kenhktsui/simple_wikipedia_LM_quality_score_v1 huggingface dataset:
Transformation (genetics)

In molecular biology, transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell by the direct uptake and expression of DNA from its surroundings.
Transformation occurs naturally in some species of bacteria, and can also be done artificially. Bacteria that are capable of being transformed, whether naturally or artificially, are called competent.
Transformation is one of three processes by which outside genetic material may be brought into bacterial cells. The other two are conjugation (transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells in direct contact), and transduction (injection of foreign DNA by a bacteriophage into the host).
Transformation may also used to describe the insertion of new genetic material into nonbacterial cells, such as animal and plant cells. Introduction of foreign DNA into eukaryote cells is usually called "transfection".
History
Transformation was first demonstrated in 1928 by British bacteriologist Frederick Griffith. Griffith discovered that a harmless strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae could be made virulent after being exposed to heat-killed virulent strains.
Griffith thought some "transforming principle" from the heat-killed strain was responsible for making the harmless strain virulent. In 1944 this transforming principle was identified as being genetic by Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty. They isolated DNA from a virulent strain of S. pneumoniae and using just this DNA were able to make a harmless strain virulent. They called this uptake and incorporation of DNA by bacteria 'transformation'. See Avery-MacLeod-McCarty experiment.
The results of these experiments were at first sceptically received by the scientific community. Not until the discovery of other methods of genetic transfer (conjugation in 1947 and transduction in 1953) by Joshua Lederberg were Avery's experiments accepted. Transformation did not become routine procedure in laboratories until 1972 when Cohen successfully transformed Escherichia coli by treating the bacteria with calcium chloride. This created an efficient and convenient procedure for transforming bacteria and opened the way for biotechnology and research.
Transformation of animal and plant cells was also investigated with the first transgenic mouse being created by injecting a gene for a rat growth hormone into a mouse embryo in 1982.
In 1907 a bacterium that caused plant tumors, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, was discovered and in the early 1970s the tumor inducing agent was found to be a DNA plasmid called the Ti plasmid. By removing the genes in the plasmid which caused the tumour and adding in new genes researchers were able to infect plants with A. tumefaciens and let the bacteria insert their chosen DNA into the genomes of the plants.
Not all plant cells are susceptible to infection by A. tumefaciens, so other methods were developed including electroporation and micro-injection. Particle bombardment was made possible with the invention of the Biolistic Particle Delivery System (gene gun) by John Sanford in 1990.
Charles Jencks

Charles Alexander Jencks (21 June 1939 - 13 October 2019) was an American cultural theorist, landscape designer and architectural historian. He was the co-founder of the Maggie's Cancer Care Centres. He published over thirty books and became famous in the 1980s as theorist of Postmodernism. His works include Garden of Cosmic Speculation and earthworks at Jupiter Artland outside Edinburgh. His continuing project Crawick Multiverse, commissioned by the Duke of Buccleuch, opened in 2015 near Sanquhar.
Jencks was born in Baltimore, Maryland. He died at the age of 80 on 13 October 2019 in London of cancer.
Baked Alaska

Baked Alaska is a dessert made of ice cream on top of slices of sponge cake or Christmas pudding and covered with meringue. The whole dessert is then baked in a very hot oven for just long enough to cook the meringue. The meringue is a good insulator, and the short cooking time prevents the heat from getting through to the ice cream.
Its name, but not the recipe, was made at Delmonico's Restaurant in 1867 to honour the new American territory of Alaska.
February 1 is Baked Alaska Day.
Variations
A slightly changed dessert called Bombe Alaska came from Noel, Alaska. Some dark rum is splashed over the Baked Alaska, and the whole dessert is flambeed while being served.
Beau Biden

Joseph Robinette "Beau" Biden III (February 3, 1969 - May 30, 2015) was an American attorney and politician for the Democratic Party. He served as the 44th Attorney General of Delaware from January 2, 2007 until January 6, 2015. He also was a Major in the Delaware Army National Guard. He was the son of President Joe Biden and stepson of First Lady Jill Biden.
Life
He was born in Wilmington, Delaware to Joe and Neilia Biden. He and his wife, Hallie, had two children: a daughter, Natalie, and a son, Hunter. In 1972, his mother and younger sister, Naomi Christina Biden, were killed in an car accident, in which Beau and his brother Hunter were badly injured.
Biden died from brain cancer on May 30, 2015 in Bethesda, Maryland. He was 46.
Longleaf pine

The Longleaf Pine is a kind of pine tree that grows in the Southeastern United States. It is also the state tree of Alabama.
Megan Blunk

Megan Blunk (born 12 September 1989) is an American wheelchair basketball player. She won a gold medal at the 2016 Summer Paralympics.
She played at the 2013 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships, 2014 Women's World Wheelchair Basketball Championship, and 2015 Parapan American Games.
Johann Fritz

Johann Peter Fritz was a Viennese piano maker of the XIX century. He was building instruments for famous composers along with Conrad Graf, Anton Walter and Johann Baptist Streicher.
Fritz started producing pianos in Vienna, but moved his workshop to Graz after 1837. He died in 1834 and was buried in Vienna.(5) After Fritz's death, his son Joseph continued the family business. (5) Fritz's pianos were good quality instruments and they were valued for melodiousness. Italian composer Giuseppe Verdi had one of the Fritz's pianos and used it (Viennese 6 pedal piano) from 1851 to 1871. This piano is displayed in Villa Verdi in the Province of Piacenza in Italy.(3) Some of other Fritz's instruments are presented in The Museum of Musical Instruments in Milan, the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston and The Finchcocks Charity for Musical Education in Tunbridge Wells, Kent.
Der Barbier von Bagdad

