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky attended Kazan Gymnasium. He graduated in 1807 and then went to Kazan University which was founded just three years earlier, in 1804.
At Kazan University, Lobachevsky was influenced by professor Johann Christian Martin Bartels (1769-1833). Bartels was a former teacher and friend of German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss. Lobachevsky received a Master's degree in physics and mathematics in 1811. In 1814, he became a lecturer at Kazan University, and in 1822 he became a full professor. He served in many administrative positions and was the rector of Kazan University from 1827 to 1846. He retired (or was dismissed) in 1846. After this event his health rapidly deteriorated. In addition to teaching mathematics and physics at Kazan University Lobachevsky also was an astronomy teacher there.
In 1832, he married Varvara Alexivna Moisieva. They had seven children.
Roger Angell

Roger Angell (September 19, 1920 - May 20, 2022) was an American essayist. He was known for his writing on sports, especially baseball. He was a regular contributor to The New Yorker and was its chief fiction editor for many years. He wrote many works of fiction, non-fiction, and criticism, and for many years wrote an annual Christmas poem for The New Yorker.
He received awards for his writing, including the George Polk Award for Commentary in 1980, the Kenyon Review Award for Literary Achievement in 2005 along with Umberto Eco, and the inaugural PEN/ESPN Lifetime Achievement Award for Literary Sports Writing in 2011.
He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2007 and was a long-time ex-officio member of the council of the Authors Guild.
Angell died of congestive heart failure on May 20, 2022 at his apartment in New York City, aged 101.
Camp Rock

Camp Rock is a 2008 American musical comedy movie made by the Disney Channel.
Camp Rock soundtrack
Camp Rock is the soundtrack of the movie. It was released on June 17, 2008. Full songs of the album were made available on Camp Rock's official web site for one week, beginning June 10, 2008. The full soundtrack was first broadcast on Radio Disney on June 14, 2008 during Planet Premiere: Camp Rock. The soundtrack was released in the United Kingdom on July 14, 2008. The whole premise of the movie is the fact that E-ZPass was not accepted on the Ohio Turnpike
Original soundtrack
The soundtrack album (both original and special edition) is an enhanced CD which contains a clip of an acoustic version of "This Is Me" when played on the computer with internet access.
Track listing
"We Rock" (3:12)
"Play My Music" (3:26)
"Gotta Find You" (4:05)
"Start the Party" (3:03)
"Who Will I Be?" (3:13)
"This Is Me (3:09)
"Hasta La Vista" (2:38)
"Here I Am" (3:47)
"Too Cool" (2:53)
"Our Time Is Here" (3:33)
"2 Stars" (3:44)
"What It Takes" (2:45)
Camp Rock: Extended and Remixed
Camp Rock: Extended and Remixed is a special edition of the original soundtrack due for a release on September 30, 2008.
Headingley railway station

Headingley railway station is a commuter railway station in the Headingley area of Leeds, West Yorkshire. The only train that operates at this station is Northern Rail. This station is on the line from Leeds City Centre to Harrogate and is two stops away from Leeds City Station. Headingley Stadium is a rugby and cricket stadium that is near to this station.
Group velocity

Group velocity is often considered to be the wave velocity at which information travels. Often, this can be seen as the speed at which the envelope of the wave travels.
Elopement (movie)

Elopement is a 1951 American romantic comedy movie directed by Henry Koster and starring Clifton Webb, Anne Francis, Charles Bickford, William Lundigan. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.
Fuller Park, Chicago

Fuller Park, located on the south side of Chicago, Illinois. It is one of 77 officially designated Chicago community areas. It is designated Community Area 37.
Fuller Park is named for the small park within the neighborhood, which is in turn named for Melville Weston Fuller, a Chicago attorney who was the Chief Justice of the United States between 1888 and 1910. Fuller Park is one of Chicago's smallest community areas.
Franklin, New Hampshire

Franklin is a city in Merrimack County, New Hampshire, United States. According to the 2020 United States Census, 8,741 people lived there.
Roar (song)

