kenhktsui/simple_wikipedia_LM_quality_score_v1 huggingface dataset:
Ocean surface wave

Ocean surface waves are surface waves that occur in the upper layer of the ocean. They usually result from wind. Some are made by geologic effects like earthquakes or vulcanicity and may travel thousands of miles before striking land. They range in size from small ripples to huge tsunamis. There is little actual forward motion of individual water particles in an unbroken wave, despite the large amount of energy and momentum it may carry forward. When a wave hits shallow water, it "breaks" because the bottom moves more slowly than the top.
Wave formation
The great majority of large breakers one sees on an ocean beach result from distant winds. Three factors influence the formation of these "wind waves":
Wind speed
Distance of open water that the wind has blown over.
Length of time the wind has blown over a given area.
All of these factors work together to determine the size and shape of ocean waves. The greater each of the variables, the larger the waves. Waves are measured by:
Height (from trough to crest)
Wavelength (from crest to crest)
Period (time interval between arrival of consecutive crests at a stationary point)
Waves in a given area typically have a range of sizes. For weather reporting and for scientific analysis of wind wave statistics, their size over a period of time is usually expressed as "significant wave height." This figure represents the average height of the highest one-third of the waves in a given time period (usually twelve hours) or in a specific storm system or event. Given the variability of wave size, the largest individual waves are likely to be twice the reported significant wave height for a particular day or storm.
Besian Idrizaj

Besian Idrizaj (12 October 1987 - 15 May 2010) was an Austrian football player. He played for Swansea City.
Rusich Group

Rusich Group (Gruppa 'Rusich') is a Russian ultranationalist paramilitary movement, known for it's involvement in the Russo-Ukrainian War, and the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.
Sifis Valirakis

Iosif "Sifis" Valirakis (, 12 March 1943 - 24 January 2021) was a Greek politician. He was a member of the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK). Valirakis was born in Chania, Crete. From 1995 to 1996, he was Minister of Public Order.
On 24 January 2021, Valirakis fell out of a boat and drowned near Eretria, Greece, aged 78.
Albertus Magnus

Albertus Magnus, O.P. (1193/1206 - November 15, 1280), also known as Albert the Great and Albert of Cologne, is a Catholic saint. He was a German Dominican friar and a bishop who achieved fame for his comprehensive knowledge of and advocacy for the peaceful coexistence of science and religion. James A. Weisheipl and Joachim R. Soder have referred to him as the greatest German philosopher and theologian of the Middle Ages, an opinion supported by contemporaries such as Roger Bacon. Magnus was born into a rich German family, in Swabia, in about 1200. He attended Padua University, in Italy. He was very knowledgeable about Sciences, and he wrote about chemistry, geometry, astronomy, physiology. He promoted Aristotle's writings. He later became Master of Theology, which is the study of religion and God, in the University of Paris. He also created a school in Cologne, in 1248. Magnus died on November 15, 1280, in Cologne, Germany. 250 years after his death, he was named a Saint because he helped and contributed to the Catholic Church.
Krzysztof Birula-Białynicki

Krzysztof Birula-Bialynicki (15 August 1944 - 30 January 2014) was a Polish ice hockey player. He competed at the 1972 Winter Olympics.
Denner

Denner is a discount supermarket chain in Switzerland. It is Switzerland's third largest supermarket chain after Migros and Coop.
Negative

Negative may mean:
Something negative can be something bad.
A negative number is a number that is less than zero. 5 - 8 = -3.
Some people also use negative the same way as "no", or other related words. "Not", "Never", "Nowhere" etc. are all negative words. On two-way radios the word "negative" is used instead of "no" to be clearer.
In film photography, a film negative is an exposed picture or movie film that has been processed, and is ready to be used to make a print. In a negative, everything in the picture has the opposite color. Things that are white will be black, things that are red will be green, and things that are orange will be blue.
Miramax Films

Miramax Films is an American motion picture distribution and production company. It was headquartered in Los Angeles, California before being bought out by The Walt Disney Company.
It was created by the brothers Harvey and Bob Weinstein in Buffalo, New York in 1979. The name comes from combining the first names of their parents Max and Miriam. The company was created to distribute independent films which the major movie studio did not think were worth distributing.
The company's first success came when the Weinsteins teamed up with British producer Martin Lewis. They got the US rights to two concert movies of benefit shows for human rights organization Amnesty International. The Weinsteins worked with Lewis to combine the two movies into one movie. The movie The Secret Policeman's Other Ball was a successful release for Miramax in the summer of 1982.
Among the company's most well known movies as distributors were The Crying Game, sex, lies, and videotape, Tie Me Up! Tie Me Down! and Scandal. The company also made movies such as Pulp Fiction and Shakespeare In Love
Miramax also produced many movies which made a lot of money. The company became one of the leaders of the independent film revolution of the 1990s. It produced or distributed seven movies that made more than $100 million at the box office. Its most successful movie, Chicago, earned more than $300 million.
In 1993, The Walt Disney Company bought Miramax for $80 million. Harvey and Bob Weinstein ran Miramax until they left the company on September 30, 2005. The Weinstein brothers ran Miramax separately of other Disney companies. However, Disney had the final say on what Miramax could release.
Miramax also has a family films division, Miramax Family Films.
Miramax is one of the Big Ten movie studios.
In 2011, Disney sold the Miramax library of movies to Filmyard Holdings for $663 million. After the sale, Miramax signed home video distribution deals with Lionsgate, Echo Bridge and .StudioCanal.
In 2016, Miramax was sold to beIN Media Group. In 2019, beIN sold 49 percent of Miramax to Paramount Pictures, which will distribute all of Miramax's movies.
Jonathan Sacks