Der Barbier von Bagdad (The Barber of Baghdad), is an German comic opera with music and libretto by Peter Cornelius. It is based on "The Tale of the Tailor" and "The Barber's Stories of his Six Brothers" in One Thousand and One Nights. It was first performed in Weimar, on December 15, 1858. By far Cornelius' most successful work and his only opera still regularly performed.
Principal characters
Nureddin - tenor
Bostana - mezzo-soprano
Abdul Hassan Ali Ebn Bekar, the barber - bass
Margiana - soprano
Baba Mustapha, the Cadi - tenor
The Caliph - baritone
Discography
1952: Rudolf Schock (Nureddin), Hilde Rossl-Majdan (Bostana), Gottlob Frick (Abdul Hassan), Sena Jurinac (Margiana); Chor und Orchester Radio Wien, Heinrich Hollreiser - (Melodram)
1956: Nicolai Gedda (Nureddin), Grace Hoffmann (Bostana), Oskar Czerwenka (Abdul Hassan), Elisabeth Schwarzkopf (Margiana); Philharmonia Chorus and Orchestra, Erich Leinsdorf - (EMI Classics)
1973: Adlabert Kraus (Nureddin), Trudeliese Schmidt (Bostana), Karl Ridderbusch (Abdul Hassan), Sylvia Geszty (Margiana); Chor des Bayerischen Rundfunks, Munchner Rundfunkorchester, Heinrich Hollreiser - (RCA Records)
1974: Horst R. Laubenthal (Nureddin), Marga Schiml (Bostana), Hans Sotin (Abdul Hassan), Helen Donath (Margiana); Kolner Rundfunkchor, Kolner Rundfunk-Sinfonieorchester, Ferdinand Leitner - (Profil)
Sources
The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.
Emulsifier

An emulsifier is an additive which helps two liquids mix. For example, water and oil separate in a glass, but adding an emulsifier will help the liquids mix together. Some examples of emulsifiers are egg yolks and mustard. An emulsifier consists of a water-loving hydrophilic head and an oil-loving hydrophobic tail. The hydrophilic head is directed to the aqueous phase and the hydrophobic tail to the oil phase. The emulsifier positions itself at the oil/water or air/water interface and, by reducing the surface tension, has a stabilising effect on the emulsion.
Operation
Emulsifiers belong to the surfactants, usually with a grease-loving (lipophilic) and a water-loving (hydrophilic) part, which can nest around boundary layers between aqueous and greasy parts. Grease and water repel each other, making an emulsion without emulsifier easily fall apart. An emulsifier prevents this rejection because it projects the water-loving side towards the water and the fat-loving side towards the fat. The extent to which the hydrophilic or lipophilic character dominates is represented by the HLB value of the surfactant (HLB = Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance). A high HLB value (10 to 18) indicates a hydrophilic substance suitable for emulsifying fats or oils in water. Substances with a low HLB (3 to 8) are lipophilic and suitable for water-in-oil emulsions.
Emulgators are used in cosmetics for example in creams and bath oils. A cream consists largely of an emulsion of fat in water or of water in fat, while a bath oil often contains an emulsifier to partially distribute the oil in the water. Without an emulsifier, the oil would float on the water. Examples of emulsifiers used in cosmetic products are glyceryl monostearate, Polysorbate 20, accasia, tragacanth agar, and pectin.
Emulsifiers are often used in food technology, for example to keep products moist or greasy (such as cakes and bread) or to mix fat-soluble substances with water, such as margarine.
An example of an emulsifier in food is lecithin. Lecithin is in egg yolk and is used for example in making mayonnaise. It ensures a good connection between fats and vinegar. In european food, various E-numbers are used in the series from E400 to E499.
Beatrice of Nazareth

Blessed Beatrice of Nazareth was nun, mystic, philosopher, and prioress at Notre-Dame-de-Nazareth from Belgium. She was born into the family of Gertrudis and Bartholomeus de Vleeschouwer of Tirlemont.
Sealy, Texas

Sealy is a city in Austin County, Texas, United States. 6,019 people lived here at the 2010 census.
Kurdamir District

Kurdamir (also Kurd@mir) is a district (raion) in Azerbaijan. The capital of the district is Kurd@mir.
Americanisation

Americanisation means that a culture (often a country) is heavily influenced by so-called anglicisms. These anglicisms are American-based. Anglicisms can be institution, values, ways and behaviours, but can also be symbols and pictures.
In Americanisation, the transferring of American culture is only one-way. A culture is being Americanised, but the United States aren't affected by the other culture in return.
Free Realms

Free Realms is a massively multiplayer online role-playing game. It is set in a fantasy-themed world, named "Sacred Grove". It was made by Sony Online Entertainment for PC, Mac and PlayStation 3. The game was released on 29 April 2009. On March 31, 2014, the game was officially shut down.
Gopal Chandra Budhathoki

Gopal Chandra Budhathoki is a Nepali politicaian. He is a former member of Provincial Assembly of Province No. 1. He was elected from Jhapa 1 (constituency) (B). He is the current Mayor of Mechinagar Municipality.
Political Career
The CPN UML candidate Gopal Chandra Budhathoki was elected as a member of Provincial
Assembly of Province No. 1 by 17,839 votes. His nearest rival of Nepali Congress Ashok Kumar
Pokharel got 9,978 votes.
Villers-lès-Roye

