kenhktsui/simple_wikipedia_LM_quality_score_v1 huggingface dataset:
Thallium(I) sulfide

Thallium(I) sulfide, also known as thallous sulfide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Tl2S. It has thallium and sulfide ions in it. The thallium is in its +1 oxidation state.
Properties
Thallium(I) sulfide is a black solid. It reacts with acids to make hydrogen sulfide and a thallium salt.
Occurrence and preparation
It is found as a mineral called carlinite, but it is rare. It is the only thallium sulfide mineral that does not have another metal in it. It is made in the laboratory by reacting thallium(I) sulfate with hydrogen sulfide or by heating thallium and sulfur together.
Uses
It was used in some of the first infrared detectors. One of the first reliable infrared detectors used thallium sulfide and it was made in World War II.
New Town, Edinburgh

The New Town is in the central area in Edinburgh, Scotland. Together with the Old Town, it became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1995.
It was built in stages between 1767 and around 1850. It kept much of its original neoclassical and Georgian period architecture. It is most famous for Princes Street. It faces the Edinburgh Castle and the Old Town.
Coat of arms of Georgia (country)

The coat of arms of Georgia is one of the national symbols of the republic. It is based on the medieval coats of arms of the Georgian royal family.
Rooster Teeth

Rooster Teeth Productions, LLC. or Rooster Teeth is a movie making company in Austin, Texas, United States. It makes live action short videos, animated videos, video game animations, and voiced video game playing called Let's Play. The creator, Burnie Burns, made voice-over videos of Bungie Studios' big first-person shooter video game Halo: Combat Evolved. These videos led to the making of Red vs. Blue, an awarded funny science-fiction set of videos released on April 1, 2003. These are still being made, and its 12th season came out on April 28, 2014. Rooster Teeth also makes live-action short videos, funny game play under the name Achievement Hunter, making video games, and full animated videos such as RWBY. Rooster Teeth hosts its community meeting, RTX, yearly in Austin, Texas.
In 2015, Rooster Teeth released its large movie debut, Lazer Team, a science-fiction funny movie.
Caro Emerald

Caroline Esmeralda van der Leeuw (born 26 April 1981), best known by her stage name of Caro Emerald, is a Dutch pop and jazz singer. She released her first song "Back It Up" on 6 July 2009. Her single "A Night Like This" in 2009 reached the number 1 position in the Netherlands.
Her second and latest album, The Shocking Miss Emerald, reached the #1 peak in the UK and the Netherlands.
Una Stubbs

Una Stubbs (1 May 1937 - 12 August 2021) was an English actress, television personality, and dancer. She played Rita Rawlins in the BBC sitcoms Till Death Us Do Part and In Sickness and in Health. Stubbs also played Aunt Sally in Worzel Gummidge and landlady Mrs. Hudson in the television series Sherlock. Stubbs was born in Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire.
Stubbs died on 12 August 2021 in Edinburgh, Scotland at the age of 84.
Mailing list

Some people or organizations have many addresses of different people. They use these addresses to send the mail. In the postal system, using regular mail, such mailing lists are used to distribute these mails, which may be wanted (like newspapers) or unwanted (advertising).
Electronic mailing lists
In the electronic form, these differences also exist. Bulk mail (SPAM) is distributed using mailing lists.
On the other hand, there are echo mailing lists people subscribe to. When a subscriber sends a mail to the mailing list, this mail is distributed (echoed) to all people who are on the list. The Software which manages such a mailing list sometimes offers options to the people who subscribe. Instead of getting each mail directly, they might want only one mail (per day). This mail then contains all the mails of that day. This is called a digest. Mails that come from people on the list might be handled differently from mails from people who are not subscribed to the mailing list.
Postal mailing list
Mailing lists are a way to reach selected groups of people - by specific parameters (or markets) - through the Post office. The population may be broken into sections organized buy their unique qualities such as "catalog purchasers" or "business owners," or by geographic area such as businesses or residents in a particular city or zip code, or buy select statistical parameters such as businesses with over 20 employees, or heads of household with income of over $80,000. Direct Mail Lists are then sold to direct marketing companies wishing to make an offer to this specific segment of the population. By tightly specifying the parameters of the mailing list, direct mail is a very effective way to market to a precisely selected group with little wasted advertising expense.
Mariya Aleksandrova

Mariya Aleksandrova (born 7 April 1974) is a Ukrainian volleyball player.
She represented Ukraine during the 2001 Women's European Volleyball Championship.
She played for SVS Post Schwechat and Schweriner SC.
Prutting

Prutting is a municipality in Rosenheim, a district (Landkreis) in Upper Bavaria.
Paul Boyd

Paul G. Boyd (September 30, 1967 - August 13, 2007) was an American-born Canadian animator. He was a member of a.k.a. Cartoon, the production team for Cartoon Network's longest running television series, Ed, Edd n Eddy, as a title sequence animator and director. He began his career working for International Rocketship on two Gary Larson specials. During his career he taught at Vancouver Film School and worked at many animation studios in Vancouver. His work directing for Aaagh! It's the Mr. Hell Show!, along with co-director Moose Pagen, was nominated for an Annie Award in 2001.
He was shot and killed on August 13, 2007, by a police officer, Lee Chipperfield, in Vancouver. A video recorded by tourists showed Boyd being shot nine times after wielding a bicycle chain at officers who came to respond to a disturbance involving him. The ninth shot that struck Boyd was fired as he was on the ground. The officer who shot Boyd was cleared in the death. The use of force was criticized by many of Boyd's colleagues and relatives.
Tallard

