kenhktsui/simple_wikipedia_LM_quality_score_v1 huggingface dataset:
Billy Maxwell

Billy Joe Maxwell (July 23, 1929 - September 20, 2021) was an American professional golfer. Maxwell was born in Abilene, Texas. He won the U.S. Amateur title in 1951. Maxwell won seven times on the PGA Tour. He also played on the 1963 Ryder Cup team and was elected to the Texas Golf Hall of Fame.
Maxwell died on September 20, 2021 at the age of 92.
Colonization of Venus

The colonization of Venus is the concept of the building and permanent occupation of settlements and research stations on Venus. Unlike Mars or the Moon, residing on the surface would be out of the question because of temperatures that exceed 400degc\840degf and atmospheric pressures 92 times more than that at sea level on Earth, as learned from the Soviet Union's venera probes. Thus all habitats on Venus will have to be in cloud city form. There's an altitude range on Venus where temperatures and pressures are similar to those in low-lying deserts on Earth, albeit without oxygen and with an abundance of sulfuric acid. This somewhat habitable region is 50kilometers \ 30miles above the ground. Venusian cloud colonies would have the advantage of local gravity being of a similar strength to Earth's gravity, meaning none of the complications of microgravity. A disadvantage of Venus as opposed to other colonization targets is the planet's lack of water in any phase, thus would have to be imported from elsewhere.
Hypomania

Hypomania is a condition similar to mania but less severe. The symptoms are similar with elevated mood, increased activity, decreased need for sleep, grandiosity, racing thoughts, and the like. However, hypomanic episodes differ in that they do not cause significant distress or impair one's work, family, or social life in an obvious way while manic episodes do.
Hypomanic people tend to be unusually cheerful, have more than ample energy, and need little sleep. Hypomania is a pleasurable state. It may confer a heightened sense of creativity and power. However, hypomania can subtly impair a person's judgment. Too much confidence can hide the consequences of decisions.
Hypomania can be difficult to diagnose because it may seem mere happiness. It is important to diagnose hypomania because, as an expression of bipolar disorder, it can cycle into depression and carry an increased risk of suicide.
Hypomania has a reputation of being difficult to treat. There are anti-psychotics and anti-manic drugs, but above all, a person who shows these symptoms needs specialist attention.
A Midsummer Night's Dream (1909 movie)

A Midsummer Night's Dream is a 1909 American silent drama movie directed by J. Stuart Blackton and Charles Kent and stars Walter Ackerman, Dolores Costello, and Helene Costello.
Le Fugeret

Le Fugeret is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France.
Baton

A baton is a stick. Different batons are used by different people, for different things.
Policemen often carry batons, which can be used as weapons. These batons are also sometimes called "nightsticks."
Runners pass batons to one another in relay races.
Musical conductors use batons to lead an orchestra.
Various people in a parade or marching band might twirl batons for people to see.
Richard Stallman

Richard Stallman (born March 16, 1953) is the founder of the free software movement, the GNU project, and the Free Software Foundation. He is also a famous hacker. He created GNU Emacs, the GNU C Compiler, and the GNU Debugger. He is one of the main authors of the GNU General Public License (GNU GPL or GPL), the most used free software license, which pioneered the concept of the copyleft.
Since the mid-1990s, he has spent most of his time as a political campaigner, talking about free software and campaigning against proprietary software, software idea patents and expansions of copyright law. The time that he still spends on programming is spent on GNU Emacs. He is currently supported by various fellowships and maintains a modest standard of living.
Chinglish

Chinglish is a word for English that is influenced by Chinese. It often uses Chinese grammar and vocabulary that has been translated into English. For example, "long time no see (we have not met for a long time)" is translated from Chinese "haojiubujian".
The term Chinglish comes from a combination of the words Chinese and English.
Example
One car come, one car go, two car pengpeng, one car die.
Proper english translation
One car drove towards another; both cars crashed, and one of them was destroyed.
Bogd Khanate of Mongolia

The Bogd Khanate of Mongolia (; ) was the government of Outer Mongolia between 1911 and 1919 and again from 1921 to 1924.
Lüscher color test

The Luscher color test is a psychological test invented by Dr. Max Luscher in Basel, Switzerland. Luscher believed that sensory perception of color is "all shared by all", but that color preferences are not. This difference allows subjective states to be objectively measured by using test colors.
Luscher believed that because the color selections are guided in a specific manner, they reveal the person as they really are, not as they perceive themselves or would like to be perceived.
How it works
More readings
Adels G. H., Validation of the Luscher-Color-Test as a screening instrument for emotional disturbance in schoolchildren, Diss. Boston University 1978;
Braum C.M.J., Cross-cultural validity, reliability, and stimulus Personality Assessment, 1979, N.43, 5;
Holmes, C. B., Buchannan, J. A., Duncan, D. S., Reed, T. The Barnum effect in Luscher Color Test interpretation. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1986. 42, 133-136.
Karim Bagheri

Karim Bagheri (; born 20 February 1974) is an Iranian professional football coach and former player. He is an assistant coach for Persepolis and the Iran national team.
Career statistics
Club
International
Scores and results list Iran's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Bagheri goal.
Geological history of Earth

Earth's geological history is a period of time since the Earth's formation to the present day. It is divided into eons, eras and periods. These periods of time are usually determined via rocks or rock layers.
Multi-core processor