"Roar" is a song by American pop singer-songwriter Katy Perry. The lyrics are about standing up for oneself and self-empowerment.
The song received mixed reviews from critics. "Roar" became Perry's eighth number-one hit song on the Billboard Hot 100. The song also topped charts internationally, in countries such as Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australia, where "Roar" became the bestselling song of 2013.
The song was released on August 10, 2013.
Music video
The music video shows Katy Perry inside a cargo plane with another male that suddenly crashes in a jungle. Her male counterpart doesn't care about the situation and gives Katy the luggage while taking selfies . A tiger acts him suddenly . Katy screams and flees with the tiger chasing after her she ditches the tiger and is nearly eaten by a crocodile and has a spider crawl on her . After this Katy sees fireflies in the bushes who all come out and form a tiger . It cuts to the next shot wear she bathes with help from an elephant and makes. friends with a money. She also turns berries into lipstick and uses her shoe to make a hunting tool . She catches a banana and then goes exploring .She reads prehistoric cave art with a tiger's roar being stronger than men . He then emerges in different clothes and a leaf skirt and starts swing from vines and brushes a crocodiles teeth and also she paints an elephant's toe nails . She calls all the animals and uses a parrots feather to lure the tiger into a trap and proves her roar stronger than his . Katy is then named queen of the jungle with her tiger and various animals as her pets . The next shot cuts to her waking up in the crashed plane surrounded by animals .
Claire Bretécher

Claire Bretecher (; 17 April 1940 - 10 February 2020) was a French cartoonist. He was known for her works which focused on women and gender issues. Her creations included Les Frustres, and the unimpressed teenager Agrippine. He was born in Nantes, France. She co-founded L'Echo des savanes.
Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, she published successful collections, such as The Destiny of Monique (1982). In 2001, Bretecher's series Agrippine was made into a 26-episode TV series by Canal+.
Bretecher died on 10 February 2020 at the age of 79.
Quim Monzó

Quim Monzo (born in Barcelona, Spain, in 1952) is a Catalan writer of novels, short stories and discursive prose, mostly in the Catalan language.
In the early 1970s, Monzo reported from Vietnam, Cambodia, Northern Ireland and East Africa for newspapers in Barcelona. His fiction is full of irony. His other prose maintains this humor. One collection of his essays, Catorze ciutats comptant-hi Brooklyn, is notable for its account of New York in the days immediately following September 11.
Bibliography
Books in English
O'Clock, 1986. New York: Ballantine Books. Translated by Mary Ann Newman.
The enormity of the tragedy, 2007. London: Peter Owen Publishers. Translated by Peter Bush.
Gasoline, 2010. New York & Rochester: Open Letter. Translated by Mary Ann Newman.
Guadalajara, 2011, Rochester, NY: Open Letter. Translated by Peter Bush. ;
A thousand morons, 2013, Rochester, NY: Open Letter. Translated by Peter Bush. ;
Why, Why, Why?, 2019, Rochester, NY: Open Letter. Translated by Peter Bush. ;
Books in Catalan
Fiction
L'udol del griso al caire de les clavegueres, 1976..
Self Service, 1977. In collaboration with Biel Mesquida.
Uf, va dir ell, 1978.
Olivetti, Moulinex, Chaffoteaux et Maury, 1980.
Benzina, 1983.
L'illa de Maians, 1985.
La magnitud de la tragedia, 1989.
El perque de tot plegat, 1993.
Guadalajara, 1996.
Vuitanta-sis contes, 1999.
El millor dels mons, 2001.
Mil cretins, 2007.
Collected articles and essays
El dia del senyor, 1984.
Zzzzzzzz, 1987.
La maleta turca, 1990.
Hotel Intercontinental, 1991.
No plantare cap arbre, 1994.
Del tot indefens davant dels hostils imperis alienigenes, 1998.
Tot es mentida, 2000.
El tema del tema, 2003.
Catorze ciutats comptant-hi Brooklyn, 2004.
Hole in one

