kenhktsui/simple_wikipedia_LM_quality_score_v1 huggingface dataset:
Dwarf Fortress

Dwarf Fortress (also known as Slaves to Armok: God of Blood Chapter II: Dwarf Fortress) is an indie game created by Tarn and Zach Adams. It has three modes, each providing a different experience but all sharing a fantasy setting. It is currently in Alpha, and has been in development since 2002. The game has simple text-based graphics inspired by classic roguelikes. There is no way to win, but various ways of losing an in-game fortress or adventurer. A popular meme within the game's fanbase is "Losing is fun!"
Gameplay
Before the game can be played, a world must be made. The player can choose the size, number of groups, and various other bits of the world. After this, they are shown a world made to their liking and can use it or ask for another.
In "Fortress Mode", the player manages a fortress of dwarves. Among other things, the player is able to construct buildings, build an army, and break holes. Their dwarves must be fed, entertained, and protected from hazards to survive. Hazards include flooding, sieges, magma, and a variety of hostile creatures.
In "Adventure Mode", the player explores the world as their own character. Through exploration, they can gather information on characters and places across the map. Quests can be discovered by listening to friendly NPCs. Most quests focus around killing villains or monsters, and reward fame. Some friendly NPCs can be made into companions, who will aid the player in their travels. The player character has the same needs as the dwarves, including hydration and rest. This mode features a deeper combat system where body parts can be targeted.
In "Legends Mode", the player can read the generated history of their world. Historical figures, artifacts, and battles are described. A historical map of the world is included.
History
In their youth, the Adams brothers were avid fans of sci-fi and fantasy games. They became curious about computer game development and Tarn worked to learn programming. The two programmed various computer games including Slaves to Armok: God of Blood, a role-playing game focused around killing goblins. Using much of the system created for Armok and inspiration from their mining game Mutant Miner, they began work on Dwarf Fortress in 2002. The game has been in development since 2006, with frequent updates on progress and planned features. The game is free to download and its development is funded through PayPal donations.
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation

The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is a regional organization in South Asia. Its member states are Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.
Jack Hirschman

Jack Hirschman (December 13, 1933 - August 22, 2021) was an American Marxist poet, essayist and social activist. He wrote more than 100 volumes of poetry and essays. He was born in New York City.
In 2006, Hirschman was made Poet Laureate of San Francisco by Mayor Gavin Newsom.
His best known poetry volumes were A Correspondence of Americans (Indiana U. Press, 1960), Black Alephs (Trigram Press, 1969), Lyripol (City Lights, 1976), The Bottom Line (Curbstone, 1988), and Endless Threshold (Curbstone, 1992).
Hirschman suddenly died at his home in San Francisco on August 22, 2021, aged 87. He died a few minutes before the start of his speaking in the last of a regular online interview as the World Poetry Movement coordinator board.
Caradrina draudti

Caradrina draudti is a moth of the Noctuidae family. Boursin used the scientific name in 1936.
Rallidae

The rails, or Rallidae, are a large family of small to medium-sized birds. The rails are related to cranes, and both are in the order Gruiformes.
The family is diverse, and includes the crakes, coots, and gallinules. Many species are associated with wetlands, although the family is found in every terrestrial habitat except dry deserts, polar regions and alpine areas above the snow line. The Rallidae are found on every continent except Antarctica. There are numerous island species. The most common habitats are marshland or dense forest. They like dense vegetation.
There are many rails on islands, and they are often flightless.
Flight and flightlessness
The wings of all rails are short and rounded. Their flight is not powerful, but can continue for long periods, and many species migrate annually. The weakness of their flight means they are easily blown off course, so they are common vagrants. This has led them to colonize many isolated oceanic islands. Furthermore, these birds often prefer to run rather than fly, especially in dense shrub or woodland habitats. Some are also flightless at some time during their moult period.
Many island rails are flightless because on a small island without threatening predators they do not need to fly or move long distances. Flight makes intense demands, with the keel and flight muscles taking up to a quarter of a bird's weight. Reducing the flight muscles lowers the metabolic demands, and reduces the flightless rail's energy needs. For this reason, flightlessness makes it easier to survive and colonize an island where resources may be limited. Flightlessness can evolve extremely rapidly in island rails; it took as little as 125,000 years for the Laysan rail to lose the power of flight and evolve the reduced, stubby wings only useful to keep balance when running quickly.
Ukrainian Wikipedia

The Ukrainian Wikipedia (, Ukrayins'ka Vikipediya) is the Ukrainian language edition of the Wikipedia online encyclopedia.
It started in 2004 and is the 16th largest edition by article count.
Mitsutoshi Watada

Mitsutoshi Watada (born 26 March 1976) is a former Japanese football player.
Changsha Metro

The Changsha Metro (officially ; also called ) is a rapid transit system in Changsha, which is the capital of Hunan province in China. The first metro line of it, Line 2, was opened on April 29, 2014. This made Changsha the 18th city in mainland China to open a rapid transit system.As of May 2020, three additional lines of it are under construction.
Janakpur Zone