A multi-core CPU is a computer processor which has two or more sections. Each section of the chip executes instructions as if it was a separate computer. The actual processors are still on one chip. On this chip every core looks mostly like the other. They are several mostly independent cores which work together in parallel. A dual-core processor is a multi-core processor with two independent microprocessors. A quad-core processor is a multi-core processor with four independent microprocessors. As you might be able to tell from the prefix, the name of the processor is based on the number of the microprocessors on the chip.
History
In the 20th century most computers used single-core processors and not multi-core processors. Multi-core solutions were only used in unusual cases. The usual way to make a computer faster was to increase the clock rate. But at a frequency about 4 GHz the CPU would get too hot and take a lot of electricity. This was the point when multi-core processors became more important. Therefore, the demand for multi-core processors increased. In the second half of 2006 the best processors were dual-core processors. Since 2006 the development has gone on, so that the new processors get four, eight, or more independent microprocessors. Today, single-core processors are not used in new personal computers, but they remain popular in embedded systems which do not need a fast processor.
Advantages
A multi-core processor in a computer will work faster for certain programs.
The computer may not get as hot when it is turned on.
The computer needs less power because it can turn off sections that are not needed.
More features can be added to the computer.
The signals between different CPUs travel shorter distances, therefore they degrade less.
Disadvantages
They do not work at twice the speed as a normal processor. They get only 60-80% more speed.
The speed that the computer works at depends on what the user is doing with it.
They cost more than single core processors.
They are more difficult to manage thermally than lower-density single-core processors.
Not all operating systems support more than one core.
Operating systems compiled for a multi-core processor will run slightly slower on a single-core processor.
Egloshayle

Egloshayle is a parish and village in north Cornwall, United Kingdom. The village is beside the River Camel immediately southeast of Wadebridge. The civil parish includes Washaway and Sladesbridge.
History
Egloshayle was a medieval river port, rivalling Padstow five miles downriver. Egloshayle is now a residential suburb of Wadebridge. The town of Wadebridge developed in the parishes of Egloshayle and St Breock. A Vicar of Egloshayle named Thomas Lovibond was responsible for the building of the first bridge across the River Camel to replace a dangerous ford which was begun in 1468 and completed in 1485.
Churches
The parish church, named after St Petroc, is built almost entirely in the Perpendicular style. It has a Norman font, a stone pulpit dating from the 15th century, and a peal of eight bells. The Anglican chapel at Washaway, dating from 1882, has a font which is one of the earliest in the county.
Forts and houses
Pencarrow House, seat of the Molesworths (18th century), and Croan House (17th century) are fine examples of smaller country houses.
Kelly Rounds (or Castle Killibury) is an Iron Age fort on the border of the parish and has been associated with the legend of King Arthur.
Oldsmobile Toronado

The Oldsmobile Toronado is a Personal luxury vehicle manufactured and sold by Oldsmobile, over three generations between 1966 and 1992, historically the first Front-wheel drive vehicle in the US since Cord's demise in 1937.
In 1966, due to its design, it would gain publicity from the division and win the Motor Trend's Award for Car of the Year.
Yasothon

Yasothon is a town in the Isan region of Thailand. It is far from Bangkok about 500 km. In the village people grow rice and houseplants. The weather is very hot in the summer (more than other provinces) and the famous festival is Bang Fai Rocket Festival. This festival is really beautiful, every year the visitor from all over the country come to visit this festival. The festival features large home-made rockets, fireworks displays, parades and beauty contests. Normally people have created the rockets for launched in to the sky; they believe that the god will send the planting season.
From Yasothon city of nearby province are Mukdahan, Nakhonpanom, Rio Et, Sisakat and Ubom Ratchathani.
Castelletto Cervo

Castelletto Cervo is a comune in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.
Cynthia, Alberta

Cynthia is a hamlet in central Alberta, Canada. It is part of Brazeau County. It is about south of Highway 16 and southwest of Edmonton. In 2005, 50 people lived there.
Jefferson County, Oklahoma

Jefferson County is a county in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, 6,818 people lived there. Its county seat is Waurika.
Geography
The county has a total area of 774 square miles.
Carlos Hathcock

Gunnery Sergeant Carlos Norman Hathcock II (May 20, 1942 - February 23, 1999) was a U.S. Marine Corps scout/sniper. He was famous for having one of the highest numbers of confirmed kills in the U.S. military, during the Vietnam War, as well as holding the record for many years for the longest sniper kill in history.
Platymantis subterrestris

The Luzon wrinkled ground frog (Platymantis subterrestris) is a frog. It lives in the Philippines. Scientists have seen it between 1850 and 2200 meters above sea level in the mountains in Luzon.
Molly Gray

Molly Gray (born March 18, 1984) is an American attorney and politician. She is a member of the Democratic Party. She was the 83rd lieutenant governor of Vermont from 2021 to 2023. She is the fourth woman to serve as Vermont's lieutenant governor.
In December 2021, Gray announced that she would be a candidate for the U.S. House of Representatives in 2022. She lost the Democratic nomination in August 2022 to Becca Balint.
Central Hockey League