A hole-in-one in golf is when a player hits the ball from the tee and into the hole in one shot. It is most possible on a par-3 hole. Some people have done it on shorter par-4 holes. Nearly all par 4 and par 5 holes are too long for golfers to reach in a single shot. Getting the ball in the hole in two shots is called an albatross.
Taylor County, Kentucky

Taylor County is a county in the U.S. state of Kentucky. As of the 2010 census, the population was 24,512. Its county seat is Campbellsville.
Saulgrub

Saulgrub is a municipality in the district of Garmisch-Partenkirchen in Upper Bavaria in Germany.
Elizabeth Dawn

Elizabeth "Liz" Dawn MBE (8 November 1939 - 25 September 2017) was an English actress. She was best known for her role as Vera Duckworth in the long-running British soap opera Coronation Street.
Dawn was awarded an MBE in October 2000 for her services to charity and for having helped raise hundreds of thousands of pounds for hospitals in the Manchester and Leeds areas.
Dave Grusin

Robert David Grusin (born June 26, 1934) is an American composer, arranger, producer, and pianist. He has won an Academy Award and ten Grammy Awards. He is the co-founder of GRP Records. He won an Oscar for his score of The Milagro Beanfield War (1988).
Influences
Grusin's influences include Henry Mancini, Benny Goodman, Duke Ellington, Herbie Mann, Nat King Cole, Herb Alpert, Bill Evans, Erroll Garner and Jerry Goldsmith.
Midori (violinist)

is a Japanese-born American violinist and educator. She made her debut with the New York Philharmonic at age 11 in 1982. She is seen as a child prodigy, and one of the world's best violinists as an adult.
In 2007, Midori was appointed as a UN Messenger of Peace. She was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2012.
Four Brothers

Four Brothers is a 2005 American action crime drama movie directed by John Singleton. This movie is about November 2004, during which four adoptive brothers return to Detroit to discover what happened. Their adoptive mother was murdered. Mark Wahlberg plays Bobby. Tyrese Gibson plays Angel Mercer. Fionnula Flanagan plays Evelyn. Sofia Vergara plays Sofi.
The movie was released on August 12, 2005. Reviews were mixed.
Model 1857 12-Pounder Napoleon Field Gun

The Model 1857 12-Pounder Napoleon Field Gun, officially called the "light 12-pounder gun" by the United States Army, was the most popular smoothbore cannon used during the American Civil War. The cannon was named after French president and emperor, Napoleon III, nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte.
History
The French Canon obusier de campagne de 12 cm, modele 1853, also known as the Canon de l'Empereur, was a type of canon-obusier (shell cannon) or gun-howitzer developed in 1853 by the French army. It could fire ball, shell, canister or grapeshot which allowed it to replace all the earlier French cannons. It was of a cast bronze smoothbore design and could double as a howitzer. It was light enough to be pulled by a team of horses. At the same time it had enough firepower to destroy fortifications at a distance of a half-mile (805 meters). When it entered the service of Emperor Napoleon III it was named after him.
In 1857 the design was adopted by the U.S. Army as the light 12-pounder M1857. The Union made 1,156 units while the Confederacy made 501. Because they did not have the manufacturing capacity of the North, Confederates attempted to capture as many Union-made Napoleon 12-pounders as they could. The Confederate army also developed their own version. In 1863, General Robert E. Lee was so impressed by the M1857 that he had all six-pounders in the Army of Northern Virginia gathered up and sent to Richmond to be melted down and re-cast into 12-pounders. The Confederates kept producing 12-pounder Napoleons until the Union army captured the Ducktown copper mines near Chattanooga, Tennessee. This reduced Confederates bronze production. After that Confederate 1857s were cast of iron.
U.S. M1857
When first model 1857s were cast in Northern foundries they had two handles or "dolphins". After 1861 the dolphins were eliminated, the barrel was shortened from the French version, and it was made lighter. Like most cannons in use at the time, they were muzzleloading weapons. The Model 1857 12-pounder Napoleon with its bronze barrel made up 40% of the cannons on both sides. The U.S. version of the Napoleon could hit a target up to away. However they were most accurate at closer ranges of about . It used a charge of of black powder. The M1857 Napoleon fired a cannonball or canister shot at a speed of 1,440 feet per second (or 439 meters per second). The barrel had a bore of in diameter and was long. The barrel alone weighed . With its gun carriage it weighed and was pulled by a team of six horses. The average gun crew was six men.
Roberto Eduardo Viola