Tallard is a commune in the Hautes-Alpes department.
Population
Transport
Road
The D45, D46, D119, D219, D346, D942 and N85 roads pass through the commune.
Location
The commune borders the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department.
Santa Cruz Province, Argentina

Santa Cruz is a province of Argentina. It is in the southern part of the country, in Patagonia. It borders Chile to the west and south. To the east is the Atlantic Ocean. It is the second largest province of the country (after Buenos Aires province). It has the fewest people in mainland Argentina. Perito Moreno National Park and Los Glaciares National Park are here.
Rio Turbio is Argentina's only active coal mine. There is also mining for gold, clay, gypsum, and salt. Sheep are also important for the economy. They are used both for wool and meat.
Margo Martindale

Margo Martindale (born July 18, 1951) is an Emmy Award winning American actress. She was born in Jacksonville, Texas. She has acted in many movies, stage plays and TV series.
In 2011, She won the Emmy Award for "Outstanding Supporting Actress In A Drama Series" for her acting as Mags Bennett on the TV series Justified.
David S. Mann

David Scott Mann (born September 25, 1939) is an American lawyer and politician. He is a member of the Democratic Party. He was the United States representative for Ohio's 1st congressional district from 1993 to 1995. He is a member of the Cincinnati City Council since 2013.
Mann was mayor of Cincinnati from 1980 to 1982 and again in 1991. Mann ran for mayor again in the 2021 election, but lost to Hamilton County Clerk of Courts Aftab Pureval.
Anonychomyrma

Anonychomyrma is a genus of ants. It belongs to the ant subfamily Dolichoderinae.
University of the People

University of the People (UoPeople) is a non-profit, accredited online institution of higher education in Pasadena, California, United States. It currently offers academic degrees in business administration and computer science.
Mission and history
The mission of the school is to offer any qualified student affordable and quality educational programs.
The school was founded by Shai Reshef in January 2009. It partners with institutions such as New York University and Yale University. It has received grants from Google, Microsoft and Hewlett-Packard.
Cost
Students pay a registration fee of $60. They do not pay annual tuition fees. Instead, they pay $100 each time they take an examination. One does not have to buy books. Open source online textbooks can be used.
To complete an associate degree (A.S.), a student must take 20 exams. 40 exams are needed for a bachelor's degree. This costs a total of $2,000 and $4,000 respectively. Students who cannot afford to pay can apply for scholarships.
Sudurpashchim Province

Sudurpashchim Province () (Far-Western Province) is one of the seven provinces of Nepal. It borders the Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the north, Karnali Province and Lumbini Province to the east, and the Indian states of Uttarakhand to the west and Uttar Pradesh to the south. At first it was known as Province No. 7. The Provincial Assembly named this province Sudurpashchim Pradesh in September 2018. As per a 28 September 2018 Assembly voting, the city of Godawari was made the capital of the Province.But till now Dhangadhi is the temporary capital.
Organic compound

Organic compounds are carbon-based compounds. Organic compounds contain carbon bonds in which at least one carbon atom is covalently linked to an atom of another type (usually hydrogen, oxygen or nitrogen). Most polymers are organic compounds.
History
The name "organic" is a historical name from the 19th century.
People believed that only living things could make organic compounds and "dead" things (such as minerals) could make inorganic compounds. However, Friedrich Wohler proved this wrong by synthesizing urea, a well-known organic compound.
Kinds of organic compounds
There are natural organic compounds, and synthetic ones. Their structure may be described by using names, and making diagrams.
One way of showing the molecule is by drawing its structural formula. Because molecules can have complicated structures, people have made ways to show them in simple language. One way is to use line diagrams. Each atom is shown by a letter, and connected by a line to each atom with which it is has a covalent bond. One line means a single bond, two lines means a double bond and so on.
Because there is in an infinite number of possible organic compounds, language is needed to give a unique name to each one. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, or IUPAC, made a system for doing this. Although an IUPAC name makes every single possible molecule unique, the names are often long and complicated, so in everyday life, trivial names--unofficial but widely understood names--are used, such as the trivial names Paracetamol, Tylenol, and Acetaminophen, which are used for a compound whose IUPAC name is N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) acetamide. Some of these trivial names are trademarks.
Natural Compounds
Natural compounds are compounds made by living beings. These could also be made in a lab, but many of these compounds are taken from nature because it is easier and less expensive to do it that way. For example, every year people grow and eat huge amounts of natural sugar and starch. Other common natural compounds are: amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, many antibiotics like Penicillin and Amoxicillin.
Synthetic compounds
Synthetic compounds are those made by people. Sometimes, this is done by taking something natural and changing the molecule in a small way, such as making glycerin from vegetable oils. Other compounds are synthesized in long, complicated reactions with many steps. Plastics are sometimes mostly natural, and other kinds are manufactured.
San Augustine County, Texas

San Augustine County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. In 2020, 7,918 people lived there. The county seat is San Augustine.
Driencourt

Driencourt is a commune. It is in the Picardie region in the Somme department in the north of France. In 2011, 94 people lived there.
The village was destroyed during World War I.
Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy

The Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy is awarded every year to the National Hockey League player who best exemplifies the qualities of perseverance, sportsmanship, and dedication to ice hockey. The winner is selected by a vote of the Professional Hockey Writers' Association after each team selects one player on their team to be voted on. It is often awarded to a player who has come back from career- or even life-threatening illness or injury. A player can receive this trophy only once in his career.
History
The trophy is named in honour of Bill Masterton, a Minnesota North Stars player who died on January 15, 1968, after sustaining an injury during a hockey game. During his playing career, Masterton showed "to a high degree the qualities of perseverance, sportsmanship, and dedication to hockey". It was first awarded following the 1967-68 regular season. As of the end of the 2008-09 NHL season, players for the Montreal Canadiens, New York Rangers and Boston Bruins have won the trophy 4 times each, while the Los Angeles Kings have won 3 times.
Honour

Honour, spelt honor in the United States, is the idea of the trustworthiness and social status of a person by the society, by judgement of his actions. The idea of honour, like most cultural things, is very different from place to place, and through time. In Europe in the Middle Ages, honour took form in the code of Chivalry. In Japan, a similar thing happened with Bushido. As time passed, the honour of a gentleman and his family was generally expressed in the practice of duelling. The idea has declined in modern times, but still exists, mostly as an approval of one's actions by the society.
Oak Woods Cemetery

Oak Woods Cemetery is a large Victorian era cemetery in Chicago, Illinois. It is located at 1035 E. 67th Street, in the Greater Grand Crossing area of Chicago's South Side. It was established on February 12, 1853. It covers .
Roland Burris, the U.S. Senator appointed by Illinois governor Rod Blagojevich, constructed a family tomb at in the Oak Woods Cemetery, in preparation for his and his wife's eventual interment. The tomb received considerable publicity (generally negative) after Burris' appointment by the since-convicted governor.
Many famous Chicagoans are buried here such as: Harold Washington, Ida B. Wells, Enrico Fermi, Frank Bacon, Gary Becker, Otis Clay, Mircea Eliade, Monroe Heath, Richard Loeb, Jesse Owens, Eugene Sawyer, Pops Staples, William Hale Thompson, Junior Wells, and James Hutchinson Woodworth.
Martinsville, Illinois

Martinsville is a city in Clark County, Illinois, United States. In 2010, the population was 1,167
Cities in Illinois
Bobex

Bobex is a European platform that was founded in Brussels, Belgium in 1999. It serves as a comparison platform for construction and renovation offers, including solar panels, windows, insulation, and water softeners.
Operation
Bobex was established by two Arthur D. Little Inc. consultants, Jean-Louis Van Marcke and David Schnall. The platform started with an investment of EUR62,000 and initially only operated in the Belgian market. In 2006, it expanded its operations to the Netherlands through a partnership with Dutch entrepreneurs. Bobex also launched its UK operations in 2008 in cooperation with a partner. In 2013, Bobex acquired its competitor, Offertex. The company made several acquisitions in the Dutch and Belgian markets in 2021 and 2022. During the energy crises of 2022-2023, Bobex users focused on sustainability rather than aesthetics.
Saptari 1 (constituency)

Saptari 1 is one of four parliamentary constituencies of Saptari District in Nepal. This constituency was created by the Constituency Delimitation Commission (CDC) report on 31 August 2017.
Vice President of Bolivia

The Vice President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia () or Vice President of Bolivia (), is the second highest political position in Bolivia.
The Vice President replaces the President in his absence, death or in the event of removal from office.
Gressy

Gressy is the name of two places in Europe:
Gressy, Switzerland, a former municipality in the canton of Vaud
Gressy, Seine-et-Marne, a commune in the Ile-de-France region, in France
Cazalis, Gironde

Cazalis, Gironde is a commune. It is in the Aquitaine region in the Gironde department in southwest France.
This Used to Be My Playground

"This Used to Be My Playground" is a soft rock ballad from American singer Madonna. The song is about memories of childhood dreams. The song was featured in the credits of the movie A League of Their Own in 1992. It is, however, not on the soundtrack album.
The song spent one week at #1 on Billboard Hot 100 in summer 1992.
The longest version of the song is just over six minutes in length.
Mulgi Zali Ho

Mulgi Zali Ho () is an Indian Marathi language television Drama which aired on Star Pravah. The show starred Sharvani Pillai, Kiran Mane, Divya Subhash and Yogesh Sohoni in lead roles. It is produced by Suzana Ghai, Hemant Ruprell and Ranjit Thakur under the banner of Panaroma Entertainment Pvt. Ltd.
Chinese Rail SS4

The SS4 () is a kind of AC-powered electric locomotive used in China. It was built by Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Works in 1985 and is still produced as of 2010. It also has an updated version: SS4G ().
Elon Gold

Elon Gold (born September 14, 1970) is an American comedian, television actor, writer and producer. Gold was a guest judge on the celebrity impersonation series, The Next Big Thing. He has been in multiple movies such as Cheaper by the Dozen. He was also in the sitcom In-laws.
Gold is from New York. In his younger years, Gold attended the Westchester Day School, in Westchester, and the Marsha Stern Talmudical Academy, in Manhattan. Gold has also stated that he is an observing Jew.
Adelite

