kenhktsui/simple_wikipedia_LM_quality_score_v1 huggingface dataset:
Samuel L. Kountz

Doctor Samuel Lee Kountz, Jr. (October 30, 1930-December 23, 1981) was an American kidney transplant surgeon from Lexa, Arkansas. He was known for his work in the field of kidney transplants, and in research, discoveries, and inventions in Renal Science. In 1961, He performed the first successful Kidney transplant between humans who were not identical twins. He was also a member of a team of researchers at the University of California, San Francisco, who developed a device that can preserve kidneys for up to 50 hours from the time they are taken from a person's body. It is now used in hospitals and research labs around the world.
Early life and career
Samuel Lee Kountz first became interested in medicine at the age of eight, when he went with an injured friend to a local hospital for emergency treatment. He says he was so moved by the way the doctors' helped his friend, that he decided from that moment to become a doctor. During his senior year of high school, Kountz had met Senator J. William Fulbright, who had once been president of the University of Arkansas. The senator was so impressed by Kountz's energy and enthusiasm, that he urged him to consider the medical school at the University of Arkansas, Little Rock. Kountz applied but was turned down. He spent the next two years finishing up his graduate work in chemistry at the university's Fayetteville campus. He did so well that he was awarded a full medical scholarship, and in 1954 became the first black student to be admitted to the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences.Kountz completed a master's degree in chemistry in 1956; two years later he received his M.D. He spent the next year as an intern with the Stanford Service of San Francisco General Hospital. In 1959, he began his surgical training at the Stanford University School of Medicine. It was at Stanford that he studied in organ transplants, and decided to make transplant surgery his life's work. In 1976 Kountz performed a kidney transplant on live television, The Today Show and inspired some 20,000 viewers to offer their kidneys to patients who needed them. In 1972 Kountz had been appointed Professor of Surgery and Chairman of the Department at the State University of New York's Downstate Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York. He also served as Surgeon-in-Chief of Kings County Hospital. The University of Arkansas awarded him the honorary Juris Doctor in 1973. Doctor Kountz also developed the largest kidney transplant research and training program in the country at the University of California, San Francisco.
Illness and death
Doctor Kountz contracted a brain disease while on a speaking tour in South Africa that left him bedridden and unable to talk or care for himself. His illness was never diagnosed, and he died on December 23, 1981, at the age of 51. At the time of his death, he had personally performed some 500 kidney transplants, the most performed by any physician in the world at that time.
Rachel Jackson

Rachel Donelson Jackson (June 15, 1767 - December 22, 1828) was the wife of Andrew Jackson, the seventh president. She died before her husband's inauguration. She was never First Lady.
Early life
Young Rachel was very pretty, with dark brown hair and beautiful eyes. Her family moved from Virginia to Nashville, Tennessee. The Robards family was quite wealthy and important in Nashville. Rachel was married to Captain Lewis Robards in Kentucky. She met Andrew Jackson while living with her mother. Andrew was staying at her mother's house. One time, she sent a letter home asking one of her brothers to come to Kentucky. She wanted to go home again. Jackson went to Kentucky instead of her brother.
Remarriage
Rachel Donelson Robards and Andrew Jackson wanted to get married. They could not because Rachel was already married to Lewis Robards. She tried to get a divorce in 1790. She and Andrew thought that her husband would get a divorce. They got married in 1791 in the town of Natchez, Mississippi. Their marriage was unlawful (against the law). She and Andrew tried to get a real divorce until 1794. They married again in 1794 when her marriage with Lewis Robards ended. No one knows if she knew that she broke the law.
Rachel moved to the Hermitage outside Nashville with Andrew. They were quite wealthy. They owned many slaves on their plantation. Rachel managed the household. She ran the plantation while Andrew was away.
Rachel died in 1828. This was the year her husband Andrew became president. He thought she died because other people said mean things about her. They talked about her marriage. Many people said she broke the law to marry Andrew on purpose. This made her very sad. She was buried in a corner of the Hermitage garden.
What people remember
People thought Rachel and Andrew were very different. Andrew was tall, important, and neat. Rachel was short, quiet, and common. One girl who visited their house would not have guessed that they were married. She thought they were too different. The visitor said that Rachel was kind and motherly, not elegant or graceful. Rachel had lived in the frontier (newly-lived in areas) her whole life. She had no reason to become elegant.
Rachel loved Andrew very much. She was sad every time he went away. Once she travelled to meet him, it was not common for women to do. She was very worried when he was in danger. She became quite sick from stress. Her marriage was very important to her. A visitor once said that their love was very great. Andrew Jackson always treated Rachel like she was the best thing in his life. Rachel was always devoted to Andrew.
Firozabad district

Firozabad district is a district in Uttar Pradesh, India. The district headquarters is Firozabad city. This district is a part of the Agra Division.
Population
According to the 2011 Census of India, the Firozabad district has a population of 2,496,761. This gives it a ranking of 173rd in India (out of a total of 640 districts).
Religions
The city has some popular Hindu temples, mainly Vaishno Devi Dham, the Kela Devi Temple, and the Gopal ashram (Hanuman temple).
There are many Jain temples in Firozabad including the well-known Chadamilal Jain temple, the Shri Shuparshnath Jain mandir in Gher Khokal (Mahaveer Chowk) and Chandprabhu Jain mandir in Khidki.
Culture
An annual fair is held in Chandwar on October 2 . The Jama Masjid, constructed by the 16th century Mughal emperor Akbar' is the oldest mosque in the district.
Caesars Palace Grand Prix