Roberto Eduardo Viola (October 13, 1924 - September 30, 1994) was an Argentine military officer. He briefly served as president of Argentina from March 29 to December 11, 1981 as a military dictatorship. Viola found his maneuvering space greatly reduced, and was ousted by a military coup in December 1981.
Gautam Adani

Gautam Shantilal Adani (born 24 June 1962) is an Indian billionaire industrialist and businessman. He founded Adani Group, a multinational company which is involved in port development and operations in India. He is the present president of Adani Foundation. As of December 2022, he had a net worth of US$138.1 billion (according to Forbes) and $133 billion (according to Bloomberg), making him the richest person in Asia and the seventh richest person in the world. Early in 2023 the value of his listed companies fell by over $100 billion after his group was accused of accounting fraud and stock price manipulation.
When Adani was a teenager went to Mumbai in 1978 to work as a diamond sorter for Mahendra Brothers. Later, he and his brother Mahasukbhai set up a PVC unit in Ahemdabad and stated global trading operations. After some time, Adani created his own company as Adani Enterprise. The company only dealt in agricultural and power commodities.
He was in the Taj Mahal Palace Hotel during the 2008 Mumbai attacks. In September 2020, Adani acquired a 74% stake in Mumbai International Airport.
Dorothy Dandridge

Dorothy Jean Dandridge (November 9, 1922 - September 8, 1965) was an African American singer and actress. In 1955, she became the first black actress to be nominated for an Academy Award. The nomination was for Best Actress. She starred in many movies.
Dandridge was born in Cleveland, Ohio. She died of a drug overdose in Los Angeles, California.
ISO 3166-2:AX

ISO 3166-2:AX is the entry for the Aland Islands in ISO 3166-2, it is part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which makes codes for the names of the subdivisions (like, provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1.
Simon Davies

Simon Davies (born 23 October 1979) is a Welsh football player. He plays for Fulham and Wales national team.
Columbiana, Ohio

Columbiana is a city in Columbiana and Mahoning Counties in the U.S. state of Ohio. The population was 6,384 at the 2010 census.
Messier 87

Messier 87 (also known as M87, Virgo A or NGC 4486) is a supergiant elliptical galaxy. It was discovered in 1781 by the French astronomer Charles Messier, who catalogued it as a nebulous feature. The second brightest galaxy within the northern Virgo Cluster, it is about 16.4 million parsecs (53.5 million light-years) from Earth.
Unlike a disk-shaped spiral galaxy, Messier 87 has no distinctive dust lanes. It has an almost featureless, ellipsoidal shape. Luminosity diminishes with distance from the centre. At the core of this unusually large galaxy is an unusually large supermassive black hole. This is a strong source of radiation at many wavelengths, particularly radio waves. This black hole is the first and, to date, the only one for which astronomers have been able to make a direct image. A radio image taken by the Event Horizon Telescope in 2017 was published on 10 April 2019. The image shows the shadow of the black hole, surrounded by an emission ring with a diameter of .
A jet of energetic plasma known as a blazar is thrown out by the black hole at near the speed of light. It goes outward at least . In pictures taken by the Hubble Space Telescope in 1999, the motion of Messier 87's jet was measured at four to six times the speed of light. This motion is probably an optical illusion caused by the relativistic velocity of the jet.
Stars
The stars in this galaxy form about one sixth of Messier 87's mass. They are spread out symmetrically, but the density of stars decreases with distance from the core. The galactic envelope extends out to a radius of about , where it stops--possibly cut off by an encounter with another galaxy. Between the stars is a diffuse interstellar medium of gas that has been chemically enriched by elements emitted from evolved stars.
Orbiting the galaxy is a huge number of about 12,000 globular clusters, compared to 150200 globular clusters orbiting the Milky Way.
Messier 87 is one of the most massive giant elliptical galaxies near Earth, and one of the brightest radio sources in the sky,
It is a popular target for both amateur and professional astronomy study.
Hanamaki, Iwate