Janakpur ( ), was one of the fourteen zones of Nepal, reaching from the Indian border in the south to the Tibetan border in the north and Sagarmatha Zone in the east and Bagmati and Naryani Zones in the west.
The headquarters of Janakpur Zone and its main city was Janakpur. It is a historic city of Hinduism. The city was believed to be the capital city of King Janak, the father in law of Lord Rama, the son of the then king of Ayodhya, Dasharatha. The name of this zone is related to the historic King Janak and his capital Janakpur.
Other cities within Janakpur Zone were Kamalamai (in Inner Terai) and Bhimeshwor and Bardibas, Dhalkebar, Jaleshwor, Malangwa, Gaushala Bazar and Matihani (Outer Terai).
Alex Fraser (scientist)

Alex Fraser (1923-2002) was an Australian computer scientist. He helped develop the modelling of population genetics on computers. His work made an impact on how we view evolutionary systems today.
Continuum hypothesis

The continuum hypothesis is a hypothesis on continuum that there is no set that is both bigger than that of the natural numbers and smaller than that of the real numbers. Georg Cantor stated this hypothesis in 1877.
There are infinitely many natural numbers, the cardinality of the set of natural numbers is infinite. This is also true for the set of real numbers, but there are more real numbers than natural numbers. We say that the natural numbers have infinite cardinality and the real numbers have infinite cardinality, but the cardinality of the real numbers is greater than the cardinality of the natural numbers.
This hypothesis is the first problem on the list of 23 problems David Hilbert published in 1900. Kurt Godel showed in 1939, that the hypothesis cannot be falsified using Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory. The Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory is the set theory commonly used in mathematics. Paul Cohen showed in the 1960s that the Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory cannot be used to prove the continuum hypothesis, either. For this, Cohen was awarded the Fields Medal.
Sundby

Sundby is a locality in Ekero Municipality in Stockholm County in Sweden. In 2010, 270 people lived there.
Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht

Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht is a village and municipality in the province of South Holland, the Netherlands. About 31,000 people were living there in 2021.
Anthony Lester, Baron Lester of Herne Hill

Anthony Paul Lester, Baron Lester of Herne Hill, QC (3 July 1936 - 8 August 2020) was a British barrister and politician. He sat in the House of Lords as a non-affiliated peer. He was born into a Jewish family in London.
n 29 June 2007, Lester was appointed by Prime Minister Gordon Brown as a special adviser on constitutional reform to the Secretary of State for Justice. Lester's peerage was announced on 13 August 1993.
Until sexual harassment claims arose in February 2018, Lord Lester sat as a Liberal Democrat. On 12 November 2018, the House of Lords Committee for Privileges and Conduct supported a recommendation that Lord Lester be suspended from the House of Lords until June 2022 as a result of a complaint of sexual harassment.
Isleworth

Isleworth is a small town of Saxon origin. It is in the London Borough of Hounslow in West London.
Heartland

Heartland is 1979 American western drama movie directed by first time director Richard Pearce and was based on the 1914 memoir by Elinore Pruitt Stewart. It stars Rip Torn, Conchata Ferrell, Barry Primus, Lilia Skala, Amy Wright, Jerry Hardin, Jeff Boschee.
Partridge

The partridge is a medium sized bird. They are known as game birds because they are hunted and eaten by humans. They are in the Pheasant family (Phasianidae).
Partridges are in the song "The Twelve Days of Christmas". The line "...and a Partridge in a pear tree" is sung.
Color and shape
Most partridges are brown, gray and white. They are camouflaged and difficult to see. They have short legs and short bills. Partridges are smaller than Pheasants but they are bigger than Quails.
Partridges can not fly very well and they do not migrate. This means they always stay in the same area all year round.
Habitat
Partridges live in Europe, Asia, Africa and the Middle East. They live in places such as moors, grassland and farmland. They feed mostly on seeds, and nest on the ground. This means their nests are not very safe from predators such as foxes. Partridges use their camouflage to make it difficult for predators to see them and their nests.
Hydrazine

Hydrazine, also known as diazine, is a chemical compound. It is composed of nitrogen and hydrogen ions. Its chemical formula is N2H4. It contains hydrogen in its +1 and nitrogen in its -2 oxidation state.
Properties
It is a colorless liquid. It smells like ammonia, but it is more reactive than ammonia. It is a strong reducing agent. It is explosive. It can mix with water. It is a base similar to ammonia.
Preparation
It is made by reacting sodium hypochlorite with liquid (not household) ammonia. If it is reacted with household ammonia, toxic fumes will be released. It can be made by reacting urea with sodium hypochlorite.
Uses
It is used to make foam. It is also used in rocket fuels. It can be used in fuel cells. It is used to make sodium azide by reacting sodium amide with sodium nitrite.
Timurid dynasty

The Timurid dynasty () or the Timurids, who called themselves Gurkani Note: Gurgan, Gurkhan, or Kurkhan; The meaning of Kurkhan is given in Clements Markham's publication of the reports of the contemporary witness Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo as "of the lineage of sovereign princes". (), were a Central Asian Sunni Muslim dynasty of Turco-Mongol lineage. The dynasty was heavily Persianized and the Persian language was used as the main and official language because members of the dynasty were strongly influenced by the culture of Iran. The Timurids established two well-known empires, the Timurid Empire in Iran and Central Asia and the Mughal Empire in the Indian subcontinent. The Mughal dynasty was a branch of the Timurid dynasty.
Y-DNA
Test of living male descendant show's Y-DNA R-M198 (R1A1).
Serge Ibaka

