kenhktsui/simple_wikipedia_LM_quality_score_v1 huggingface dataset:
Victorian era

The Victorian era of the United Kingdom was a time of Queen Victoria's rule from 1837 to 1901. This time was very prosperous for the British people. Trade was at its best. A well educated middle class ruled the country and the British Empire. Other countries also prospered but Britain became the greatest great power.
The Industrial Revolution continued to increase productivity and prosperity, especially in the middle and later parts of Victoria's reign. Making iron and steel was a basic industry. The furnaces were fired with coal. Shipbuilding was a major industry. Canals and steam railways connected all parts of the country, and British steamships connected the world. Cotton and wool were made into cloth and exported. Ceramics were also a major industry.
One important change in the Victorian era was the making of the sewage system in London. In 1829 photography was invented. Gas lighting was important too. Streetlights became common first, followed by lights in public buildings and home. In the 1880s people began making power stations and distribution systems to feed the new electric lightbulbs.
Economic changes
Britain began ruling its trading colonies in Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean. The British Empire now extended all over the world. It used new technologies like the railways and electric telegraph to communicate across these regions. Many British citizens moved to the colonies to make their fortune.
Industrialisation brought with it a rapidly growing middle class. They were not aristocrats and landowners, but on the other hand they were not unskilled workers. They were the people who created, managed and ran the new industrial factories.
Social changes
In the Victorian era, the middle class people owned their own houses. The family home often included three generations. The concept of "privacy" became a mark of the middle class life. What went on in those homes was the themes of many mid-century novelists.
The printing press became faster in the nineteenth century and paper was cheaper too. The "taxes on knowledge" on newspapers and printed advertisements were lifted. This made magazines and newspapers cheaper. The government tried to improve literacy rates by starting schools for the poor. More books were written for, and read by, the newly educated middle classes.
Entertainment
More theatres opened in London. Orchestras and symphonies played, and operas were widely attended. Gambling at cards and new casinos became popular during the period. In the middle of the 19th century saw The Great Exhibition of 1851, the first World's Fair, and showed the greatest creations of the century.
Edmundo Ros

Edmundo Ros OBE FRAM (7 December 1910 - 21 October 2011), born Edmund William Ross, was a Trinidadian-Venezuelan musician, vocalist, arranger and bandleader who made his career in Britain.
Ros's music featured three main types of music: Cuban music, Brazilian music and Caribbean calypsos. Of these genres, Cuban music was the most varied: it included the conga, the ballroom rumba, the mambo, and the cha-cha-cha. Ros introduced the Brazilian samba to England, and it became hugely popular. His Wedding Samba sold three millions copies on 78rpm. He was very popular during the 1950s and 60's.
The orchestrations for his band were designed to smooth the rough edges of Latin music. Ros emphasised the melodic aspects of the music, which he felt was necessary for his audiences. This is something he talked about after his retirement.
He was born in Port of Spain, Trinidad in 1910. He was brought up in Venezuela and went to a military college when he was 18. He learned to play the saxophone, euphonium and the drums. He played with the Venezuelan State Opera, and then won a scholarship to the Royal College of Music in London. He studied to be a conductor at the college in 1937. To earn extra money he played on recordings by other people, including Fats Waller, before starting his own band.
During the war he continued with his music, but also worked as an ambulance driver. After the war he opened the "Edmundo Ros Dinner and Supper Club". He recorded more than 50 albums, the most successful was Rhythms Of the South (Decca 1958), which sold more than a million copies.
He retired to Alicante, Spain in 1975, and made no more recordings. He received the OBE in 2000. He died in 2011 at the age of 100.
Najaf Governorate

Najaf () is a province in southwestern Iraq. The province has an area of 28,824 km2. The capital is also called Najaf. 1.477.134 people live in the province.
Faces of Women

Faces of Women (also known as in French as Visages de femmes) is a 1985 Ivorian French comedy-drama movie directed by Desire Ecare and starring Sidiki Bakaba, Albertine N'Guessan, Eugenie Cisse-Roland.
Bellingham, Massachusetts

Bellingham () is a town in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 16,945 at the 2020 census.
Democratic Party of Korea

The Democratic Party of Korea (DPK), formerly the New Politics Alliance for Democracy (NPAD), is a political party in South Korea.
The party was founded on 26 March 2014. It was a merger of the Democratic Party and the New Political Vision Party (NPVP).
President Moon Jae-in is a member of this party.
Bernard Wasserstein

Bernard Wasserstein is a British-American historian. He was born on January 22 1948 in London. He was a professor at the University of Chicago for 11 years.
Saint David Parish, Dominica

Saint David is one of Dominica's ten administrative parishes. It is on the eastern side of the island.
Grand unification theory

Grand unification theory or GUT is a model that tries to describe the universe. It says that three forces - electromagnetic, weak and strong forces - were once combined into a single force. These are three of the fundamental four forces of nature, which are responsible for all of the pushes and pulls in the universe. If gravity is also combined with these forces, then the GUT will become the proposed Theory of Everything.
Because GUT models have more dimensions than currently known, there has not been a single GUT. Particle accelerators, like the Large Hadron Collider have been built to test these GUTs indirectly, as it is too complex to observe effects on particles without them.
GUT was first proposed by researchers from CERN in the 1970s. The discovery of the Higgs Boson and other such recent discoveries will get scientists closer to knowing which GUT is correct, and ultimately know the Theory of Everything. This theory was given by Pakistani scientist Abdus Salam, who shared the Noble Prize with Weinberg and Glashow for it in 1979.
Marie-Adélaïde, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg

Marie-Adelaide (Marie Adelheid Therese Hilda Wilhelmine; 14 June 1894 - 24 January 1924), reigned as Grand Duchess of Luxembourg from 1912 until she left the throne in 1919.
She was the first Grand Duchess regnant of Luxembourg (after five grand dukes), its first female monarch since Duchess Maria Theresa (1740-1780, who was also Austrian Archduchess and Holy Roman Empress) and the first Luxembourgish monarch to be born within the territory since Count John the Blind (1296-1346).
More readings
O'Shaughnessy, Edith. Marie Adelaide, Grand Duchess of Luxemburg, Duchess of Nassau. New York: Jonathan Cape and Robert Ballou, 1932.
Schous, Marie. Marie Adelheid van Nassau, Groothertogin van Luxemburg. 's Hertogenbosch: G. Mosmans, 1931.
Zenner, Theodor. Marie Adelheid: Lebensbild der verstorbenen Grossherzogin von Luxemburg. 1925
Marburg, Theodor. The Story of a Soul. Philadelphia: Dorrance, 1938.
Leighton, Isabel, and Bertram Bloch. Marie-Adelaide: A Play. New York: Rialto Service Bureau.
Amber Heard

Amber Laura Heard (born April 22, 1986 in Austin, Texas) is an American actress.
Background
She made her movie debut in the 2004 sports movie Friday Night Lights. She had a recurring role on the television show, Hidden Palms as Greta Matthews. Heard came out at GLAAD's 25th anniversary event. From 2008 to 2011, she was in a relationship with photographer Tasya van Ree. She began a relationship with Johnny Depp in 2012. The couple became engaged in December 2013. They married in February 2015. In May 2016, she filed for divorce.
Their divorce had a lot of media attention when Heard said that Depp had been abusive throughout their relationship, and Depp in turn said in 2018 that Heard had abused him, before unsuccessfully suing the publishers of British tabloid The Sun for English defamation.
In 2022, Depp sued Heard for defamation in the United States after she wrote an op-ed discussing being a public victim of domestic violence in 2018, describing himself as a victim of cancel culture. The trial began in Virginia on April 11, 2022 with a verdict being reached on June 1, 2022 which found Heard guilty of defamation. She abused Johnny Deep and pretended that she got abused.
A year after losing a legal battle against her former husband Johnny Depp, she reportedly that she quit Hollywood and moved to Madrid along with her daughter, Oonagh Paige (born April 8, 2021).
Prague 12

Prague 12 () is a municipal district (mestska cast) in Prague, Czech Republic.
Flag of Ecuador

The national flag of Ecuador was created in September 1860.
Appearance
It has three horizontal bands in light yellow, blue and red. In the center it features an eagle over the Seal of Ecuador.
The Bremen Town Musicians (movie)

The Bremen Town Musicians () is a 1969 Soviet animated movie directed by Inessa Kovalevskaya.
Watseka, Illinois

Watseka is a city in Illinois in the United States.
Mario Terán

Mario Teran Salazar (9 April 1941 - 10 March 2022) was a Bolivian Army warrant officer. He was known for executing Che Guevara as a young sergeant in 1967. Teran was born in Cochabamba, Bolivia.
Teran died at Military Social Security Corporation hospital in La Paz, Bolivia on 10 March 2022, at the age of 80.
Gallatin, Texas

Gallatin is a city in Cherokee County, Texas, United States.
Negligence

In law, negligence is a kind of legal claim that people and organizations can bring if they are hurt. It is a kind of tort. The law calls someone negligent if he hurts someone else, or someone else's property, because he was not careful enough. In a legal case about negligence, the person who brings the lawsuit is called the plaintiff and the person who is being sued is called the defendant.
Negligence case
The law about negligence is different in many places (or jurisdictions), but for the plaintiff to win, he or she usually has to prove at least four things:
the defendant had a duty to behave in a certain way;
the defendant breached that duty;
the plaintiff was damaged, or harmed as a result; and
the breach of duty was the cause reasonably predictable cause of the plaintiff's harm.
Duty
The defendant's duty is what the law says that he or she has to do. Usually, the law says that people have to be reasonable. That means they have to be careful, use good judgment, and not be unfair to other people. In some cases, the law tells people that they have special duties. In other cases, the law says that people have no duties at all. For example, in most places that use the common law, a person has no legal duty to rescue another person from harm, even if the rescue is very easy and does not cost anything or put anyone else in danger.
Breach
When people do not follow their duty, the law says that they breach their duty.
Harm
A plaintiff can usually bring a lawsuit only if he or she has been hurt, or has some other legal harm. The law tells people what kinds of injuries people can sue about.
Cause
A plaintiff can usually sue a defendant only if that defendant was the one who hurt the plaintiff. In many cases, it is easy to figure out who hurt someone. But sometimes people get hurt in ways that nobody expects. For example, a defendant might be driving while drunk, and he might hit an electric pole. The electric pole could fall down and cause a neighborhood to lose electric power. As a result, a person two miles away might trip and fall in the dark. The law will decide whether the drunk driver caused the person to trip and fall.
Outside the law
The word negligence is sometimes used outside the law in a similar way. It means that someone has not been careful enough.
Hadiza Bala Usman