The Caesars Palace Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race in 1981 and 1982. Nissan/Datsun was a presenting sponsor of both races.
When Watkins Glen left the F1 schedule after 1980, the Caesars Palace GP took its place. The track was set up in the parking lot of the Caesars Palace hotel. It was surprisingly well set up for a temporary circuit. It was wide enough for passing, provided ample run-off areas filled with sand, and had a surface that was as smooth as glass. Its counter-clockwise direction put a tremendous strain on the drivers' necks. 1982 was the end of Formula One racing in Las Vegas. The races had drawn only tiny crowds.
In 1983 and 1984, CART ran Grands Prix races on the same circuit.
Winners of the Caesars Palace Grand Prix
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.
Shao Kahn

Shao Kahn is a fictional character in the Mortal Kombat games for video game consoles. He first appeared as the main antagonist of Mortal Kombat II (1993).
Portrayals
He was portrayed in games by Bob Carter and Ike Amadi. He was voiced by Frank Welker in the 1995 movie.
Telephone tapping

Telephone tapping or wire tapping/wiretapping is when somebody listens to another person's telephone calls. They usually use a listening device called a bug to listen to and record the conversation so that another person can then listen to it later.
This is illegal in many countries, including the UK and US because it means that telephone calls are not private. Sometimes, the police need to 'tap' into telephone calls to catch terrorists or other criminals. Evidence from illegal tops may be used in criminal trials in some countries.
Equity Party (Mauritania)

The Equity Party (; ), often known by the transliteration of its Arabic name, "El Insaf", is a political party in Mauritania. It was made on 3 July 2022 after Union for the Republic rebranded itself before the 2023 Mauritanian parliamentary election.
It is led by Mohamed Melainine Ould Eyih. He left his position in the cabinet to focus on the leadership of the party before the 2023 Mauritanian parliamentary election.
Paul Dukas

Paul Abraham Dukas (October 1, 1865 - May 17, 1935) was a French composer and teacher of classical music.
Early life
Paul Dukas was born in Paris to a Jewish father and Catholic mother. He was taught music by Theodore Dubois and Ernest Guiraud at the Conservatoire de Paris, where he became friends with the composer Claude Debussy. He then worked as a music critic and orchestrator.
Early works
Although Dukas wrote a lot of music, he destroyed many of his pieces because he was unhappy with them. Only a few are left. His first important surviving work is the Symphony in C (1896). This is in the style of Beethoven and Cesar Franck. Like Franck's only symphony, Dukas' is in three movements not the usual four: Allegro non troppo, ma con fuoco; Andante espressive e fuoco; Allegro spiritoso.
In 1897 Dukas wrote another work for orchestra, L'apprenti sorcier (English: The Sorcerer's Apprentice) based on Goethe's poem "Der Zauberlehrling". A short version of The Sorcerer's Apprentice was used in the Walt Disney film Fantasia. Dukas's use of rhythm and his skill in writing for orchestras can be seen in both the Symphony in C and The Sorcerer's Apprentice.
Piano works
For the piano, Dukas wrote two complex and difficult works, a Sonata in E-flat minor (1901) and Variations, interlude and finale on a theme of Rameau (1902), again in the style of Beethoven and Franck. The Sonata has not been performed very often, but lately pianists, such as Marc-Andre Hamelin, have started to add it to their concerts. There are also two smaller works for piano solo.
Opera
The opera Ariane et Barbe-Bleue ("Ariadne and Bluebeard"), which he wrote between 1899 and 1907, has often been compared to Debussy's Pelleas et Melisande. This is because it is similar in its musical style, and both operas are based on words by Maurice Maeterlinck. Dukas's last big work was the grand oriental ballet La Peri (1912). This is about a man who goes to the Ends of the Earth to find immortality, and finds a mythical Peri, holding The Flower of Immortality.
Because the opening of the ballet is very quiet, Dukas later added a short 'Fanfare pour preceder La Peri' which gave the usually noisy audiences time to settle in their seats before the main opera began.
Teacher
In later life, Dukas became well known as a music teacher, with many famous students including Joaquin Rodrigo, Manuel Ponce, Maurice Durufle, Xian Xinghai, Olivier Messiaen, Jehan Alain, Carlos Chavez, and David Van Vactor. After Dukas died he was buried in the Pere Lachaise cemetery in Paris.
Cass County, Minnesota

Cass County is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of 2020, 30,066 people lived there. The county seat is Walker.
Big in America

Big in America is a reality show broadcast by RTL II and VIVA , which set itself the task of showing in the spring of 2005 how Lou Pearlman discovered his new international boy band. The show looks similar to High School Musical.
Season 1
Based on the success of Backstreet Boys, NSYNC & O-Town, Lou Pearlman decided to form a new boy band with. The band consists of Richie, Izzy, Jay and Drew. Drew left the band because he wants to spend more time with his family. He was replaced by Kyle, who was kicked out by Lou for Chris and Mikel. The show state that they rehearse for their first hit single "Maria".
Season 2
The second season of the series accompanied US5 on their first world tour through England and Russia. The season's language was English.
Mario Lavista