Villers-les-Roye is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France.
Machairodontinae

The Machairodontinae are a sister group of the felines (Felinae). They were the last surviving group of sabretoothed cats.
They are an extinct subfamily of mammalian carnivora of the family Felidae (true cats). They lived in Asia, Africa, North America, South America, and Europe from the Miocene to the Pleistocene. They survived from about 23 million until about 11,000 years ago.
The subfamily Machairodontinae included the famed genus Smilodon. There were also other cats with canines which were not so long, such as Homotherium. The sabretooth adaptation evolved a number of times in different carnivore lines. They were evidently very successful as ambush predators.
Supercopa de España

The Supercopa de Espana or the Spanish Super Cup is a two-legged Spanish football championship contested by the winners of La Liga and the Copa del Rey.
Lionel Messi has scored the most goals in the history of the Spanish Super Cup, with 12 goals.
The competition was formed in 1982.
Bart Starr

Bryan Bartlett Starr (January 9, 1934 in Montgomery, Alabama - May 26, 2019) was a former American football player and coach for the National Football League. He was the quarterback for the Green Bay Packers (1956-1971) and the MVP of the first two Super Bowls. He went to the Pro Bowl four times. He was added to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1977.
Starr died May 26, 2019 in Birmingham, Alabama after failing health because of a stroke.
Neuenhaus (Samtgemeinde)

Neuenhaus is a Samtgemeinde ("collective municipality") in Bentheim, in Lower Saxony, Germany. Its seat is in the municipality Neuenhaus.
Cobalt (Ontario)

Cobalt is a town of the district of Timiskaming, in the province of Ontario, Canada.
Communes of the Calvados department

There are 706 communes in the Calvados departement in France.
Disulfur dichloride

Disulfur dichloride, also known as sulfur(I) chloride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is S2Cl2. It contains sulfur in its +1 oxidation state. It contains chlorine in its -1 oxidation state.
Properties
It is a yellow or orange liquid. It smokes in air because it reacts with water. It releases sulfur, sulfur dioxide, and hydrochloric acid when reacted with water. It reacts with chlorine to make sulfur dichloride. It can dissolve sulfur.
Preparation
It is made by reacting a little chlorine with sulfur. A lot of chlorine would make sulfur dichloride.
Uses
It is used to place sulfur atoms some organic compounds.
Jacques Godin

Jacques Godin (; September 14, 1930 - October 26, 2020) was a Canadian actor. He was known for his roles as Paul Laliberte in O.K. ... Laliberte (1973) and the Inspector Being at Home with Claude (1992). Godin was born in Montreal, Quebec.
Godin died on October 26, 2020 of heart failure at a hospital in Montreal, aged 90.
Kevin J Worthen

Kevin J Worthen (born April 15, 1956) is the 13th and current president of Brigham Young University (BYU). He is also in the leadership of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He is an area seventy, which means that he helps watch over many church members. Before he became the president of BYU, Worthen was the advancement vice president and the dean of the J. Reuben Clark Law School.
Education and Law Experience
Worthen was born in Dragerton, Utah, and he grew up in Price, Utah. He has four older brothers and sisters. He served as an LDS missionary in Monterrey, Mexico. Worthen earned an associate degree from the College of Eastern Utah (CEU). While he was in college, Worthen worked as a coal miner during the summers. He was a co-captain of the varsity basketball team. He graduated in 1978 with the best grades in his class. After that, he went to BYU. He graduated in 1979 with highest honors (summa cum laude) with a bachelor's degree in political science.
Worthen attended the J. Reuben Clark Law School at BYU. He became a member of an honor society called the Order of the Coif. In 1982, he again graduated with the highest honors (summa cum laude) and the best grades in his class. Then he worked as a law clerk (a lawyer who helps a judge make legal decisions) for Judge Malcolm R. Wilkey on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit. He also worked as a law clerk for Associate Supreme Court Justice Byron R. White. From 1984 to 1987, Worthen worked as a lawyer in Phoenix, Arizona, for a law firm called Jennings, Strouss & Salmon. Worthen found that he was very interested in the history of laws, so he decided that he wanted to teach law.
Photochromic ink

photochromic ink is a smart material that changes colour due to uv light. photochromic ink is used in glasses that change into sunglasses once exposed to uv light.
Demographics of Hungary

The Demographics of Hungary is the study of the population and people in Hungary.
Population
Nation
Cities and towns
Ethnic groups
The most recent census looking at ethnic groups was in 2016.
In this census, people could select many ethnicities. These numbers do not add up to 100.
Romani
The 2011 and 2016 censuses found that the Romani people made up 3.2% of the population. Some estimates say that 7% of the population is Romani. Regardless, they are the largest minority in Hungary.
The Romani people originally came from Northern India around the area of Rajasthan and Punjab.
The county in Hungary with the largest percentage of Romani people is Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen County. This county is in the north of Hungary and is next to Slovakia.
Danube Swabians
Danube Swabians Donau Shwoveh are a German speaking Minority, the third largest ethnic group in Hungary. The county with the largest percentage of Germans is Baranya, with the Subgroup Stifolder who's Ancestors once came from Fulda (district) arround 1720, with 6.1% according to the 2011 census.
Merchant Navy

The British Merchant Navy, known simply as the Merchant Navy, is the maritime register of the United Kingdom, and describes the seagoing commercial interests of UK-registered ships and their crews. Merchant Navy vessels fly the Red Ensign, and are regulated by the Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA).
Les Aix-d'Angillon

Les Aix-d'Angillon is a commune in Cher, Centre-Val de Loire, France. It has a population of around 1,889 as of January 2019.
Aluminium Hormozgan F.C.