Serge Ibaka (born 18 September 1989) is a NBA player born in Republic of the Congo and a naturalized citizen of Spain. Ibaka plays for the Milwaukee Bucks. Before that he has played for the Los Angeles Clippers,Toronto Raptors and Oklahoma City Thunder. He plays at the forward position.
Sysslebäck

Syssleback is a locality in Torsby Municipality in Varmland County in Sweden. In 2010, 527 people lived there.
Rowan

A Rowan is a type of fruit-bearing plant in the family Rosaceae. They grow in the cooler areas of Europe and Asia. The fruit is a 4-8 mm diameter ball. It is bright orange or red in most species, but pink, yellow or white in some Asian species. The fruit is soft and juicy.
Humboldt-University of Berlin

The Humboldt-University of Berlin () is Berlin's first public university. It was founded by Wilhelm von Humboldt. He was the German Minister of Education at the time. Von Humboldt organized Germany's system of education which is still used today. The first building was donated by Frederick William III of Prussia. The University opened its doors in 1810 as the University of Berlin.
History
At the time of its founding in 1810, there was pressure to make the new university both practical and industrial. Von Humboldt wanted it to be a center for the pursuit of truth in learning. In the end he won out. The University was set up under his principles. In 1828 it was formally renamed the Frederick-William University. The university was named in honor of the reigning monarch, Frederick William III of Prussia. The university offered the traditional faculties of law, medicine, theology and philosophy. Emperor William made several establishments at the University. One of these was the professorship of "American History". It is now called the "Theodore Roosevelt professorship". It required the position be filled by an American professor who must lecture in German. In an interview with then president Butler of Columbia University, a second professorship in Berlin was established with a lectures in English taught by a German professor.
From 1933 to 1945, under Nazism, the university lost many of its Jewish scholars and students. Some were killed. On May 10, 1933 many university books were burned. Before World War II Humboldt was still the major university in Berlin. After the war the university was greatly weakened. It reopened in January 1946. It was in the Soviet sector of Berlin. Many students and faculty wanted to continue their education free of communist government control. With the help of the US Army and donations from the United States government, the Free University of Berlin was established in 1948 in West Berlin.
In 1949 the university was given its present name, Humboldt-University of Berlin (), to honor the brothers Alexander and Wilhelm von Humboldt. The university underwent a number of changes by the government of East Berlin in the 1950s. But it regained its importance as a major center of learning.
The university today
The university got its start reflecting the principles of the great educational reformer Wilhelm von Humboldt. It pioneered many new academic disciplines. In spite of its problems in the 20th century, the university has returned to its founding principles. There are 260 degree courses offered. The university has an academic staff of about 2,170 and 35,000 students. it is currently ranked 80th among the world's universities. It has been informally called "Berlin University" throughout its history. Also, informally, the "University of Linden" () after its location.
Neue Deutsche Biographie

Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB; New German Biography) is a biographical reference work. The 26 volumes published so far cover more than 22,500 biographies of peoples and families who lived in the German language area.
Storm cellar

Storm cellars are underground structures that are either located below buildings, or are built underground near houses or other such buildings. They are reinforced structures into which residents can go for protection from a strong wind storm. They are common in areas that often have tornadoes and hurricanes.
In houses
A typical storm cellar for a single family would be built nearby the home. It might have a floor area of eight by twelve feet, (2.5 x 3.5 m) and an arched roof like that of a quonset hut--but it would be entirely underground. In most cases the entire structure would be built of blocks faced with cement and rebar through the bricks for protection from the storm doing this makes it almost impossible for the bricks to fall apart. New ones sometimes are made of septic tanks that have been modified with a steel door and vents. Most storm cellars would be reached by a covered stairwell. At the opposite end of the structure there would be conduits for air that would reach the surface, and perhaps a small window to serve as an emergency exit and also to provide some light.
Additional uses
A storm cellar may also be used to store canned goods for emergencies or for a long period of time.
Siege of Leningrad

The siege of Leningrad was a siege in Leningrad during World War II. The siege started on 8 September 1941, when the last road to the city was severed.
Although the Soviet Union forces managed to open a narrow path to the city on 18 January 1943, the siege was only stopped on 27 January 1944, 872 days after it began. It is thought of as one of the most destructive sieges ever to happen. It was possibly the heaviest in terms of casualties, killing over 1 million innocent people.
Also, because of the siege, no food was allowed to enter Leningrad, leaving the residents to eat things such as:
Cats
Sawdust
Horses
Wallpaper paste
Human flesh (e.g babies)
Anything that could be salvaged and was edible
Because of the German operations, no people or supply trucks were allowed to enter or leave the city, leaving the occupants without food often for weeks or months.
Iredell County, North Carolina

Iredell County is a county of the U.S. state of North Carolina. At the 2020 census, the population was 186,693. Its county seat is Statesville, and its largest town is Mooresville. The county was formed in 1788.
Rina Gonoi