Mario Lavista (April 3, 1943 - November 4, 2021) was a Mexican composer, writer and academic. He was born in Mexico City. He composed incidental music for plays, movie scores, orchestral pieces, and vocal music.
Lavista was a professor at the University of Chicago, Cornell University, the University of California San Diego, Indiana University, McGill University, University of North Texas, and University of New Mexico.
Lavista died on November 4, 2021 in Mexico City, aged 78.
Victoria's Secret

Victoria's Secret is an American company. It is the largest American seller of lingerie. It was founded in 1977 in San Francisco by Roy Raymond. Its headquarters are in Columbus, Ohio. The sales in 2012 were $6.12 billion. The company sells lingerie, women's clothing, and beauty products through catalogs and physical stores.
Marketing
Victoria's Secret Angels
Angels is one of Victoria's Secret's lingerie lines. It was started in 1997 with a commercial featuring Helena Christensen, Karen Mulder, Daniela Pestova, Stephanie Seymour, and Tyra Banks as well as rock star Tom Jones. The commercial was a major success. The Angels began to be featured in various commercials, alongside other contract models. In February 1998, the Angels made their runway debut at Victoria's Secret's 4th annual fashion show. Chandra North filled in for Christensen.
Fantasy Bra
Typically, one model is chosen among the Angels to wear a bejeweled bra called the "Fantasy Bra". It was first advertised in the Victoria's Secret catalog. But since 2001 it has been worn in the Fashion Shows. Prior to each Fashion Show, Victoria's Secret contracts a famous jewelry designer to create the bra to promote the fashion show. The company offers the Fantasy Bra for sale as "the ultimate holiday" gift. But only the fantasy bras from the 2004 Heavenly "70" Fantasy Bra and the 2012 Floral Fantasy Bra and Gift Set have found buyers. If not bought, the bras are taken apart after a year.
Heidi Klum and Adriana Lima have worn the Fantasy Bra in three different years. Gisele Bundchen, Tyra Banks, Karolina Kurkova, and Alessandra Ambrosio have each worn two Fantasy Bras.
The $15 million price tag for the 2000 bra worn by Gisele Bundchen earned a place in the Guinness World Records as the most expensive item of lingerie ever created. The $3 million 2009 Harlequin Fantasy Bra and the $2 million 2010 Bombshell Fantasy Bra were designed by Damiani. Listed below are the prices per set (including accessories for the 2007 and 2013 editions, the 2013 bra alone is worth $8,000,000). The 2012 Floral Fantasy Bra was accompanied by a $500,000 perfume bottle. In 2014, for the first time, two fantasy bras were created. They were worn by Alessandra Ambrosio and Adriana Lima and were valued at $2,000,000 each.
David Schnegg

David Schnegg (born 29 September 1998) is an Austrian professional footballer. He plays as a left-back for Sturm Graz in the Austrian Bundesliga.
Club career
Schnegg started playing football for FG Schonwies/Mils and for the Academy Tyrol. 2017- 2018 he played for SC Imst in the Tyrol League, the 4th level in Austrian football. In January 2018 he went on to WSG Wattens in the Erste Liga.
He made his professional debut playing for WSG Wattens against FC Wacker Innsbruck on 9 March 2018.
For the 2018-19 season he went to FC Liefering.
On 17 August 2020 he returned to WSG Swarovski Tirol on a season-long loan. Schnegg moved to Italian club Venezia in June 2021. On 15 January 2022, he joined Crotone on loan.
On 15 June 2022 Schnegg returned to Austria and signed a four-year contract with Sturm Graz.
Hermenegildo Sábat

Hermenegildo Sabat (23 June 1933 - 2 October 2018) was an Uruguayan-born Argentine caricaturist and journalist. He was born in Montevideo, Uruguay. He became a naturalized Argentine citizen in 1980.
Montevideo's leading news journal, El Pais, first published a drawing of his when he was 15 years old. The company hired him where Sabat became an editor at the daily, as well as contributing work as a staff correspondent, photographer and illustrator.
He kept working after Argentina's return to democracy, in 1983. He was a known critic of President Raul Alfonsin where he would illustrate him as a clumsy ballerina falling over the nation's economy. He also criticized President Carlos Menem and Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner comparing her to a mafia figure with tape over her mouth with a black eye.
Sabat died on 2 October 2018, during his sleep from a heart attack, in Buenos Aires, aged 85.
HotJava

HotJava is a web browser from Sun Microsystems that can execute Java applets. It was the first browser to support Java applets, and is not available anymore and is not supported anymore.
Stupid Love (Lady Gaga song)

"Stupid Love" is a song recorded by American singer Lady Gaga. It was the lead single from her sixth studio album, Chromatica, known to her fans as "LG6". The song was officially released on February 28, 2020, although it was leaked online a few weeks earlier. Gaga wrote the song with well-known pop songwriter Max Martin, Ely Rise, and its producers, BloodPop and Tchami.
Reviewers have said that the song marked a return to dance-pop for Gaga, after she released Joanne in 2016, which contained country influences. Writing for The Atlantic, Spencer Kornhaber called "Stupid Love" "a glorious comeback," "irrepressible," and "fantastic." Dan Adler from Vanity Fair said that the song "suggests a return to the thunderous high-concept anthems that shaped Gaga's initial rise."
The song entered the Australian ARIA Chart at number seven and the UK and US charts at number five.
United States district court