Aluminum Hormozgan F.C. is an Iranian football club based in Bandar Abbas, Iran. They currently compete in the Azadegan League.
Post hoc fallacy

The post hoc fallacy means "after this, therefore because of this". Its Latin name is Post hoc ergo propter hoc. It is a logical fallacy. When event B happens after event A, a person might think "event A must have caused event B".
Example:
The rooster crows immediately before sunrise.
Therefore the rooster causes the Sun to rise.
It is a tempting error because sequence in time does sometimes suggest causality. When I press the light switch, the light comes on, and that is a cause and effect sequence. The difference is that it can be explained why the light comes on when the switch is pressed. On the other hand, no-one can explain why a rooster's crowing might affect the Sun.
Popular culture
The phrase is used by the character Sheldon Cooper in the third season of The Big Bang Theory. Sheldon mentions the logical fallacy in disputing his mother's claim that her prayer group did ensure his safety during his North Pole expedition.
Alberto Hurtado

Saint Alberto Hurtado Cruchaga, S.J. was a Jesuit priest who was canonized (recognized as a Catholic saint) on October 23, 2005, by Pope Benedict XVI.
He was born Luis Alberto Hurtado Cruchaga on January 22, 1901, in Vina del Mar, Chile. He was of Basque origin.
As well as being a Jesuit priest, he was also a lawyer, social worker, and writer. He founded the Hogar de Cristo Foundation. In Chile, he was popularly known as Padre Hurtado (which means "Father Hurtado" in Spanish).
He died from cancer on August 18, 1952 in Santiago, Chile. In 2005, Pope Benedict XVI canonized him.
Early life and education
Alberto's father died when he was four years old. After this, his mother had to sell, at a loss, their modest property in order to pay the family's debts. Because the family was so poor, Alberto and his brother had to go to live with relatives and were often moved from one family member to another.
However, Alberto got a scholarship that allowed him to study at the famous all-boys Jesuit school of St. Ignacio, Santiago. He studied there from 1909 to 1917. At the parish and school, Hurtado assisted in the office and was librarian. During this time, he also volunteered at the Parroquia Nuestra Senora de Andacollo, a Catholic parish and school in a poor neighborhood of Santiago.
Fernando Vives, a teacher at the St. Ignacio school, was one of the most important people in Hurtado's life. Even during Vives' exile in Spain (1918-1935), they stayed in contact with each other. Vives was a great influence on Hurtado.
Law school and military service
From 1918 to 1923, Hurtado attended the Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile. He studied in its law school and wrote his thesis on labour law. He had to interrupt his education because he was required to serve in the military. However, he was able to go back to school afterward, and earned his degree early in August 1923.
Priesthood and studies
Rather than starting a career in law, Hurtado entered the Jesuit novitiate in 1923.
In 1925, he went to Cordoba, Argentina, where he studied humanities.
In 1927 he was sent to Barcelona, Spain, to study philosophy and theology, but because of the suppression of the Jesuits in Spain in 1931, he went on to Belgium and continued his studies in theology at Louvain. He was ordained a priest there on 24 August 1933, and in 1935 obtained a doctorate in pedagogy and psychology.
Canonization
Hurtado was canonized on October 23, 2005, by Pope Benedict XVI, becoming his country's second saint.
Last man stands cricket

Last man stands cricket (LMS) is a form of cricket in which a single batter can bat alone if all other players on his team are out. It has innings with 20 overs of 5 balls each, like in 100-ball cricket.
Rules
When a single batter bats alone (is the "last man standing"), they can only be safe when in the ground at the striker's end, which is the area they start running from.
Anastasia Verkhoglyadova

Anastasia Verkhoglyadova (born 12 June 1995) is a Russian water polo player.
She played at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships, 2017 World Aquatics Championships, 2014 Women's European Water Polo Championship, 2016 Women's European Water Polo Championship. and 2018 Women's European Water Polo Championship.
Brian Tierney (medievalist)

Brian Tierney (May 7, 1922 - November 30, 2019) was an English historian and a medievalist. He was a member of the faculty of the Catholic University of America for eight years until becoming professor of medieval history at Cornell University in 1959, becoming the Goldwin Smith Professor of Medieval History in 1969. He was the first Bowmar Professor of Humanistic Studies in 1977.
Tierney was born in Scunthorpe, North Lincolnshire. He died on November 30, 2019 at his home in Ithaca, New York at the age of 97.
Airplane mode

Airplane mode is a setting in mobile devices that put off its radio frequencies, so as to not interfere with the communication devices of airplane pilots during a flight.
Polycythemia

Polycythemia (also known as polycythaemia or polyglobulia) is a rare blood disease in which there is an increase in red blood cells. This can cause blood to become thicker and therefore cause strokes and heart attacks.
Emergency treatment for this can include removal of blood.
Buros

Buros is a commune of the Pyrenees-Atlantiques departement in the southwestern part of France.
Eshanosaurus

Eshanosaurus is an extinct genus of therizinosaur dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic of China. It may have been the earliest known coelurosaur. The type species is Eshanosaurus deguchiianus, which was coined in 2001 by Xu Xing.
The Alzheimer Case