The Central Hockey League (CHL) was a mid-level professional hockey league in the United States. It is owned by Global Entertainment Corporation. It was started in 1992.
History
The first CHL season was in 1992-1993. It started with six teams, including the Oklahoma City Blazers, the Tulsa Oilers, the Wichita Thunder, the Memphis RiverKings, the Dallas Freeze and the Fort Worth Fire.
In 1996-97, the Huntsville Channel Cats, along with the planned 1996-97 Southern Hockey League (SHL) expansion teams Columbus Cottonmouths, Macon Whoopee, and Nashville Nighthawks, joined the Central Hockey League after the SHL ended.
The CHL came together with the Western Professional Hockey League (WPHL) in 2001.
The CHL commissioner is now Duane Lewis, who succeeded Brad Treliving on an temporary basis after Treliving took a position with the NHL's Phoenix Coyotes following the 2006-2007 season. Treliving co-founded the WPHL in 1996, and after the 2001 merger, served with the CHL for seven years. Lewis was named the permanent commissioner in June 2008.
On June 1, 2010 the league announced that it would come together with the International Hockey League.
Current teams
The CHL is divided into two Conferences. Teams compete every year for the Ray Miron President's Cup.
Junction, Utah

Junction is a town in and the county seat of Piute County, Utah, United States. As of the 2020 census, 212 people live in Junction.
Ralf Schumacher

Ralf Schumacher (born 30 June 1975) is a retired German Formula one driver. He was born in Hurth, North Rhine-Westphalia and is the younger brother of Michael Schumacher. He drove for Jordan, Williams and Toyota.
Theilenhofen

Theilenhofen is a municipality in Weissenburg-Gunzenhausen in Bavaria, Germany.
Go (Pearl Jam song)

"Go" is a 1993 song by alternative rock band Pearl Jam. It is from their second studio album Vs.. The song went to number 2 in New Zealand, number 5 in Norway, number 22 in Australia and number 23 in the Netherlands. It was nominated for a Grammy Award in 1995.
Track listings
All songs were written by Dave Abbruzzese, Jeff Ament, Stone Gossard, Mike McCready, and Eddie Vedder.
CD (US, Australia, Austria, Canada, and Europe) and Cassette (Australia, Indonesia, and Thailand)
"Go" - 3:13
"Elderly Woman Behind the Counter in a Small Town" (acoustic) - 3:18
"Alone" - 3:35
CD (Austria and The Netherlands)
"Go" - 3:13
"Elderly Woman Behind the Counter in a Small Town" (acoustic) - 3:18
CD (UK) and 12-inch vinyl (UK)
"Go" - 3:13
"Elderly Woman Behind the Counter in a Small Town" (acoustic) - 3:18
"Alone" - 3:35
Included a bonus cassette featuring "Animal" (live) recorded at the MTV Video Music Awards on September 2, 1993.
Hekla 3 eruption

The Hekla 3 eruption (circa 1000 BCE) is thought to be the most severe eruption of Hekla during the Holocene.
Impact
It threw more than 7 km3 of volcanic rock into the atmosphere. This would have caused a volcanic winter, cooling temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere for many years afterwards.
Claims
Some claim that an eighteen-year span of global cooling that is recorded in Irish bog oaks can be blamed on Hekla-3.
Some Egyptologists have blamed Hekla-3 for famines under Ramesses III during the wider Bronze Age collapse.
Come Back to Me (Janet Jackson song)

"Come Back to Me" is a 1990 ballad from singer Janet Jackson. The song is about trying to bring back a romance that ended a long time ago. The song hit #2 on the Billboard Hot 100.
The song was released on June 18, 1989 and is from Janet's 1989 studio album Janet Jackson's Rhythm Nation 1814
Dje

Dje (Dj, dj), also known as Djerv, is the sixth letter of the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet, used in the Serbian language to represent the sound for need to tell , a palatalisation, similar to the English sound of letter "j" . It was created on model Cyrillic letter tsh by Vuk Karadzic.
Kaltenbach

Kaltenbach is a municipality of the district of Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol.
Akhenaten

Akhenaten (first known as Amenhotep IV) was a pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt. His reign is dated as 1353-1336 BC or 1351-1334 BC.
Akhenaten is one of Egypt's most well-known pharaohs.
In the fifth year of his reign, he changed his name from Amenhotep IV, meaning "Amun is satisfied". He did this because he left Egypt's traditional polytheism. He founded a monotheistic worship of the Egyptian sun god, Aten. He destroyed the temples of Amun. His new religion was called Atenism. It was the first known attempt at monotheism in the world. Naturally, this made enemies of the many priests of the old religion.
This culture shift away from traditional religion was not widely accepted. This helps to explain why after his death, his monuments were dismantled, his statues were destroyed, and his name excluded from lists of rulers compiled by later pharaohs. Traditional religious practice was gradually restored, notably under his close successor Tutankhamun, who changed his name from Tutankhaten early in his reign. However, it was Horemheb who destroyed all the works of Akhenaten.
Akhenaten was all but lost to history until the late 19th century discovery of Amarna, the new capital city he built for the worship of Aten.
Its rediscovery and Flinders Petrie's early excavations sparked great public interest in the pharaoh and his queen Nefertiti. The interest comes from his connection with Tutankhamun, the unique style and high quality of the pictorial arts he patronized, and interest in the religion he attempted to establish.
Martin Adams

Martin Adams (born 1956) is an English professional darts player. His nickname is Wolfie, referring to his hairy face and the fact that he likes wolves.
Adams is a top-ranked darts player. He is a three-time BDO World Champion and three-time World Masters champion. He was on the board of the British Darts Organisation for a short time.
Rufina

Rufina is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Florence in the Italian region of Tuscany.
Yusuke Shimada

Yusuke Shimada (born 19 January 1982) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Tokushima Vortis.
David McReynolds