Adelite is a rare mineral. It is a calcium, magnesium, arsenate with chemical formula CaMgAsO4OH. Adelite was named from the Greek word for indistinct.
It can be blueish-gray, green, gray, yellow, or light green in color. It is made of crystals. Adelite is not radioactive. It is scratched easily with apatite.
The mineral was first described in 1891 in Varmland, Sweden. It can be found in Flipistad, Sweden.
Samarkand

Samarkand It is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital of Samarqand Province.
The city is on the old Silk Road between China and the West, and is an Islamic centre for scholarly study. In the 14th century, it became the capital of the empire of Timur (Tamerlane), and is the site of his mausoleum, the Gur-e Amir. The Bibi-Khanym Mosque remains one of the city's most famous landmarks. The Registan was the ancient centre of the city.
Most of the inhabitants of this city are Persian-speaking and speak the Tajik Persian dialect. This city is one of the historical centers of the Tajik people in Central Asia, which in the past was one of the important cities of the great empires of Iran.
In 2001, UNESCO added the 2,750-year-old city to its World Heritage Site list as Samarkand - Crossroads of Cultures.
History
Samarkand is one of the oldest inhabited cities in the world, prospering from its location on the trade route between China and the Mediterranean (Silk Road). At times Samarkand has been one of the greatest cities of Central Asia.
Started about 700 BC by the Persians, Samarkand has been one of the main centres of Persian civilization from its early days. Maracanda was the ancient Greek name for it Alexander the Great conquered the city in 329 BC.
Medieval history
At the start of the 8th century, Samarkand came under Arab control. Under Abbasid rule, the legend goes, the secret of papermaking was learned from two Chinese prisoners in 751. This led to the first paper mill in the Islamic world being founded in Samarkand. The invention then spread to the rest of the Islamic world, and from there to Europe.
Samarkand was sacked by the Mongols under Genghis Khan in 1220. Some of the people survived, but later, Samarkand suffered at least one other Mongol attack. The town took many decades to recover from these disasters. In The Travels of Marco Polo, where Polo records his journey along the Silk Road, Samarkand is described as "a very large and splendid city..." He also writes about a Christian church in Samarkand, which miraculously remained standing after a portion of its central supporting column was removed.
In 1370, Timur the Lame, or Tamerlane, decided to make Samarkand the capital of his empire, stretching from India to Turkey. During the next 35 years, he built a new city and populated it with artisans and craftsmen from all of the places he had conquered. Timur gained a reputation as a patron of the arts, and Samarkand grew to have a population of about 150,000.
Modern history
In 1499, the Uzbek Turks took control of Samarkand. They moved the capital to Bukhara and Samarkand went into decline. The city came under Russian rule in 1868. The Russian section of the city was built after this point, largely to the west of the old city.
The city later became the capital of the Samarkand Oblast of Russian Turkestan and grew in importance still further when the Trans-Caspian railway reached the city in 1888. It became the capital of the Uzbek SSR in 1925 before being replaced by Tashkent in 1930.
Roberts Ķīlis

Roberts Kilis (14 March 1968 - 19 March 2022) was a Latvian politician and social anthropologist. He was born in Riga, Latvia. He was the Minister for Education and Science of Latvia from 2011 until 2013.
Kilis died on 19 March 2022 in Riga, five days after his 54th birthday.
Yōmei Seamount

is an underwater volcano (seamount) of the Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain in the Pacific Ocean. Yomei is an extinct volcano.
This seabed mountain is named after Emperor Yomei of Japan.
The last eruption from Yomei seamount was between 60 million and 65 million years ago.
Carpal tunnel syndrome

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) is an injury of the hand/wrist region.
Arnasco

Arnasco is a comune in the Province of Savona in the Liguria region in Italy.
Excretion

Excretion is one of the most basic functions of life. It is the process of eliminating waste products of metabolism and other non-useful materials. It is an essential process in all forms of life. It contrasts with secretion, where the substance may have specific tasks after leaving the cell.
In single-celled organisms, waste products are discharged directly through the surface of the cell. Multicellular organisms use more complex methods. Higher plants eliminate gases through the stomata on the surface of leaves. Animals have special excretory organs.
Mammalian excretion
In mammals, excretion is the formation of urine in the kidneys, and expelling carbon dioxide from the lungs. These waste products are eliminated by urination and breathing out respectively. If excretion does not occur in an organism, waste products accumulate, which eventually kill the organism.
Also, food waste is expelled through the anus. Other substances are secreted into the bile, and then eliminated in the faeces. The skin and lungs also have excretory functions: the skin eliminates metabolic wastes like urea and lactic acid through sweating,p395 and the lungs expel carbon dioxide.
Some terms
Mucociliary excretion is the excretion of mucus in the respiratory system. Cilia work to clear the small passages, and coughing removes phlegm.
Biliary excretion goes through the bile duct to the duodenum and removed in the faeces.
Perspiration is the excretion of salts and water from the body, although the main purpose is to cool the body.
Other vertebrates
Aquatic animals usually excrete ammonia directly into the water, as this compound is soluble and there is ample water available for dilution. In terrestrial animals ammonia-like compounds are converted into other nitrogenous materials as there is less water in the environment, and ammonia itself is toxic.
Reptiles and birds excrete their nitrogenous wastes as uric acid in the form of a white paste. This allows efficient water retention and it can be stored more easily in the egg. Both uric acid and faeces are expelled through a common opening called the cloaca. Their waste is usually two-coloured: part white (uric acid) and part green or black (organic waste).
Many bird species, especially seabirds, can also excrete salt via specialized nasal salt glands, the saline solution leaving through nostrils in the beak.
Phyllomedusa tarsius