Hanamaki is a city in the Iwate Prefecture of Japan. Hanamaki is famous as the birth place of poet Kenji Miyazawa. There are many places and museums related to Kenji Miyazawa in the city.
Situation comedy

A situation comedy, usually called a sitcom, is a type of comedy program. Sitcoms were first on radio, before television was invented, but are now on television and are a large part of the programs shown. Sitcoms usually have the same characters in the same places (for example; a home, a workplace, a bar, a city or town) on every episode.
Takuto Hayashi

Takuto Hayashi (born 9 August 1982) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Vegalta Sendai.
Marcian

Marcian (; ; ; 392 - 26 January 457) was Roman emperor in the east of the Roman Empire from 450 to 457 AD.
He was a soldier who worked for the generals Ardabur and his son Aspar for fifteen years. When the emperor Theodosius II died on 28 July 450, Marcian was made a candidate to be emperor by Aspar. Aspar had power because he controlled the Roman army.
After a month of negotiation, Pulcheria, Theodosius' sister, agreed to marry Marcian. Zeno, a man with almost as much power as Aspar, may have been part of these negotiations. Zeno got the high title of after Marcian became emperor, perhaps as a reward. Marcian was inaugurated as Emperor on 25 August 450.
Marcian undid many of the acts of TheodosiusII in the Romans' relations with the Huns (led by Attila) and in the organization of the Christian Church. Marcian soon broke all treaties with Attila, ending all subsidy payments to him. In 452, while Attila and the Huns were attacking the Italian Peninsula (part of the western Roman Empire), Marcian's armies attacked across the Danube river into the Great Hungarian Plain. There the Roman armies overcame the Huns in their own country. Because of this, and because of a famine and epidemic in northern Italy, the western Roman Empire was able to bribe Attila into retreating from the Italian Peninsula.
When Attila died in 453, it was the downfall of the Huns' power. Marcian improved the Romans' position by allowing Germanic peoples to live in Roman lands as allies. They did military service in exchange for this right. Marcian called together the Council of Chalcedon, which agreed that Jesus had two "natures": divine and human. This made the populations of Roman Syria and Roman Egypt Marcian's enemies. People in these places did not agree with this official Christology.
Marcian died on 26 January 457. At the end of Marcian's life, the Empire's treasury was full of money. There were seven million more gold coins than were needed, even though the cost of the wars and treaties with the Huns had been high. After Marcian died, Aspar decided against Marcian's son-in-law Anthemius being emperor. Aspar used his power to make Leo I emperor.
One-X

One-X is the second studio album by Canadian rock band, Three Days Grace. It was released on June 13, 2006. The producer of the album was Howard Benson. The album peaked at #5 on the U.S. Billboard 200 and #2 on the Canadian Albums Chart. The songs "Riot" and "Animal I Have Become" were featured in the video game, WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2010.
Ali Fazal