The United States district courts are the trial courts of the federal court system.
How they work
United States district courts hold trials, like state courts do. However, the Constitution only gives federal courts the power to hear certain kinds of cases. For example, federal courts can hear cases about:
Whether a law is constitutional
Disagreements between two or more states
Crimes that happen at sea
Bankruptcy
United States Ambassadors' treaties
Each trial is heard by a judge and decided by a jury.
Organization
There are 94 U.S. district courts in the United States. Every district court also includes a bankruptcy court.
Each state (and Washington, D.C.) has at least one district court. So do four U.S. territories: Puerto Rico, Guam, the Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands.
Appeals
The next-most powerful federal courts are the United States Courts of Appeals. They are also called "appellate courts." There are 13 Courts of Appeals. The 94 district courts are organized into 12 larger areas, called "circuits." Each Court of Appeals deals with appeals filed in their circuit.
For example, the Districts of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maine, Rhode Island, and Puerto Rico are grouped together into the "First Circuit." If, for example, somebody wanted to appeal a decision made by the District Court of Massachusetts, they would write an appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit.
The last choice for appealing a court decision is to file an appeal asking the United States Supreme Court to hear the case.
Locations of District Courts
Here is a map that shows which circuit each United States District Court is in. States that are the same color are in the same circuit. Each circuit has a number on it for example, Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi are in the 5th Circuit.
The dotted lines on the map also show the areas which the District Courts cover. On the map, some states have no dotted lines in them. This means there is only one District Court in that state. For example, Alaska has only one District Court: the District Court of Alaska. This court covers the entire state of Alaska.
Other states are divided into more than one district. The dotted lines on the map show where one district ends and another begins. For example, on the map, Washington is divided down the middle by a dotted line. Washington has two District Courts: the District Court for the Western District of Washington, and the District Court for the Eastern District of Washington.
List of District Courts
Here is a list of information about all of the United States District Courts. Just like with the map, districts that are in the same circuit are the same color. The colors are the same as the map (for example, districts in the 8th Circuit are orange on the map and on the list). To sort this table, click on the little triangle on the top row of the table, in the column you want to sort by.
Lake County, California

Lake County is a county in the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 census, the population was 68,163. The county seat is Lakeport.
The county takes its name from Clear Lake. Clear Lake is the largest natural lake entirely within California.
Lake County is surrounded by 6 counties. Napa County is to the south. Sonoma County is to the south west. Mendocino County is to the north west. Glenn County is to the north east. Colusa County is to the east. Yolo County is to the south east. Lake County is north of the San Francisco Bay Area.
Lake County was formed in 1861 from parts of Napa and Mendocino counties.
In September and October 2015, a wildfire called the Valley Fire burned more than 76,000 acres of land in Lake County, Napa County, and Sonoma County. The fire destroyed almost 2,000 buildings and threatened almost 7,500 buildings. The fire killed 4 people and left 3,000 people homeless. The damage is estimated at "hundred of millions of dollars".
Regions Tower

The Regions Tower (Regions Bank), formerly AmSouth Tower and before that the Commercial National Bank tower, is a high-rise in Shreveport, Louisiana in the United States.
Port of Karachi

The Port of Karachi () is Pakistan's largest and busiest seaport. It handles about 60% of the nation's cargo (25 million tons per year). The port is located between the towns of Kiamari and Saddar. It is close to the center of old Karachi, the main business district, and several industrial areas. The geographic position of Karachi places the port near major shipping routes such as the Strait of Hormuz. The administration of the port is carried out by the Karachi Port Trust which was created in the nineteenth century.
La Chapelle-Saint-Luc

La Chapelle-Saint-Luc is a commune of the Aube departement in the north-central part of France.
E-Artsup

E-Artsup is a French private graduate school. It teaches things to do with digital creativity and multimedia. It was founded in 2001.
The school has four courses, communication, concept, motion design, interaction design and game design, and delivers a degree recognized by French State.
SpongeBob SquarePants (season 4)

The fourth season of SpongeBob SquarePants premiered on May 6, 2005, with the episodes "Fear of a Krabby Patty" and "Shell of a Man". The season ended on July 24, 2007 with the episode "Squid Wood". Unlike the previous seasons, season four was released in two volume DVDs. The volume one DVD was released in region one on September 12, 2006. The volume two DVD was released in region one on January 9, 2007, with nine episodes from the season being released on that DVD before airing on American television. The season set was released in its entirety in region two on November 3, 2008. 38 episodes were produced this season.
Old Khottabych

Old Khottabych () is a 1956 Soviet fantasy movie directed by Gennadi Kazansky. It stars Nikolay Volkov, Alexey Litvinov, and Genya Khudyskov.
1190s

The 1190s was a decade that began on 1 January 1190 and ended on 31 December 1199.
Events and trends
1192 - Minamoto no Yoritomo granted title of shogun, thereby officially establishing Kamakura shogunate, the first shogunate in the history of Japan.
May 27, 1199 Friday - John Lackland (1167-1216) became King of England upon the death of his older brother Richard the Lion Hearted. His coronation took place in Westminster Abbey. Lackland was so called, because his inheritance of the Angevin Empire did not have land for him; he was the youngest son of Henry II, so this event could not happen..
Kathleen Turner