Rina Gonoi (born 1999) is a Japanese former soldier. After she left the army she started a public campaign in 2022, demanding truth and a formal apology after she was sexually assaulted by drunken male officers during training in 2021. Attempts were made to brush her allegations and she received anonymous threats. However in September 2022 the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force acknowledged that her allegations were accurate and the four male officers apologised to her in person. In December 2022 she was named by the Financial Times as one of the 25 most influential women of 2022.
Mario Party

Mario Party can refer to the following:
Mario Party (game)- the first game in the Mario Party series
Mario Party (series)- the series of Mario Party games
Siamaggiore

Siamaggiore (Siamaiore, Siamajori) is a town and comune (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 927 people lived there. Its area is 13.17 km2. It is 8 meters above sea level.
Dryas (plant)

Dryas is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rosaceae.
Paktia

Paktia is a city of Afghanistan, most of it's population consists of tanoli.
Nordmaling

Nordmaling is an urban area in the county of Vasterbotten in Sweden. It is the seat of Nordmaling Municipality.
Pasquale Squitieri

Pasquale Squitieri (27 November 1938 - 18 February 2017) was an Italian movie director and screenwriter. He was best known for his Spaghetti Western movies. He was also known as William Redfield. He was born in Naples.
Squitieri died on 18 February 2017 in Rome, at the age of 78.
IWork

iWork is a suite of programs created by Apple Inc., containing Pages, a word processing and desktop publishing program, Keynote, a presentation package and Numbers, a spreadsheet program.
Although iWork is called "a successor to AppleWorks" by Apple, it does not have the functions of AppleWorks's database and drawing tools. Also, it does not compete directly with the Mac version of Microsoft Office, but instead offers tools with a different focus (presentation, rather than analysis) at a lower price. It is made to integrate with other applications from Apple's iLife Suite. Although iLife comes free on every Mac, iWork is sold separately. From February to March 2008, a free 30-day trial of iWork was installed on every new Mac bought during that time, but now the trial must be downloaded from online. It is still given with copies of iLife. It was later sold for $19.99 per app on OS X and $9.99 per app on iOS. In October 2013 Apple announced that all iOS and OS X devices purchased onwards, whether new or refurbished, were eligible for a free download of all three iWork apps. iWork for iCloud, which also incorporates a document hosting service, is free to all holders of an iCloud account. iWork was released as freeware for macOS and iOS in April 2017. In September 2016, Apple announced that the real-time collaboration feature would be available for all iWork apps.
History
iWork '05
iWork '05 was launched on January 11, 2005 and had the new version 2 of Keynote and the first release of Pages. Before it was released, what would become iWork was said to be an add-on, upgrade, or new release of AppleWorks.
iWork '06
On January 10, 2006, Apple introduced iWork '06 at the Macworld Expo in San Francisco, which upgraded Pages to version 2 and Keynote to version 3. New features common to both applications included 3D charts, tables with formula support, reviewer comments, and shaped image masking. The addition of tables with formula support may have been added to quiet rumors of an Apple spreadsheet application. Since iWork's focus is on presentation, Apple gave a way to put most common spreadsheet features into a table while providing only limited additional functionality.
David DiChiera

David DiChiera ( ; April 8, 1935 - September 18, 2018) was an American composer and writer. He was the founding general director of Michigan Opera Theatre. He was born in McKeesport, Pennsylvania. He was known for his work Four Sonnets (1965), which was composed for soprano and piano. It premiered in 1978 at the Kennedy Center.
From 1981 to 1993, DiChiera was appointed artistic director of the Dayton Opera Association. In 1986 he was appointed founding General Director of the newly formed Opera Pacific. DiChiera has served as a trustee for the National Institute of Music Theatre and as a board member of the American Arts Alliance. He has been a panel member for the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) and chairman for the Opera/Musical Theater Panel.
In February 2016, DiChiera announced his retirement, effective in July 2017. In April 2017, DiChiera was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. DiChiera died on September 18, 2018 in Detroit, Michigan from the disease at the age of 83.
1995 Pacific hurricane season

The 1995 Pacific hurricane season was the least active Pacific hurricane season since 1979. Of the eleven tropical cyclones that formed during the season, four affected land, with the most notable storm of the season being Hurricane Ismael, which killed at least 116 people in Mexico. The strongest hurricane in the season was Hurricane Juliette, which reached peak winds of 150 mph (240 km/h).
The season officially started on May 15, 1995 in the eastern Pacific, and on June 1, 1995 in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30, 1995. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. The season saw eleven tropical cyclones form, of which ten became tropical storms. Seven storms attained hurricane status, of which three acquired major hurricane status. The number of tropical storms was much less than the average of 16 storms, while the number of hurricanes and major hurricanes were slightly below average.
She

The word "she" is a third-person singular pronoun used to talk about a female. When the name of a woman has been the subject, then "she" takes the place of that name, in the text. While "she" is the subject form, the word "her" is the object or possessive form (see table below). The word "she" is used for a woman (or girl) where the word "he" would be used for a man, or "it" for a neutral pronoun.
In 1999, the American Dialect Society chose "she" as the word of the past millennium (1000-year period). The Society noted the word was not used before the year 1000; "she" was first seen in writings from the 12th century, where the word "heo" had been used to mean either the feminine or mixed plural as with "they".
This is usually used to referring to someone female, but that isn't always excactly the case.
Cross-country race