Jonathan Henry Sacks, Baron Sacks, (; 8 March 1948 - 7 November 2020) was a British Orthodox rabbi, philosopher, theologian, author, and politician.
He was the Chief Rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregations of the Commonwealth from 1991 to 2013. He was in charge of the United Synagogue, the largest synagogue body in the UK. He was the Chief Rabbi of those Orthodox synagogues.
As Chief Rabbi, Sacks formally carried the title of Av Beit Din (head) of the London Beth Din. At the time of his death, he was the Emeritus Chief Rabbi.
Sacks died on 7 November 2020, at age 72. He had been diagnosed with cancer in October 2020, having been twice previously treated for the disease.
Taneti Maamau

Taneti Mamau (born 16 September 1960) is the President of Kiribati since 11 March 2016.
Duolingo

Duolingo is a free language-learning program. Its website and mobile apps are available to anyone with an internet connection plus a computer, tablet or smartphone. Duolingo can be used on iOS, Android, Windows 8 and 10 operating systems. Duolingo allows people to learn over 106 different language courses in 40 languages. There are over 500 million people learning a language on Duolingo.
History
The project was started by Professor Luis von Ahn and graduate student Severin Hacker. The main development language used was Python.
Zakho

Zakho is a city in Iraqi Kurdistan. It has about 350,000 inhabitants. It is in the Dahuk Province. There is a university in Zaxo. The biggest soccer club is Zakho FC.
Gianni Rodari

Gianni Rodari (October 23, 1920 in Omegna (Novara) - April 14, 1980 in Rome) was an Italian writer. He was famous for his books for children.
Steel Jeeg

Steel Jeeg (Kotetsu Jeegu ?) is a manga series created in 1975 by Go Nagai and drawn by Tatsuya Yasuda. After the manga was published an anime series was released in the same year.
Depot

In transportation, Depot may mean:
A railway or bus station.
A large train or bus station, for the maintenance or storage of vehicles.
A place or building where buses, trains, or trams belonging to a particular company are kept when not in use.
Glirinae

Glirinae is a subfamily of dormice (Gliridae).
It contains two genera, Glirulus and Glis. These genera have one species each: Glirulus japonicus (the Japanese dormouse) and Glis glis (the edible dormouse).
Sombreffe

Sombreffe is a municipality in the Belgian province of Namur.
In 2007, 7732 people lived there.
It is at 50deg 31 North, 04deg 36 East.
Numb3rs

Numbers is a television series that was broadcast on CBS from 2005 to 2010.
Laserdisc

A Laserdisc, like a DVD, can play video of a higher quality than VHS. A Laserdisc is much larger than a DVD. To play Laserdisc movies, a LaserDisc player is needed. LaserDisc was also known by the names DiscoVision and LaserVision.
Laserdisc was first produced by MCA in 1978, and became well known in the 1980s. Movie companies stopped making Laserdisc movies when DVDs became well known in the late 1990s. Today some of the better Laserdisc players still sell for $1,000 USD or more.
Technology
Laser Discs work like a regular CD-ROM or DVD. The surface of the disc is covered with small holes that are read by a laser. This sequence of holes and no holes is turned into pictures and sound by the Laserdisc player. Most Laserdiscs can hold about 30 minutes to an hour of video per side for a total of 1 to 2 hours per disc.
The early Laserdisc players used a Helium-Neon laser to read the disc, but the later models used infrared lasers. The first units that were made with the infrared laser had some problems such as skipping, strange colors spots, and fuzziness. These problems were fixed in later models.
Some of the later Laserdisc players made were ones that could play Audio CDs as well as Laserdiscs. In Japan, one of the last models to be produced even had the ability to play DVDs as well as CDs and Laserdiscs.
Dr. Luke

Lukasz Sebastian Gottwald (born September 26, 1973), known professionally as Dr. Luke, Tyson Trax, and Made in China, is an American record producer and songwriter. He has worked with a wide range of artists and is best known for having started American singer and rapper Kesha's music career.
Aeronca C-3

