kenhktsui/simple_wikipedia_LM_quality_score_v1 huggingface dataset:
Axial tilt

In astronomy, axial tilt is the angle between a planet's rotational axis at its north pole and a line perpendicular to the orbital plane of the planet. It is also called axial inclination or obliquity. The axial tilt of Earth is the cause of seasons like summer and winter on Earth.
Axial tilt of bodies in the Solar System
Sun 7.25 (to the Ecliptic)
Mercury ~0.01
Venus 177.4
Earth 23.439281
Moon 1.5424
Mars 25.19
Ceres ~4
Jupiter 3.13
Saturn 26.73
Uranus 97.77
Neptune 28.32
Pluto 119.61
Axial tilt of Venus, Uranus, Pluto
The axial tilts of Venus, Uranus and Pluto are greater than 90 degrees for the following reasons:
Venus: Venus is rotating very slowly in a retrograde direction, opposite to the direction of planets like Earth. The north pole of Venus is pointed 'down' (southward); hence the angle between the rotational axis of Venus passing through its north pole and the line perpendicular to its orbital plane is 177.4 degrees. There are various theories as to why this is. Its rotation and lack of a moon may be explained by gigantic impacts early in its life.
Uranus: Uranus, the blue planet, rotates on its side. One result of this axis orientation is that, averaged over the Uranian year, the polar regions get more energy from the Sun than its equatorial regions. Nevertheless, Uranus is colder at its poles than at its equator. What causes this is unknown. The reason for Uranus's unusual axial tilt is also not known for sure, but the usual idea is that during the formation of the Solar System, an Earth-sized protoplanet collided with Uranus, causing the skewed orientation.
Pluto: Like Uranus, Pluto's rotational axis and north pole are pointed slightly downward (southward). Hence the angle between Pluto's rotational axis passing through its north pole and the line perpendicular to its orbital plane is 119.61 degrees.
Royal Historical Society

The Royal Historical Society, founded in 1868, is a British organization promoting scholarly historical research in the United Kingdom and worldwide. They can use "FRHistS" as post-nominal letters after their names.
Mariana Islands

The Mariana Islands (also the Marianas; up to the early 20th century sometimes called Islas de los Ladrones meaning "Islands of Thieves") are a group of islands made up by the summits of 15 volcanic mountains in the western Pacific Ocean.
They are the southern part of a seamount range that goes on for 1,565 miles (2,519 km) from Guam to near Japan. The Marianas are the northernmost islands of a larger island group called Micronesia. The Marianas have a total land area of 396 square miles (1026 km2) and are composed of two administrative units:
Guam is a US territory
the Northern Mariana Islands (including the islands of Saipan, Tinian and Rota) comprise a Commonwealth of the United States .
The first European to discover the island group was Ferdinand Magellan in 1521. In 1667 Spain formally claimed them, and named them after Spanish queen consort and later regent Mariana of Austria.
Balloon

A balloon is a bag that is usually filled with gas. This gas can be helium, hydrogen, or air.
Throughout the 19th century, balloons were made out of animal bladders. Nowadays, balloons are made from a thin and stretchy material like rubber or plastic. Big balloons are made from fabric.
Balloons are used for many purposes.
Most small balloons are made for parties or hiccup cures. These balloons are sometimes made to look like animals.
Some balloons are very big. Big balloons are used for people to fly into the sky. Big balloons are called aircraft. Most balloon aircraft are filled with hot air. They are called hot air balloons.
Balloons can also be filled with water. They are called "water balloons". Water balloons are a kind of toy, best known for its use of water balloon fights.
Erquelinnes

Erquelinnes is a municipality in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007, 9570 people lived there.
It is at 50deg 18 North, 04deg 06 East.
Champcevrais

Champcevrais is a commune. It is in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Napoleon II of France

Napoleon Francois Charles Joseph Bonaparte (20 March 1811 - 22 July 1832) was the son of Napoleon and Marie Louise of Austria.
Early life
Napoleon II was born in Paris in 1811. In 1814, Napoleon I was defeated during the War of the Sixth Coalition and then forced to resign by his own officers. Napoleon I originally wanted Napoleon II to succeed him, but that was rejected by the coalition. Napoleon II and his mother went into exile in Austria, and Napoleon I was exiled to Elba. In 1815, Napoleon I escaped and retook control of France, but he was forced to resign again after his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo.
Emperor of the French
Napoleon was arguably the Emperor of the French in late June and early July 1815.
Life in Austria
Napoleon spent most of his life in Austria, where he was known as Franz. He became the Duke of Reichstadt at the age of seven and joined the Austrian Army when he was twelve.
Napoleon enjoyed a close relationship with Princess Sophie of Bavaria. It has been claimed that he was the father of Sophie's son, the future Maximilian I of Mexico, but that is widely rejected by historians.
Death
Napoleon died of tuberculosis on July 22, 1832.
Remains
In 1940, Adolf Hitler had Napoleon's remains moved from Vienna to the dome of Les Invalides, in Paris. His remains were buried next to his father's for some time but were later moved to the lower church.
Legacy
Napoleon II was also known as "The Eaglet" (L'Aiglon). Edmond Rostand wrote a play, L'Aiglon, about his life.
The Serbian composer Petar Stojanovic composed an operetta about him in the 1920s.
Arthur Honegger and Jacques Ibert worked together on an opera, L'Aiglon, which premiered in 1937.
The journalist Henri Rochefort joked that Napoleon II, who never really governed, was France's best leader since he brought no war, taxes or tyranny.
Western Conference (MLS)