Hadiza Bala Usman is a Nigerian politician and the current Managing Director of Nigerian Port Authority. She was previously the Chief of staff of Governor Nasir Ahmad El-Rufai of Kaduna state.
Education
Usman holds bachelors degree in business administration from Ahmadu Bello University, and masters degree in development studies from University of Lead.
Career
Usman began her career at Democratic Development and Research in Zaria, then Bereau of Public Enterprises.
222

222 was a common year.
Events
Pope Urban I succeeds Pope Callixtus I
Roman Emperor Alexander Severus succeeds Heliogabalus
Kingdom of Wu is established in China
Sun Quan defeats Liu Bei at the Battle of Yi Ling
Viktor Hierländer

Viktor Hierlander (7 June 1900 - 20 January 1982) was an Austrian football player and manager.
Career
He played for Floridsdorfer AC, SpVgg Furth, FK Austria Wien, New York Giants and Wiener AC.
He coached Cracovia, BSC Young Boys, Alexandria, Admira Wien, Austria (Amateur, most notably at the 1952 Summer Olympics) and SK Rapid Wien.
Willow Shields

Willow Shields (born June 1, 2000) is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Primrose Everdeen in all four of The Hunger Games movies (2012-2015). She was also a dancer on Dancing with the Stars in 2015. At the age of 14, she was the youngest to ever compete on the show.
Shields was born in Albuquerque, New Mexico. She has a twin sister and an older brother, both of whom are actors.
Waldoboro, Maine

Waldoboro is a town in Lincoln County, Maine, United States.
John A. Costello

John Aloysius Costello (20 June 1891 - 5 January 1976) was an Irish Fine Gael politician. He was Taoiseach from 1948 to 1951 and from 1954 to 1957, Leader of the Opposition from 1951 to 1954 and from 1957 to 1959, and Attorney General of Ireland from 1926 to 1932.
He was a Teachta Dala (TD) from 1933 to 1943 and from 1944 to 1969.
Massari

Sari Abboud () or simply known as Massari () which means "money" in Arabic, is a Lebanese-born contemporary R&B/hip-hop singer. Massari was born in Beirut, Lebanon on December 10, 1980. His family moved to Canada while he was teenager. Massari began performing at a young age. Massari released his debut album Massari in 2005. The album was certified gold by the CRIA for selling 50,000 copies in that country alone. In 2009, Massari released Forever Massari. The album sold over 120,000 copies in Lebanon and Canada, combined.
Discography
Studio albums
DVD
2006: Massari: Road to Success
Singles
Awards and nominations
For the song "Be Easy".
For the song "Real Love".
William Henry Howell

William Henry Howell, Ph.D., M.D., LL.D., Sc.D. (February 20, 1860 - February 6, 1945) was an American-born physiologist best known for pioneering the use of heparin as an anticoagulant. He was born in Baltimore, Maryland.
Agassac

Agassac is a commune. It is in Occitanie in the Haute-Garonne department in southwest France.
David Pall

David Boris Pall (2 April 1914 - 21 September 2004), founder of Pall Corporation, was the chemist who invented the Pall filter used in blood transfusions.
Born in Thunder Bay, Ontario of Russian immigrant parents, he grew up on a farm in Saskatchewan, and attended McGill University, from which he was granted a bachelor's degree in chemistry and a Ph.D. in physical chemistry. He moved to New York in 1938 and became a part of the Manhattan Project. In 1946, he established Pall Corporation. The company's initial focus was on the development of filters for use in aircraft hydraulics.
However, in 1959, when Dr. Pall's first wife, Josephine, died of aplastic anemia, he began to work on the Pall filter. Mrs. Pall had undergone multiple blood transfusions in the course of an illness, which were ultimately unsuccessful. The Pall filter makes blood transfusions significantly safer by filtering out white blood cells, thereby reducing the incidence of transfusion reactions and viral infections. Today, Pall Corporation has sales in excess of $2.0 Billion.
In his lifetime, Dr. Pall received over 180 patents and in 1990, he received the United States National Medal of Technology from President George H.W. Bush.
Pall, a trustee of the North Shore University Hospital, died of complications of Alzheimer's disease at his last home in Roslyn Estates, New York.
Louis Althusser

Louis Pierre Althusser (Pronunciation: altulseR) (October 16, 1918 - October 22, 1990) was a Marxist philosopher. He was born in Algeria. He studied at the Ecole Normale Superieure in Paris. He became Professor of Philosophy there. He taught Michel Foucault and Jacques Derrida.
Althusser was a member of the French Communist Party. Sometimes he had bad opinions about the party. He argued against things he thought attacked the basic ideas of Marxism. Some examples are the influence of empiricism on Marxist theory, humanist and reformist socialist orientations in European communist parties, the problem of the 'cult of personality' and ideology.
Many people say that Althusser is a Structural Marxist. This is a type of Marxism based on structuralism. However, he had many different opinions about structuralism. In 1980, Althusser killed his wife. He went to a psychiatric hospital for three years. He died in 1990.
Vaginal flora