A Cross-country race is any running race that takes place on different types of terrain. Different levels of competition include middle school , high school , collegiate men and , women 5km (3.1 mi) and , amateur, and professional.
The scoring in these events gives one point to the winner, two points to the person who finished second, and so on. In an invitational or meet where teams of runners count up the points of their top five finishers. This is their score. The team with the lowest score wins. If there is a tie, the team with the fastest sixth man wins.
Times in races depend on the terrain, weather, and the other runners. This means that two athletes competing in different places in the world who are running the same time might not be at the same ability level.
Billy Wara

Billy Wara (c. 1920 - November 2008) was an Australian Aboriginal craftsman who made wooden sculptures. He is best known for his sculptures of goannas, made from wood that is native to the central Australian desert. His sculptures were carved by hand and decorated by burning patterns into the wood. He also crafted traditional hunting tools, such as spears and spear-throwers.
Life
Wara was born at Aran, in the south-west of the Northern Territory. He and his family were Pitjantjatjara. They lived a traditional nomadic way of life in the bush until Wara was a young man. The first "whitefella" he ever saw was Harold Lasseter, a gold prospector whose story later became an Australian legend. Wara was about 12 years old at the time, and thought Lasseter was a ghost. A portrait of him giving figs to Lasseter features in Winifred Hilliard's book The People In Between (1968).
When he was a young man, Wara and his family settled at Ernabella, a Presbyterian mission at the time. He worked building fences, digging wells, and as a shepherd and sheep shearer. Later, he served as an advisor for the Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park on environmental and cultural issues. He began carving wooden sculptures shortly after Maruku Arts and Crafts opened in 1984. He originally made his sculptures at Mutitjulu, in the national park. He later set up an outstation at Umutju, further south, so that he could work closer to his homelands.
Artwork
Although he crafted other things, Wara was best known for his wooden sculptures ( in Pitjantjatjara). He carved them by hand and burned designs into them with a hot wire stick (this is called pyrography). His sculptures are of the perentie lizard, a type of goanna from central Australia which is also Wara's totem.
His depictions of the perentie are taken from his , a set of beliefs about his spiritual ancestor, the and their activities which shaped the land and its people during the Dreamtime. The forms his family's sacred law, and the law associated with Wara's place of birth, Aran. Most of the knowledge of is restricted to its senior custodians. Wara tells that fled from the east with a stolen grindstone hidden in his tail. The men chasing after him caught up with him at Aran and searched his stomach for the stone, but could not find it.
Wara's work has been shown in several exhibitions, both in Australia and other countries. His sculptures are held in the Powerhouse Museum, the Museum of Victoria, the National Gallery of Australia, and the National Museum of Australia. It is also part of the National Museum of Ethnology in Japan, and the Kelton Foundation in the United States.
Bernice, Oklahoma

Bernice is a town in the U.S. state of Oklahoma.
Truman Bodden

Truman Murray Bodden, OBE (born 22 April 1945) is a former Caymanian politician and lawyer. He was Leader of Government Business from April 1995 to November 2000.
Cérans-Foulletourte

Cerans-Foulletourte is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.
Aon Center

The Aon Center is the name of two buildings.
Godalming

Godalming is a town and civil parish in Surrey, England. In 2011, there were 21,804 people living in Godalming.
Transport
Rail
Godalming has a railway station, Godalming railway station. The station is on the Portsmouth Direct Line, which goes between Portsmouth and London Waterloo. This line is served by South Western Railway.
Road
Roads that go through or near Godalming are:
A3
A281
A283
A286
A3100
B2130
B3000
B3001
Air
Godalming is around 31 miles or 50 kilometres away from Gatwick and Heathrow Airport.
Thornton, Arkansas

Thornton is a city in Calhoun County, Arkansas, United States. The population was 407 as of the 2010 census.
Brakel

Brakel is a municipality in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007, 13759 people lived there.
It is at 50deg 48 North, 03deg 45 East.
Douglas Spalding

Douglas Alexander Spalding (1841-1877) was an English biologist. He was one of the founders of ethology (animal behaviour), but it took a long time before this was appreciated.
He was born in Islington in London in 1841, and began life as a workman. Later, when he lived near Aberdeen, he attended courses without charge. He studied philosophy and literature, but after a year he returned to London. Spalding trained to be a lawyer, but contracted tuberculosis.
He travelled in Europe in hopes of finding a cure. In Avignon he met John Stuart Mill, and through Mill he met John Russell, Viscount Amberley. Russell was the son of the former British Prime Minister Lord John Russell. Spalding became tutor to Viscount Amberley's children, including perhaps the very young Bertrand Russell. He also carried on an intermittent affair with Katharine Russell, Lord Amberley's wife. After the Lord Amberley's death in 1876, Spalding returned to the continent and died there the following year.
Ethology
Spalding carried out some remarkable experiments on animal behaviour, and discovered the phenomenon now known as imprinting. This was later rediscovered by Oskar Heinroth, then studied and popularised by Konrad Lorenz and Niko Tinbergen.
Instinct and imprinting were the first scientific concepts in ethology. Spalding was able to prove that the behaviour of chicks after hatching from the egg happened even when they had no experience, practice or even information from the senses. Therefore the capacity was inherited. J.B.S. Haldane reprinted Spalding's essay On Instinct in 1954 to show how important it was for the history of ethology.
Birds v. mammals
If we realise that birds are descendants of dinosaurs, and (say) cats are mammals, the we can understand the effects of their births. A bird comes out of the shell ready-made. After an initial feeding that's it as far as the parents are concerned. On the other hand, cats have quite a long period when the mother looks after them. They are initially almost helpless. The role of play is very much another mammalian learning device. On the other hand, birds do not learn to fly. They fly when their anatomy is developed.
This is what Spalding proved.
Dollot