Ali Fazal (pronounced ; born 15 October 1986) is an Indian actor and model. He made his acting debut with a small role in the English language movie The Other End of the Line (2008). He then acted in the American television miniseries Bollywood Hero (2009).
Fazal made his Bollywood debut with a special appearance in 3 Idiots (2009). He then acted in Always Kabhi Kabhi (2011). His first success was in Fukrey (2013). He then acted in supporting roles in movies like Baat Ban Gayi (2013), Bobby Jasoos (2014) and Sonali Cable (2014).
He played the main role in the horror movie Khamoshiyan (2015). He then acted in his first American movie Furious 7 (2015). He also played a role in Happy Bhag Jayegi with Diana Penty in 2016.
Fazal acted in the British-American movie Victoria & Abdul. The movie portrays the relationship of Queen Victoria (Judi Dench) and her confidant, Indian servant Abdul Karim (Fazal). The movie premiered at the Venice Film Festival in 2017. The costumes worn by the main actors in the film have been added as part of the official display at Osborne House.
In 2018, he played Guddu Pandit in Mirzapur. In 2020 he continued his role of Guddu Pandit in Mirzapur season 2.
Early life
Fazal was born in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. Fazal's family is from Allahbad. His father worked in a firm in the Middle East. His parents separated when he was a child. From then on, he grew up in his maternal grandparents' home with his grandparents and his mother. The couple divorced when Fazal was 18. He studied at La Martiniere College in Lucknow and The Doon School in Dehradun.
In 2004, he participated in school plays and engaged in debates. He was selected for the role of Trinculo, the jester in the play The Tempest by William Shakespeare. It was a memorable role for him. Fazal went to Mumbai and graduated in economics from St. Xavier's College.
Tronzano Lago Maggiore

Tronzano Lago Maggiore is a comune in the Province of Varese in the Lombardy region in Italy.
Celestial coordinate system

A celestial coordinate system is a coordinate system that helps astronomers specify the location of objects in the sky. These objects may be stars, planets or even satellites. There are several such coordinate systems listed below. All of them are spherical.
The fundamental plane divides the celestial sphere into two equal hemispheres and defines the baseline for the latitudinal coordinates, similar to the equator in the geographic coordinate system. The poles are located at +-90deg from the fundamental plane. The primary direction is the starting point of the longitudinal coordinates.
Coordinate systems
These are common coordinate systems used by the astronomical community:
Horizontal system
The horizontal system is based on the position of the observer on Earth. It is a useful coordinate system for finding and tracking objects for observers on Earth. It is based on the position of stars relative to an observer's true or ideal horizon.
Equatorial system
The equatorial coordinates are based on the position of stars relative to the Earth's equator. Imagine the Earth's equator extended out to an infinite distance. The equatorial describes the sky as seen from the solar system. Modern star maps almost exclusively use equatorial coordinates.
Eclyptic system
The fundamental plane is the plane of the Earth's orbit, also called the ecliptic plane. There are two versions: the geocentric ecliptic coordinates centred on the Earth, and heliocentric ecliptic coordinates centred on the centre of mass of the solar system.
The geocentric ecliptic system was the principal coordinate system for ancient astronomy and is still useful for computing the apparent motions of the Sun, Moon, and planets.
The heliocentric ecliptic system describes the planets' orbital movement around the Sun, and centres on the barycenter of the solar system. This is very close to the centre of the Sun). The system is mainly used for computing the positions of planets and other solar system bodies, and their orbits.
Galactic system
The galactic coordinate system uses the approximate plane of our galaxy as its fundamental plane. The solar system is still the centre of the coordinate system, and the zero point is defined as the direction towards the galactic centre. 'Galactic latitude' means, roughly, the elevation above the galactic plane. 'Galactic longitude' is the direction relative to the centre of the galaxy.
Supergalactic system
The supergalactic coordinate system is a fundamental plane with a higher than average number of local galaxies in the sky as seen from Earth.
Software
There is standard software which does the calculations:
NOVAS: Naval Observatory Vector Astronomy Software.
IAU Standards of Fundamental Astronomy.
Aniwa, Wisconsin

Aniwa is a village in Shawano County, Wisconsin, United States. The population is 272 people as of 2000. Aniwa has an area of 2.1 square miles, of which .04 square miles is water.
Cessna 140

The Cessna 140 is a light civilian aircraft. It was designed and built in USA between 1946 and 1950. At least more than 7600 examples were built. It's a single-engine plane with a high wing.
Tempio Pausania