Vaginal flora or microbiota are tiny microorganisms that are part of the healthy reproductive organs in a woman. Humans have many very small organisms that are a normal part of the human body. These microorgansims can only be seen with a microscope. These organisms are bacteria and fungi. Almost all of them do not cause sickness, but it is still normal to have them inside or outside the body.
These small microorganisms are called microbiota by researchers. There are microbiota in the stomach, the skin, the mouth, the eyes, and microbiota in the vagina. The microbiota in humans help to stop infections caused by other bacteria. Vaginal microbiota help keep the vagina healthy. They help prevent infection caused other bacteria. Bacteria that cause sickness or infection are called pathogens. The normal vaginal microbiota stop pathogens from growing.
When a woman sees a doctor because she has fluid coming out of her vagina, the doctor might test the woman for bacteria pathogens. Pathogens can grow too fast. They can grow faster than the normal and healthy vaginal microbiota. An infection can make fluid come out of the vagina. This is called vaginal discharge. A good and healthy bacteria that keeps the vagina free from sickness is called Lactobacillus. There other good bacteria that keep the vagina healthy. Some of their names are: Peptostreptococcus, Propionibacterium, and Actinomyces.
If a woman catches a sexually transmitted disease, it will change the vaginal microbiota. The healthy vaginal microbiota can not stop or cure a sexually transmitted infection.
Lois Chiles

Lois Cleveland Chiles (born April 15, 1947) is an American actress and former fashion model. She was born in Houston, Texas.
Chiles is known for her roles as a Bond girl Dr. Holly Goodhead in the 1979 James Bond movie Moonraker, and as a driver in 1987's Creepshow 2, as well as such movies as The Great Gatsby, The Way We Were, Death on the Nile and Broadcast News.
Shinichiro Takahashi

is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics
|-
|1980||Toyo Industries||JSL Division 1||||||||||||||||
|-
|1981||rowspan="11"|Mazda||rowspan="3"|JSL Division 1||||||||||||||||
|-
|1982||||||||||||||||
|-
|1983||||||||||||||||
|-
|1984||rowspan="2"|JSL Division 2||||||||||||||||
|-
|1985/86||||||||||||||||
|-
|1986/87||rowspan="2"|JSL Division 1||||||||||||||||
|-
|1987/88||||||||||||||||
|-
|1988/89||rowspan="3"|JSL Division 2||||||||||||||||
|-
|1989/90||30||3||||||2||0||32||3
|-
|1990/91||26||3||||||3||1||29||4
|-
|1991/92||JSL Division 1||22||6||||||4||0||26||6
|-
|1992||rowspan="2"|Sanfrecce Hiroshima||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||colspan="2"|-||1||0||3||0||4||0
|-
|1993||3||0||0||0||3||0||6||0
81||12||1||0||15||1||97||13
81||12||1||0||15||1||97||13
|}
Bhupendra Thapa Magar

Bhupendra Thapa Magar is a professional boxer from Nepal. He rose to prominence after winning gold at the 2019 South Asian Games in Nepal. He is a member of the Nepal Police Club and represents Nepal Police Club.
Newport County A.F.C.

Newport County A.F.C. is a football club located in Wales that plays in the English league system.
Structural engineering

Structural engineering is a subset of civil engineering dealing with the design and analysis of buildings and large non-building structures to withstand both the gravity and wind loads as well as natural disasters. Besides, it may also cover design of machinery, medical equipment, vehicles or any other objects where structural functionality or safety are involved. Structural engineers must ensure their designs satisfy building codes.
Major structural engineering projects go through the following four stages: research, design, testing, and construction which are featured with the images below:
Structural engineering came to existence when the humans first started to construct their own structures. It became a more defined profession with the emergence of the architecture profession during the industrial revolution in the late 19th Century.
Entry-level structural engineers may design individual structural elements of a structure, for example, beams, columns, and floors of a building. More experienced engineers would be responsible for the structural design and integrity of an entire system, such as a building.
Structural engineers often specialize in particular fields, such as bridge engineering, building engineering, pipeline engineering, earthquake engineering, industrial structures, or special mechanical structures such as vehicles or aircrafts.
Chiesanuova

Chiesanuova is one of the 9 communes or "castelli" of San Marino. 1,097 people live there (October 2013) in an area of 5.46 km2.
It is next to the San Marino municipalities San Marino and Fiorentino and the Italian municipalities Sassofeltrio, Verucchio and San Leo.
Expert system

An expert system is a program running on a computer. Like a human expert, it knows a lot about a subject. People can ask the expert system a question. The expert system will then use a set of rules and give answers to the question. This method of automated reasoning belongs to a field of computer science called artificial intelligence.
Different groups of people can have different kinds of access to an expert system. The people managing the network of computers have different needs than the office worker or secretary.
How expert systems work
Expert systems are made of
A set of facts, rules and principles
A set of data that is solved using its expertise
A user interface
When they are asked a question, they will filter the data with the rules they have. They might give back a result, or ask an additional question.
Categories of expert systems
Case-based expert systems have a number of cases; each case describes the problem in context, and the solution of the problem, in the specific case. The current problem is matched as closely as possible to a case. The solution of the case found is then applied to the current problem. The main problem of such systems is to define how cases relate to each other, or are similar. An example of where such a system may be used is that of a patient: This patient shows a given number of symptoms, and the expert system could diagnose the patient.
Rule-based systems do not rely on cases; instead, there are a number of rules. These are expressed in the form IF A THEN B. In most systems, human experts have to write the rules.
A third approach is to construct systems that are based on decision trees. Such systems are capable of learning, or of extending their knowledge base, using inductive reasoning. When the classification is done, the system uses a path through the tree. At the end, it arrives at a leaf, which indicates the class of solution to the problem. Each bifurcation in the tree is based on an attribute, that is checked. The value of the attribute determines how to continue the path. Ideally, good results are obtained using small trees. The problem is finding good attributes to base the decisions on.
Mirepeisset