Mary Kathleen Turner (born June 19, 1954) is an American actress. She became famous during the 1980s with Hollywood movies including: Body Heat, Romancing the Stone and Peggy Sue Got Married. Turner has starred in many television programs and theatrical movies. She was born in Springfield, Missouri. She is a Democrat.
Chavornay, Switzerland

Chavornay is a municipality of the district of Jura-Nord Vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 January 2017, the former municipalities of Essert-Pittet and Corcelles-sur-Chavornay merged into the municipality of Chavornay.
Sigma Octantis

Sigma Octantis is the current southern pole star. It is an F-type giant star. However, it is not as useful as the north pole star, Polaris, as it is much dimmer. It is 7,415 degrees Kelvin.
Burgess Meredith

Oliver Burgess Meredith (November 16, 1907 - September 9, 1997), or Burgess Meredith, was an American movie, television, stage, radio, voice actor, and director. He was known for his roles as The Penguin in the 1960s television version of Batman and as Mickey Goldmill some of the Rocky movies. He won two Saturn Awards (in 1978 and in 1981), Tony Awards, and many Emmy Awards.
Meredith was born on November 16, 1907 in Cleveland, Ohio. He studied at Hoosac School and at Amherst College. Meredith was married to Helen Derby from 1933 until they divorced in 1935. He was married to Margaret Perry from 1936 until they divorced in 1938. He was married to Paulette Goddard from 1944 until they divorced in 1949. He was married to Kaja Sundsten from 1950 until his death. Meredith had cyclothymia. He died on September 9, 1997 in Malibu, California from Alzheimer's disease and melanoma, aged 89.
Gravity Falls

Gravity Falls is an American animated comedy/sitcom from creator/executive producer/writer/director Alex Hirsch which follows city kids Dipper (voiced by Jason Ritter) and Mabel Pines (voiced by Kristen Schaal), who are sent to spend the summer with their eccentric Great Uncle Stan, aka Grunkle Stan (voiced by Hirsch), who runs a tourist trap called The Mystery Shack in a remote northwestern town where nothing is what it seems. With creatures in the forest, monsters in the lake and time travel a possibility, things get very interesting for the twins as they quickly realize they need each other, in order to unlock the secrets of the quirky and mysterious town.
Characters
Protagonists
Dipper - The 12 (13 at the end of the series) twin brother of Mabel Pines and a curious boy who is in love with Wendy Corduroy. He is the pinetree in the Zodiac wheel.
Mabel - The 12 (13 at the end of the series) twin sister of Dipper Pines and spends most of the time having fun with her best friends Candy Chiu and Grenda.
Stanley Pines (also known as Stanford Pines early in the series) - The CEO of the Mystery Shack (until Weirdmageddon III: Take Back the Falls) and is the great uncle of twins Dipper and Mabel Pines. He is also the twin brother of Stanford Filbrick Pines Ph.D, also known as the Author.
Soos - he is an awkward, lovable man-child (who works as the current owner of the Mystery Shack at the time of Weirdmageddon III : Take Back the Falls) and frequent sidekick of Dipper and Mabel on their various adventures. He is one of the main characters of Gravity Falls. He is the question mark on the Zodiac wheel.
Abbans-Dessus

Abbans-Dessus is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comte in the Doubs department in east France.
Kollywood

Kollywood or K-town is a nickname for the movie industry in Nepal. It is named after Kathmandu and Hollywood. The first Nepali film was Aama (Mother). This was the black and white film.
Nivelle

Nivelle is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 1,351 people lived there.
Preemptive war

A preemptive war is one in which a country takes military action against another country or group that poses a real threat of waging a war against them. The purpose is to stop the threat before the country or group has a chance to strike. This is an old philosophy of war or of preventing a war. Sun Tzu, the ancient Chinese general, military expert and philosopher, said a supreme country would break resistance in its enemies without needing to fight them, but if fighting is needed, then a country should consider attacking first if doing so would gain them an advantage (since that increases their chance of ending the conflict quickly). A declaration of war may or may not come before the preemptive first strike. Preemptive war is thought of as a defensive act. This is true when it is clear an enemy is threatening an attack and that attack will do great harm. Also, a country which preemptively attacks another to defend itself can claim it was a moral act and avoid the label of an aggressor.
Difference from preventive war
There is often confusion between preemptive war and a preventative war. A preemptive war is one in which striking first gives a country an advantage over an enemy whose intentions are clearly to strike and do great harm. An example is the 1967 Six-Day War. When it became clear that Egypt and Syria were about to attack, Israel attacked them first in a preemptive strike.
To satisfy the justification for a first strike, certain conditions should exist including:
The enemy shows an obvious intention to do harm.
The enemy is actively acting on the intentions so as to become a clear danger.
Not striking first will greatly increase the chances of being defeated.
A preventive war is one in which a country attacks another in order to prevent them from having the capability of making war. A preventive war is one based on the idea that it is possible to tell with certainty the events that will take place. Article 51 of the United Nations Charter recognizes "the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence if an armed attack occurs". For example, under the Bush Doctrine, the United States may attack any nation or group that may attack the country in the future even if it does not currently have that capability. By calling it "preemptive", it does not change if from being preventive.
There are a few cases in which a preventive war may have been justified. For example, when Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in 1933, he openly said he would rearm Germany and seize the lands necessary for German "living space." Nazi Germany claimed it wanted only what was due and then it would live in peace, but many in Europe already thought that was not true.
When World War II started, nearly everyone had realized that the earlier statements had not been true, but it was too late to stop Hitler except by a costly and destructive war. Later, when the Japanese Empire decided to invade British Malaya and the Dutch East Indies for resources, they also attacked Pearl Harbor so the United States could not join the resulting war.
Anderson County, Tennessee

