Fyodor Dostoyevsky

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky (11 November 1821 - 9 February 1881) was a Russian novelist. The most popular novels are Crime and Punishment, The Idiot and The Brothers Karamazov. He is regarded as one of the greatest authors of all time.
In his 20s he joined a group of radicals in St Petersburg They were into French socialist ideas. A police agent reported the group to the authorities. On 22 April 1849, Dostoyevsky was arrested and imprisoned with the other members. After months of questioning and investigation they were tried. They were found guilty of planning to distribute subversive propaganda and condemned to death by firing squad.
The punishment was changed to a sentence of exile and hard labour, but not before they were forced to go through a mock execution. In 1859 a new tsar allowed Dostoyevsky to end his Siberian exile. A year later he was back in St Petersburg. The experience had cost him ten years of his life. It is the root of all his writing.
"Dostoyevsky's experience had altered him profoundly... He was particularly scornful of the ideas he found in St Petersburg when he returned from his decade of Siberian exile. The new generation of Russian intellectuals was gripped by European theories and philosophies [which] were melded together into a peculiarly Russian combination that came to be called 'nihilism' ".
Religion
Raised in an educated and religious family, Dostoyevsky's beliefs changed through his life. In prison, he focused intensely on the figure of Christ and on the New Testament, the only book allowed in prison. In a letter to the woman who had sent him the New Testament, Dostoyevsky wrote that he was a "child of unbelief and doubt up to this moment, and I am certain that I shall remain so to the grave". He also wrote that "even if someone were to prove to me that the truth lay outside Christ, I should choose to remain with Christ rather than with the truth".
From an analysis of religious ideas in Crime and Punishment, The Idiot, The Demons (The Possessed), and The Brothers Karamazov, James Townsend thinks Dostoyevsky held orthodox Christian beliefs except for his view of salvation from sin. According to Townsend, "Dostoevsky almost seemed to embrace an in-this-life purgatory", in which people suffer to pay for their sins, rather than the Christian doctrine of salvation through Christ. Malcolm Jones sees elements of Islam and Buddhism in Dostoyevsky's religious convictions. Colin Wilson in The Outsider describes him as a "tormented half-atheist-half-Christian".
His work
Many scholars see Dostoyevsky as one of the greatest psychologists in literature. His works have had a big effect on twentieth-century fiction. Very often, he wrote about characters who live in poor conditions. Those characters are sometimes in extreme states of mind. They might show both a strange grasp of human psychology as well as good analyses of the political, social and spiritual states of Russia of Dostoevsky's time. Many of his best-known works are prophetic. He is sometimes considered to be a founder of existentialism, most frequently for Notes from Underground, which has been described as "the best overture for existentialism ever written". He is also famous for writing The Brothers Karamazov, which many critics, such as Sigmund Freud, have said was one of the best novels ever written.
Demons
His attack on nihilism is in his great novel Demons, or The Possessed. Published in 1872, it is a "dark comedy, cruelly funny in its depiction of high-minded intellectuals toying with revolutionary notions without understanding anything of what revolution means in practice".
The plot is a version of actual events at the time. A former teacher of divinity turned terrorist, Sergei Nechaev, had written a pamphlet, The Catechism of a Revolutionary, which argued that any means (including blackmail and murder) could be used to advance the cause of revolution. Nechaev planned to kill a student who questioned his ideas.
One of the characters in Demons confesses: "I got entangled in my own data, and my conclusion contradicts the original idea from which I start. From unlimited freedom, I conclude with unlimited despotism". This suggests that the result of abandoning morality for the sake of an idea will be tyranny more extreme than any in the past.
List of works
English versions of titles come after the Russian title.
Novels
1846 - Bednye lyudi (Bednye liudi); Poor Folk
1846 - Dvojnik (Dvoinik. Peterburgskaia poema); The Double: A Petersburg Poem
1849 - Netochka Nezvanova (Netochka Nezvanova); Netochka Nezvanova (this is a feminine name)(Unfinished)
1859 - Dyadushkin son (Diadiushkin son); The Uncle's Dream
1859 - Selo Steanchikovo i ego obitateli (Selo Stepanchikovo i ego obitateli); The Village of Stepanchikovo
1861 - Unizhennye i oskorblennye (Unizhennye i oskorblennye); The Insulted and Humiliated
1862 - Zapiski iz mertvogo doma (Zapiski iz mertvogo doma); The House of the Dead
1864 - Zapiski iz podpolya (Zapiski iz podpol'ia); Notes from Underground
1866 - Prestuplenie i nakazanie (Prestuplenie i nakazanie); Crime and Punishment
1867 - Igrok (Igrok); The Gambler
1869 - Idiot (Idiot); The Idiot
1870 - Vechnyj muzh (Vechnyi muzh); The Eternal Husband
1872 - Besy (Besy); various English titles: The Possessed; The Devils; Demons
1875 - Podrostok (Podrostok); The Raw Youth
1881 - Brat'ya Karamazovy (Brat'ia Karamazovy); The Brothers Karamazov
Novellas and short stories
1846 - Gospodin Prokharchin (Gospodin Prokharchin); Mr. Prokharchin
1847 - Roman v devyati pis'mah (Roman v deviati pis'makh); Novel in Nine Letters
1847 - Hozyajka (Khoziaika); The Landlady
1848 - Polzunkov (Polzunkov); Polzunkov
1848 - Slaboe serdze (Slaboe serdtse); A Weak Heart
1848 - Chestnyj vor (Chestnyi vor); An Honest Thief
1848 - Elka i svad'ba (Elka i svad'ba); A Christmas Tree and a Wedding
1848 - Chuzhaya zhena i muzh pod krovat'yu (Chuzhaia zhena i muzh pod krovat'iu); The Jealous Husband
1848 - Belye nochi (Belye nochi); White nights
1849 - Malen'kij geroj (Malen'kii geroi); A Little Hero
1862 - Skvernyj anekdot (Skvernyi anekdot); A Nasty Story
1865 - Krokodil (Krokodil); The Crocodile
1873 - Bobok (Bobok); Bobok
1876 - Krotkaja (Krotkaia); A Gentle Creature
1876 - Muzhik Marej (Muzhik Marei); The Peasant Marey
1876 - Mal'chik u Hrista na elke (Mal'chik u Khrista na iolke); The Heavenly Christmas Tree
1877 - Son smeshnogo cheloveka (Son smeshnogo cheloveka); The Dream of a Ridiculous Man
The last five stories (1873-1877) are included in A Writer's Diary.