Mirepeisset is a commune of 769 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.
Chillesford

Chillesford is a village and civil parish in Suffolk Coastal, Suffolk, England. In 2001, there were 126 people living in Chillesford. It has a church called St Peter.
Juan Valera

Juan Valera y Alcala-Galiano (October 18 1824 - April 18 1905), was a Spanish author, writer and political figure.
List of World Chess Champions

World Chess Champions are players who have won a match or tournament for the World Championship at chess. Both men and women can become champion, but no woman has ever been a challenger for the title. There is, however, a separate championship for women. There are also separate championships for specific age groups.
Before 1886, there was no official championship held, but some players were thought to be pre-eminent. From 1948 on, the World Chess Federation FIDE held the championships. Between 1993 and 2006 there were two world champion titles, the FIDE one and the classical one.
The 2013 World Championship match took place between Anand and Magnus Carlsen (challenger) in Chennai, the capital of Tamil Nadu, where Anand grew up. Usually, world champions had been played on neutral ground. Fischer played Spassky in Iceland; Alekhine played Capablanca in Buenos Aires. The Soviets always played in Moscow. However, sponsorship is needed for these matches, and the decision to accept the Chennai bid was taken by FIDE. The Challenger was victorious winning 3 games and achieving the necessary 6.5 points to win the title at the end of game 10.
Ding Liren (since 2023 and from China) is the current World Chess Champion.
Some players and authors before 1821
These players are included (pre-18th century) on little more than opinion, and (18th century) on the basis of more substantial information. Some authors of important early works on chess are noted.
World Champions pre-FIDE
These players are included on the basis of their winning matches against credible opponents. Champions are numbered from Steinitz onwards, because his match against Zukertort was publicly declared as a world championship and generally accepted.
FIDE world champions 1948-1993
Long matches, initially best of 24 games.
FIDE world champions 1993-2006
These knock-out events are separately numbered.
Classical world champions 1993-2006
These are matches of the traditional kind, and of 15 or 20 games.
Undisputed world champions 2006-present
Various formats have been used, especially during Carlsen's tenure.
Miss Universe 2009

Miss Universe 2009 was a beauty pageant, the 56th Miss Universe. In it, outgoing Miss Universe Dayana Mendoza of Venezuela crowned eighteen-year-old Stefania Fernandez as Miss Universe 2009.
It was followed by the Miss Universe 2010 pageant, and preceded by the Miss Universe 2008 pageant.
Details
Date & Venue
Miss Universe 2009, occurred on August 23, 2008, in Nassau, Bahamas.
Top 4 Contenders
There were at first 84 contenders, but Jewel Silver withdrew due to dehydration. Thus there were 83 contestants at the final. Ultimately, Stefania Fernandez of Venezuela won, and Ada de la Cruz of the Dominican Republic was the runner-up. Third was Marigona Dragusha of Kosovo. And Rachael Finch, of Australia, finished fourth.
Notes
Stefania's young age
Stefania was just eighteen upon the time of her crowning. Since 2009, there has been no Miss Universe younger than her at the time of their crowning.
Crowning by a Compatriot
Stefania was from Venezuela, like Dayana Mendoza, making this the first Miss Universe pageant where the Miss Universe was crowned by a compatriot. For this, Stefania earned a Guiness Record.
Viperinae

The Viperinae, or Viperines, are a subfamily of venomous Vipers in Europe, Asia and Africa.There are 12 genera and 66 species in this subfamily. Most are tropical and subtropical, although one species, the Vipera berus, even lives within the Arctic Circle.
Description
Members of this subfamily range in size from the Namaqua Dwarf Adder, that grows to a maximum of 28 cm, to the Gaboon Viper that reaches a maximum length of over 2 m. Most species live on land, but a few, such as Atheris, live in trees.
Where they live
The Viperinae are found in Europe, Asia and Africa, but they are not found in Madagascar.
Reproduction
Most of the members of this subfamily are viviparous (ovoviviparous), meaning they give live birth, although a few, such as the Persian Horned viper, lay eggs.
Marco Borradori

Marco Borradori (6 June 1959 - 11 August 2021) was a Swiss lawyer and politician. He was born in Sorengo, Switzerland. From 2013 until his death in 2021, he was the Mayor of Lugano. He was a member of the Ticino League. He was also a member of the National Council from 1991 until 1995.
Borradori was hospitalized in Lugano on 10 August 2021 after going into cardiac arrest. He died the next day of multiple organ failure, aged 62.
Deee-Lite

Deee-Lite was an American house and dance music group started in New York City. Their most popular song was "Groove Is in the Heart", which is from their first studio album World Clique (1990). It got to the top ten of music charts in many countries. Billboard said they were the 55th most successful dance artists of all time in 2016.
Lons