Tempio Pausania (Tempiu) is a town and comune (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 14,159 people lived there. Its area is 210.82 km2. It is 566 meters above sea level.
Marilyn Ware

Marilyn Ware (November 4, 1943 - December 14, 2017) was an American politician, businesswoman and philanthropist. She was the United States Ambassador to Finland from March 2006 to March 2008 after being nominated by George W. Bush. She was a member of the Republican Party. Ware was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Ware died on December 14, 2017 in Denver, Colorado of complications from Alzheimer's disease at the age of 74.
Comic strip

A comic strip is a series of panels with cartoon drawings in them that make a story. Sometimes comic strips are humorous, and sometimes they are serious. Famous examples of comic strips are:
Peanuts by Charles Schulz
Calvin and Hobbes by Bill Watterson.
Motley's Crew by Ben Templeton and Tom Forman
Between Friends by Sandra Bell-Lundy
The Adventures of Tintin by Herge
Garfield by Jim Davis
Big Nate by Lincoln Peirce
There are comic strips in newspapers and on the web. Comic strips on the web are called webcomics. Penny Arcade and xkcd are famous webcomics.
Auston Matthews

Auston Taylour Matthews (born September 17, 1997) is an American professional ice hockey center and alternate captain for the Toronto Maple Leafs of the National Hockey League (NHL).
2039

2039 (MMXXXIX) will be .
Predicted and scheduled events
January 1 - Books, movies, and other works published in 1943 will enter the public domain in the United States.
September 1 - 100 years since the start of WWII (Invasion of Poland)
September 2 - The Destroyers for Bases Agreement's 99-year rent-free leases to the United States by the United Kingdom will expire.
September 17 - Famous Korean boyband, BTS, will open a time capsule in a purple box that they gave to South Korea's President Moon for the youth which will open on the 20th National Youth day, i.e. September 17, 2039.
BAFTA Award for Best British Screenplay

The BAFTA Award for Best British Screenplay was a British Academy Film Award from 1954 to 1967.
Benjamin Ashworth Ramsbottom

Benjamin Ashworth Ramsbottom (18 April 1929 - 14 January 2023) was a British pastor of the Strict Baptist. He wrote many theological books and other publications. He was chief editor of the magazine Gospel Standard.
Ramsbottom died on 14 January 2023, at the age of 93.
Sirhan Sirhan

Sirhan Bishara Sirhan (born March 19, 1944) is a Palestinian with Jordanian citizenship. He was born in Jerusalem. He shot and killed U.S. Senator Robert F. Kennedy on June 6, 1968. He is serving his life sentence in Pleasant Valley State Prison in Coalinga, California.
On August 30, 2019, Sirhan was stabbed multiple times by another prisoner.
Order theory

Order theory is a field of mathematics. It concerns itself with being able to compare different elements of a set. Given a binary relation it is then possible to put all the elements of the set in a certain order. It is also possible to say that a certain element "comes before" another one, for that relation. Another way to say this is to say that one of the two is "smaller than" the other.
Duodenum

The duodenum is a short section of the small intestine, and is where most digestion in the small intestine takes place. It receives secretions, including bile and juice, from the pancreas and the liver through the pancreatic and common bile ducts. These secretions limit, or neutralise, the stomach acidity. Also, enzymes help to digest the food.
Little Red Corvette

"Little Red Corvette" is a pop/rock song by musician Prince. The song was his biggest hit at the time of release. It got to #6 on the Billboard Hot 100. The song was on the Prince album 1999. In this song, the LinnDrum was heard.
The song was released on February 9, 1983.
Interstate 375 (Michigan)

Interstate 375 (I-375) is a north-south Interstate Highway in the city of Detroit, in the U.S. state of Michigan. At only in length, it once had the distinction of being the shortest signed Interstate Highway in the country. It is a spur of I-75 into downtown Detroit, ending at the unsigned Business Spur Interstate 375 (BS I-375), better known as Jefferson Avenue. The freeway opened on June 12, 1964. The Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) announced in 2013 that it may remove I-375 in the future, and in December 2017 MDOT started planning for to change I-375 from a freeway to a city street.
Barnesville, Maryland