The Alzheimer Case (also called The Alzheimer Affair or The Memory of a Killer) is a 2003 movie directed by Erik Van Looy. It is based on the novel De Zaak Alzheimer by Jef Geeraerts.
Autocracy

Autocracy is a form of government. In an autocracy, a single person has all legal and political power, and makes all decisions by himself or herself. The person who holds the power is called an autocrat.
When there is a monarch ruling a country as an absolute monarchy, this is also called an autocracy. Having an autocratic government does not mean the country is governed well or governed poorly. It is just a description on how it is set up.The two types of Autocracy are Absolute monarchy and Dictatorship
In modern times, most autocrats gain power as part of a larger nationalist, communist, or fascist movement. Once in power, they eliminate all other kinds of authority in the country, such as judges, the legislature, and political parties.
Historical examples of autocracies include: The Aztec Empire in Mesoamerica, in it, the Aztec Emperor functioned as both the sole ruler of the Empire himself, as well as of its military, he also was the religious figurehead behind the empire's aggressive foreign policy (In this time, the priesthood supported a pantheon that demanded human sacrifice, and the nobility consisted mainly of warriors who had captured many prisoners for these sacrificial rites), Eastern Han Dynasty under Dong Zhuo, the Empire of Japan under Hirohito, and the Roman Empire, in 27 B.C., Augustus founded the Roman Empire following the end of the Roman Republic. Augustus officially kept the Roman Senate while effectively consolidating all of the real power and influence in himself. In recent years dictators have been called autocratic.
Tabitha St. Germain

Tabitha St. Germain (born October 30, 1964), formerly known as Paulina Gillis Germain, Tabitha, or Kitanou St. Germain, is an American, Canadian Actress, Singer, Voice actress, and Comedienne. She is known for her voice roles in many TV shows, but most of all is My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic for Rarity, Princess Luna, Granny Smith, and Derpy Hooves.
1927

Events
The Hardy Boys mystery series for children is launched.
January 1 - Cristero War erupts in Mexico when pro-Church rebels attack secular-minded government
January 7 - First transatlantic telephone call - New York City to London
January 9 - Military rebellion crushed in Lisbon
January 14 - Paul Doumer elected president of France
January 19 - Britain sends troops to China
January 30 - Right-wing veterans and the Republican Schutzbund clash in Schattendorf, Burgenland, Austria. One man and a child are killed by gunshots. See July 15.
February 12 - First British troops land in Shanghai
February 14 - Earthquake in Yugoslavia - 700 dead
February 19 - General strike in Shanghai in protest of the presence of the British troops
February 23 - The Federal Radio Commission (later renamed the Federal Communications Commission) begins to regulate the use of radio frequencies.
March 4 - A diamond rush in South Africa includes trained athletes that have been hired by major companies to stake claims
March 6 - In Britain, a 1000 people a week die from influenza epidemic
March 10 - Albania mobilizes in case of an attack of Yugoslavia
March 11 - In New York City, the Roxy Theatre is opened by Samuel Roxy Rothafel.
March 11 - First armoured car robbery, committed by the Flatheads gang.
List of road routes in New South Wales

Major roads in New South Wales are organised into many routes. These help drivers to navigate their way between places in the state. Each route is given its own route number. The number consists of a letter (M, A or B) and a one- or two-digit number. 'M' routes are motorways, 'A' routes are national routes, and 'B' routes are state routes. The route system includes highways, motorways, and other important roads that have not been declared highways.
Route numbers have been allocated to roads in New South Wales since 1955. To supplement the national route number system, three ring roads were built in Sydney in 1964. These were numbered 1, 3 and 5. In 1973, a system of numbering freeways was introduced to New South Wales to complement the national routes and ring roads. In 1974, the National Highway network was defined, which in New South Wales included the Hume Highway, Federal Highway, Barton Highway, Sydney-Newcastle Freeway (now Pacific Motorway) and New England Highway. In 1993, Sydney's Metroad system was introduced.
In 2013, the state replaced its entire system of State Routes, National Routes, National Highways and Metroads with a new route numbering system of letters and numbers. The roads no longer uses National Highway shields on any route. This new system of routes are the routes that are listed below.
Santo Antão, Cape Verde

Santo Antao is the westernmost island of Cape Verde. It is in the Barlavento Islands group. Its population was 38,200 in mid 2019. Its largest city is Porto Novo on the south coast.
The island was discovered in 1461 or 1462 by Diogo Afonso, together with the islands of Sao Vicente and Sao Nicolau.
Tony Revolori

Anthony Revolori ( Quinonez; born April 28, 1996) is an American actor. He played Zero Moustafa in Wes Anderson's movie The Grand Budapest Hotel (2014), and Flash Thompson in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.
His parents are from Guatemala.
Plouégat-Guérand

Plouegat-Guerand () is a commune. It is found in the region Brittany in the Finistere department in the northwest of France.
Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic

The Chamber of Deputies of Parliament of the Czech Republic () is the lower house of parliament of the Czech Republic. It has 200 members. They are elected by the people. They serve for 4 years. The current parliament was elected in 2013.
Poweshiek County, Iowa

Poweshiek County is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. In the 2020 census, 18,662 people lived there. The county seat is Montezuma and largest city is Grinnell.
Foolish Wives

Foolish Wives is a 1922 American silent erotic drama movie. It was directed by Erich von Stroheim (who also stars) and starring Maude George, Miss DuPont, Mae Busch, Dale Fuller, Rudolph Christians. It was distributed by Universal Pictures. It was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress in 2008 as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".
Bob Crow