The Western Conference is one of Major League Soccer's two conferences. The other conference is the Eastern Conference.
Leevi Lehto

Leevi Lehto (23 February 1951 - 22 June 2019) was a Finnish poet, translator, and programmer. His best known work was theFinnish translation of Ulysses by James Joyce.
He translated the works of Louis Althusser, Gilles Deleuze, George Orwell, Stephen King, Ian McEwan, Josef Skvorecky, Walter Benjamin, John Keats, John Ashbery, Mickey Spillane and Charles Bernstein.
Lehto died of multiple system atrophy in Helsinki on 22 June 2019, aged 68.
Daniel Díaz Torres

Daniel Diaz Torres (31 December 1948 - 16 September 2013) was a Cuban movie director and screenwriter. He directed sixteen movies between 1975 and 2013. His best known movie was Alice in Wondertown (1991), which gained him international notability.
Diaz Torres died after a long illness on 16 September 2013 in his hometown of Havana. He was 65 years old.
Gage County, Nebraska

Gage County is a county in the U.S. state of Nebraska. As of the 2020 census, 21,704 people lived there. The county seat is Beatrice. It was founded in 1855.
Antonietta Di Martino

Antonietta Di Martino (born 1 June 1978) is an Italian high jumper. She was born in Cava de' Tirreni.
Piuza won the silver medal at the 2007 IAAF World Championships in Athletics and 2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships. She competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics.
Mark Blum

Mark Blum (May 14, 1950 - March 25, 2020) was an American actor. He was born in Newark, New Jersey.
He co-starred in Sweet Surrender in 1987. He also appeared on the following programs; Capital News in 1990, Frasier in 1997, and NYPD Blue in 1999. From 2014 to 2018, he appeared in Mozart in the Jungle.
He won an Obie Award for his performance as Al in the Playwrights Horizons production of Albert Innaurato's play, Gus and Al, during the 1988-1989 season.
In 2018, Blum was cast in a recurring role as Ivan Mooney in the former Lifetime thriller series You.
Blum died at a hospital in New York City on March 25, 2020, from COVID-19 at the age of 69.
Kokoreç

Kokorec is a Turkish meal. It is made of lamb intestines. Intestines of suckling lambs (sut kuzusu) is most favored for this dish. It is not a standard menu item in restaurants. It can be found in any street.
Kokorec can be cooked in many ways. One way is to cook it similar to Doner; with a horizontal skewer (see also Rotisserie). The intestine parts are stacked together. This sort can be found in street vendors mostly. The most popular heating method is charcoal fire which gives it an extra rich flavour. After it is cooked, it is cut and put in a half or quarter portion of Turkish bread (somun). Tomatoes or spices can be added to it.
Another way to cook is to cut it after cleaning, mixing it with cut tomatoes and green peppers. After that, it is cooked on a big griddle in large quantities, and then it is added hot red pepper and oregano. It is constantly mixed and cut by the cooker using two spatulas in his hands during cooking. When done, the dish is kept warm.
Kokorec can be served in many ways. It is usually served as a sandwich in form of Yarim Ekmek Kokorec (Half-Bread) or Ceyrek Ekmek Kokorec (Quarter-Bread). At the same time, it could be served without bread, on a plate, as a normal meal. Kokorec is usually served with Ayran, Beer or Cola.
United States fiscal cliff

The United States fiscal cliff was an economic situation in the United States in 2012. Several tax increases and spending cuts happened at about the same time, causing a sudden fall in the US budget deficit. A compromise was reached which delayed the economic impact.
Marie-Claire Kirkland

Marie-Claire Kirkland-Casgrain (September 8, 1924 - March 24, 2016) was a Canadian lawyer, judge and politician. She was the first woman elected to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec. She was the first woman appointed a Cabinet minister in Quebec, the first woman appointed acting premier, and the first woman judge to serve in the Quebec Provincial Court.
On March 24, 2016, she died at the age of 91.
Kelenna Azubuike

Kelenna David Azubuike (born 16 December 1983 in London, England) is an American basketball player for the Golden State Warriors of the NBA. He plays as a shooting guard and small forward. He wears the jersey number 7 on his team. He played college basketball at the University of Kentucky Wildcats.
Geratskirchen

Geratskirchen is a municipality in Rottal-Inn in Bavaria in Germany.
Grimisuat

Grimisuat is a municipality of the district Sion in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.
Villages
Grimisuat, Champlan, Les Fermes, les Places, Comeraz and Saint-Raphael.
Gonzalo Javier Rodríguez

Gonzalo Javier Rodriguez (born 10 April 1984) is an Argentine football player. He plays for Villarreal.
Walter Benjamin

Walter Bendix Schonflies Benjamin (; 15 July 1892 - 26 September 1940) was a German philosopher, cultural critic, and translator.
Benjamin was born to a Jewish family in Berlin, then-German Empire.
He worked in many subjects such as German idealism, Romanticism, historical materialism, and Jewish mysticism. He helped aesthetic theory and Western Marxism grow.
Benjamin committed suicide by taking an overdose of morphine in Portbou at the French-Spanish border while attempting to escape from the Nazis at the age of 48.
Family
Jewish-East German judge and politician Hilde Benjamin was his brother's wife.
Lopburi