David McReynolds (October 25, 1929 - August 17, 2018) was an American democratic socialist and pacifist activist. He was born in Los Angeles, California. He ran for President of the United States twice in 1980 and in 2000.
McReynolds called himself as "a peace movement bureaucrat" during his 40-year career with Liberation magazine and the War Resisters League. His political career was set in New York City. He ran for the United States Senate in New York in 2004.
In 2015, McReynolds supported U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders for President of the United States and said that Sanders was a "serious candidate".
McReynolds died on August 17, 2018 from complications of a fall in New York City, aged 88.
Creatures (company)

is a Japanese video game company. It used to be called Ape, Inc. It's most well known for the Pokemon video game series, trading cards, and toys, as well as the EarthBound series while they were Ape, Inc.
Japanese entertainment companies
Birendra of Nepal

Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev () (28 December 1945 - 1 June 2001) was the king of Nepal from 1972 until 2001. He was the eldest son of King Mahendra. He was a king of Nepal until his death by assassination in 2001 Nepalese royal massacre.
Hjalmar Branting

Karl Hjalmar Branting (23 November 1860 - 24 February 1925) was a Swedish politician. He was the leader of the Swedish Social Democratic Party (1907-1925), and Prime Minister during three separate periods (1920, 1921-1923, and 1924-1925). When Branting came to power in 1920, he was the first Social Democratic Prime Minister of Sweden. When he took office for a second term after the general election of 1921, he became the first socialist politician in Europe to do so following elections with universal suffrage. He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1921 with Christian Lous Lange.
He was also minister of Finance and Foreign Affairs.
Branting was born on November 23, 1860 in Stockholm, Sweden. He studied at the University of Uppsala. He was married to Anna Branting. Branting died on February 24, 1925 in Stockholm, Sweden from unknown causes, aged 64.
Bletchley Park

Bletchley Park is an estate in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England. It was the site of the United Kingdom's main codebreaking team during World War II. Now, Bletchley Park is home to the National Codes Centre and The National Museum of Computing.
The Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) and Station X, a secret radio interception station, was also at Bletchley Park. The information gained by workers at Bletchley Park was very important for the Allied war effort.
In 1939, in Warsaw, the Polish military showed French and British intelligence agents their cryptanalysis of the Enigma. They promised each delegation a Polish-built Enigma. Having an actual Enigma machine, and knowing how to use it, was a much-needed start for the British work at Bletchley Park. Dilly Knox and Alan Turing were later joined by many other codebreakers and engineering staff.
The high-level intelligence produced at Bletchley Park codenamed Ultra, gave crucial help to the Allied war effort. It was vital during the Battle of the Atlantic, when the German U-boat submarine fleet sank merchant shipping in an attempt to starve Britain of supplies. Winston Churchill was later to say:
The Battle of the Atlantic was the dominating factor all through the war. Never for one moment could we forget that everything happening elsewhere, on land, at sea, or in the air depended ultimately on its outcome.
Sir Harry Hinsley (a Bletchley veteran and the official historian of British Intelligence during the Second World War) said that Ultra shortened the war by two to four years. The outcome of the war would have been uncertain without it.
Location
One of the reasons for choosing Bletchley Park for this task was its location. By train, it is about north-west of London, from Oxford and about from Cambridge all-important university cities. Bletchley railway station is close-by, on the junction of the West Coast Main Line and the Oxford-Cambridge Varsity Line. Apart from the railway lines, Bletchley Park was not near any other likely bombing target.
Death at a Funeral (2010 movie)

Death at a Funeral is a 2010 comedy movie which was produced by Sidney Kimmel, William Hordberg, Chris Rock, Share Stallings and Laurence Malkin and was directed by Neil LaBute.
It is a remake of the original 2007 Death at a Funeral.
Cowry

Cowry shells (or cowrie), are marine snails of the family Cypraeidae.
They are found chiefly in tropical regions. There are about 200 different species of cowry.
Shell
The shell itself is almost always very smooth and shiny. They have with a long, narrow, slit-like opening. All varieties have a porcelain-like shine and many have colorful patterns. In life the shell is covered by the slippery mantle.
Shell sizes range from 5 mm (1/5") for some tropical species to 15 cm (6") for the tiger cowry, Cypraea tigris.
Predators
The slippery shell is very difficult for most animals to grip. The very narrow toothed aperture of the cowry shell makes it difficult for predators to reach into. However cowries are still vulnerable to predation:
Some tropical crustaceans can break the dorsum of a cowry shell.
Some mollusc-eating cones like Conus textile can inject venom into the cowry's flesh. The cone then extends its stomach into the shell, through the slit, to completely ingest the flesh.
Some octopuses can gouge a small hole (using a special barb/tooth and an acidic secretion) through the shell to inject a venom that kills the animal within.
Taxonomy
For nearly 200 years, every species in the family Cypraeidae was placed in one genus, Cypraea, but in 2002 the cowries were divided into many different genera.
Uses
Cowries (esp. Cypraea moneta) were used as a currency in Africa (Ghanaian cedi in Ghana named after cowry shells) and elsewhere, such as in China where the shell or copies of the shell were in theory used as a means of exchange. They are also worn as jewelry or otherwise used as ornaments or charms, as they are viewed as symbols of womanhood, fertility, birth and wealth. Many find the shiny, porcelain-like shells pleasing to look at.
Cowry shells are sometimes used in a way similar to dice, e.g., in board games like Pachisi, or in divination (cf. Ifa and the annual customs of Dahomey).
A number of shells (6 or 7 in Pachisi) are thrown, with those landing aperture upwards indicating the actual number rolled.
Cowries have also been used in the recent past as a frame over which sock heels were stretched for darning. The cowry ridges allowed the needle to get under the cloth more easily.
The Ojibway aboriginal people in North America used the cowry shells in ceremonies, and the Whiteshell Provincial Park in Manitoba, Canada is named after this type of shell. There is some debate about how they traded for or found these shells so far inland, away from the natural sources. Oral stories and birch bark scrolls seem to indicate that they were found in the ground, and/or washed up on the shores of lakes or rivers. The cowry shells so far inland may indicate the use of them by an earlier tribe or group in the area, and an extensive trade network in the ancient past.
The typewritten postage stamps of 1895 Uganda also are called "Cowries".
Pino Torinese