Anderson County is a county in the U.S. state of Tennessee. As of the 2020 census, the population was 77,123. The county seat is Clinton.
André Stordeur

Andre Stordeur (1 March 1941 - 7 April 2020) was a Belgian electronic music composer. He was born in Haine-Saint-Paul, Belgium. His musical career started in 1977. In 1979, he worked with Paul-Baudouin Michel on an electroacoustic music composition titled Phraseologie. Also in 1979, he published a solo recording of his electronic music titled 18 Days.
Stordeur died on 7 April 2020 at the age of 79.
Songhai Empire

The Songhai Empire dominated the western Sahel in the 15th and 16th century.
At its peak, the empire was one of the largest in both Islamic and African history. The Songhai people were the ruling elite in the empire. Gao was the capital of the empire. Other important cities in the empire were Timbuktu and Djenne, conquered in 1468 and 1475 respectively. Trade flourished in those towns.
Initially, the empire was ruled by the Sonni dynasty (c. 1464-1493), but it was later replaced and then ruled by the Askiya dynasty (1493-1591). After, the death of Sonni Ali and Askia Mohammed the empire was ruled by weak leaders and the Moroccans weakened and destroyed the empire.
Jun Takada

Jun Takada (born 6 December 1977) is a former Japanese football player.
Renata Scotto

Renata Scotto (February 24, 1934 - August 16, 2023) was an Italian operatic soprano who enjoyed a long and distinguished international career.
Life and Career
Born in Savona, Italy, she studied at the Milan Conservatory of Music, under Ghirardini and Merlini, and later in Rome with Mercedes Llopart. She made her stage debut in her hometown on Christmas Eve 1952, as Violetta in La traviata. After winning first place in a singing competition, she was invited to sing Violetta at the Teatro Nuovo in Milan on July 2, 1953, which led to her debut at La Scala, the following December, as Walter in Catalani's La Wally, opposite Renata Tebaldi and Mario Del Monaco. She quickly appeared in several other cities throughout Italy.
She sang in Cairo in 1956 and at The Stoll Theatre in London in 1957. That same year, she replaced Maria Callas in La sonnambula at the Edimburg Festival to considerable acclaim. This was the start of long and distinguished international career, with appearances in Chicago, San Francisco, Buenos Aires, Barcelona, Moscow, Tokyo, etc. She made her debut at the Metropolitan Opera in New York, on October 13, 1965, as Cio-Cio-San in Madama Butterfly and sang there regularly until 1987.
Scotto was mostly known for the Italian repertoire of which she sang a wide range of roles from bel canto to verismo. Although essentially a lyric soprano, as the years went on she tackled more dramatic roles in operas such as Norma, Macbeth, La Gioconda, Tosca, etc.
After retiring from the stage, she turned to teaching, coaching and stage directing. She married violinist Lorenzo Anselmi in 1960 and had two children.
Scotto died in her home town of Savona, Italy on August 16, 2023, at the age of 89.
Notable Recordings
La traviata - (DG, 1962)
Rigoletto - (DG, 1964)
Turandot - (EMI, 1965)
Madama Butterfly - (EMI, 1966)
Andrea Chenier - (RCA, 1976)
Otello - (RCA, 1978)
Sources
Guide de l'opera, Roland Mancini and Jean-Jacques Rouveroux, Fayard, 1987.
Bermudo III

Bermudo III was the King of Leon in the Middle Ages.
Peyton Manning

Peyton Williams Manning (born March 24, 1976) is a retired American football quarterback. He played college football at University of Tennessee and a total of 18 seasons in the National Football League (NFL). Manning was with the Indianapolis Colts for 14 seasons and his last 4 seasons was with the Denver Broncos. Many people think that Peyton Manning is one of the best quarterbacks in National Football League history. He joined the team in 1998 when he was drafted ahead of Ryan Leaf, who was a bust. Peyton is the son of former NFL quarterback Archie Manning and the older brother of former New York Giants quarterback Eli Manning.
Manning has been in many television commercials. He has represented Papa Johns and Nationwide. He has also had his picture on the covers of some video games for the Xbox, and was on an episode of Saturday Night Live. Manning has also made a lot donations to charities and he has his own charitable group, called the Peyback foundation.
On February 4, 2007, Manning led the Indianapolis Colts to a victory over the Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XLI. He was called the Most Valuable Player of that game. Manning was released by the Colts after missing all of the 2011 season with a neck injury. He signed with the Denver Broncos. Manning is also famous for his yelling and pointing before the snap while making last-second changes.
Peyton's father Archie Manning and brother Eli Manning have also played quarterback, but Peyton is the most successful.
Peyton Manning became the second quarterback after Brett Favre to beat the other 32 teams, after the Denver Broncos defeated the Indianapolis Colts (Manning's former team), in their season opener. He is one of the 3 quarterbacks who defeated the other 31 teams after Tom Brady and Brett Favre.
On March 7, 2016, Manning announced that he was retiring from professional football.
Río Limpio, Elías Piña