Lopburi is a province in the center of Thailand. It is good farming land. Lopburi has a long history. It was first called La-vo. Lopburi was settled during the Bronze Age. The Khmer expanded their power in the area during the 10th century and ruled from the town of La-vo.
The administration of Lopburi is divided into 11 districts and 124 sub-districts. The tourist attractions are Narainivech Palace, Narai National Museum, Pralarn shrine (famous for the monkeys that come out of the jungle), Pasakchonlasit dam, Mahatad temple, Lopburi's zoo, Indian pagoda's shrine, Lai temple, Vichayenn's house -it's the place where the royal government welcome the foreign envoys, and Vangkanleung's waterfall.
Iceni

The Iceni were a Celtic tribe who lived in Great Britain, in the area of modern-day Norfolk and Suffolk. Emperor Claudius invaded Great Britain in the year 43 AD. After that, the Iceni became allies of Rome. At that time, Antedios was the ruler of the Iceni. There was little economic exchange between the Iceni and the Romans: The Iceni feared a loss of cultural identity. This meant, that the Romans saw the relationship with the Iceni as a bad one. The Roman governor, Publius Ostorius Scapula, decided to disarm the tribes the Romans had bad relations with, in the year 47, and to build new Roman fortifications.
Prasutagus, an Icene, was given the title of vassal king. Boudicca, Prasutagus' wife, incited the Iceni, and a few allied tribes, into resisting the Romans. This resistance took place in the years 60 and 61, and was not successful.
At the end of the first century, the Iceni had their own capital, Venta Icenorum, located near the modern-day village of Caistor St Edmund.
Interactive whiteboard

An interactive whiteboard is a large, interactive screen that connects a computer and a projector. The projector projects the computer's desktop onto the screen of the interactive whiteboard. The user can control the computer by using a special pen, finger or another tool to touch the screen of the interactive whiteboard. Normally, interactive whiteboards are fixed on walls. However, there are some mobile interactive whiteboards. Interactive whiteboards are used in many different places such as in classrooms, in work groups and in training rooms for professional coaching. Interactive whiteboards are the modern version of the traditional whiteboards used in schools.
Operation
The interactive whiteboard must be connected to an PC before you can use the whiteboard. Most whiteboards are connected to the computer's Serial port or to a USB port. Some newer systems can use a wireless connection to the computer.
The summary of use the interactive whiteboard includes three words: controlling, translation and presentation.
Controlling the PC means, that you can use the projection field like the desktop of the PC and the pen or the finger is the computer mouse.
Most of the whiteboards translate the hand writing notes on the board in standard computer text. And so you can see your text clearly and save it as a file.
Another use for interactive whiteboards is, that you can start presentations easily. You can start and control your presentation, although you stand in the front of the whiteboard and you are not depending on a keyboard.
Using interactive whiteboards
Teachers:
They can write onto the board and save it as a document for use in the other lessons . You can also send the whole lesson or the documents via e-mail to pupils who were absent.
Interactive whiteboard makes it easy to demonsate how to use new software
Videos can be shown
For students:
Fixing and changing ideas of a brainstorming easily is an resource which students can use to reach a success faster. When student can use modern technology they are more interested in learning.
Projection Systems
Front-projection:
In this system the projector is placed in front of the whiteboard. Either the projector is fixed on the whiteboard or it hangs on the ceiling.
Pros
Compared to the rear projection this system is much cheaper
Cons
The teacher or the student must stand in front of the whiteboard and sometimes their body will cast a shadow.
Rear-projection:
In the rear-projection system the projector is placed behind the whiteboard.
Pros
The teacher does not cast a shadow and does not look into the projector light while speaking to the students.
Cons
This system is very expensive.
Pattern matching

Pattern matching is a family of tools for finding similar objects in different sources. In image processing, the pattern matching is used for locating a small image (called model) in a bigger one (called target image). For searching text, regular expressions are commonly used.
The simple way is to move the model in the target image and measure a similarity in each position. The position with highest value of the similarity will be accepted as result. The normalized correlation is used as a common metric for similarity.
The common way to reduce an amount of calculations is using the image pyramid. When using the image pyramid, the search is started on the reduced target image, and results are improved in the next, more detailed one. This process is similar to the human vision.
Brentwood, Essex

Brentwood is a wealthy town in Brentwood borough in Essex. About 75,000 people live in the town. It is just outside London.
La Niña

La Nina is a coupled ocean atmosphere phenomenon that is counterpart to El Nino. The
name means "little girl" in Spanish. La Ninas are often, though not always, preceded by an El Nino phenomenon. Weather patterns in the United States are usually different than during El Nino years. During La Ninas the Atlantic hurricane season produces more intense storms than normal.
Recent history
A strong La Nina hit in 1988-1989. A weaker one took place during 1995. An extended strong La Nina spell took place from 1998 to 2000, followed by neutral periods between 2000 and 2002. A more recent La Nina happened in 2007-2008, followed by neutral conditions in 2008-2009.
Meitei folklore

Meitei folklore or Manipuri folklore refers to the folklore of the Meitei people, the Manipuri language speaking ethnicity, consisting of the folktales and mythology, developed, retold and preserved through several generations.
Folktales
Story of a child turning into a pumpkin.
The Story of Hiyangthau.
The Story of the fox and the jackal.
The Demon Queen.
The legend of Henjunaha.
The Story of a foolish younger brother.
Benedetta (movie)