Dollot is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Melancholic depression

Melancholic depression is a subtype of clinical depression. It is biologically based and rather severe. It is mainly associated under unipolar depression, though sometimes under bipolar disorder. This condition is often triggered by stress issues.
José Mari Bakero

Jose Mari Bakero (born 11 February 1963) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.
Jun Uruno

is a Japanese professional athlete. He is best known as a Association football or soccer player.
Club career statistics
|-
|1998||rowspan="8"|Honda||rowspan="8"|Football League||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|1999||2||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||4||0
|-
|2000||21||8||1||0||colspan="2"|-||22||8
|-
|2001||28||5||2||0||colspan="2"|-||30||5
|-
|2002||13||3||3||1||colspan="2"|-||16||4
|-
|2003||29||4||3||0||colspan="2"|-||32||4
|-
|2004||25||2||3||1||colspan="2"|-||28||2
|-
|2005||28||9||2||1||colspan="2"|-||30||10
|-
|2006||rowspan="3"|Ventforet Kofu||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||20||4||3||0||3||0||26||4
|-
|2007||22||0||1||0||2||0||25||0
|-
|2008||J. League 2||19||3||1||0||colspan="2"|-||20||3
|-
|2009||rowspan="3"|Roasso Kumamoto||rowspan="3"|J. League 2||38||7||1||0||colspan="3"|-||39||7
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||
|-
|2011||||||||||||||||
245||45||22||3||5||0||272||48
245||45||22||3||5||0||272||48
|}
Hunter Schafer

Hunter Schafer (born December 31, 1998) is an American fashion model, actress, and LGBTQ rights activist. In 2019, she played transgender high school student Jules Vaughn in the HBO series Euphoria.
Ignace Murwanashyaka

Ignace Murwanashyaka (14 May 1963 - 16 April 2019) was a Rwandan rebel leader. He was born in Butare. He was a founding member of the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR). It was formed in 2000 and is an ethnic Hutu rebel group. Many of the FDLR members had a part in the Rwandan genocide towards the Tutsi people. The FDLR is active in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and is said to have carried out war crimes and crimes against humanity. Murwanashyaka lived in Germany. He was arrested in November 2009. In September 2015, he was sentenced to 13 years in prison.
On 16 April 2019, Murwanashyaka died after bout of ill health in Mannheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany. He was 55.
1 Line (Sound Transit)

Central Link is a train line in Seattle, Washington. It runs from the city's airport to Downtown Seattle and the University of Washington. The train started running in 2009.
You Again

You Again is a 2010 American comedy movie. This movie is about a high school senior who has acne. She later becomes a successful public relations executive. Kristen Bell plays Marni. Sigourney Weaver plays Ramona. Jamie Lee Curtis plays Gail. Cloris Leachman plays Helen.
The movie was released on September 24, 2010. Reviews were very negative. The movie was a moderate success.
Ellikon

Ellikon may refer to several places in the canton of Zurich, Switzerland:
Ellikon an der Thur, a municipality
Ellikon am Rhein in the municipality of Marthalen
Hales Corners, Wisconsin

Hales Corners is a village in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 7,692 at the 2010 census.
Fatmir Sejdiu

Fatmir Sejdiu (born 23 October 1951) is a Kosovar politician. He was the leader of the Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK) and was the first President of Kosovo between 2006 and 2010.
Burns Night

Burns Night is the day (and night) that the life of Robert Burns is celebrated, particularly in Scotland. Each year it is on Burns' birthday, 25 January. People around the world have Burns Suppers.
Thiruvarur district

Thiruvarur district is one of the districts in Tamil Nadu, South India. Thiruvarur town is the district headquarters of Tamil Nadu.
Before 1991 Thiruvarur district and Nagapattinam district were part of the Thanjavur district. After that, the present Taluks of Thiruvarur district and Nagapattinam district were separated from the Thanjavur District, and formed the Nagapattinam district.
The total area of Thiruvarur district is 2161 km2. Major towns of the district are Thiruvarur, Thiruthuraipoondi, Nachikulam, Muthupettai and Mannargudi.
Population
In the 2011 census of India, Thiruvarur district had a population of 1,264,277. There was a sex-ratio of 1,017 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929. Scheduled Castes were 34.08% of the population. Scheduled Tribes were .24% of the population. The average literacy of the district was 74.86%, close to the national average.
David Degen

David Degen (born 15 February 1983) is a Swiss football player. He plays for Young Boys and Switzerland national team.
James H. Wilkinson