The brown-belly leaf frog (Phyllomedusa tarsius) is a frog that lives in Guyana, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, and Brazil.
The adult male frog is to long from nose to rear end. The adult female frog is 11.0 cm long. Their skin is green on the back and some of their toes are brown and white. They have white and orange bellies, white chests, and white throats. Their eyes are orange, red, and black mixed together.
This frog hides during the day and looks for food at night. It lives in trees. Male frogs sit on tall plants near ponds and sing for females. The females lay 200-500 eggs at a time in nests. The nest is built out of leaves in trees hanging over the pond. The female puts jelly on the eggs so they don't dry out. When the tadpoles hatch, they fall out of the nest into the water.
Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z.

Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z. is the second studio album by American rapper, Tupac Shakur. Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z. was released on February 16, 1993. The album is 2Pac's tenth biggest selling album with 1,366,000 units moved to date.
Callulina hanseni

The Hansen's warty frog (Callulina hanseni) is a frog. It lives in Tanzania. It lives in the Nguru South Mountains.
Antifa (United States)

The antifa (), short for anti-fascist, movement in the United States is a militant far-left-wing, anti-fascist political activist movement. It is made up of activist groups that protest with the use of direct action instead of policy changes.
The methods include protesting, digital activism, property damage, physical violence and harassment against those who they see as fascist, racist, or on the far-right.
The movement has anti-capitalist views and support anarchism, communism, liberalism, social democracy and socialism.
It has been called a terrorist movement by President Donald Trump after the group took part in the George Floyd protests in 2020.
Phoenix, Sayreville, New Jersey

Phoenix, Sayreville, New Jersey is a neighborhood of Sayreville, New Jersey.
Podcasting

Podcasting is a way to share information as digital audio files. People often subscribe, download, and share podcasts using a computer and listen to them on an MP3 player.
Many podcasts are similar to broadcast radio news or discussion programs. Some use other formats such as a continuing story, comedy show, lecture, or audiobook.
As of 7 August 2022, there are at least 2,864,367 podcasts and 135,736,875 episodes.
Different types
Podcasts can be found for almost anything. Radio shows, do-it-yourself projects, special interest groups, religious sermons, comedy sketches, cartoons, and just about anything else can be found. A podcast can be found using a podcast search engine. Once a podcast is found, it can be subscribed to, like a magazine or newspaper, and streamed or downloaded. Podcasting services are used to stream or download podcasts and listen to them.
Podcasting has become so popular that many people who write for magazines or report news on television have also been putting out their own podcasts. Anyone can start a podcast and share their knowledge with the world with the help of different platforms that are currently available online.
Ústí nad Labem

Usti nad Labem (, ) is the seventh-largest city in the Czech Republic. The area has many mountains. The city is where the Bilina and Elbe rivers join.
Zambezi Region

Zambezi is a region in Namibia. The capital is Katima Mulilo. It is named after the Zambezi River that runs along its border. This region is the only part of Namibia that borders Zambia.
Until 2013, it was known as Caprivi.
The region is home to 450 animal species, including elephants. The wildlife is protected by several national parks: Bwabwata National Park, Mamili National Park, and Mudumu National Park.
List of San Francisco Municipal Railway lines

Cable car lines
Muni Metro and historic streetcar lines
Local bus lines
Rapid bus lines
Express bus lines
Owl bus lines
Probability theory

Probability theory is the part of mathematics that studies random situations. Probability theory usually studies random events, random variables, stochastic processes, and non-deterministic events (events that do not follow a simple pattern).
Tossing a coin, winning the lottery, or rolling a die are random events. However, random events have certain patterns, which can be studied and predicted, using probability theory.
Scientists can use probability theory to obtain information about things that would be too complex to deal with, like statistical mechanics. Also, scientists discovered (in the 20th century) that atoms, and everything that we know, obeys something called quantum mechanics, which uses lots of probability theory.
History
The theory of probability was created by Gerolamo Cardano, a medical doctor and gambler who tried to calculate his luck. Years later, Pierre de Fermat and Blaise Pascal helped develop Cardano's theory.
Today, probability theory is used in statistics, which is useful to all kinds of areas: like medicine, economy, Science, Mathematics...
Related pages
Fuzzy logic
Variance
Law of large numbers
Central limit theorem
Statistics
Bibliography
The first major treatise blending calculus with probability theory, originally in French: Theorie Analytique des Probabilites.
The modern measure-theoretic foundation of probability theory; the original German version (Grundbegriffe der Wahrscheinlichkeitrechnung) appeared in 1933.
A lively introduction to probability theory for the beginner.
Panchthar District

Panchthar district ( ) is a district in Nepal. It is in the Koshi Province.
Oberlangenegg

Oberlangenegg is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.
Kaumodaki

Kaumodaki is the most powerful gada(mace) in the Hindu mythology.It is Lord Vishnu 's weapon .In some texts it's written that the mace was gifted by Varuna ( Lord of the waters in Hindu mythlogy) in the dwapara yuga to Lord Krishna to help Agni and fight Indra.
La Ward, Texas