Benedetta is a 2021 French Dutch biographical drama movie directed by Paul Verhoeven and is based on the 1986 novel by Judith C. Brown. It stars Virginie Efira, Lambert Wilson, Daphne Patakia, Charlotte Rampling, Olivier Rabourdin, Clotilde Courau, Herve Pierre.
Acrophobia

Acrohobia is the fear of heights. People with acrophobia experience a fear or phobia when they are at a certain height, and they are being made aware of it. The word is derived from Ancient Greek akros - top, height, and phobia - fear. People who do not suffer from acrophobia are said to have a head for heights. Vertigo is often used to describe a fear of heights.
Quaternary numeral system

A quaternary numeral system uses the digits 0, 1, 2, and 3 to represent any real number. It is a base-4 system, which means it works in a similar way to how we count in regular decimal numbers, but with only four possible digits. Converting from binary (a base-2 system) to quaternary is easy.
The number four is a useful choice for a base in counting because it is the highest number that can be quickly recognized without counting each item one by one (subitizing). It is also both a square number and a highly composite number (in the same way 36 is), making it quite easy. Despite being twice as large as binary, it has the same radix economy for counting. However, it is not the best choice for identifying prime numbers (the smallest better choice being the primorial base six, or senary).
Quaternary is like other numeral systems with a fixed-radix in that it has certain properties, such as the capability to represent any real number using a standard representation that is almost unique. Additionally, it has similar characteristics for the representation of irrational and rational numbers as systems like decimal or binary. See discussions on binary and decimal for more information on these properties.
Monir Shahroudy Farmanfarmaian

Monir Shahroudy Farmanfarmaian (; 16 December 1922 - 20 April 2019) was an Iranian artist and a collector of folk art. She has been called one of the most important Iranian contemporary artists. She is best known for her mosaics and glass paintings. Her worked joined modern expressionism and traditional Persian craftsmanship. She lived and worked in the United States for many years but later came back to Iran. In 2017, the Monir Museum in Tehran was opened in her honour.
Shahroudy Farmanfarmaian was born in Qazvin. She was married twice and had two daughters. She died of natural causes in Tehran on 20 April 2019. She was 96.
Education
She finished her B.A. in University of Tehran at the Faculty of Fine Art in 1944, she then moved to New York City. In New York, she studied at Cornell University, at Parsons The New School for Design, where she majored in fashion illustration, and at the Art Students League of New York.
You Only Live Twice (movie)

You Only Live Twice is a 1967 British spy action thriller movie directed by Lewis Gilbert and is the 5th movie in the James Bond franchise. It stars Sean Connery, Akiko Wakabayashi, Tetsuro Tamba, Mie Hama, Teru Shimada, Karin Dor, Donald Pleasence and was distributed by United Artists. Nancy Sinatra sings the title song of the movie.
Inclosure Act 1773

The Inclosure Act 1773 (13 Geo 3. c. 81) (also known as the Enclosure Act 1773) is an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain. The Act is still in force in the United Kingdom. It created a law that allowed landowners to enclose land and remove the right of commoners to use the land. This act was a big part of the agrarian revolution.
Joker (2016 movie)

Joker is a 2016 Indian Tamil-language political satire (meaning: mockery, joke) movie. It was written and directed by Raju Murugan (of Cuckoo film famous). This was produced by Dream Warrior Pictures. The film was made with Guru Somasundaram and newcomers Ramya Pandian and Gayathri Krishnaa in leading roles. Bava Chelladurai, Ramasamy and Bala Murugan did the supporting roles. The satellite rights of the film were sold to Jaya TV.
Bookbinding

Bookbinding is the process of putting a book together. The pages are put inside a book covering, then attached to the spine (closed edge of the book) by sewing or glueing. Bookbinding is an artistic practice from many centuries ago but it has also been industrialized. Bookbinding machines were invented in the 19th century and most books are made in factories by mechanical mass production.
A person who binds books is called a bookbinder. Today, most hand-bound books are specially made, and more expensive than a factory-made book. Bookbinding is a specialized job. Bookbinders must be skilled in measuring, cutting, glueing, leather working, graphic arts, and fabric crafts, among other things.
Vasil Yakusha

Vasil Fyodaravich Yakusha (, 30 June 1958 - 24 November 2020) was a Belarusian rower. He competed for the Soviet Union where he won a silver medal in the 1980 Summer Olympics and a bronze medal in the 1988 Summer Olympics. He was born in Kiev, Ukraine.
Yakusha died on 24 November 2020 at the age of 62.
Guangxu Emperor

Emperor Guangxu (14 August 1871 - 14 November 1908), personal name Zaitian, was the tenth Emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the ninth Qing emperor to rule over China proper. His reign lasted from 1875 to 1908, but in practice he ruled, without Empress Dowager Cixi's influence, only from 1889 to 1898. He initiated the Hundred Days' Reform, but was abruptly stopped when the empress dowager launched a coup in 1898, after which he became powerless and was held under house arrest until his death. His era name, "Guangxu", means "glorious succession". He was involved in the First Sino-Japanese War from 1894-1895,and the Boxer Rebellion from 1899-1901 .
Saint-Longis

Saint-Longis is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.
Justina Valentine