Lons is a commune of the Pyrenees-Atlantiques departement in the southwestern part of France.
Les Châtelliers-Châteaumur

Les Chatelliers-Chateaumur is a former commune. It is in Pays de la Loire in the Vendee department in west France. On 1 January 2016, it became a part of the new commune of Sevremont.
Equilibrium constant

Equilibrium constant is a mathematical quantity which expresses the relationship between products and reactants of a reaction at equilibrium with respect to a specific unit. In other words, equilibrium constant is the reaction quotient of a chemical reaction at chemical equilibrium. The equilibrium constant can help us to understand whether the reaction tends to have a higher concentration of products or reactants at equilibrium. We can also use to Equilibrium constant determine if the reaction is already at equilibrium.
There are several different types of equilibrium constants that provide relationships between the products and the reactants of a chemical reaction at chemical equilibrium in terms of different units. Dissociation constants can be used as an example.
Equilibrium constant of a reaction
For a general chemical equilibrium
the equilibrium constant can be defined by
where {A} is the activity of the chemical species A, etc. (activity is a dimensionless quantity). It is conventional to put the activities of the products in the numerator and those of the reactants in the denominator.
For equilibria in solution, activity is the product of concentration and activity coefficient. Most chemists determine equilibrium constants in a solution with a high ionic strength. In high strength solutions, the quotient of activity coefficients changes very little. So, the equilibrium constant is defined as a concentration quotient:
However, the value of Kc will depend on the ionic strength. (The square brackets mean the concentration of A, B and so on.)
This is a simple idea. In an equilibrium, atoms can combine or break apart because the reaction can work in both directions. For the reaction to work, all of the parts must be present to combine. This is more likely to happen if the reactants have a higher concentration. So, the concentrations of all the necessary pieces are multiplied together to get the probability that they will be in the same place for the reaction. (If the reaction requires two molecules of a particular compound, then the concentration of that compound is squared.) Going the other way, all of the concentrations of those necessary pieces are multiplied together to get the probability that they will be in the same place to react in the opposite direction. The ratio between those two numbers represents how popular each side of the reaction will be when equilibrium is reached. An equilibrium constant of 1 means that both sides are equally popular. Chemists perform experiments to measure the equilibrium constant of various reactions.
There is a relation between Gibbs free energy () and Equilibrium constant which is,
Here, is the universal gas constant and is the temperature.
Relation between and
From ideal gas law, we know that,
Or,
So, concentration (as, concentration ),
Here, is pressure, is volume, is the number of moles of gas, is the universal gas constant and is the temperature.
So,
Or,
Here, is the partial pressure of .
If,
Then,
Here, is the equilibrium constant in terms of partial pressure.
SpeechWeb

A SpeechWeb is a collection of SpeechWeb applications. The collection or web of applications can be navigated using a SpeechWeb browser.
The goals of the SpeechWeb are:
1. Providing end users with voice only interfaces to remote applications.
2. Providing software developers with a framework to build their user interfaces with.
A SpeechWeb browser is a document or program allowing a human user to interact with a SpeechWeb application. A SpeechWeb browser can be implemented in X+V, VoiceXML, or others. An example browser using X+V is available here .
A SpeechWeb application is an application that provides a special interface. The basic idea is that not much more than natural language is used to communicate with the applications. SpeechWeb applications also need to describe the possible input texts by publishing a JSGF grammar.
List of Australian of the Year Award recipients

The Australian of the Year Award is given every year on Australia Day. The announcement of the award has become a major public event in Australia. It is shown on nationwide television. The award "offers an insight into Australian identity, reflecting the nation's evolving relationship with world, the role of sport in Australian culture, the impact of multiculturalism, and the special status of Australia's Indigenous people". The award is unique because it is sponsored by a national government and because it has broad public support.
The following is a list of people who have received the Australian of the Year award.
The post-nominals listed for each person are as they were on the day they were named the Australian of the Year.
Iken

Iken is a village and civil parish in Suffolk Coastal, Suffolk, England. In 2001 there were 114 people living in Iken. Iken has a church called St Botolph.
Gregoria de Jesús

Gregoria de Jesus (9 May 1875 - 15 March 1943) was a Philippine nationalist. She was the second wife of Andres Bonifacio, a Philippine nationalist. She founded Katipunan. She was the first vice president of the Philippine revolutionary government (1896 to 1897).
Containment building

A containment building is a building with a nuclear reactor in it. It is built around the reactor to keep the radiation from getting out, if something happens to the reactor. The containment building is the last barrier to the radiation getting into the environment. Containment systems for nuclear power reactors are distinguished by size, shape, materials used, and suppression systems. The kind of containment used is determined by the type of reactor, generation of the reactor, and the specific plant needs.
The Chernobyl accident was very bad partly because the Soviet RBMK reactors used at the Chernobyl power plant had no containment buildings. The explosion, however, was so powerful that it is unlikely a containment building would have completely prevented the release of radiation.
Layers of nuclear defense
The diagram shows the order of defense layers for a nuclear reactor. The first layer of defense is the inert, ceramic quality of the uranium oxide itself. The second layer is the air tight zirconium alloy of the fuel rod. The third layer is the reactor pressure vessel made of steel more than a dozen centimeters thick. The fourth layer is the pressure resistant, air tight containment building. The fifth layer is the exclusion zone around the reactor.
Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media

The Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media has been awarded since 1988 for the best songs written for movies, television, video games and other visual media.
The award name has been through several name changes over the years:
1988 to 1999: Grammy Award for Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television
2000 to 2011: Grammy Award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media
2012 to present: Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media
Years reflect the year in which the Grammy Awards were presented, for works released in the previous year. The award is presented to the songwriter(s).
ITV Channel Television

ITV Channel Television previously known as Channel Television, is a British television station which has been serving the Channel Islands since the station launched in 1962. The company is based in Jersey and shows regional programmes for the ITV network. Until November 2011, Channel Television was one of four ITV companies that was not owned by ITV plc with the two STV regions in Scotland and UTV in Northern Ireland. Since 2012, ITV plc has owned the station and the broadcasting licence was moved to ITV Broadcasting Limited in March 2017.
History
Launch
Channel Television was awarded the licence for the Channel Islands in 1960 by the regulator at the time, the Independent Television Authority (ITA). The ITA pointed out the Television Act 1954 that started ITV and the ITA did not include the Channel Islands, and if the ITA was to have an ITV service there, it would require an extension of the act with an Order in Council. The station also faced difficulty with connecting to the rest of the ITV network. The solution was to create a relay station on the island of Alderney that would connect with another ITV station, originally Westward Television. The station also had issues getting permission for the mast but they gained permission in September 1961.
Kimberly Exner

Kimberly Exner (born 16 July 1977) is a Canadian volleyball player. She is part of the Canadian women's national volleyball team. She competed at the 2002 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship.
She played for Eastern Washington University's women's volleyball team.
Alicia de Larrocha

Alicia de Larrocha i de la Calle (May 23, 1923 - September 25, 2009) was a Spanish pianist. She received many Grammy Awards. She performed for 76 years, following which she retired.
De Larrocha was born in Barcelona. She died at age 86 after declining health.
Kamen Rider Geats

Kamen Rider Geats is a Japanese tokusatsu drama series. Super Hero Time joined Avataro Sentai Donbrothers and then Ohsama Sentai King-Ohger.
Baerenthal

Baerenthal is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Moselle department in northeast France.
Keisuke Ota (born in 1979)

Keisuke Ota (born 24 April 1979) is a former Japanese football player.
Chang Taek-sang

Jang Taek-Sang (jangtaegsang, 1893-1969) was a Korean nationalist politician. He was a Korean independence activist against Japanese imperialism. After the liberation, he was 1st Foreign Minister and 3rd Prime Minister. This was during the 2-5th National Assembly of South Korea.
Jejemon

A Jejemon (tl: ) is a type of person in the Philippines who makes the English language hard to read. The Philippine Daily Inquirer call them different but happy because of their language and clothes.
The word Jejemon came from people who like to write "hehehe" as "jejeje" because "jeje" is Spanish for hehe due to the sound J makes in Spanish. "-Mon" is added at the end. This is from the Japanese anime Pokemon. "-Mon" means "monster." They are "jeje-monsters."
People
Jejemons started to appear because of cellphones. Cellphones can only use 160 characters so people who use them write shorter words to save space. Jejemons don't want this so they made their words longer.
Most Jejemons are poor.
People who are Jejemons are described based on levels. These are "mild," "moderate", "severe", or "terminal."
Jejenese and Jejebet
Jejemons speak Jejenese based on Taglish and Englog. Jejenese is also referred to as "street language". Their alphabet, Jejebet, is based on Leet. Words are created by mixing letters in a word, mixed large and small letters, using the letters H, X or Z many times, and mixing of numbers in words. The spelling is the same as Leetspeak.
Examples
Reactions
Facebook fan pages were made in support and against the group. Celebrities have condemned some attacks. Jejebusters were created to fight jejetyping and jejemons. The Department of Education of the Philippines (DepEd) discourages students from using Jejemon spelling and grammar.
Avesh Khan

Avesh Khan is an international cricketer from India. In 2015 Avesh was named in India's squad for the 2016 Under-19 Cricket World Cup.
Angelita Castany

Angelita Castany (13 March 1934 - 29 September 2020) was a Cuban-born Mexican actress, dancer and singer. Castany appeared in many movies and telenovelas. She was known for her roles in Por mis pistolas (1968), Infamia (1981), Extranos caminos del amor (1981) and Valentina (1993).
Castany was born in Havana, Cuba. Her career began in 1960 when she moved to Mexico City. She was married to comedian Chabelo. Castany died at a hospital in Mexico City from respiratory failure on 29 September 2020, aged 86. She belongs to the Golden Age of Mexican cinema.
Pittsfield, Vermont

Pittsfield is a town in Rutland County, Vermont, United States.
Quispamsis

Quispamsis is a suburb is southern New Brunswick, Canada. It is located 20 kilometres northeast of Saint John. The population of Quispamsis was 18,245 people in 2016.
Islamabad

Islamabad (, abode of Islam) is the Federal capital city of Pakistan, and is in the Pothohar Plateau in the northwest of the country. Islamabad Town is also a town in Jammu and Kashmir. It is in the Islamabad Capital Territory, though the area has historically been a part of the crossroads of the Punjab region and the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province (the Margalla Pass being a historic gateway to the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and the Pothohar Plateau historically is a part of the Punjab region).
This city is rich in nature. It is surrounded by the Margalla Hills. It has a humid subtropical climate (Cwa in the Koppen climate classification). Islamabad is an expensive city to live in as the prices of most of fruits, vegetable and poultry items increased in Islamabad during the years 2015-2020.
Sulzbach am Main