La Ward is a city in the U.S. state of Texas.
Ménières

Menieres is a municipality of the district Broye in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland.
Emirate of Fujairah

Fujairah is an emirate on the east coast of the United Arab Emirates. The emirate lies along the Gulf of Oman.
Notable features
Fujairah is known for its beaches and the Hajar Mountains, which run through much of the emirate. In the south, the city of Fujairah is home to the massive Sheikh Zayed Mosque, known for its towering white minarets. Overlooking the city is the Fujairah Fort, a reconstructed 17th-century fortress featuring round and square towers.
Yoshi (video game)

Yoshi is a puzzle game for the NES and Game Boy. It features Yoshi, the titular character. It is known in Europe and Australia as Mario & Yoshi and in Japan as Yoshi no Tamago (yotsushinotamago, lit. "Yoshi's Egg").
Gameplay
In this game, players must stack two of the same Mario enemy on top of another to clear them. The game was inspired by Tetris.
Release
The NES version of this game was later released on the Virtual Console for the Wii in 2007, the Nintendo 3DS in 2011-2012, and the Wii U in 2013. It was also made available as one of the 20 NES titles at the Nintendo Switch Online's service launch in September 2018.
Hand, foot, and mouth disease

Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD) is a human disease which is caused by a strain of Coxsackie A virus. Symptoms include:
Fever
Headache
Vomiting
Fatigue
General discomfort (aches and pains)
Earache
Sore throat
Painful mouth sores
Body rash
Sores with blisters on hand
Mouth lesions
Loss of appetite
Diarrhea
HFMD is very common, especially in babies and young children. It is easily spread from person to person, so it often happens in a nursery or kindergarten. Only a small number of people get sick enough to go to a hospital. There is also no specific treatment for HFMD. It goes away on its own after one or two weeks.
La Vèze

La Veze () is a commune in the Doubs department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comte in eastern France.
Michelle Rodriguez

Michelle Rodriguez (born July 12, 1978 near San Antonio, Texas) is an American movie and television actress who has starred in numerous television programs and movies. She began with Girlfight in 2000 and continued with other notable movies, such as Avatar and Machete.
Personal life
Rodriguez is bisexual.
Richard Kiel

Richard Dawson Kiel (September 13, 1939 - September 10, 2014) was an American actor, voice actor, video game actor and stage actor. He was perhaps best known and remembered for his role as Voltaire to Dr. Miguelito Loveless in the first season episodes of The Wild, Wild West (1965-1966). Keil was perhaps most notable and best known for his most prominent role as Jaws in the James Bond movies The Spy Who Loved Me and Moonraker. Keil's movie and television acting career had lasted for about and over 50 years.
Early life
Kiel was born and raised in Detroit, Michigan. He had since then moved to Fresno, California and had began with his acting career in Hollywood and had lived here then and there on with his whole family until and up to the time of his death in 2014.
Acting career
Kiel began with his acting career in 1960. His first television role was in the television show Laramie and his first movie role was in the 1961 movie The Phantom Planet.
Kiel also played the role of the tough and steel titanium-toothed Bond villain Jaws in the James Bond movies The Spy Who Loved Me (1977) and Moonraker (1985) as well as in the James Bond video game Everything or Nothing. He also played Mr. Larson in the 1996 comedy film Happy Gilmore.
In 1986, Kiel was nominated for a Saturn Award for his most prominent role as Jaws in both The Spy Who Loved Me and Moonraker.
Kiel's last television role was in the 2000 television series Bloodhounds, Inc. and his last movie and voice role was in the 2010 animated movie Tangled, where and in which he played and provided the voice for the character of Vladimir.
Personal life
Kiel was originally married to Faye Daniels from 1960 until they divorced in 1973. Then, he was married for a second time to Diane Rogers from 1974 until his death in 2014. Both Kiel and Rogers had 4 children together.
Keil also had acromegaly, which creates too much growth hormones. In 2005, he also wrote his own autobiography "Making It BIG In The Movies".
Death
Kiel died on September 10, 2014 in Fresno, California at the age of 74. Kiel died from a heart attack caused by coronary artery disease. He was about just 3 days away from just before turning 75. Prior to his death, Keil had already since then been admitted to a hospital in Fresno after breaking his leg while during over in the previous week.
Kitchenware

Kitchenware means tools used in making food. It can also mean containers for holding food. Examples of kitchenware include:
Bowls
Cutting boards
Dishes
Frying pans
Knives
Plates
Tongs
Lauwin-Planque

Lauwin-Planque is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 1,621 people lived there.
Tigger

Tigger is a fictional tiger. He has orange fur with black stripes. He was first written about in A. A. Milne's book The House at Pooh Corner. He is easily recognized by his beady eyes, long chin, springy tail, and bouncy personality. As he says himself, "Bouncing is what Tiggers do best." Like other Pooh characters, Tigger is based on one of Christopher Robin Milne's stuffed animals.
Juneau, Alaska