Justina Valentine (born February 14, 1987) is an American rapper, singer, songwriter and television personality from Passaic County, New Jersey, best known for her singles "Candy Land"
In 2016, Valentine became a cast member of season 8 of Wild 'N Out on MTV (later VH1) and has been a member of the cast for every successive season since. As of season 17, she is the longest running female cast member to star on the show.
Musical style and influences
Valentine's eclectic music style infuses hip hop with elements of other genres. She has had charting singles and regular radio airplay.
Henry Worsley

Lieutenant Colonel Alastair Edward Henry Worsley MBE (4 October 1960 - 24 January 2016) was a British explorer and British Army officer. He was part of the successful 2009 expedition that followed Ernest Shackleton and Robert Falcon Scott's footsteps in the Antarctic. He was born in London.
Worsley was a soldier in the British Army for 36 years. On 12 October 1993, Worsley was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) "in recognition of distinguished service in Northern Ireland".
Worsley died while on a trip in Punta Arenas, Chile from multiple organ failure caused by surgery on 24 January 2016 at the age of 55.
Shall We Tell the President?

Shall We Tell the President? is a 1977 novel by English author Jeffrey Archer. A revised edition was published in 1986.
In the first edition, a plot to kill the President of the United States, Edward Kennedy, is stopped by Federal Bureau of Investigation agent Mark Andrews working with the head of the FBI.
The U.S. edition of the novel was published by Viking Press, where Kennedy's sister-in-law Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis was then a consulting editor. Although Kennedy Onassis was not involved in editing Shall We Tell the President?, she was criticized for not trying to stop her employer from publishing a novel about an assassination plot against a member of the Kennedy family. She resigned from Viking Press shortly after the publication.
Boris Chochiev

Boris Eliozovich Chochiev (Russian: Boris Eliozovich Chochiev; ; 1 November 1957 - 22 July 2021) was a South Ossetian politician. He was the acting Prime Minister of South Ossetia in 2008. He became Prime Minister on 18 August 2008, after South Ossetian President Eduard Kokoity had fired the former government.
Chochiev died on 22 July 2021 in Vladikavkaz, Russia from COVID-19 at the age of 63.
Deadache

Deadache is an album from the Finnish hard rock/heavy metal band Lordi.
Biggest Part of Me

"Biggest Part of Me" is the first single off of American rock band Ambrosia's fourth studio album One Eighty. The song was released on March 19, 1980.
The song was able to make it to #3 on the Billboard Hot 100, #3 on the Adult Contemporary, and #35 on the Hot Soul Singles charts. It was also certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).
The song is about a man who is obsessed with a woman and is willing to give her anything she wants. It is about love and commitment in a relationship.
Mark Wilson (magician)

James "Mark" Wilson (April 11, 1929 - January 19, 2021) was an American magician and author. He was born in Indianapolis, Indiana. He was known for becoming the first major "television magician" and for showing illusions on television format.
Wilson died on January 19, 2021 at the age of 91.
La Croix-sur-Ourcq

La Croix-sur-Ourcq is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.
Mount Rinjani

Mount Rinjani or Gunung Rinjani is an active volcano on Lombok, Indonesia. It is high, making it the second highest volcano in Indonesia. It last erupted in 2009.
Vittoria della Rovere

Vittoria della Rovere (7 February 1622-5 March 1694) was Grand Duchess of Tuscany as the wife of Grand Duke Ferdinando II.
She gave her husband four children, two of which would survive infancy the future Cosimo III and Francesco Maria de' Medici, Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro. She was the Duchess of Rovere and Montefeltro in her own right and these went to her youngest son when she died. She was later the guardian of her three grandchildren. Her marriage bought a lot of art treasures to the House of Medici which are today at the Palazzo Pitti Uffizi Gallery in Florence. She did not get on with her daughter in law Marguerite Louise d'Orleans.
She was the daughter of Claudia de' Medici. She was distantly related to her husband.
Children
Cosimo de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany (19 December 1639 - 21 December 1639) died in infancy.
Unnamed daughter (1640)
Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (14 August 1642 - 31 October 1723) married Marguerite Louise d'Orleans and had issue.
Francesco Maria de' Medici (12 November 1660 - 3 February 1711) married Eleonora Luisa Gonzaga, no issue.
Bradford, Rhode Island

Bradford is a census-designated place (CDP) and historic district in Westerly and Hopkinton in Washington County, Rhode Island. The population was 1,457 at the 2020 United States Census.
The Bradford Village Historic District was listed in 1996 as a 224 acre area. It includes 150 contributing buildings plus one site.
Incident in the Taiga

Incident in the Taiga () is a 1953 Soviet action movie directed by Yuri Yegorov and Yuri Pobedonostsev. It stars Rimma Shorokhova, Boris Bityukov, and Aleksandr Antonov.
Wieden (Lörrach)

Wieden is a municipality in Lorrach in Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany.
Saarlouis (constituency)

Saarlouis is an electoral district of Saarland. It includes the districts of Merzig-Wadern and Saarlouis.
Paul Wesley

Paul Wesley (born 23 July 1982) is an American actor and movie director. He is mostly known for playing Stefan Salvatore in CW's television series The Vampire Diaries.
Untersteckholz

Untersteckholz was a municipality in Aarwangen in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2010 the Untersteckholz became part of Langenthal.
The Backrooms