Pino Torinese is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Italian region of Piedmont.
Medal of Honor

The Medal of Honor is the highest award given to members of the United States Military. It is given to people who show a lot of bravery in wartime. Because of this, many people who get the Medal of Honor die earning it. It was first given in 1863 during the American Civil War.
The Medal of Honor has been given to 3,458 different people, including
Dakota L. Meyer, who is the youngest and most recent living recipient
Jacob Parrott, who was the first man to be awarded the medal in 1863
Mary Walker, who was the first and only woman awarded the medal.
Leslie H. Sabo Jr., who is the most recent person to receive the medal in 2012.
According to Medal of Honor recipient Retired Army Maj. Gen. Patrick Brady who flew more than 2,500 combat missions over Vietnam and helped rescue more than 5,000 wounded, "it is harder to wear it than to earn it".
Roman mythology

Roman mythology is a huge collection of stories, started in Ancient Rome, about the beginning of the world, and the lives and adventures the many Roman gods, goddesses, and heroes. Each god, each goddess had a cult to take care of their temples or other holy places.
The myths of the Ancient Romans are often called "Greco-Roman". Originally they were similar to the Greek mythology of the Ancient Greeks, and later the Romans added Greek stories for their Roman gods, so they became even more similar.
The gods and goddesses in these stories have lots of magic powers. They can make themselves invisible to humans and move to any place in a very short time. They can change people into animals or animals into people. They have no disease and can only be hurt by very unusual causes. This is called being immortal; they can never die.
Active Worlds

Active Worlds (AW) is a 3D virtual reality platform. The "Active Worlds Browser" runs on Windows. Users assign themselves a user name, log into the Active Worlds virtual world universe, and explore 3D virtual worlds and environments that other users have created. Users can chat with one another or build structures and areas from a selection of objects. AW allows users to own worlds and universes, and develop 3D content.
Fermi paradox

Enrico Fermi's paradox wonders why, with the age and size of the universe and billions of stars and planets that have existed for billions of years, we have not detected any other alien civilizations. There have been attempts to resolve the Fermi paradox by finding evidence of alien civilizations, along with thoughts that such life could exist without humans knowing.
The physicist Enrico Fermi first asked the question in an informal discussion in 1950. A paper by Michael H. Hart in 1975 made scientists more curious and they began to study the question in more detail. This is why some people call it the Fermi-Hart paradox. Other common names for the same phenomenon are Fermi's question ("Where are they?"), the Fermi Problem, the Great Silence, and silentium universi (Latin for "the silence of the universe"; the misspelling silencium universi is also common).
Why interstellar communication is difficult
Space is deep
Extraterrestrial life might exist, but humans may not know about it. To send signals across long distances in our galaxy, and the universe, is difficult. This is because the power output needed to project the signal would be very large. Coherent (laser-like) signals travel at the speed of light, but our own galaxy is 100,000 light years across. Alien civilizations may not be able to detect the signal, or they may not understand the communication or the method used to communicate.
Space is dusty
Space is full of dust clouds and magnetic fields, which would disturb or eliminate even a coherent (laser-like) beam of electromagnetic radiation. Thousands of tons of cosmic dust are thought to reach the Earth's surface every year. A signal would face much interference in any long-distance travel across space.
If it is difficult or impossible for us, it may also be difficult for other forms of life. As for other galaxies, the Andromeda galaxy is 2.5 million light years away.
Time
In our Galaxy, the time it takes for signals to travel is very large. Vast eras of time would pass before a reply could be received. There are theories about "worm-holes" in space in which communication could be sent through space more quickly, but these are just theories now. There is still a desire for space travel. Locally in the Solar System, the main goal is to get minerals which are scarce on Earth.
Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor

Francis I (Francis Stephen; 8 December 1708 - 18 August 1765) was the consort of Maria Theresa of Austria. With his wife, he was the founder of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty. From 1728 until 1737 he was Duke of Lorraine, but lost Lorraine when he had to give it to France. He was the father of Marie Antoinette, the Queen of France.
Biography
He married Maria Theresa of Austria for love. with the input of the Prince of Craon. They had sixteen children who are named here:
Archduchess Maria Elisabeth (1737-1740).
Archduchess Maria Anna (1738-1789).
Archduchess Maria Caroline (1740-1741).
Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II (1741-1790)
Archduchess Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen (1742-1798)
Archduchess Maria Elisabeth (1743-1808).
Archduke Charles Joseph (1745-1761).
Archduchess Maria Amalia (1746-1804)
Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II (1747-1792)
Archduchess Maria Caroline (stillborn 1748).
Archduchess Maria Johanna Gabriela (1750-1762).
Archduchess Maria Josepha (1751-1767).
Chris Pincher