The City and Borough of Juneau is the capital city of Alaska. It has been the capital of Alaska since 1906. It is one of 2 capital cities that cannot be reached by road, the other being Honolulu, Hawaii.
The government of the then-District of Alaska was moved from Sitka by the decision of the U.S. Congress. The municipality unified in 1970 when the city of Juneau merged with the city of Douglas and the surrounding Greater Juneau Borough to form the current home rule municipality.
The area of Juneau is larger than that of Rhode Island and Delaware individually and almost as large as the two states combined. Downtown Juneau is at the base of Mount Juneau and across the channel from Douglas Island. As of the 2020 census, the City and Borough had a population of 32,255.
Juneau is named after gold prospector Joe Juneau, though the place was for a time called Rockwell and then Harrisburg (after Juneau's co-prospector, Richard Harris).
The Tlingit name of the town is Dzantik'i Heeni ("river where the flounders gather"), and Auke Bay just north of Juneau proper is called Aak'w ("little lake") in Tlingit. The Taku River, just south of Juneau, was named after the cold t'aakh wind, which occasionally blows down from the mountains.
Downtown Juneau sits at sea level, with tides averaging , below steep mountains about to high. Atop these mountains is the Juneau Icefield, a large ice mass from which about 30 glaciers flow; two of these, the Mendenhall Glacier and the Lemon Creek Glacier, are visible from the local road system; the Mendenhall glacier has been generally retreating; its front face is declining both in width and height.
The Alaska State Capitol in downtown Juneau was originally built as the Federal and Territorial Building in 1931. Prior to statehood, it housed federal government offices, the federal courthouse and a post office. It also housed the territorial legislature and many other territorial offices, including that of the governor. Today, it is still the home of the state legislature and the offices of the governor and lieutenant governor. Other executive branch offices have largely moved elsewhere, in Juneau or elsewhere in the state, in the ongoing battle between branches for space in the building, as well as the decades-long capital move issue. Recent discussion has been focused between relocating the seat of state government outside of Juneau and building a new capitol building in Juneau. Neither position has advanced very far. The Alaska Committee, a local community advocacy group, has led efforts to thus far keep the capital in Juneau.
Thomas Robert Malthus

The Rev. Thomas Robert Malthus FRS (13 February 1766 - 23 December 1834), was a British writer on political economy and population. Malthus popularised the economic theory of rent, and was the first to use the phrase struggle for existence.
Views on population
Malthus is famous for his theories about population: its increase or decrease in response to various factors. There were six editions of his An Essay on the Principle of Population, published from 1798 to 1826. He said that sooner or later population gets checked, by famine, disease, and widespread mortality.
He wrote in opposition to many who saw society as improving, and (in principle) as perfectible.viii William Godwin and the Marquis de Condorcet, for example, believed in the possibility of almost limitless improvement of society. So, in a more complex way, did Jean-Jacques Rousseau, whose notions centered on the goodness of man and the liberty of citizens bound only by the social contract.
Malthus thought that the dangers of population growth would prevent endless progress towards a utopian society:
"The power of population is indefinitely greater than the power in the earth to produce subsistence for man".p13
As an Anglican clergyman, Malthus saw this situation as divinely imposed to teach virtuous behaviour.p104-105 Believing that one could not change human nature, Malthus wrote:
"Must it not then be acknowledged by an attentive examiner of the histories of mankind, that in every age and in every State in which man has existed, or does now exist,
that the increase of population is necessarily limited by the means of subsistence,
that population does invariably increase when the means of subsistence increase, and,
that the superior power of population is repressed, and the actual population kept equal to the means of subsistence, by misery and vice".p61
Economic views
Malthus placed the longer-term stability of the economy above short-term expediency. He criticised the Poor Laws,p39-45 and (alone among important contemporary economists) supported the Corn Laws, which introduced a system of taxes on British imports of wheat.pxx He thought these measures would encourage domestic production, and so promote long-term benefits.
Influence
Malthus became hugely influential, and controversial, in economic, political, social and scientific thought. Many evolutionary biologists read him, especially Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace. For both of them, Malthusianism became a stepping-stone to the idea of natural selection. Malthus is still a writer of great significance and controversy.
David Goodall (botanist)

David William Goodall (4 April 1914 - 10 May 2018) was a British-Australian botanist, activist and ecologist. Goodall was born in London. He was important in the early development of statistical methods in ecology, such as the study of vegetation. He was also a pro-euthanasia activist.
Goodall became a centenarian in April 2014. In the 2016 Australia Day Honours list Goodall was made a Member of the Order of Australia.
On 30 April 2018, Goodall said he wanted to end his own life in May of that year through assisted suicide. He died at a nursing center in Liestal, Switzerland on 10 May 2018 by euthanasia at the age of 104.
Mala Ilomska

Mala Ilomska is very short (around 2 km) right tributary of Ilomska - one of right tributaries of Ugar - in Central Bosnia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Skender Vakuf Municipality.
This small river is formed from seven springs and streams at the Petrovo polje (Peter's field), on the southwestern slopes of the hill Omarike (1243 m). The min source is at an altitude of about 1230 m, and one of the registered is Bijeljino spring, near the hamlet of Nikodinovici. In addition to these, there are no significant tributaries.
BNK48