The Backrooms is an urban legend and creepypasta about a maze that seems to have no true end. It has empty office rooms in a moist yellow room and hallways. The area is said to have the smell of wet carpet with the sound of buzzing lights. These rooms have levels with monsters and strange but often dangerous creatures called "entities" living in them. Usually people get into the backrooms by accidentally falling or no-clipping through any solid object in real life.
People exploring and/or trying to get out of the Backrooms are known as "wanderers", though there are some people who have permanently settled down in different levels The Backrooms in places called "outposts"
Since its original creation, The Backrooms has been expanded into other forms of media and Internet culture, including video games, memes, and a horror/science fiction web series.
Levels
The Backrooms original concept has been made bigger by 4chan, Reddit and YouTube users, who have created different levels of the Backrooms. There are thousands of levels found within fan-made Wikis of the Backrooms, featuring different pictures and safety classes in a format influenced by the SCP wiki. One canon is that there are three distinct levels. The levels in this canon include:
Level 0: The level showed in the original Backrooms photo, featuring all of the weird and creepypasta's most well known features - moldy carpet, based on only one color yellow walls and buzzing fluorescent lights. One of the things created by users for this level are dogs, described as Hounds. Another feature of this level is a noclip zone, which can bring wanderers back to Earth's dimension, return them to the starting point of Level 0, or to another level with different entities.
Level 1: A level reached when one chooses not to enter a noclip zone and instead wanders around Level 0 for days. It is darker than Level 0 and features a more industrial architecture, with mechanical like sounds being heard through Level 1. The level appears to be a dark, dingy warehouse with low-lying fog and puddles of water around. Opposed to Level 0, the fluorescent lights begin to flicker more frequently, occasionally shutting down completely - This is when the entities come out.
Level 2: The third level of the Backrooms, according to the three-level interpretation. It is the one of the darkest levels, containing more industrial like architecture. This level appears as long service tunnels with pipes lining the walls. It is described as being reached when one simply wanders around Level 1 for a long enough period of time, and featuring a much higher temperature than other levels. Survivors of the Backrooms claim that the only way to escape the level is to remain calm, stating that only when the Backrooms have become a person's home can they depart. It is said to have entities that are more dangerous than those of Level 1
Popularity and impact
In January 2022, a short horror video titled The Backrooms (Found Footage) was uploaded to the YouTube channel Kane Pixels. This video caused the Backrooms to become popular again. The Backrooms was an inspiration for Apple TV+'s Severance.
Venus, Romania

Venus is a resort in Romania on the coast of the Black Sea. It is about 3 kilometers north of Mangalia.
Worcester, Massachusetts

Worcester is a city of Worcester County in the state of Massachusetts in the United States. It is the county seat of Worcester County. About 175,900 people were living in Worcester as of 2006.
Worcester is 40 miles from Boston, Massachusetts and 40 miles from Springfield, Massachusetts--right in the middle.
In 1774, the first public reading of the United States Declaration of Independence in New England took place in Worcester.
Lam, Bavaria

Lam is a municipality in the district of Cham in Bavaria in Germany. It is within the scenic valley of the Lamer Winkel.
Morwell, Victoria

Morwell is a city in Gippsland, east of Victoria, Australia. Morwell is in the Latrobe Valley. The Latrobe Valley has a lot of brown coal which is burned to make electricity in power stations. It is also the centre for the City of Latrobe.
The name Morwell is believed to have come from the Australian aboriginal Gunnai language meaning "people who live in the swamp".
Multicellular organism

Multi-cellular organisms are organisms with more than one cell. This is the case for animals, plants and most fungi. In such organisms, cells are usually specialised. All the cells with the same function work together. Such a group of cells is then called a tissue.
Multi-cellular organisms have a set of cells that specialize in reproduction. Reproduction in such organisms is usually sexual. The sex cells are either sperm or ovum (also named "egg") cells. If they are sperm cells, the organism is male, if they are egg cells it is female. If both are present, the organism is a hermaphrodite.
Evolutionary history
We know, from their cell structure, that multicellularity has evolved independently many times in Earth history, for example in plants and animals.
The earliest forms of life in the fossil record are cyanobacteria from the Archaean era at 3.5 billion years ago. They grew as single cells but lived in colonies as stromatolites.
The first multicellular fossils have been found in 2.1 billion years old Palaeoproterozoic rocks from the Gabon in Africa. These are eukaryotic cells which live colonially. The fossils are visible to the naked eye, and hence much larger than bacteria. The authors comment that one advantage of multicellularity is larger size, and that an adequate level of oxygen is required to support this kind of life.
Consequences of multicellularity
To reproduce, multicellular organisms must solve the problem of regenerating a whole organism from germ cells (i.e. sperm and egg cells), an issue that is studied in developmental biology.
Multicellular organisms, especially long-living animals, also face the challenge of cancer, which occurs when cells fail to regulate their growth within the normal program of development.
Moyobamba

Moyobamba is a city in Peru. It is the capital of San Martin Region.
Peter Rock (musician)

Peter Mociulski von Remenyk (September 3, 1945 - April 16, 2016), known by his stage name Peter Rock, was a Chilean rock and roll and nueva ola musician. He sang in Festival de Vina del Mar and in Bierfest Valdivia. In 2014, he appeared in a Chilean movie titled Blood Sugar Baby.
He was born near Vienna in 1945, shortly after the death of his father. His mother remarried and the family emigrated to Chile in 1955.
In October 2014, he was diagnosed with ALS, which kept him in a wheelchair. He died on Vina del Mar on 16 April, 2016.
Ted Cruz