Christopher John Pincher (born 24 September 1969) is a British Conservative Party politician. He became the Minister of State for Housing in February 2020.
He was Minister of State for Europe and the Americas and Deputy Chief Government Whip and has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Tamworth since 2010.
Pincher was first elected as MP for Tamworth at the 2010 general election.
He was a Parliamentary Private Secretary to Foreign Secretary Philip Hammond from 2015 to 2016.
After two men accused Pincher of groping while he was drunk, he resigned as Deputy Chief Whip on 30 June 2022, and had the Conservative Party whip removed. This caused a scandal over his appointment to the role, leading to a government crisis and the eventual resignation of Prime Minister Boris Johnson.
Ağrı

Agri is a city in northern Turkey. The city is the centre of Agri Province in the Eastern Anatolia Region. In 2013, 145,357 people lived there.
Muzykalnaya Gazeta

Muzykalnaya Gazeta was a Belarusian newspaper about music and show business.
History
It was founded in Minsk by Anatol Kiriuskin (Publishing house "Nestor") in 1996. The newspaper came out every week, then every other week, in Russian, and was traded in the Republic of Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia. The number of copies was 7,000-19,500. The last number in December 2007 was printed in 2,514 copies.
By 2003, the newspaper was published in color and wrote on West, Belarusian, and Russian music. Since 2003, the newspaper began to write only about Belarusian music (Western music moved to the new print "NOT-7"), changed the design, and had 8 black and white pages from 16 left.
The chief was Aleh "O'K" Klimau, a Belarusian music writer. The newspaper became a big print for Belarusian music group and was a big name in Moscow and Saint Petersburg.
Because money, the newspaper was out of print since 2008.
Spider-Man 3 (video game)

Spider-Man 3 is a 2007 action-adventure video game based on the 2007 movie Spider-Man 3 released for Game Boy Advance, Microsoft Windows, Nintendo DS, PlayStation 2, Wii, Xbox 360, and PlayStation 3. A GameCube version was also planned, but was canceled. Tobey Maguire and several other cast members including Topher Grace, James Franco, and Thomas Haden Church return to voice in the game, with Bruce Campbell as the narrator.
Gameplay
As with the Spider-Man 2 game, Spidey can swing around New York wherever he wants. As the game progresses, he gets to wear the black suit.
Reception
The game has had mixed to positive signals, varying by console ports.
Tachikawa Ki-54

The Tachikawa Ki-54 was a trainer aircraft used by the Imperial Japanese Army. It was called "Hickory" by the Allies for it's codename.
The aircraft was made because of a requirement by Imperial Japanese Army that they needed a twin-engine advanced trainer for training the crew. There is a Ki-54 fuselage in the storage at the Australian War Museum Annex.
Schlosswil

Schlosswil was a municipality of the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2018, the former municipality of Schlosswil merged into the municipality of Grosshochstetten.
Tarpaulin

A tarpaulin is a piece of strong, bendable and waterproof material. It is often made of a few types of plastics. They also often have fasteners to allow for ropes to be attached.
Cheaper modern tarpaulins are made from polyethylene; this material is so associated with tarpaulins that it has become colloquially known in some quarters as polytarp.
It is used to cover crime scenes, as a building material and to protect from weather such as rain.
Bernoulli number

The Bernoulli numbers are a sequence of signed rational numbers that can be defined with exponential generating functions. These numbers appear in the series expansion of some trigonometric functions.
Valmeyer, Illinois

Valmeyer is a village in Monroe County in the U.S. state of Illinois, on the Mississippi River. The population was 1,263 at the 2010 census.
House of Braganza

The House of Braganza (Portuguese: Casa de Braganca; Portuguese pronunciation: [bra'gasa]), officially the Most Serene House of Braganza (Portuguese: Serenissima Casa de Braganca), is an important imperial, royal, and noble house (dynasty) of Portuguese origin. It is a branch of the House of Aviz. The House changed from being powerful dukes of Portuguese nobility, to ruling as the monarchs of Portugal and the Algarves, from 1640 to 1910. They were also monarchs of Brazil, from 1815 to 1889. The heir to the Portuguese throne was usually given the title of "Duke of Braganza".
History
The House of Braganza was founded in 1442. This is when Afonso, 8th Count of Barcelos, was made Duke of Braganza. Alfonso (Alfonso I) was an illegitimate son of King Joao I of Portugal, of the House of Aviz. He was made a duke by his nephew, King Afonso V of Portugal. The feudal dukes quickly collected a fortune in properties, titles, and power. By the mid 1600s, the House was the most powerful in all of Portugal. It was also of the greatest houses of Iberia.
The House of Braganza became the reigning house of Brazil, first, when the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves was created in 1815. The United Kingdom lasted until 1822, when the Brazilian Empire became independent from Portugal. The new Brazilian nation was led by Prince Pedro of Braganza, heir to the Portuguese throne, who ruled as Emperor Pedro I of Brazil, as well as King Pedro IV of Portugal. Until 1835, the Portuguese Braganzas were still in the line of succession to the Brazilian throne. The House was deposed (removed) from the Brazilian throne, in 1889, when Brazil was proclaimed a republic.
The House continued to be the claimant house to the Brazilian throne until 1921. This is when Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil, daughter of Emperor Pedro II of Brazil, died. Her claim passed to her son, Prince Pedro Henrique of Orleans and Braganza. Thus the House of Orleans-Braganza became the claimant house to the former monarchy of Brazil. Pedro Henrique died in 1981. The current claimant is his eldest son, Prince Luiz.
In Portugal, King Carlos I of Portugal was assassinated in 1908. Also killed in the attack was his eldest son. His younger son, Manuel II, became king. When the Portuguese Republic was established, in 1910, King Manuel II and the rest of the Braganzas went into exile.
Famous members
Maria I of Portugal the first female monarch of Portugal known for her suspected madness and making Brazil a colony.
Mariana Victoria of Spain. Married a King of Portugal and the mother of Queen Maria I.
Pedro II of Brazil. An Emperor of Brazil.
N.B.