The Aeronca C-3 is a light aircraft build by Aeronca in the 1930s. Its made in the United States and there's a number of 400 build.
Variants
C-3
C-3 Master
Aeronca 100
Aeronca 300
Ely 700
Surviving aircraft
A-125 - C-3 on display at the Western North Carolina Air Museum in Hendersonville, North Carolina.
A-189 - C-3 airworthy at the Western Antique Aeroplane & Automobile Museum in Hood River, Oregon. It is a floatplane and was built in 1931.
A-194 - C-3 in storage at the Reynolds-Alberta Museum in Wetaskiwin, Alberta. It was built in 1931.
A-215 - C-3 airworthy at the Western Antique Aeroplane & Automobile Museum in Hood River, Oregon. It was built in 1932.
A-246 - PC-3 airworthy at the Eagles Mere Air Museum in Eagles Mere, Pennsylvania.
A-258 - C-3 on static display at the San Diego Air & Space Museum in San Diego, California.
A-288 - C-3 under restoration at the Wright Experience in Warrenton, Virginia.
A-600 - C-3 airworthy with Paul A. Gliddon in Goathland, North Yorkshire.
A-603 - C-3 airworthy with John Illsley. It was flown to South Africa from England in 1936.
A-610 - C-3 airworthy with Nicholas S. Chittenden in Lostwithiel, Cornwall.
A-614 - C-3 on display at the Yanks Air Museum in Chino, California.
A-668 - C-3 airworthy at the EAA AirVenture Museum in Oshkosh, Wisconsin.
A-673 - C-3B airworthy at the Port Townsend Aero Museum in Port Townsend, Washington. It was built in 1936.
A-695 - C-3 on static display in the terminal building at Lunken Airport in Cincinnati, Ohio.
A-717 - C-3 airworthy at the Golden Age Air Museum in Bethel, Pennsylvania. It is marked as NC17404.
A-730 - C-3 airworthy at the Frasca Air Museum in Urbana, Illinois.
A-754 - C-3 airworthy at Cole Palen's Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome in Red Hook, New York. It is registered as N17447.
AB105 - Aeronca 100 airworthy with the Wingnut Syndicate in Warkworth, Auckland.
526 - C-3 in storage at the Shannon Air Museum in Fredericksburg, Virginia.
623 - C-3 airworthy at the Golden Wings Flying Museum in Blaine, Minnesota.
Unknown ID - C-3 under restoration at the Aeronca Museum in Brighton, Michigan.
Unknown ID - C-3 on display at the Wings of History Museum in San Martin, California.
Unknown ID - C-3 under restoration at Generations in Aviation in Jacksonville, Florida. Built in 1932. registered NC12496
Unknown ID - C-3 on static display at the Florida Air Museum in Lakeland, Florida.
We Are Born

We Are Born is the fifth studio album by Sia Furler. It was released on June 18, 2010. The album was produced by Greg Kurstin.
Track listing
All tracks were produced by Greg Kurstin.
Kawachi Province

was a old province of Japan in the area of Osaka Prefecture on the island of Honshu.
History
Kawachi province was established in the 7th century. In the 8th century, Izumi was separated from the older province during the reign of Empress Gensho.
In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures. Maps of Japan and Kawachi Province were reformed in the 1870s.
Shrines and Temples
Hiraoka jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Kawachi.
The shrine is located in Higashiosaka.
Saint-Loup, Allier

Saint-Loup is a commune. It is found in the Allier department in the center of France.
Cuestión de prioridades

Cuestion de prioridades is a Spanish television program presented by Jose Luis Martin in La 7.
History
It started in 2020 due to the new programes appeared due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Greenwood, Indiana

Greenwood is a city in Johnson County, in the U.S. state of Indiana.
The Angry Birds Movie 2

The Angry Birds Movie 2 is a 2019 computer-animated comedy movie. It is based on Rovio Entertainment's Angry Birds video game series, produced by Columbia Pictures, Sony Pictures Animation, and Rovio Animation, and distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing.
Loiri Porto San Paolo

Loiri Porto San Paolo (Loiri Poltu Santu Paulu) is a town and comune (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 3,407 people lived there. Its area is 118.52 km2. It is 105 meters above sea level.
Takayoshi Yamano

is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography
Yamano was born in Osaka Prefecture on April 5, 1955. After graduating from Osaka University of Commerce, he joined his local club Yanmar Diesel in 1978. The club won the Japan Soccer League champions in 1980. The club also won 1983 and 1984 JSL Cup. He played 125 matches for the club until 1984. In 1986, he signed with Japan Soccer League Division 2 club Osaka Gas. He retired in 1991.
On June 11, 1980, Yamano debuted for the Japan national team against China. He played 2 games for Japan in 1980.
Great Migration (African American)

The Great Migration was the migration (movement) of around 6 million African Americans out of the Southern United States to the Midwest, Northeast and West. The main reasons African Americans left the South were to escape racism, White supremacy and seek jobs in industrial cities. There is a series of paintings about it.
When a lot of African Americans moved to the south from the 1960s and onwards, it was called the New Great Migration. In 1963 to 2000, data shows the movement of African Americans back to the South following de-industrialization in Northeastern and Midwestern cities, the growth of good jobs in the South, and better racial relations. Many people moved back because of family ties.
Lía Bermúdez

Lia Bermudez (August 4, 1930 - October 22, 2021) was a Venezuelan sculptor. She was born in Caracas, Venezuela. She was a student of the masters Julio Narvaez and Francisco Maragall. Her works were shown in Washington, D.C., New York City, Mexico City, and London. She was awarded the Order of the Liberator Knighthood, an award from the University of Carabobo.
Bermudez died on October 22, 2021 at the age of 91.
Jacqui Lambie Network

The Jacqui Lambie Network (JLN) is a small political party in Tasmania, Australia. It was founded in 2015 by Tasmanian Senator Jacqui Lambie. It is a big tent party.
It currently has two seats in the Australian Senate, both being Senators for Tasmania.
Mississippi's 1st congressional district

Mississippi's 1st congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S state of Mississippi. The district is in the northeast corner of the state. It includes the cities of Columbus, Oxford, Southaven, and Tupelo. The counties are Alcorn, Benton, Calhoun, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Clay, DeSoto, Itawamba, Lafayette, Lee, Lowndes, Marshall, Monroe, Pontotoc, Prentiss, Tate, Tippah, Tishomingo, Union, Webster, and Winston counties and parts of Oktibbeha County. The people who live in the district elect a person to represent the district in the United States House of Representatives. The district is currently represented by Republican Trent Kelly.
It (character)