Rafael Edward "Ted" Cruz, Jr. (born December 22, 1970) is the junior United States Senator from the state of Texas. He is the first person of Cuban, Hispanic, or Latino descent to hold the office. He ran for President as a Republican in 2016.
Early life
Cruz's parents are a Cuban father, Rafael Cruz, and an American mother, Eleanor Darragh. He was born in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. His parents, who worked in the oil business at the time, were in Calgary on business. He started using the name Ted when he was thirteen years old. Cruz graduated from Second Baptist High School as a valedictorian. He then went to Princeton University and Harvard Law School.
Early career
Cruz was the domestic policy advisor to U.S. President George W. Bush on the 2000 Bush-Cheney campaign. He helped defend them in the case Bush v. Gore. He also recruited future Chief Justice John Roberts to Bush's legal team.
He served as Solicitor General of Texas from 2003 to May 2008, after being appointed by Texas Attorney General Greg Abbott. He was the first Hispanic, the youngest and the longest-serving solicitor general in Texas history. Cruz was also an adjunct professor of law at the University of Texas School of Law in Austin, from 2004 to 2009. While there, he taught U.S. Supreme Court litigation. Cruz is one of three Latinos in the Senate; the others--also Americans of Cuban ancestry--are fellow Republican Marco Rubio of Florida and Democrat Bob Menendez of New Jersey.
U.S. senator
Cruz was the Republican nominee for the Senate seat vacated by fellow Republican Kay Bailey Hutchison. On July 31, 2012, he defeated Lieutenant Governor David Dewhurst in the Republican primary runoff, 57%-43%. Cruz defeated former state Representative Paul Sadler in the general election on November 6, 2012. He won to 56%-41% over Sadler. Cruz openly identifies with the Tea Party movement and has been endorsed by the Republican Liberty Caucus.
On November 14, 2012, Cruz was appointed vice-chairman of the National Republican Senatorial Committee. Cruz has been a leading opponent of Barack Obama's healthcare reform plan known as Obamacare. He has led efforts to repeal the law, including a filibuster in 2013.
2016 presidential race
On March 23, 2015, Cruz announced he would run for the Republican Party nomination in the 2016 U.S. Presidential election. He made his announcement at Liberty University.
On February 1, 2016, Cruz won the first primary state of Iowa, beating Donald Trump and Marco Rubio. This made him the first Hispanic person to win a caucus. Cruz then won Alaska, Texas, and Oklahoma on "Super Tuesday". He got the most votes in all of the 254 Texas counties except six. On April 27, 2016, Cruz named former GOP candidate and businesswoman Carly Fiorina as his running mate.
On May 3, 2016, after losing the Indiana primaries to Donald Trump, Cruz suspended his campaign.
Personal life
He married Heidi Nelson on May 27, 2001. They have two daughters named Caroline and Catherine.
Cruz is a Southern Baptist.
Éva Schubert

Eva Schubert (19 January 1931 - 11 July 2017) was a Hungarian actress. She was known for her roles in Egy pikolo vilagos, Felmegyek a miniszterhez, and for Frakk, a macskak reme. She won a Kossuth Prize in 2013 for her lifetime achievement. She was born in Budapest.
Schubert died on 11 July 2017 in Budapest at the age of 86.
Jeju language

The Jeju language (Jeju: jejumal, Jeju-mal) is a Koreanic language spoken on the South Korean island of Jeju. It is related to Korean.
History
The Jeju language comes from Middle Korean, which is also the ancestor of the Korean language.
Jeju became a separate language from (mainland) Korean due to its isolation as an island and because in 1629, Jejuans were banned from leaving Jeju, causing more disconnection.
Usage
UNESCO lists Jeju as a "critically endangered" language, since most of its speakers are over the age of 70. Younger Jejuans speak Korean instead. As of 2010, the language is spoken by 5,000 - 10,000 people, which is less than 2% of Jeju Island's total population.
Dialect or language
Many linguists think Jeju is its own language, mostly because mainland Koreans cannot understand it. Others think Jeju is a dialect of Korean, although a very different one. The local government calls Jeju as a separate language, and the idea of it being a language is becoming more accepted in both Korean and foreign academia. UNESCO listed Jeju as one of the world's languages in 2011.
Dobermann

Dobermann or Doberman Pinscher is a medium to large dog breed. It originated in Germany about 1890. It was named after a tax collector, Friedrich Louis Doberman (1834-1894), who wanted a dog as a companion and for protection. Doberman Pinschers are known as being very intelligent, loyal and fearless dogs. They are used by police forces, search and rescue dogs, guard dogs and as guide dogs for blind people.
Description
Size
The Doberman is a dog of medium large size. Although the breed standards vary among kennel and breed clubs, according to the FCI standard the dog typically stands between and The Kennel Club in the UK quote as being ideal. The female is typically somewhere between . A height of is considered ideal.
Colors
Dobermans have short smooth coats which are most commonly black. Less common are red (reddish-brown), blue, or fawn-colored coats. Blue and fawn colored Dobermans usually have rust-colored (reddish-brown) markings on their legs, chest and heads.
Ears and tail
Normally a Doberman puppy has floppy ears and a long tail. While still a puppy, the tails are often shortened by surgery (called "docking") which heals quickly and causes the puppy very little pain. The ears are cut to a point and so they stand up (called "cropping"). This takes longer to heal. Cropping is considered by many to be unnecessary and is illegal in much of Europe. But it is still done in the United States and is part of the standard.
Temperament
People who think they are like any other dogs or are often vicious and dangerous are for the most part wrong. It is true that any dog that is mistreated or not taken care of can become dangerous. Viciousness is a learned behavior and few dogs, including the Doberman, are naturally vicious. Dobermans can be protective and guarded or they can be sweet and eager to please. To get the desired temperament, training should start when the dog is about 8 months old.
San Isidro de El General