Robert Crow (13 June 1961 - 11 March 2014) was a British trade union leader. He served as the General Secretary of the National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers (RMT) from 2002 until his death. The union was previously headed by Jimmy Knapp, until his death in 2001. Crow helped make the RMT one of Britain's fastest growing trade unions.
Crow died in Whipps Cross University Hospital, London, England after suffering an aneurysm and heart attack, aged 52.
Order of the Phoenix

The Order of the Phoenix is a secret organisation in the Harry Potter series written by J. K. Rowling. The organisation was created by Albus Dumbledore to fight Lord Voldemort and his followers, the Death Eaters, the Order lends its name from the fifth book of the Harry Potter series, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix.
The headquarters of the order is at Number Twelve, Grimmauld Place, Sirius Black's family home. Dumbledore was the Secret-Keeper for the order, meaning that only he could tell others the location of headquarters. Dumbledore's death in book six, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, made the location unsafe and the headquarters was moved to The Burrow as a result.
Members
Members of the order includes Albus Dumbledore, ex-Auror Alastor 'Mad-Eye' Moody, James and Lily Potter, Sirius Black, Remus Lupin, Frank and Alice Longbottom, and many other members.
Punching bag

A punching bag is a tough bag which is supposed to be punched a lot. It is used in exercise or stress relief to improve one of three areas: physical strength, aerobic fitness or punching technique.
History
Punching bags have been used in martial arts for as long as there has been a written history of military training. Similar apparatus in Asian martial arts include the Okinawan makiwara and the Chinese mook jong, which may have padded striking surfaces attached to them.
Richard I of England

Richard I of England (8 September 1157 - 6 April 1199) was the King of England from 1189 to 1199. He was also Duke of Normandy, Aquitaine and Gascony, Lord of Cyprus, and Count of Poitiers, Anjou, Maine, and Nantes, and was overlord of Brittany at various times
.
He is sometimes called Richard the Lionheart or Richard coeur de lion which means the same thing in French. Richard was the son of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine. As the third son, he was not expected to inherit the throne, and he was a replacement child. At the age of 11, he became Duke of Aquitaine.
Later, Richard was one of the leaders of the Third Crusade against Saladin. During his journey, he conquered Sicily and Cyprus. He fought in the Siege of Acre_ and the Battle of Arsuf. In the end, the crusade never succeeded: Richard was never able to win back Jerusalem from the Muslims. He decided to return home to England.
On his way back from the crusade, Richard was captured by Duke Leopold of Austria. The English people had to pay a huge ransom to set him free. He was considered a brave and noble king, but he spent only six months of his eleven-year reign in England. He died after being shot with a crossbow while besieging a castle in Limousin.
King Richard's remains were buried in different places. His body was buried at Fontevraud Abbey near Saumur in France, with his father and mother. His internal organs were buried at Chalus, (at The Chateau de Chalus-Chabrol), near Limoges in central France. His heart was buried in the Notre Dame Cathedral at Rouen.
King Richard's heart was found in 1838 and was examined by scientists in 2012. They did tests for poisons, because one medieval story claimed Richard had died from a poisoned arrow. They found no evidence to support this idea. Richard probably died from gangrene or septicaemia from the arrow wound.
Richard was succeeded by his younger brother, John.
Legacy
King Richard I of England left an indelible imprint on the imagination extending to the present, in large part because of his military exploits and his popular image tended to be dominated by the positive qualities of chivalry and military competence. Contemporaries considered Richard as both a king and a knight famed for personal martial prowess, this was apparently the first instance of such a combination. He was known as a valiant, competent military leader and individual fighter who was courageous and generous. Victorian England admired King Richard I as a crusader and a man of God, erecting a heroic statue of him outside the Westminster Palace.
King Richard I of England was seen as a pious hero by his subjects, he remains one of the few kings of England remembered by his epithet, rather than regnal number and he is an enduring iconic figure both in England and in France.
Wounded Game

Wounded Game () is a 1977 Russian World War II drama movie directed by Nikolai Gubenko (who also stars) and also starring Juozas Budraitis, Aleksandr Kalyagin, Zhanna Bolotova, Rolan Bykov, Bukhuti Zaqariadze, Evgeni Evstigneev.
Associação Sportiva Sociedade Unida

Associacao Sportiva Sociedade Unida is a football club which plays in Brazil.
Edirne Province

Edirne Province is in East Thrace at Turkey. Its capital city is Edirne. It borders on Greece to the west, Bulgaria to the north and the provinces of Kirklareli and Tekirdag to the east. The license plate number is 22.
Ryang Kyu-Sa

Ryang Kyu-Sa (born 3 June 1978) is a former North Korean football player. He has played for Korea DPR national team.
Barry Sonnenfeld

Barry Sonnenfeld (born April 1, 1953) is an American filmmaker and television director. He is known for director The Addams Family (1991) and its sequel Addams Family Values (1993), Get Shorty (1995), Men in Black (1997), Men in Black II (2002), Men in Black III (2012), and Wild Wild West (1999).
127

Year 127 (CXXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Roman Empire
Emperor Hadrian returns to Rome after a seven-year trip to the Roman provinces.
Hadrian decides that Christians will not be put to death without a trial.
India
Kanishka I starts to rule in Kushan Empire (approximate date).
By topic
Religion
The philosopher Carpocrates says ownership of private property is un-Christian.
Perm (hairstyle)