N.B. is the second studio album from Natasha Bedingfield. It was released in United Kingdom on 30 April 2007 to mixed reviews by critics. The album was released in Canada and the United States during January 2008 as Pocketful of Sunshine. The US version's title single became a top 5 hit. Another track, "Love Like This", became a top twenty hit. The reviews from United States critics for this record were mixed.
Upper class

Upper class is an idea in sociology. It refers to the group of people at the top of a society. They are the wealthiest group of society. Members of an upper class often have great power over resources and governmental policy in their area. They may have acquired these things by inheritance, for example by being monarchs or aristocrats, or by commerce. They may own much land or other valuable property, and may spend much of their income on luxury goods such as yachts and mansions.
Method Man & Redman

Method Man & Redman (also referred to as Meth & Red, Red & Mef, John Blaze and Funk Doc or Funk Doctor Spock and Johnny Blaze) are an American hip hop duo. The group formed in 1994. The members of the group are East Coast rappers Method Man (of Wu-Tang Clan) and Redman (of Def Squad).
The duo have known each other for a long time before they were both signed with Def Jam. They recorded "Got My Mind Made Up" for Tupac Shakur's double-disc fourth and final album All Eyez on Me (1996). They freestyled each other on Yo! MTV Raps, and released their collaborative debut single "How High". In 1999, the two rappers were featured on "Rap Phenomenon" from The Notorious B.I.G.'s posthumous album Born Again.
In 2001, they both starred in the movie How High. In 2004, the duo also starred in their short-lived Fox sitcom, Method & Red.
On May 7, 2009, Method Man & Redman released a mixtape titled Lights Out, which was hosted by DJ Green Lantern in promotion for their third studio album.
Hotel Transylvania

Hotel Transylvania is a 2012 American computer-animated comedy movie. It was produced by Columbia Pictures and Sony Pictures Animation. The movie starsAdam Sandler as the voice of Dracula and Selena Gomez as Mavis, Dracula's daughter.
Plot
Dracula (voiced by Adam Sandler) is the owner and creator of Hotel Transylvania, a five-star resort where the world's monsters can be safe from humans. Dracula invites some of the most famous monsters, such as Frankenstein (Kevin James) and his wife Eunice (Fran Drescher), Murray the mummy (Cee Lo Green), Wayne and Wanda Werewolf (Steve Buscemi and Molly Shannon), Griffin the Invisible Man (David Spade), Bigfoot, The Blob, and other monsters to celebrate the 118th birthday of his daughter Mavis (voiced by Selena Gomez). When Hotel Transylvania is unexpectedly visited by a human traveler named Jonathan (voiced by Andy Samberg), Dracula must protect Mavis and stop her from falling in love with him before it is too late.
Voice cast
Adam Sandler as Dracula, the Hotel Transylvania owner, Mavis' over-protective father, and the main character.
Selena Gomez as Mavis, Dracula's 118-year-old "teenage" daughter. She is independent and wants to explore the world, but hates it when her dad treats her like a kid. Later, Mavis falls in love with Jonathan.
Andy Samberg as Jonathan, a 21-year-old regular guy who falls in love with Mavis upon stumbling into Hotel Transylvania.
Kevin James as Frank/Frankenstein
Fran Drescher as Eunice, Frankenstein's wife
Steve Buscemi as Wayne, a werewolf
Molly Shannon as Wanda, a werewolf and Wayne's pregnant wife
Cee Lo Green as Murray, an obese mummy
David Spade as Griffin the Invisible Man
Jon Lovitz as Quasimodo, the former Hunchback of Notre-Dame who now works as a gourmet chef. He is always accompanied by his pet rat Esmeralda.
Chris Parnell as Fly
Brian George as Suit of Armor, a living suit of armor that works as Dracula's messenger.
Brian Stack as Pilot
Jackie Sandler as Martha, Dracula's wife and Mavis' mother.
Sadie Sandler as Young Mavis / Winnie
Rob Riggle as Skeleton Husband
Paul Brittain as Zombie
Robert Smigel as Fake Dracula / Marty
Jonny Solomon as Gremlin Man and the Blob
Craig Kellman as Guy in Crowd
Brian McCann as Hairy Monster
James Williams as Foreman
The Shrunken Heads were voiced by Luenell and Jim Wise. Hydra Heads were voiced by Paul Brittain, Craig Kellman, Brian McCann, Jonny Solomon, and Jim Wise.
Governor General of Canada