It, also known as Pennywise the Dancing Clown or Bob Gray, is the title character and main antagonist of Stephen King's 1986 horror novel It. The character is a demonic and scary supernatural entity that murders and eats the local children of the fictional town of Derry, Maine about every twenty-seven years, using many powers that include the ability to shapeshift, manipulate reality, and go unnoticed by adults.
King came up with the idea for Pennywise after asking himself what scared children "more than anything else in the world", which he felt was clowns. The character has been described as one of the scariest clowns in popular culture and is a global icon.
Villains
The character was portrayed by Tim Curry in the 1990 television adaptation of the same name; and by Bill Skarsgard in the 2017 and 2019 movie adaptation. Welcome to Derry, a prequel TV series for the streaming service HBO Max based on the first two movies is officially in development.
Moutiers-sur-le-Lay

Moutiers-sur-le-Lay is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendee department in the west of France.
Benni McCarthy

Benni McCarthy (born 12 November 1977) was a South African football player. He played for West Ham United and the South Africa national team. He is the current head coach of Cape Town City FC.
Mandres-les-Roses

Mandres-les-Roses is a commune. It is in the Val-de-Marne department in France.
Bío Bío River

The Biobio River (also known as Bio Bio or Bio-Bio) is a river in Chile. It is the second largest river in Chile. The river starts at Icalma and Galletue in the Andes, Araucania Region. The river flows 380 km to the Gulf of Arauco on the Pacific Ocean.
Romanel-sur-Morges

Romanel-sur-Morges is a municipality in Morges in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.
Bo Horvat

Bo Horvat (born April 5, 1995) is an ice hockey player and the current captain of the Vancouver Canucks. He has played for the Canucks since 2014.
Orinda, California

Orinda is a city in Contra Costa County, California, United States.
Sibling species

Sibling species are species which look alike, but cannot breed with each other.
The classic case is Drosophila pseudoobscura and D. persimilis. They are almost identical, but if flies from one species are put with flies from the other species, they do not interbreed. Another example was the European mosquito known as Anopheles maculipennis. This turned out to be a cluster of six different species, some of which transmit malaria, and some do not.
Beblenheim

Beblenheim is a French commune. It is in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France.
Joseph Safra

Joseph Safra ( ; 1938 - 10 December 2020) was a Syrian-Brazilian billionaire banker. He ran the Brazilian banking and investment empire, Safra Group.
He was the chairman of all Safra companies, among them Safra National Bank of New York and Banco Safra headquartered in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Safra had a net worth of $24.7 billion. He is Jewish.
Safra died on 10 December 2020 in Sao Paulo, Brazil at the age of 82.
Marvdasht County

Marvdasht County () is a county in Fars Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Marvdasht.
At the 2012 census, the county's population was 135,934. The county is subdivided into four districts: the Central District, Kamfiruz District, Dorudzan District, and Seyyedan District. The county has five cities: Marvdasht, Kamfiruz, Seyyedan, Ramjerd and Khaniman.
Sid Ahmed Ferroukhi

Sid Ahmed Ferroukhi (; 11 July 1967 - 17 June 2022) was an Algerian politician. He was a member of the National Liberation Front. He was born in Bologhine, Algeria. From 2017 until 2019, Ferroukhi was a member of the People's National Assembly.
Ferroukhi died on 17 June 2022 in Rouiba, Algeria from cardiac arrest at the age of 54.
Olusegun Obasanjo

Chief Olusegun Mathew Okikiola Aremu Obasanjo, GCFR, Ph.D.
(; born 5 May 1937) is a Nigerian politician and general. He was President of Nigeria from 1999 to 2007. He was a military ruler from 13 February 1976 to 1 October 1979, and a democratically elected president from 29 May 1999 to 29 May 2007.
From July 2004 to January 2006, Obasanjo also was Chairperson of the African Union.
In August 2021, the African Union appointed Olusegun Obasanjo as High Representative for Peace in the Horn of Africa.
Bark bread

Bark bread is a form of bread used during a famine. It made by adding ground phloem to the flour as an extender to make it last longer.
During the 18th and early 19th century Northern Europe had several very bad years of crop failure. This was particularly during the Little Ice Age of the mid 18th century. The grain harvest was badly affected. Many ideas to make the flour last longer were introduced. In 1742, samples of "emergency bread" were sent from Kristiansand, Norway to the Royal Administration in Copenhagen. One of these was bark bread. This is bread made from grain husks and bread made from burned bones. During the Napoleonic Wars, moss too was used for food.
The last time bark bread was used as famine food in Norway was during the Napoleonic Wars. The introduction of the potato as a staple crop gave the farmers other crops when grain production failed. So that bark bread and moss cakes were no longer needed. In Northern Sweden, traces of Sami harvest of bark from Scots pine are known from the 1890s. In Finland pettuleipa (literally "pinewood-bark bread") was produced as a substitute for bread during the Finnish Civil War of 1918.
Alsdorf

Alsdorf is a municipality in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is in the Aachen district. It is very close to The Netherlands. The town has 17 districts. The population was 47,000 in 2020. The main political party is SPD. The castle Alsdorf is a main tourist attraction. The town used to be a mining center and there is a mining museum. There is also a zoo.
Louis de Noailles