James Hardy Wilkinson FRS (27 September 1919 - 5 October 1986) was a British expert in the field of numerical analysis. His name is used for the "James H. Wilkinson Prize in Numerical Analysis and Scientific Computing" and "J. H. Wilkinson Prize for Numerical Software" given by the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.
Career
He transferred to the National Physical Laboratory in 1946, where he worked with Alan Turing. Later, Wilkinson's interests took him into numerical analysis, where he discovered many great algorithms.
Selected works
(REAP)
(AEP)
with Christian Reinsch: Handbook for Automatic Computation, Volume II, Linear Algebra, Springer-Verlag, 1971.
The Perfidious Polynomial. In: Studies in Numerical Analysis, pp. 1-28, MAA Stud. Math., 24, Math. Assoc. America, Washington, DC, 1984.
Lakhdar Belloumi

Rabah Madjer (born 29 December 1958) in Mascara, Algeria is a former Algerian football player. He has played for Algeria national team.
Caprese Michelangelo

Caprese Michelangelo is a comune in the Province of Arezzo in the Italian region of Tuscany.
Renaissance artist Michelangelo was born here.
BBVA

Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, S.A., better known by its initialism BBVA, is a multinational Spanish banking group. It was formed from a merger of Banco Bilbao Vizcaya and Argentaria in 1999, and is the second largest bank in Spain. The company is a constituent of the IBEX 35 and Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index. In 2007, the firm started an initiative to digitally transform the bank. Following implementation, it saw a 19% year-on-year increase in new customers. As of 2015, the total number of these clients stood at 14.8 million.
Tenneville

Tenneville is a municipality in the Belgian province of Luxembourg.
In 2007, 2561 people lived there.
It is at 50deg 05 North, 05deg 31 East.
Franconia

Franconia ( ; Franconian dialect: Franggn ) is the northern part of the German federal state of Bavaria. This region is divided in three smaller regions: Oberfranken, Mittelfranken, and Unterfranken. The biggest city in Franconia is Nuremberg.
Other large cities in Franconia are Coburg, Aschaffenburg, Wurzburg, Erlangen, Furth, Bamberg, Bayreuth, Schweinfurt and Hof.
Rivers
The most important river in Franconia is the Regnitz, which is 63.7 km (39.6 mi) in length.
Effingham, Illinois

Effingham is a city in Illinois in the United States. There are several truck stops in Effingham. They also have fast food and hotels there.
John Culver

John Chester Culver (August 8, 1932 - December 26, 2018) was an American politician, writer and lawyer. He represented Iowa in both the United States House of Representatives from 1965 to 1975 and the United States Senate from 1975 to 1981. He was a member of the Democratic Party.
His son was Chet Culver, who was Governor of Iowa from 2007 to 2011.
Culver died on December 26, 2018 in Washington, D.C. at the age of 86.
Rubber duck

A rubber duck, or rubber ducky, is a toy shaped like a duck. It is often yellow. Most children use them when taking baths. Ernie sang a song about a Rubber Ducky in Sesame Street.
Elomar

Elomar (born December 21 1937) is a Brazilian writer, singer and composer. He wrote a very large amount of music, including works for Opera and vocal works. His music was influenced by both Brazilian folk music from the northeast region of Brazil and by Medieval music from Europe.
Leomar brings to his songs the regional aspects of the sub-regions of the Northeast Region of Brazil. His use of language closely follows the dialect of inhabitants of the sertao, employing regional terms and variations of words, as well as borrowing chivalric romances traditions and customs.
Ames, Texas

Ames is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. According to the 2010 census, 1,003 people lived there.
Ruanda-Urundi

Ruanda-Urundi was a part of German East Africa. Belgian troops invaded during World War I. The military occupation lasted from 1916 to 1924 when the territory came under Belgian rule. In 1964 it became the independent states of Rwanda and Burundi.
Nangang Software Park metro station

Nangang Software Park is a metro station in Taipei, Taiwan. It is a station on the Wenhu Line, whose station code is BR23.
Station layout information
The platforms are above ground level. Platform 1 is for Taipei Nangang Exhibition Center and Platform 2 is for Taipei Zoo.
Park Tae-hwan

Park Tae-hwan (nicknamed "Marine boy") is a famous swimmer from South Korea. He was born in Seoul on September 27, 1989. He is the first South Korean swimmer to win a world title. He won a gold medal in the men's 400 meters freestyle final at the World Swimming Championships in Melbourne, 2007. Recently, he won a medal in all seven events in which he has competed in 2010 Asian Games (three gold medals, two silver medals and two bronze medals).
Asperjoc

Asperjoc is a town and a former commune of the Ardeche departement, in the southern part of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Vallees-d'Antraigues-Asperjoc.
Negrito

Negrito is the name for several ethnic groups from South and Southeast Asia. The name is the diminutive form of Negro. Like the term negro, many people consider it to be offensive. Usually, Negritos have a dark skin, curly hair, Asiatic facial features, and do not grow to be very tall. Traditionally, the term 'Negrito' has been used for the following groups:
The indigenous population of the Andaman Islands
About 25 ethnic groups on the Philippines, among them the Aeta and Ati
The Semang and the Senoi on the Malay peninsula
The Maniq people, in the south of Thailand
The Island Negros, which is part of the Philippines today, was named after the Negritos. Because the term 'Negrito' doesn't allow a precise scientific definition, most scientists (ethnologues) no longer use the term either.
Genetic research found them to be more closely related to non-Negrito local populations than to each other. Many Negrito people share genetic ancestry with East Asians. Their physical and morphological features were found to be local adaptions to tropical rainforests of Southeast Asia, rather than a remnant of a shared common ancestor, as suggested previously.
Nepram