Rio Limpio (in English, Clean River) is a Dominican municipal district of Pedro Santana in the Elias Pina Province.
Population
The municipality had, in 2010, a total population of 3,364: 1,913 men and 1,451 women. The urban population was of the total population.
History
Rio Limpio became a municipal district of Pedro Santana by the law 36 of 15 November 1992.
Geography
Rio Limpio has an area of . It is on the right side of the Vallecito river, a left tributary of the Artibonite river.
The town is to the west of the Loma Nalga de Maco mountain, high (), the highest mountain in the western Cordillera Central mountain range.
The limits of the municipality are the Dajabon province to the northwest, the Santiago Rodriguez province to the northeast, the San Juan province to the east, the municipality of Pedro Santana to the south and Haiti to the west.
Economy
The main economic activity of the municipality is farming. The main crops are coffee and rice.
Switzerland County, Indiana

Switzerland County is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of 2010, 10,613 people lived there. The county seat is Vevay.
Dieter Müller

Dieter Muller (born 1 April, 1954) is a former German football player. He has played for West Germany national team.
Gabino Díaz Merchán

Gabino Diaz Merchan (26 February 1926 - 14 June 2022) was a Spanish Roman Catholic prelate, theologian, and philosopher. He was the Archbishop of Oviedo from 1969 to 2002 and the President of Episcopal Conference of Spain from 1981 to 1987. He was born in Toledo, Spain.
Diaz Merchan died on 14 June 2022 in Oviedo, Spain at the age of 96.
Margret IJdema

Margret IJdema (born 7 February 1976) is a Dutch paratriathlete. She represents the Netherlands at international competitions. She competed at the 2020 Summer Paralympics, and at the World Championships in 2017, 2018 and 2019.
Before being impared IJdema was a professional racehorse trainer. Due to a horse riding accident in 2000, IJdema has a paraplegia.
She learned about paratriatholon during her rehabilitation. She started with the sport seriously in 2016. She was Dutch Paratriathlete champion three times. She won the silver medal at the 2018 and 2018 European Championships.
Margaret Truman

Mary Margaret Truman Daniel (February 17, 1924 - January 29, 2008) was an American singer, writer, and historian. She wrote many mystery and historical books. She was the daughter of U.S. President Harry S. Truman and Bess Truman.
Truman was born on February 17, 1924 in Independence, Missouri. She studied at George Washington University. Truman was married to Clifton Daniel from 1956 until his death in 2000. They had four children. Truman died on January 29, 2008 in her son's home in Chicago, Illinois from a respiratory infection, aged 83.
My Little Margie

My Little Margie (1952-1955) is an American television comedy series. It stars Gale Storm.
Justin Chatwin

Justin Chatwin (born October 31, 1982) is a Canadian actor. He is known for his roles in The Invisible (2007), as well playing Goku in Dragonball Evolution (2009).
Eddie Su'a

Eddie Su'a (born 13 January 1983) is an Australian former rugby league player. He played for the Cronulla Sharks in the NRL in 2007. He played as a prop.
Giant Gippsland earthworm

The giant Gippsland earthworm (Megascolides australis) is one of Australia's 1,000 native earthworm species. These Giant earthworms average at 100 cm long and 2 cm in diameter and can reach 3 m in length. It is difficult to measure length, as the worms will stretch, so scientists use weight to estimate the size. The average weight of a fresh adult worm is about 200 grams. They have a dark purple head and a blue-gray body.
The worms are found in the Bass River Valley of South Gippsland, near Korumburra and Warragul. They are only found in a small area, of about 100,000 hectares. They live in small pockets of blue-grey clay close to water. They live in burrows about 500mm deep, and can burrow as deep as 1.5m.
The habitat the worms used to live in was tall eucalypt forests. Most of this has been cleared for farming, but the worms have continued to survive because they live deep underground. They have been listed a vulnerable species because of these changes. The worms only lay a single egg, between 4-7cm in size. These can take up to one year to hatch, and the worms take several years to become adults, and be able to reproduce. This slow rate of growth, also makes them a vulnerable species.
Modernization

Modernization is the transformation from a traditional, rural, agrarian society to a secular, urban, industrial society. Modernization is the industrial society where it is a continuous and open-ended process.
Firework (song)

"Firework" is a 2010 song by Katy Perry from her second major-label album, Teenage Dream. It was released on October 26, 2010. The song received a good review by music critics and claimed the top spot on Billboard Hot 100. The single hit top 5 on twenty charts worldwide. It reached the top three in most of the countries where it charted, including Australia and the UK. It topped charts in the US, Canada, and New Zealand. In the US, it was Perry's fourth number-one song altogether and the third in a streak of five number-ones. At the 2012 Grammy Awards, "Firework" was nominated for Record of the Year and Best Pop Solo Performance.
The song was certified Diamond in the US for shipments of over 10 million copies in that country alone.
Background
"Firework" was written by Perry, Mikkel S. Eriksen, Tor Erik Hermansen, Sandy Wilhelm, and Ester Dean while produced by Stargate and Sandy Vee at Soapbox Studios in Atlanta, Georgia. It was recorded at Roc the Mic Studios in New York City. It was mixed at The Bunker Studios by Vee. Audio engineering was done by Carlos Oyandel and Damien Lewis. All instruments were done by Stargate and Vee. Lead and background vocals were provided by Perry. Perry said that "Firework" is her favorite song on Teenage Dream.
Music video
The video for the song features people in different situations that show their bravery. For example, there is a young child battling cancer, a woman who is at first shy of wearing a bathing suit, and a man who is unsure of his sexuality. Perry sings that they are all "fireworks" and are brave for fighting through their issues. The video has received over 1.077 billion views on YouTube as of January 2018.
Hylte Municipality