BNK48 (read B.N.K. Forty-eight or Bangkok48) is an Thai idol girl group and the third international sister group of Japan's AKB48, following Indonesia's JKT48 and China's SNH48.
Sub-units
Mimigumo
Mimigumo is the first BNK48 sub-unit group released on September 1, 2019.
Vyra
Vyra (formerly known as Lyra) is the second BNK48 sub-unit group, consisting of 6 members. They were chosen to be trained by Universal Music Thailand and debuted on October 7, 2020. The group currently has 5 members and was renamed Vyra on March 12, 2021.
Ruppoldsried

Ruppoldsried was a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2013, the former municipality of Ruppoldsried merged into the municipality of Rapperswil.
Connie Culp

Connie Culp (March 26, 1963 - July 30, 2020) was the first United States recipient of a partial face transplant. It was performed at the Cleveland Clinic in December 2008.
Culp was shot in the face by her husband Thomas G. "Tom" Culp in a failed murder-suicide in September 2004. The shotgun blast destroyed Culp's nose, cheeks, the roof of her mouth and an eye. She had over thirty surgeries.
Culp died on July 30, 2020 at the Cleveland Clinic from problems caused by an infection, aged 57.
Tranås

Tranas is a town in the county of Jonkoping in Sweden. It is the seat of Tranas Municipality.
Talca

Talca is a Chilean city with 201.797 inhabitants (2002 census).
History
Talca was founded like Villa San Agustin de Talca by the Spanish Jose Antonio Manso de Velasco on 1881.
Savo Milošević

Savo Milosevic (born 2 September 1973) is a former Serbian football player. He has played for Serbia national team.
Lieutenancies Act 1997

The Lieutenancies Act 1997 (1997 c. 23) is an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom.
A Lord Lieutenant is the Queen's representative in a county or other area.
The Lieutenancies Act sets out the areas in which Lords-Lieutenant work in Great Britain. It came into force on 1 July 1997.
These areas are usually called "ceremonial counties" or "preserved counties" in Wales. In Scotland a Statutory Instrument (rule written by a minister) defines the size of the lieutenancy. They are usually one local council area, but some council areas are too small or to large for one Lord Lieutenant.
Yonkers, New York

Yonkers is the 4th largest city in the American state of New York. It is the southwestern part of Westchester County
Yonkers borders the New York City borough of The Bronx and is 2 miles (3 km) north of Manhattan. Broadway runs through all three, and railroads also connect them to Grand Central Terminal. The Bronx River separates Yonkers from Mount Vernon, New York on the east. The Hudson River is on the west. The city's best-known attraction is Yonkers Raceway, a harness racing track. There is a large shopping area along Central Park Avenue. It is sometimes called "Central Avenue" by area residents.
Pentathlon

A pentathlon is a sports contest with five different events. The name comes from two Greek words. Pente means five and athlon means competition. The first pentathlon was in Ancient Greece and was part of the Ancient Olympic Games. The five events were long jump, javelin throw, and discus throw, followed by the stadion (a short foot race) and wrestling.
Modern pentathlon
The modern pentathlon is a sports contest that includes five events. They are pistol shooting, fencing, 200 m freestyle swimming, show jumping, and a 3 km cross-country run. It was invented by Pierre de Coubertin.
The event was first held at the 1912 Olympic Games. It was won by Swedish athlete Gosta Lilliehook. Since 1949 there is a yearly World Championship unless there is an Olympic Game.
Jump into the Fire

"Jump into the Fire" is a 1972 song by Harry Nilsson and taken from his seventh studio album Nilsson Schmilsson. It went to number 27 in the United States and number 16 in Canada and was covered by Chris Cornell in 2020.
1972 songs
Harry Nilsson songs
Chris Cornell songs
Hard rock songs
Gaelic handball

Gaelic handball is a game where two players use their hands to return a ball against a wall. The game is similar to American handball; Gaelic handballers play against their US counterparts.
Claude Lombard

Claude Lombard (25 February 1945 - 20 September 2021) was a Belgian pop singer. She was best known for her participation in the 1968 Eurovision Song Contest. She performed "Quand tu reviendras" ("When You Come Back"), representing Belgium. She was born in Brussels.
Lombard died on 20 September 2021 in Brussels at the age of 76.
Valery Karpin

Valery Karpin (born 2 February 1969) is a former Russian football player. He has played for Soviet Union national team and Russia national team.
Garland, Maine

Garland is a town in Penobscot County, Maine, United States.
Northern Canada

Northern Canada, sometimes referred to by Canadians as simply the North, is the vast northernmost region of Canada. The term refers to the three territories of Canada: Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut. Other parts of Northern Canada may include Northern Quebec and Northern Labrador.
Relaxin

Relaxin is a peptide hormone.
Function
In humans
Relaxin is produced in females. It rises to a peak about 14 days after ovulation, and then declines if the egg is not fertilised. During the first three months of pregnancy, levels rise and more relaxin is produced. Relaxin adjusts blood supply during pregnancy. It also relaxes pelvic ligaments. It softens the pubic symphysis (the ligaments joining the bottom of the pelvis).
In males, relaxin also has a function: it enhances motility of sperm in semen.
In other animals
In animals, relaxin widens the pubic bone and facilitates labor. It also softens the cervix (cervical ripening), and relaxes the uterine musculature. Thus, for a long time, relaxin was looked at as a pregnancy hormone. However, its significance may reach much further. Relaxin affects collagen metabolism, inhibiting collagen synthesis and enhancing its breakdown.