Louis de Noailles, 4th Duke of Noailles (21 April 1713 in Versailles - 22 August 1793 in Saint-Germain-en-Laye) He was a member of the influential House of Noailles and was a nephew of Marie Victoire de Noailles, daughter-in-law of Louis XIV of France. He refused to emigrate during the Revolution.
Background and early life
Given the title of Duke of Ayen at birth he was born in Versailles and was one of six children. His father Adrien Maurice de Noailles was a distinguished military man of the reign of Louis XIV. Louis' mother was Francoise Charlotte d'Aubigne, the niece and heiress of Madame de Maintenon (Louis XIV's second secret wife)
Marriage and children
On 25 February 1737 he married Catherine Francoise Charlotte de Cosse, with whom he had four children
Jean de Noailles, Duke of Noailles (26 October 1739, Paris - 20 October 1824)
Adrienne Catherine de Noailles (24 December 1741 - December 1813) married Rene de Froulay, Count of Tesse, last Marquis of Lavardin (1736-1814)
Emmanuel Marie Louis de Noailles, Marquis of Noailles (12 December 1743 - September 1822) French diplomat who remained unmarried.
Philippine Louise de Noailles (1745-1791) married Louis Antoine Armand de Gramont, Duke of Lesparre.
Bay (horse)

A bay horse is a horse who is reddish brown with black legs, mane and tail.
Star Wars: TIE Fighter

Star Wars: TIE Fighter is a space flight simulator game that came out in 1994. It takes place in the Star Wars universe and has starfighters and other spacecraft from the movies and books. The player flies starfighters for the Galactic Empire in various missions.
Story
TIE Fighter takes place in several parts with different storylines. In early missions the player fights against members of the Rebel Alliance, as well as space pirates and other enemies. There is also a story section where the player helps the Empire mediate between two groups that have been at war but say they want a peace treaty.
Later in the game, the player helps find out about a plot by a traitor Admiral to leave the Empire and join the Rebellion, and steal Imperial ships and technology. The rest of the game is about the player working with the Empire to stop the traitors.
Gameplay
In TIE Fighter, the player is a starfighter pilot who flies in combat missions. The game is normally played in first person from the view of the cockpit, but the player can also choose third person camera. There are many starfighters the player can fly, but some can not be used until later in the game. For many missions the player can choose which starfighter to fly and what warheads to use during the mission.
Most missions are combat missions. The player fights enemy starfighters, as well as "capital ships", which are very large starcraft that are hard to destroy. Different missions have different goals. Sometimes the player will escort supplies, scan other spacecraft, or simply hunt enemy ships.
Since the game is in space there is no gravity and the player can fly in any direction. Each starfighter the player can use has laser guns and many have warheads and rechargeable shields.
Aymavilles

Aymavilles is a comune in the Aosta Valley region in Italy.
Republics of the Soviet Union

"Soviet Socialist Republics" redirects here. For the country, see Soviet Union.
The Republics of the Soviet Union or the Union Republics of the Soviet Union were administrative units that report directly to the Government of the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union was a highly centralized state.
Plymouth Sound

Plymouth Sound is a bay on the English Channel at Plymouth in England.
The Sound has three water entrances. The marine entrance is from the English Channel to the south. There is also the River Tamar and the River Plym.
Ex post facto law

An ex post facto law (Latin for "after the fact" or "from after the action") is a law that changes the legal consequences (or status) of actions that were committed before the law went into effect. In criminal law, an ex post facto law may criminalize actions that were legal at the time they were committed, or may make a crime worse by bringing it into a more severe category than it was in when it was committed.
In criminal law
It may make the punishment prescribed for a crime, more severe. It may also add new penalties or it may extend a sentence. It may change the rules of evidence in order to make conviction for a crime likelier than it would have been when the deed was committed. Conversely, a form of ex post facto law, commonly called an amnesty law, may decriminalize certain acts. A pardon has a similar effect in a specific case. Other legal changes may lessen or eliminate possible punishments (for example by replacing the death sentence with lifelong imprisonment) retroactively. Such legal changes are also known by the Latin term in mitius.
US Constitution
The United States Constitution prohibits ex post facto laws. Two clauses in the constitution prohibit ex post facto. Article 1 Section 9 of the U.S. Constitution states: 'No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed,'. Section 10 says: 'No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Money; emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law. . .'
In civil law
Ex post facto laws relate only to criminal laws passed by legislations. It does not apply to civil laws "that affect private rights adversely." In 2003 the US Supreme court noted the difference between civil and penal laws. In the case of Smith v. Doe, the court questioned the constitutionality of the Alaska Sex Offender Registration Act's retroactive requirements. Alaska's Megan's Law was applied to sex offenders before the law went into effect. It required offenders to register with the local police. It also required public notification via the Internet. The court made a legal precedent in deciding the intent of the law was civil and non-punitive. That it was to protect the public saftey by "protecting the public from sex offenders."
Europe
The European Parliament prohibits ex post facto legislation by all member nations. They determined "Ex post facto legislation may also violate citizens' right to effective legal redress and a fair trial..."
In English law, ex post facto laws are very rare. One example was the War Crimes Act 1991 by the Parliament of England. It allowed British citizens to be put on trial for war crimes that took place during World War II.
Action Max