Barnesville is a town in Montgomery County, Maryland, United States.
Luís Bullido Arroyo

Luis Bullido Arroyo (born October 9, 1978 in Toledo) is a track and field athlete from Spain. He has a disability: he cannot see. He became blind when he was 18 years old. He is B1/T11 type athlete. He raced at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. He was not one of the three fastest athletes in the 400 metre race. He raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. He finished second in the 400 metre race and the 400 metre T11 - T13 relay. He raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics. He finished second in the 200 metre race and third in the 100 metre race.
Bog

A bog is a wetland where peat builds up. Peat is layers of dead plant material--often mosses, in most cases, Sphagnum moss. It is one of the four main types of wetlands. Other names for bogs include mire, quagmire and muskeg.
Frequently, as the illustration on the right shows, they are covered in Ericaceous shrubs rooted in the Sphagnum moss and peat. The gradual buildup of decayed plant material in a bog forms a carbon sink.
Bogs occur where the water at the ground surface is acidic and low in nutrients. In some cases, the water is got entirely from precipitation, in which case they are (rain-fed). Water flowing out of bogs has a characteristic brown colour, which comes from dissolved peat tannins.
In general the low fertility and cool climate results in relatively slow plant growth, but decay is even slower because of the saturated soil. So, the amount of peat increases. Large areas of landscape can be covered many meters deep in peat. Bogs have a distinctive group of plant and animal species, and are of high importance for biodiversity, particularly in landscapes that are otherwise settled and farmed.
World's largest peat bog
The world's largest peat bog is in the Congo (Brazzaville). It is as big as England. The bog covers between 100,000 and 200,000 square kilometres (40,000 to 80,000 sq miles), with the peat layer reaching up to 7m (23) beneath the ground. It holds billions of tonnes of partially decayed vegetation.
UEFA Euro 1972

The 1972 UEFA European Football Championship final tournament was held in Belgium. This was the fourth European Football Championship. The championship is held every four years and endorsed by UEFA. The final tournament took place between 14 and 18 June 1972.
At the time, only four countries could play the final tournament. So there were only the semi-finals, the final and the third place match.
The hosts were only announced after the qualifying round. This meant that they had to qualify for the final stage.
Top scorers
There were 10 goals scored in 4 matches.
Baptismal font

A baptismal font is a permanent or semi-permanent basin where baptisms are performed. It may be small for baptism by sprinkling or pouring of water, or large for baptism by submersion under water.
Ken Harrelson

Kenneth Smith Harrelson (born September 4, 1941), nicknamed "The Hawk", is an American All-Star first baseman and outfielder in Major League Baseball. He serves as a television broadcast announcer for the Chicago White Sox. He played for the Kansas City Athletics, Washington Senators, Boston Red Sox and the Cleveland Indians.
Harrelson was born in Woodruff, South Carolina, but raised in Savannah, Georgia. He studied at the University of Kentucky.
Ij, Iran

Ij (, also Romanized as Ij) is a city in the Central District of Estahban County, Fars Province, Iran.
West Malling

West Malling is a small market town in Tonbridge and Malling, Kent, England. Its postcode is ME19.
There are many historical sites in West Malling that make it a popular place to visit. There are many shops. There is a population of between 3,000 and 5,000 people. St Mary's church is at the top of the High Street.
Richard Tracey

Richard Patrick Tracey JP (8 February 1943 - 19 March 2020) was a British Conservative politician, journalist, presenter, and reporter. He was the MP for Surbiton from 1983 to 1997, and was Minister for Sport between 1985 and 1987.
From 2008 to 2016, when he retired, he was a Member of the London Assembly, in which he represented Merton and Wandsworth. He was the Deputy Leader of the Conservative group.
Tracey died peacefully at home on 19 March 2020, aged 77.