Nepram is a Meetei Manipuri surname or family name which has Indian origin. People of this family mainly inhabit in Manipur, India.
West Bloomfield Township, Michigan

West Bloomfield Township, officially the Charter Township of West Bloomfield, is a charter township in Oakland County in the U.S. state of Michigan, within the Detroit metropolitan area. It is one of the most expensive places to live in Oakland County. As of the 2010 census, the township had a population of 64,690.
Garfield and Friends

Garfield and Friends is an animated television show that is based on the comic strip Garfield. The show aired on CBS from 1988 to 1994 on Saturday mornings. Then reran on Cartoon Network from 1995 to 1997, Nickelodeon from 1997 to 2000, ABC Kids (then known as Disney's One Saturday Morning) from 2000 to 2001, Freeform (then known as ABC Family) from 2001 to 2003, Toon Disney from 2003 to 2006, and Boomerang from 2006 to 2007. In addition to Garfield cartoons, it also features cartoons based on U.S. Acres, another comic strip created by Jim Davis.
Characters
Garfield: A very fat, lazy, orange-skinned, cat. He loves eating, sleeping, and watching television.
Jon: Garfield and Odie's nerdy owner. He is very loyal to them. He goes on dates and later gets dumped by girls.
Odie: A yellow-skinned dog. He is very dumb and easily annoys Garfield.
Nermal: A cute, gray-skinned cat. She annoys Garfield more than anybody.
Roger Pearson

Roger Pearson (born 21 August 1927, in London) is a British writer and publisher. He is also the editor of some journals published by The Institute for the Study of Man.
Publications written, edited, or published by Pearson
Essays on Eugenics and Race. 1958, Northern World, Coventry
Mankind Quarterly (from 1979-)
The Religious Attitudes of the Indo-Europeans. 1966, 1967 Hans Gunther, trans. by Vivian Bird (See Oliver Bird Trust and George Cadbury) in collaboration with Roger Pearson.
Introduction to Anthropology. Harcourt College Pub, 1974.
Anthropological Glossary. Krieger Pub Co, 1985.
Race, Intelligence and Bias in Academe. Scott-Townsend Publishers, 1997 (2nd edition).
Heredity and Humanity: Race, Eugenics and Modern Science. Scott-Townsend Publishers, 1996.
Harry G. Haskell Jr.

Harry Garner Haskell Jr. (May 27, 1921 - January 16, 2020) was an American businessman and Republican politician. He was from Wilmington. He was mayor of Wilmington from 1969 to 1973 and represented Delaware in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1957 to 1959.
Haskell Jr. died in Chadds Ford Township, Pennsylvania on January 16, 2020 at the age of 98.
Hungarian alphabet

The Hungarian alphabet () is the Latin alphabet used for writing the Hungarian language.
The alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet, there are added variations of letters. The alphabet have 26 letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet, and 5 letters with an acute accent, 2 letters with an umlaut, 2 letters with a double acute accent, 8 letters made up of two characters, and 1 letter made up of three characters. These characters are considered their own letters.
Maria Full of Grace

Maria Full of Grace (Spanish title: Maria, llena eres de gracia, lit., "Maria, you are full of grace") is a 2004 Colombian Ecuadorian American drama movie directed by Joshua Marston and starring Catalina Sandino Moreno, Yenny Paola Vega, Guilied Lopez, John Alex Toro, Patricia Rae, Virginia Ariza. It was nominated for an Academy Award in 2005.
Stahan Rakhimov

Stahan Mamadzhanovich Rakhimov (, ; born in December 17, 1937) is a Soviet Uzbek and Russian singer. He was honored with the People's Artist of Russia in 2002. He was born in Andijan, Uzbekistan. He is known for forming a pop duo with singer Alla Yoshpe.
Federica Lavi

Federica Eugenia Lavi (born 22 February 1994) is an Italian water polo player. She competed for the Italy women's national water polo team in the 2017 World Aquatics Championships, 2018 Women's European Water Polo Championship, and 2019 World Aquatics Championships.
Wonderwall

Wonderwall may mean one of the following:
Wonderwall (movie), a 1968 movie.
Wonderwall Music, George Harrison's soundtrack to the Wonderwall movie.
"Wonderwall" (song), a song by the band Oasis, from their 1995 album (What's the Story) Morning Glory?.
Wonderwall (band), a German pop band.
Saint-Alban-d'Ay

Saint-Alban-d'Ay is a commune in the Ardeche departement in southern France.
Yanosuke Watanabe

was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography
In May 1925, when Watanabe was a Kwansei Gakuin University student, he was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Manila. At this competition, on May 17, he debuted against Philippines. On May 20, he also played against Republic of China. But Japan lost in both matches (0-4, v Philippines and 0-2, v Republic of China). He played 2 games for Japan in 1925.