The Action Max is a home video game console. The games that run on it came on VHS tapes. It was made in 1987 by Worlds of Wonder. Its release was limited outside the United States.
Gameplay
The Action Max requires a VCR because it cannot play VHS tapes. Light guns are used to simulate shooting the screen. The games are played by getting or losing points depending on how good the shots are, making it not possible to win or lose. The system lost popularity quickly because of this and the only games for it were light gun games of different themes that play the same way every time.
The red sensor must be placed on the bottom right corner of the television screen. The games contain a black circle there that flashes white quickly when something can be shot. The targets flash at the same time. These are used to see if something has been hit. The targets that flash the exact same are enemies, adding points. The targets that flash wrong are friendly, losing points.
All of this allows games to be stored on any format, not just VHS, as long as the video is made to work with the light gun.
Games
Five VHS tapes came out for the system:
.38 Ambush Alley, a police target range.
Blue Thunder, based on the 1983 movie.
Hydrosub: 2021, a futuristic underwater voyage.
The Rescue of Pops Ghostly, a comic haunted-house adventure.
Sonic Fury, aerial combat, came with the system.
A planned sixth cassette, Fright Night (possibly based on the 1985 horror movie of the same name), did not come out because the Action Max was discontinued.
Sherman, Texas

Sherman is a city in northern Texas near Dallas and Oklahoma. It is the county seat of Grayson County.
History
Sherman was created in 1846 by the Texas legislature. The city got its name from General Sydney Sherman. He was a military hero during the Texas Revolution.
The city of Sherman had some human and environmental problems over the years. For example, a huge tornado happened in 1896. A race riot, which is a type of violent protest, happened in 1930 after a black man was accused of raping a white woman. People from the town burned the man in his jail cell and took his body into the streets. The people also burned down the black business district.
However, Sherman continued to grow, especially when an Army Air Field for pilot training, Perrin Air Force Base, was built there in 1941. Perrin Field was closed in 1971.
Present
Sherman is about 65 miles north of Dallas at the intersection of U.S. Highway 75 and U.S. Highway 82. It has a number of public schools and colleges. It even has its own symphony orchestra, which is not common for a city of its size. Manufacturing is a big part of the local economy. Also, several national companies have plants in Sherman. It is a good city for tourism and international students.
Nods, Switzerland

Nods is a municipality of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.
Oceanside Municipal Airport

Oceanside Municipal Airport (also called the Bob Maxwell Field) is a public airport that is in Oceanside, San Diego County, California, United States. The airport covers 43 acres (170,000 m2) and has one runway. The airport is mostly used for general aviation, which means that no airlines operate at this airport. The airport is owned by Airport Property Ventures and the City of Oceanside.
Queen Liliʻuokalani

Queen Lili`uokalani (September 2, 1838-November 11, 1917) was the last monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaii. She was well educated and traveled widely. She married John Owen Dominis on September 16, 1862. He became the Governor of Oahu and Maui. The couple had no children. She was an accomplished musician. "Aloha `Oe" is her best-known composition.
In 1891, Lili`uokalani became Queen of Hawaii when her brother, the king, died. In 1893, she wanted a new constitution. This caused the American minister in Hawaii great concern. American soldiers took over the `Iolani Palace and other government buildings. In 1894, they removed Queen Lili`uokalani as queen. The United States set up a provisional government. It became the Republic of Hawaii.
The Hawaiian people were on the side of their Queen. President Grover Cleveland offered to return the throne if she granted amnesty to all involved in the takeover of her kingdom. She refused, but then changed her mind and agreed. She was denied her reinstatement by the Provisional Government. On July 4, 1894, the Republic of Hawaii began. Lili`uokalani died on November 11, 1917 following a stroke.
2019 Alberta general election

The 2019 Alberta general election was the 30th general election in Alberta, Canada. The election was held to elect members to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta. It took place on April 16, 2019.
Parties
These are the major parties in Alberta.
Alberta New Democratic Party; led by Rachel Notley and currently has the most seats in the Legislative Assembly.
United Conservative Party; lead by Jason Kenney; merger of the Wildrose Party and the Progressive Conservative Association.
Alberta Party; led by Stephen Mandel.
Alberta Liberal Party; led by David Khan.
Freedom Conservative Party; led by Derek Fildebrandt.
Opinion polls
Below is the 3-day average of opinion polls towards the election.
Mollie King

Mollie Elizabeth King (born 4 June 1987) is a British female singer. She is a member of the five-piece female band The Saturdays.
Himeji, Hyōgo

Himeji () is a city in Hyogo Prefecture, Japan. It is on the island of Honshu. The city is well known for its landmark, Himeji Castle. It has been recognized as a core city since 1996.
Sabaeans

The Sabaens were one of the first civilizations of the Arabian Peninsula. They spoke the Sabaean language, one of the Old South Arabian languages. They founded the kingdom of Saba` in modern-day Yemen, which was believed to be the biblical land of Sheba and "the oldest and most important of the South Arabian kingdoms".
Finger Lakes

The Finger Lakes are a series of lakes in the Catskill Mountains in the central section of Upstate New York. They are a popular tourist destination. The lakes are long and thin and go from north to south. They are also very deep. The deepest one, Lake Seneca, is deep.
While (1 Is Less Than 2)

While (1 less than 2) (stylized as while (1<2)) is the seventh studio album by Canadian house producer deadmau5 (his fifth mainstream album). It was released on June 17, 2014 by Ultra Records.
Background
In January 2014, deadmau5 announced on Twitter that his upcoming seventh album was completed. He also announced that it was a double-disc album containing a continuous mix for each disc and that the album as a whole, minus the mixes, would contain 25 tracks.
On May 10, 2014, Deadmau5 announced through his subscription service live.deadmau5.com that his upcoming album will be titled While(1<2) and will be released on June 17, 2014. The name of the album is a programming language reference, as well as a reflection of the two-disc nature of the album.
Singles
The song, "Avaritia", was made available for download on May 20 when pre-ordering from iTunes.
Ian Wachtmeister