Sulzbach am Main (officially Sulzbach a.Main) is a market municipality in the Miltenberg district in the Lower Franconia region in Bavaria, Germany.
Geography
Place
Sulzbach is on the rivers Main and Sulzbach, about 7 km south of Aschaffenburg on the western edge of the Spessart (range). The hill Pfaffenberg with its radio transmitter is partially placed within the municipal territory.
Subdivisions
Sulzbach's districts are Sulzbach, (formerly also called Bad Sodenthal) and .
Neighbouring communities
Sulzbach is bordered by (from the north, clockwise): Aschaffenburg, Bessenbach, Hohe Wart (gemeindefreies Gebiet), Leidersbach, Kleinwallstadt, Grosswallstadt and Niedernberg.
Arcturus

Arcturus (or a Boo, a Bootis, Alpha Bootis) of the constellation Bootes is the brightest star in the northern celestial hemisphere. With an apparent magnitude of -0.04, it is the fourth brightest star in the night sky, after -1.46 magnitude Sirius, -0.86 magnitude Canopus, and -0.27 magnitude Alpha Centauri.
It is a relatively close star at only 36.7 light-years from Earth, and, together with Vega and Sirius, one of the most luminous stars in the Sun's neighborhood.
Arcturus is a type K1.5 IIIpe red giant star, with an absolute magnitude of -0.30. It has likely exhausted its hydrogen from the core and is now in its active red giant phase. It will continue to expand before entering the horizontal branch stage of its life cycle. The diameter of Arcturus is around 35 million kilometers.
Brantes

Brantes is a commune of 65 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.
DR Movie

DR Movie is a Korean animation studio. It was organised in Seoul in 1990. It often works with Japanese companies on anime titles.
Angélica Vale

Angelica Vale (born Angelica Maria Vale Hartman; November 11, 1975) is a Mexican-American actress, singer, and comedian. She is known also as the daughter of Angelica Maria.
She is known for her role as the protagonist of La Fea Mas Bella (The Prettiest Ugly Girl), a Mexican telenovela, with her real-life mother. She starred in the webnovela No me hallo as Luchita Guerra.
Early in 2012, Vale was a team captain on the Mexican TV Show Parodiando, of Televisa network. Vale became a U.S. citizen in 2016, while retaining her Mexican citizenship.
Elbasan District

The District of Elbasan is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania. It is part of Elbasan County. There are 224,689 people who live in the district. The capital is Elbasan.
Huangpu River

The Huangpu River (Chinese: Huang Pu Jiang ), 113-kilometer-long river that flows through the heart of Shanghai, China. Its headwaters come from Dianshan Lake on the Jiangsu border, and it flows through Qingpu District, Songjiang District, Fengxian District and Minhang District before turning abruptly northwards, continuing its course through Minhang District. The Huangpu curves as it becomes the border between Pudong New District and Xuhui District, flowing then past Huangpu District, the city center of Shanghai, after which it receives its main tributary, the Suzhou River. Afterwards the river serves as the border between Pudong New District and Hongkou District, then Yangpu District, and finally Baoshan District. The Huangpu River merges into the Yangtze River at Wusongkou, after which the combined waters flow gently into the East China Sea.
Arrondissement of Forbach-Boulay-Moselle

The arrondissement of Forbach-Boulay-Moselle is an arrondissement of France, in the Moselle department, Grand Est region. Its capital is the city of Forbach.
History
The arrondissement of Forbach-Boulay-Moselle was formed when the former arrondissements of Forbach and of Boulay-Moselle were merged on 1 January 2015 to form the new arrondissement.
Geography
The arrondissement of Forbach-Boulay-Moselle is in the north central part of the Moselle department. It is bordered to the north by Germany, to the east by the Sarreguemines arrondissement, to the south by the Sarrebourg-Chateau-Salins arrondissement, to the southwest by the Metz arrondissement and to the west by the Thionville arrondissement.
The arrondissement of Forbach-Boulay-Moselle has an area of . It is the second largest of the 5 arrondissements of the department but the third in population (245,222 inhabitants) and a population density of inhabitants/km2.
Composition
Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.
Marcy, Aisne

Marcy, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.
LGBT rights in Kenya

Homosexual acts are illegal in Kenya and punishable by up to 14 years in prison. Although the state often turns a blind eye to prosecute gay people.
Data
According to a 2013 survey by the Pew Research Center, 90% of Kenyans believe that homosexuality should not be accepted by society.
Silvereye

The silvereye or wax-eye (Zosterops lateralis) is a very small omnivorous passerine bird of the south-west Pacific. In Australia and New Zealand its common name is sometimes white-eye, but this name is more commonly used to talk about all members of the genus Zosterops, or the entire family Zosteropidae.
In New Zealand, the silvereye was first recorded in 1832. It many more were seen in 1856, and it is assumed that a migrating flock was thrown eastwards by a storm. As a self-introduced bird it is protected as a native New Zealand species. Its Maori name, , means "stranger" or more literally, "new arrival".