A permanent wave, commonly called a perm, is the chemical treatment of hair to produce curls.
The first chemical treatment for curling hair that was suitable for use on people was invented in the year 1906 by the German hairdresser Karl Nessler (1872-1951). He used a mixture of cow urine and water. The first public demonstration took place on October 8, 1906, but Nessler had been working on the idea since 1896. Previously, wigs had been set with caustic chemicals to form curls, but these recipes were too harsh to use on human skin.
Aragon, Aude

Aragon, Aude is a commune of 453 people (1999). It is in the region Languedoc-Roussillon in the Aude department in the south of France.
Plymouth, New Hampshire

Plymouth is a town in Grafton County, New Hampshire, United States. As of the 2010 census, 6,990 people lived there.
Johann Schwarz

Johann Schwarz (1891-1914) was an Austrian footballer. Schwarz played for First Vienna FC and Wiener AF as striker. He played in three matches for the Austria national football team from 1911 to 1913.
Career
Hans Schwarz started his career at DBC Sturm Prague. Then he went to Karlsbader FC . His next stop was at Hamburger FC 1888. Because First Vienna FC had a striker problem they let Hans Schwarz play together with Martin Laessig as "guest on engagement" at the Hohe Warte in autumn 1910 . Martin Laessig soon returned to Germany.
Hans Schwarz was able to put his shooting power to the test in the OFV's first championship season in 1911/12. With 22 goals he was the top scorer in the league. The striker of the Vienna had quickly made a name for himself in Vienna. In the summer of 1912 he went to the title candidate WAF . This soon was a case for the sports courts. The player was banned until the end of the season. So it happened that Hans Schwarz could not play a single championship game for an entire season and was only allowed to play again in 1913/14, now for the WAF. As the second best league scorer, he shot the WAF to the Austrian champions with 21 goals. WAF won the decisive championship game in the last round against Vienna thanks to a brace from Schwarz and his strike partner Adi Fischera 4:2.
International
On 7 May 1911 he made his international debut for Austria in a 3-1 win over Hungary. He also played in the following 2-1 away win against Germany. His last match was also versus Hungary.
Death
A few weeks after the match versus Vienna he was killed as soldier in Russia during World War I.
Kasdi Merbah

Kasdi Merbah (, 16 April 1938 - 21 August 1993) was an Algerian politician. He was Head of Government between 5 November 1988 and 9 September 1989. He was a member of the National Liberation Front. He was assassinated on August 21, 1993.
My Fair Lady

My Fair Lady is a musical. It is based on George Bernard Shaw's play, Pygmalion, and on the movie adaptation of the play starring Wendy Hiller and Leslie Howard. The book and lyrics for the musical were written by Alan Jay Lerner. The music was written by Frederick Loewe.
Synopsis
The common flower girl, Eliza Doolittle, tells us of the simple pleasures she would like in life (a warm room, an enormous chair, chocolate, someone who cares for her) and how much she would appreciate these little things. As Eliza grew up on the streets of London, she has a strong cockney accent (therefore pronouncing 'lovely' as 'loverly'), the phoneticist, Professor Henry Higgins, overhears her and he places a bet that he can turn Eliza into a lady within the space of a year.
Productions
The musical premiered on Broadway on 15 March 1956 at the Mark Hellinger Theatre. It moved to other theatres in New York during its original run, and closed on 29 September 1962 after 2,717 performances. It starred Rex Harrison, Julie Andrews, Robert Coote, and Stanley Holloway. It was directed by Moss Hart.
The West End production opened on 30 April 1958 at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane. Harrison, Andrews, Coote, and Holloway played their Broadway roles. It ran for five and one-half years for 2,281 performances.
Awards
The musical won the Tony Award for Best Musical.
Adaptations
The musical was made into a movie in 1964 starring Audrey Hepburn and Rex Harrison.
St Michael's Mount

St Michael's Mount is a small tidal island in Mount's Bay, Cornwall, England. The island is a civil parish and is linked to the town of Marazion by a man-made granite causeway, passable when the water is lower. The population of the parish in 2011 was 35. The castle and chapel have been the home of the St Aubyn family since about 1650, and is managed by the National Trust. The earliest buildings, on the summit, date from the 12th century.
The Mount is a kind of twin to Mont Saint-Michel on the French side of the Channel.
1356

Events
January 20 - Edward Balliol quits job as King of Scotland and gives job to Edward III of England
September 19 - Battle of Poitiers The English, led by the Black Prince, beat the French in the Hundred Years' War, taking the King John II of France while winning.
October 18 - The Basel earthquake breaks the city of Basel in Switzerland.
December 25 - Emperor Charles IV. announces the Golden Bull, a sort of medieval constitution for the Holy Roman Empire
The city of Lwow granted Magdeburg rights by Casimir III of Poland
The majority of the Great Pyramid of Giza's limestone casing stones are removed by Bahri Sultan An-Nasir Nasir-ad-Din al-Hasan to build fortresses and mosques in the nearby city of Cairo, leaving the first of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World in the step-stone condition in which it remains today.
Burnt Candlemas - Edward III of England burns down every town and village in Lothian, Scotland.
The official founding of the Hanseatic League, a trading alliance between many cities in northern Europe.
Ghazan II takes Anusirvan's job as ruler of the Il-Khanate in Persia.
John W. Nicholson

John William Nicholson (born c. 1934) is an American retired Brigadier General of the United States Army. He was appointed secretary of the American Battle Monuments Commission (ABMC) by President George W. Bush in January 2005. He is the brother of Jim Nicholson, a former Secretary of Veterans Affairs. He was born in Struble, Iowa.
Air Force (movie)