The Governor General of Canada is the person who represents Canada's King (or Queen). The King of Canada does not spend much time in Canada because he is also the King of several other countries.
The Governor General is technically chosen by the King and is allowed to use almost all of the King's powers. But most of the time neither the King nor the Governor General use their powers without advice from the Prime Minister of Canada.
The King would normally always choose whoever the Prime Minister wants them to choose to become Governor General.
The Governor General usually uses his/her powers for what the Prime Minister advices him/her to do.
Once in a while the Prime Minister may want something done that the Governor General is not allowed to do on her own. The Prime Minister must then go straight to the King, for example for the appointment of 4 or 8 extra Senators to Parliament.
Official Title
As Canada has two official federal languages, the Governor General's title is in both English and French.
The Governor General's style and title in full is, in , and in
Living former governors-general of Canada
As of , there are five living former governors general of Canada. The most recently deceased former governor general, Romeo LeBlanc (1995-1999), died on 24 June 2009.
Chethakkal

Chethakkal is a village in Pathanamthitta district, Kerala state,India.
Demographics
Malayalam is the native language of Chethakkal.
Politics
Chethakkal is a part of Pathanamthitta Loksabha constituency. Mr. Anto Antony is the current Member of Parliament of the constituency.
Climate
The climate of the place is moderate and pleasant. Tropical climate is prevailed here throughout the year.
Transportation
The major transportation service of this place is provided by Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC).
Operation Allies Refuge

The Operation Allies Refuge is a continuing United States military operation. Its purpose is for removing in-danger Afghan civilians, applicants of the Special Immigrant Visa (SIV) and employees of the Embassy of the United States away from Afghanistan. This operation is happening at the same time as the removal of Americans from Afghanistan and leaving of foreign people and Afghans who are vulnerable.
Operation history
The operation's name was officially given out on 14 July 2021 by Biden administration officials. On 22 July the United States House of Representatives passed the Averting Loss of Life and Injury by Expediting SIVs (ALLIES) Act. This was done to increase the cap for Afghan interpreters. This was also done to speed up the Afghan Special Visa Processes.
On 22 August, President Joe Biden said American troops may remain in Afghanistan beyond August 31. He then announced that more than 28,000 had been removed from Afghanistan from 15 August onward. From July 2021 onward, over 33,000 people were removed out of the country.
Casualties
As of 26 August 2021, at least 94 people were killed at or near the Kabul International Airport as thousands of people tried to forcibly board planes.
At least 103 people were killed and another two-hundred were injured in a suicide bomb attack near the Kabul International Airport on 26 August. This was when evacuations of local and foreign people were in progress. The attacks were performed by Islamic State militants. The dead included sixty-two Afghan civilians, twenty-eight Taliban members and thirteen U.S. service officials. The dead Americans were ten marines, two soldiers and one Navy corpsman.
Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg

The Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg (German: Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg, shortened MLU) is a German public university in Halle and Wittenberg, in the state of Saxony-Anhalt.
It was established by a merger in 1817 and is named after Martin Luther.
President is Udo Strater.
It had nearly 20,000 students in 2015.
Its focus is on all sorts of sciences.
John Ritter

Jonathan Southworth "John" Ritter (September 17, 1948 - September 11, 2003) was an American television and movie actor and comedian. He was featured in the 1970s television series The Waltons. He performed in several situation comedies on the television, including Three's Company. He also appeared in It.
Ritter was born in Burbank, California, where he died on September 11, 2003 of aortic dissection caused by heart disease, six days before his 55th birthday. He also did the voice for Clifford the Big Red Dog.
Ritter was first married actress Nancy Morgan, from 1977 to 1996. Together they have three children, Two sons, Jason and Tyler who are also actors, and a daughter Carly.
After divorced from Morgon, he later married actress Amy Yasbeck on September 18, 1999, at the Murphy Theatre in Wilmington, Ohio. Their daughter was born on September 11, 1998, one year before their marriage.
Ritter's parents were Tex Ritter and Dorothy Fay.
Suchinda Kraprayoon

Suchinda Kraprayoon (; , born 6 August 1933) is a Thai politician. He was the Prime Minister of Thailand from 7 April 1992 until 24 May 1992.
Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship

Swietokrzyskie Voivodeship is one of the 16 voivodeships of Poland. The name of the voivodeship came from local mountains called Swietokrzyskie Mountains. The capital city is Kielce.
A. P. Lutali

Aifili Paulo Lauvao (December 24, 1919 - August 1, 2002) was an American politician. He served twice as governor of American Samoa from 1985 through 89 and again from 1993 through 1997. He was the founder of the U.S territory's Democratic Party. He had a long career in the legislature and the judiciary in American Samoa.
Lutali was born in Aunu'u Island, American Samoa. He was elected to the American Samoa House of Representatives in 1955 and served as its speaker from 1955 through 1958. Lutali died on August 1, 2002 from complications of a stroke at a hospital in Pago Pago, American Samoa, aged 82.
Yevgeny Shevchuk

Yevgeny Vasilyevich Shevchuk (, tr. Yevgeniy Vasilyevich Shevchuk, , tr. Yevhen Vasylovych Shevchuk, Moldovan Cyrillic: Evgeni Vasil'evich' Shevchiuk, ; born 19 June 1968) is a Transnistrian politician. He was the 2nd President of Transnistria from 2011 to 2016.
Shevchuk is an ethnic Ukrainian and a citizen of both Transnistria and Russia.
In 2017, Shevchuk fled to Moldova while guilty on criminal charges. In December 2018, he was sentenced in absentia to 16 years in prison and a fine of about 36 million US dollars.