San Isidro de El General is a city in Costa Rica. It is the capital of Perez Zeledon canton in the province of San Jose. It is located 130 km from San Jose and 212 km from Paso Canoas, a border town with Panama.
Durbin Feeling

Durbin Feeling (wili duvinv in Cherokee) (April 2, 1946 - August 19, 2020) was an American Cherokee linguist. He wrote the first Cherokee-English dictionary. He was thought to be the greatest modern contributor to the preservation of the endangered Cherokee language. He was born in Mayes County, Oklahoma.
Feeling died on August 19, 2020 in Tahlequah, Oklahoma at the age of 74.
Fresnoy-en-Gohelle

Fresnoy-en-Gohelle is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.
Gampel

Gampel is a village and former municipality in the district of Leuk in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Gampel and Bratsch merged into the new municipality of Gampel-Bratsch.
Tyra Banks

Tyra Banks (born December 4, 1973 in Inglewood, California) is an American supermodel and actress. She is hosts her television programs, America's Next Top Model and The Tyra Banks Show.
Tyra is tall. She is the CEO of her own company, TYInc. She was the first African American model to appear on the cover of Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Edition. Tyra is the "Youth Correspondent" for the Oprah Winfrey Show. She signed modeling contract with the Elite Agency when she was 15 years old. Before she signed, Tyra planned on attending Loyola Marymount University.
Stucco

Stucco is a kind of plasterwork used to decorate ceilings and other parts of buildings. It is made of aggregates, binder and water. These days its main constituent is Portland cement, sand, inorganic lime (a hydroxide mineral, not the fruit) and water. It is applied wet and dries hard.
The same substance is often called plaster and sometimes mortar. It has been used for hundreds of years in many cultures round the world.
Bakerganj Upazila

Bakerganj is an upazila in the Barisal district of Bangladesh.
Independence Hall (Israel)

The Independence Hall of Israel is a building in Tel Aviv in Israel. It is where the ceremony of independence of the State of Israel was held on Friday, May 14, 1948.
The building has been restored to look like it did on the day of the announcement.
Collecchio

Collecchio (Parmigiano: ) is a town in the province of Parma, Emilia-Romagna, northern Italy.
Alexander Vedernikov

Alexander Alexandrovich Vedernikov (; 11 January 1964 - 29 October 2020) was a Russian conductor. He was music director of the Bolshoi Theatre from 2001 to 2009. He was the Odense Symphony Orchestra from 2009 to 2018, then of the Royal Danish Opera and from 2019 also of the Mikhailovsky Theatre in Saint Petersburg. He was born in Moscow.
Vedernikov died in Moscow on 29 October 2020 from COVID-19, aged 56.
Tampa, Florida

Tampa is a city in Florida, a state of the United States. It has a population of about 384,959 people as of 2020. Tampa is 3rd largest city in Florida, and the 52nd largest city in the USA.
Sports
Tampa is the home of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Tampa Bay Lightning and Tampa Bay Storm.
1041

Year 1041 (MXLI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Africa
The Zirid dynasty turns down Shi'ite obedience and Fatimid rule and recognizes the Abbasids as their overlords.
Europe
December 10 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium raises her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V.
Worcester rebels against the naval taxes of Harthacanute.
Edward the Confessor returns from exile to inherit Harthacanute. He reduces the Navy from 60 to 32 ships this year due to the tax burden.
Asia
The number of enlisted soldiers in the Song Dynasty Chinese military reaches well over 1,250,000 troops, an increase since 1022 when there were a million soldiers.
Carol Emshwiller

Carol Emshwiller (April 12, 1921 - February 2, 2019) was an American writer. She was known for her avant garde short stories and science fiction novels. She won the Nebula Award and the Philip K. Dick Award. Emshwiller was born in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Her best known novel was The Mount.
Emshwiller died on February 2, 2019 at her daughter's home in Durham, North Carolina, aged 97.
Glenwood, Arkansas

Glenwood is a city in the US state of Arkansas.
Gianfranco D'Angelo

Gianfranco D'Angelo (19 August 1936 - 15 August 2021) was an Italian actor and comedian. His best known movie roles were in La liceale and in La compagna di banco. As a comedian, he appeared in Drive In.
D'Angelo died on 15 August 2021 in Rome, four days before his 85th birthday.
Mark Takano

Mark Allan Takano (born December 10, 1960) is an American teacher and politician.
In November 2012, Takano was elected to the U.S. Representative for the 41st District of California.
Early life
Takano was born in Riverside, California. He is the son of Japanese American parents. He is Sansei, which means that he is the grandson of people born in Japan who immigrated to the US.
After the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, the Takano family was relocated and interned from California to "War Relocation Camps" during World War II. He graduated from Harvard University in 1983.
Career
Takano taught in public school for 23 years.
In March 2020, Takano endorsed Senator Bernie Sanders for President of the United States.