Air Force is a 1943 American World War II action movie directed by Howard Hawks and starring John Garfield, John Ridgely, Gig Young, Arthur Kennedy, Harry Carey, George Tobias, Ward Wood. It was distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures and was nominated for 4 Oscars and won an Academy Award in 1944.
Northern copperhead snake

The northern copperhead snake (Agkistrodon contortrix mokasen) is a subspecies of the copperhead snake. It is found in the eastern United States.
Svend Asmussen

Svend Asmussen (28 February 1916 - 7 February 2017) was a jazz violinist from Denmark. He was known as "The Fiddling Viking". He played and recorded with many of the greats of Jazz, including Duke Ellington, Benny Goodman and Stephane Grappelli. He played publicly until 2010 when he had a blood clot, his career having spanned eight decades.
Asmussen died on 7 February 2017, aged 100.
Gröna Lund

Grona Lund is an amusement park on the island of Djurgarden in the town of Stockholm in Sweden. It was opened in 1883.
Gideonsbergs IF

Gideonsbergs IF is a sports club in the town of Vasteras in Sweden. The club was established in 1955. It started a women's soccer section in 1971. The women's soccer team won the Swedish national championship in 1992. and the Swedish Cup in 1993.
Marika Lagercrantz

Marika Lagercrantz (1954) is a Swedish actress. she has appeared in a number of movies including The Girl With The Dragon Tattoo (2009), Gossip (2000), I Wonder Who's Kissing You Now (1999) and Dreaming of Rita (1993).
Vlad II Dracul

Vlad II Dracul (30 August 1392 - 4 November 1447) was Voivode of Wallachia from 1436-1442 and 1443-1447.
Putnam County, Georgia

Putnam County is a county in the center of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 22,047. The county seat is Eatonton.
Nezahualcoyotl

Nezahualcoyotl (1402 - 1472) was king of Texcoco, a part of the Aztec empire. He was also a famous poet.
The name Nezahualcoyotl is Nahuatl, it means "hungry coyote".
James Lankford

James Lankford (born March 4, 1968) is the senior United States Senator from Oklahoma. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party and has been in Senate since January 3, 2015. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 2011 to 2015.
Lankford was born on March 4, 1968 in Dallas, Texas. He studied at University of Texas, Austin and at Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary. He is married to Cindy Lankford. They have two children.
Electoral district of Hurtle Vale

Hurtle Vale is an electoral district of South Australia. It was created in 2018.
Hurtle Vale is in Adelaide.
Coyote

The coyote (Canis latrans) is a canid. It is also called the prairie wolf, brush wolf or American jackal.
The word "coyote" comes from the Nahuatl (Aztec) word coyotl.
Appearance
Coyotes are smaller than wolves. The color of the coyote's fur is a grayish brown to yellowish gray on the upper parts, while the throat and underside are a more white color. The forelegs, sides of the head, muzzle and feet are reddish brown. The ears of the coyote are long and pointed.
Range
Coyotes live mostly in North America and some areas of Central America but they are very adaptable and can live in almost any environment. They live in prairies, but also in cities, swamps, grasslands, forests and mountains. They normally live in dens about 6 feet wide and four feet tall.
Life
The coyote is an omnivore and eats fruits, grasses, vegetables, rabbits, mice, shrews and voles. They also eat insects, worms, rats, fish, birds, deer, snakes, and lizards. In the city, coyotes find food easily. They dig up plants in gardens and eat food out of garbage cans.
Sometimes, they join small packs (groups), but normally hunt alone. Coyotes live in dens. They dig a tunnel under the ground and then dig out a larger area at the end of the tunnel where they sleep and have their babies or pups. They can have six pups at a time. Often a coyote den will have two entrances, with one that is hidden. Sometimes they dig more than one den, so they can move if an enemy finds the den.
Coyotes have a few enemies. Their predators are wolves, bears and, cougars, but there are not many wolves left in North America compared to the number of coyotes. The biggest enemies of the coyote are humans. Coyotes rarely attack people, but sometimes eat small pets such as cats.
Mythology
The coyote is a character of many myths from Native American peoples. The coyote is often portrayed as a joker, and stories are told to explain things he does. The Pima regard him as the offspring of the moon. Coyote is always male with an overwhelming reference to his large penis which requires a pack to carry it in. He is a lustful creature with desire for Changing Bear Maiden and by attempting to have sex with women by becoming a baby. Coyote also has incestuous relations with his mother-in-law and daughter. He is credited for removing the teeth of vagina dentata or by moving the genitals to the correct location on the body in order to make sex pleasurable. Coyote has an appetite for menstrual blood and relates to Lakota girls' puberty rite.
Coyote is often responsible for the finality of death and introduces work and suffering. The Apache believe he created Europeans. The Zuni believe he created pubic hair. The Pomo say he stole the sun and made the world dark.
Coyote is curious and goes along with the crowd. He is a trickster, culture hero, and a feared shape-shifter.
Interstate 110 (Mississippi)

Interstate 110 (I-110) is a freeway spur route in Biloxi, Mississippi, running south from I-10 to U.S. Highway 90 (US 90). It is one of very few places on the Interstate Highway System to have a drawbridge.
Zhantoro Satybaldiyev

Zhantoro Zholdoshevich Satybaldiyev (; born 6 January 1956) is a Kyrgyz politician. He was the 15th Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan from 5 September 2012 until 25 March 2014.