Count Ian Melcher Shering Wachtmeister af Johannishus (; 24 December 1932 - 11 November 2017) was a Swedish businessman and politician. He was a member of the Swedish Riksdag from 1991 to 1994. He was born in Naas, Sweden. Together with record company owner Bert Karlsson he founded the populist political party New Democracy, and as party leader achieved parliamentary representation in the 1991 general election from Orebro County.
Wachtmeister died of lymphoma on 11 November 2017 in Stockholm, Sweden at the age of 84.
Osse, Doubs

Osse is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comte in the Doubs department in east France.
Noyant-et-Aconin

Noyant-et-Aconin is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France. In 2006, about 465 lived there.
Euphoria (American TV series)

Euphoria is an American teen drama television series created by Sam Levinson. It is based on the Israeli miniseries of the same name created by Ron Leshem and Daphna Levi. Euphoria tells about a group of high school students about their experiences of sex, drugs, friendship, love, identity, and trauma. The series stars Zendaya. It was premiered on HBO on June 16, 2019. In July 2019, the series was continued for a second season.
Premise
Euphoria follows teenagers in the fictional town of East Highland, California, who seek hope while balancing the strains of love, loss, and addiction. Topics such as child abuse, drug abuse, toxic relationships, toxic positivity, hookup culture, mental illness, codependency, infidelity, relapsing, repressed homosexuality, sobriety, human trafficking, domestic violence, rape, toxic masculinity, drug dealing, dating violence, and grief are explored.
Cast and characters
Zendaya as Ruby ''Rue'' Bennett, a teenage drug addict who is fresh out of rehab and struggling to find her place in the world. She serves as the show's narrator.
Maude Apatow as Alexandra ''Lexi'' Howard, Rue's childhood best friend and Cassie's younger sister.
Angus Cloud as Fezco ''Fez'' O'Neill, a local drug dealer with a close relationship to Rue.
Eric Dane as Cal Jacobs, Nate's strict, demanding father with a dangerous double life.
Alexa Demie as Madeleine ''Maddy'' Perez, a popular student and Nate's on-and-off girlfriend.
Jacob Elordi as Nathaniel ''Nate'' Jacobs, a high school athlete, and Maddy's on-and-off abusive boyfriend, whose anger issues mask his sexual insecurities.
Barbie Ferreira as Katherine ''Kat'' Hernandez, (seasons 1-2), a girl fighting for body positivity while exploring her sexuality.
Nika King as Leslie Bennett, Rue and Gia's mother.
Storm Reid as Georgia ''Gia'' Bennett, Rue's younger sister.
Hunter Schafer as Jules Vaughn, a transgender girl who enters a turbulent relationship with Rue after moving to East Highland.
Algee Smith as Christopher ''Chris'' McKay (season 1; guest season 2), a young football player and Cassie's ex-boyfriend who has difficulties adjusting to college.
Sydney Sweeney as Cassandra ''Cassie'' Howard, Lexi's older sister and McKay's ex-girlfriend with an infamous sexual history that continues to haunt her.
Colman Domingo as Ali Muhammed (b. Martin) ("Trouble Don't Last Always"; recurring seasons 1-2), a man in recovery from drug addiction who often speaks at Rue's Narcotics Anonymous meetings and eventually becomes her sponsor.
Javon "Wanna" Walton as Ashtray O'Neill (season 2; recurring season 1), Fez's unofficially adopted "little brother" and a drug dealer.
Austin Abrams as Ethan Daley (season 2; recurring season 1), Kat's love interest.
Dominic Fike as Elliot (season 2-present), a new "friend" of Rue's, who comes between her and Jules.
Perito Moreno Glacier

The Perito Moreno Glacier () is a glacier in the southwest of Santa Cruz province, Argentina. It is one of the most important tourist attractions in the Argentine Patagonia.
The 250 km2 ice formation, of 30 km in length, is one of 48 glaciers fed by the Southern Patagonian Ice Field in the Andes system shared with Chile. This icefield is the world's third largest reserve of fresh water.
The Perito Moreno Glacier is one of only three Patagonian glaciers that are not retreating. Periodically the glacier advances over the L-shaped "Lago Argentino" ("Argentine Lake"). when it reaches the opposite shore, it forms a natural dam which separates the two halves of the lake. With no escape route, the water-level on the Brazo Rico side of the lake can rise by up to 30 meters above the level of the main lake. The enormous pressure produced by this mass of waters finally breaks the ice barrier holding it back, in a spectacular rupture event. This dam/rupture cycle is not regular and it naturally recurs at any frequency between once a year to less than once a decade.
The Perito Moreno glacier, from El Calafate, was named after the explorer Francisco Moreno, a pioneer who studied the region in the 19th century and played a major role in defending the territory of Argentina in the conflict surrounding the international border dispute with Chile.
Ani DiFranco