Hylte Municipality () is a municipality in Halland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Hyltebruk.
Billy the Puppet

Billy is a puppet that has appeared in the Saw franchise. It was used by John Kramer to talk with his test subjects by delivering recorded messages, often appearing on a television screen or occasionally in person to describe the details of the traps and the means by which the test subjects could survive.
Although it has never actually been identified in the movies, "Billy" is the name by which it is referred to by writers, directors, and members of the cast and crew on documentaries and interviews. The name was given to it by its real-life creator James Wan, who is the director and co-writer of Saw.
Skyfall

Skyfall is a 2012 spy movie and the twenty-third in the James Bond series produced by Eon Productions. The movie is the third to star Daniel Craig as fictional MI6 agent James Bond and includes Javier Bardem as Raoul Silva, the villain, and Judi Dench, as M. It was directed by Sam Mendes and written by Neal Purvis, Robert Wade, and John Logan, and features the theme song "Skyfall", written and performed by Adele. It was distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing. The movie centres around Bond investigating an attack on MI6; the attack is part of a plot by former MI6 operative Raoul Silva to humiliate, discredit and kill M as revenge against her for betraying him. It sees the return of two recurring characters after an absence of two movies: Q, played by Ben Whishaw, and Miss Moneypenny, played by Naomie Harris.
Mendes was approached to direct after the release of Quantum of Solace in 2008. Development was suspended when MGM ran into financial trouble, and did not resume until MGM emerged from bankruptcy in December 2010; meanwhile the original screenwriter, Peter Morgan, left the project. When production resumed, Logan, Purvis, and Wade continued writing what became the final version. Filming began in November 2011, primarily in the United Kingdom, with smaller portions shot in China and Turkey.
Skyfall premiered at the Royal Albert Hall, London, on 23 October 2012 and was released in the UK on 26 October and in North America on 9 November. It was the first James Bond movie to be screened in IMAX venues, although it was not filmed with IMAX cameras. The release coincided with the 50th anniversary of the series, which began with Dr. No in 1962. Skyfall was very well received by critics, who praised its screenplay, acting (particularly by Craig, Bardem, and Dench), Mendes's direction, Deakins's cinematography, Thomas Newman's musical score, and action sequences. It was the fourteenth movie to gross over $1 billion worldwide, and the only James Bond movie to do so. It became the seventh-highest-grossing movie of all time, the highest-grossing movie in the UK, the highest-grossing movie in the series, the highest-grossing movie worldwide for both Sony Pictures and MGM, and the second-highest-grossing movie of 2012. The movie won several accolades, including two Academy Awards, two BAFTA Awards and two Grammy Awards.
The next movie in the series, Spectre, was released in North America in November 2015, with Craig reprising his role, Sony Pictures returning to distribute, and Mendes returning to direct.
Tajahuerce

Tajahuerce is a municipality found in the province of Soria in the autonomous community of Castile and Leon in Spain.
Theil-sur-Vanne

Theil-sur-Vanne is a former commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Les Vallees-de-la-Vanne.
Eemnes

Eemnes is a municipality in the Dutch province of Utrecht. In 2019, 9,113 people lived there.
Econometrics

Econometrics is a branch of economics. It is the use of statistical and mathematical methods to describe the relation between economic forces such as capital (any of the tools, work, or other things needed to make something useful), interest rates (the price of borrowing money), and labor.
Much of econometrics is making models which are simple pictures of the real world. These models then can be used to predict what will happen in the real world.
An example of econometrics would be looking at the prices of houses in a town. An economist (someone who studies economics) can try to make a simple picture of the house prices in the town. This picture might show that houses close to the market are worth more. An economist could then say that if a new market is made in another part of the town, home prices there might go up. The economist also might say that the new market could make prices less than before near the old one, because the new market will make it so that more houses are near a market. This would make the people who sell houses near a market sell them for less, since there could be more sellers than buyers.
Basic model: linear regression
A basic tool for econometrics is the multiple linear regression model. In modern econometrics, other statistical tools are often used, but linear regression is still the most used starting point for an analysis. Estimating a linear regression on two variables can be shown by drawing a line through data points representing paired numbers of the independent and dependent variables.
Brad Pye Jr.

Brad Pye Jr. (June 11, 1931July 5, 2020) was an American sports journalist, broadcaster, and Los Angeles community activist. He was the first recognized African-American sportswriter in Southern California and the first African-American scout for the Los Angeles/San Diego Chargers. He was born in Plain Dealing, Louisiana.
He was sports director for major African-American radio stations KGFJ, KACE, KDAY, and KJLH, and was sports editor for the Los Angeles Sentinel for nearly 30 years.
Pye died in his sleep on July 5, 2020, at his home in Los Angeles, aged 89.