Ani DiFranco (born September 23, 1970) is an American guitarist and singer-songwriter. She has had over 20 albums. Her songs are usually about feminism and political issues. Although DiFranco's music has been classified as both folk rock and alternative rock, she has created songs in many different music genres since her earliest albums. Her albums have used first punk, then funk, hip hop, and jazz influences. She was one of the first independent musicians to create her own record label (Righteous Babe). By creating her own record label, this has given her significant creative freedom. In 2012 DiFranco released her seventeenth album, ?Which Side Are You On?.
DiFranco was born in New York. She started doing classes at Buffalo State College when she was 16. DiFranco is bisexual. She lives in New Orleans with her husband.
DiFranco has made two albums with Utah Phillips. DiFranco released her first album in 1990. After this she released a new album every year until 1997 when she did not release an album. In 1999 DiFranco released two albums. DiFranco has released three EPs.
In 2013, people wrote posts on Twitter, Tumblr, etc., criticizing DiFranco after she said that she was going to hold a Righteous Retreat at Nottoway Plantation. On December 29, 2013 DiFranco cancelled the event.
Human Rights Commission of Pakistan

A Special Representative of the Secretary-General is a highly respected expert who has been appointed by the Secretary-General of the United Nations to represent her/him in meetings with heads of state on critical human rights issues. The representatives can carry out country visits to investigate allegations of human rights violations or act as negotiators on behalf of the United Nations.
History
Among issues it has covered are women's rights, including gender equality, violence against women, domestic violence, Hudood Ordinance, honour killing, Forced disappearance in Pakistan, abolition of capital punishment, LGBT rights, restrictions on press freedom, freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom of movement, police brutality, and religiously-inspired violence. The commission is a member organisation of the Asian Forum for Human Rights and Development (FORUM-ASIA).
Leonard Goldberg

Leonard J. Goldberg (January 24, 1934 - December 4, 2019) was an American movie and television producer. He had his own production company, Panda Productions (formerly Mandy Films). He was head of programming for ABC, and was president of 20th Century Fox. Goldberg was also the executive producer of the CBS series Blue Bloods.
Goldberg died at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles on December 4, 2019 from problems caused by a fall. He was 85 years old.
Atmospheric circulation

Atmospheric circulation is a large-scale movement of masses of air. The origin of these processes is the sun's radiation. The sun waves radiate the short-wave radiation. The earth absorbs only a part of this energy. The other part is radiated back to the atmosphere and to the universe. The back radiation is long-waved. The thermal energy is distributed thanks to the circulation of the air on the surface of the earth.
The demonstration of circulation varies from year to year, but the basic climatologic structure is almost constant. We recognize 3 cells: the Hadley cell, the Ferrel cell and the Polar cell. The movement of air masses is influenced by coriolis force. It means that the air diverts to the west.
Hadley cell
The earth and ocean are intensively radiated in the equatorial areas. The hot and usually moist air rises. It is called convection. This process creates a low pressure area along the equator. The area is also called the Intertropical Convergence Zone. The hot air goes to both south and north and gets colder. When the air is cold enough, it goes down to the surface again. This creates deserts and semi-deserts of the subtropics. Reaching latitude 30 degrees, the masses of air return to the rainy equator.
Polar cell
The air on 60 degrees of latitude is colder and drier than the air on the equator. On the other hand, the rising movements are still possible. The character of processes is similar to the Hadley cell. The warmer air goes up, and falls down on the poles. This air comes back to the equator.
Ferrell cell
The movements between 30 and 60 degrees are more complex. Temperature is not the main reason of this circulation. The air in this temperate zone cell moves according to the differences between moving masses in Hadley and Polar cells. Prevailing winds are generally westerly.
Doc Neeson

Bernard Patrick "Doc" Neeson (4 January 1947 - 4 June 2014) was a Northern Irish-born Australian singer and musician. He was best known as the lead singer for the hard rock band The Angels. He performed also as a bass guitarist. Until his death, he had been musically active since 1971. He later formed the band Red Phoenix in May 2005.
Life
Neeson was born in Belfast, Northern Ireland. When he was thirteen in 1960, his family moved to Adelaide, South Australia. He served in the Australian Army in Papua New Guinea for eighteen months in the late 1960s.
Neeson died from a brain tumour on 4 June 2014 in Sydney, New South Wales, aged 67. He had been diagnosed with cancer in January 2013.
Leksands IF

Leksan
Leksands IF is an ice hockey club in Leksand in Sweden. It was established in 1919. The club adopted the game of ice hockey in 1938. It won the Swedish national championship in 1969, 1973, 1974 and 1975. It lost the Swedish national finals in 1959, 1964, 1971, 1972, 1975 and 1989.
United States District Court for the Northern District of New York

The United States District Court for the Northern District of New York (N.D.N.Y.) is one of the 94 judicial districts in the United States and one of the four districts in New York. The U.S. Attorney for the district has been Carla B. Freedman since October 8, 2021.
The includes counties of Albany, Broome, Cayuga, Chenango, Clinton, Columbia, Cortland, Delaware, Essex, Franklin, Fulton, Greene, Hamilton, Herkimer, Jefferson, Lewis, Madison, Montgomery, Oneida, Onondaga, Oswego, Otsego, Rensselaer, Saratoga, Schenectady, Schoharie, St. Lawrence, Tioga, Tompkins, Ulster, Warren, and Washington.
The N.D.N.Y. has offices in Albany, Binghamton, Plattsburgh, Syracuse, Utica, and Watertown.
Darlington County, South Carolina

Darlington County is a county in the state of South Carolina, United States. As of the 2010 census, 68,681 people lived there. Its county seat is Darlington, and largest city is Hartsville.
Historical Jesus

Historical Jesus is work about the life and teachings of Jesus by critical historical methods. This is in contrast to traditional Christian accounts of Jesus (the Christ of faith). It also considers the historical and cultural contexts in which Jesus lived.