kenhktsui/simple_wikipedia_LM_quality_score_v1 huggingface dataset:
Reinforcement learning

Reinforcement learning (RL) is teaching a software agent how to behave in an environment by telling it how well it's doing. It is an area of machine learning inspired by behaviorist psychology.
Reinforcement learning is different from supervised learning because the correct inputs and outputs are never shown. Also, reinforcement learning usually learns as it goes (online learning) unlike supervised learning. This means an agent has to choose between exploring and sticking with what it knows best.
Introduction
A reinforcement learning system is made of a policy (), a reward function (), a value function (), and an optional model of the environment.
A policy tells the agent what to do in a certain situation. It can be a simple table of rules, or a complicated search for the correct action. Policies can even be stochastic, which means instead of rules the policy assigns probabilities to each action. A policy by itself can make an agent do things, but it can't learn on its own.
A reward function defines the goal for an agent. It takes in a state (or a state and the action taken at that state) and gives back a number called the reward, which tells the agent how good it is to be in that state. The agent's job is to get the biggest amount of reward it possibly can in the long run. If an action yields a low reward, the agent will probably take a better action in the future. Biology uses reward signals like pleasure or pain to make sure organisms stay alive to reproduce. Reward signals can also be stochastic, like a slot machine at a casino, where sometimes they pay and sometimes they don't.
A value function tells an agent how much reward it will get following a policy starting from state . It represents how desirable it is to be in a certain state. Since the value function isn't given to the agent directly, it needs to come up with a good guess or estimate based on the reward it's gotten so far. Value function estimation is the most important part of most reinforcement learning algorithms.
A model is the agent's mental copy of the environment. It's used to plan future actions.
Knowing this, we can talk about the main loop for a reinforcement learning episode. The agent interacts with the environment in discrete time steps. Think of it like the "tick-tock" of a clock. With discrete time, things only happen during the "ticks" and the "tocks", and not in between. At each time , the agent observes the environment's state and picks an action based on a policy . The next time step, the agent receives a reward signal and a new observation . The value function is updated using the reward. This continues until a terminal state is reached.
Kenya African National Union

The Kenya African National Union is a Kenyan political party. It ruled for nearly 40 years after Kenya's independence from British colonial rule in 1963 until 2002. It was called Kenya African Union from 1944 but due to pressure from the colonial government it changed its name to Kenya African Study Union mainly because all political parties were banned in 1939 following the start of the Second World War. In 1946 it called itself Kenya African Union after Harry Thuku resigned as president due to internal differences between the moderates who wanted peaceful negotiations and the militants who wanted to use force. The militants formed The forty Group, which later became the Mau Mau. The president was then James Gichuru. After him was Jomo Kenyatta in 1947. The organisation was banned by the colonial government from 1952 to 1960. It was set up again by James Gichuru in 1960 and renamed KANU on 14 May 1960 when it joined with Tom Mboya's Kenya Independence Movement.
Ripollet

Ripollet is a municipality of 39,179 people (2020). It is in the province of Barcelona in the autonomous community of Catalonia in Spain.
Emma Lazarus

Emma Lazarus (22 July 1849 - 19 November 1887) was an American poet and playwright of Jewish origin.
Lazarus was one of seven children of Moses and Esther Nathan Lazarus. Her father's family came from Portugal. She became interested in Jewish tradition after reading Daniel Deronda by George Eliot. She never married, although she was considered a pretty woman. Emma Lazarus died of Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Lazarus wrote many lyric poems. She used classic forms like rhyme royal and ottava rima (in the cycle named Epochs). She was especially good at writing sonnets. Her best known work is the sonnet The New Colossus. It was placed at The Statue of Liberty in New York. She also translated into English poems by romantic German poet Henrich Heine. As a journalist she always protested against any kind of discrimination.
Pickford's House Museum

Pickford's House Museum of Georgian Life and Costume, No 41 Friar Gate Derby, is a nice Georgian house built by the great architect Joseph Pickford in 1770 for his own family. Pickford had a number of notable customers. One of them was a painter Joseph Wright, whose works can be found in local Derby Museum. The Pickford's museum that was set up in 1988 shows the housing of a late Georgian professional person. The ground floor is furnished as it might have been in Pickford's time together with displays of eighteenth and nineteenth century costume. It is owned and run by the Derby City Council.
Sarah McLachlan

Sarah Ann McLachlan (born January 28, 1968) is a Canadian singer-songwriter who is known for her emotional music. She was adopted and raised in Halifax, Nova Scotia. She went to the Nova Scotia College of Art and Design, then moved to Vancouver, British Columbia.
Her recording company, Nettwerk, released her first album in 1988. After recording several albums, she organized the all-female music festival Lilith Fair in 1997, 1998, and 1999. Some of the money made from these concerts went to women's charities. McLachlan received the Elizabeth Cady Stanton Visionary Award in 1998 for helping women's music.
She married her drummer, Ashwin Sood, in 1997. They have a daughter, India, born in 2002.
McLachlan has been written about in magazines such as Rolling Stone, Time, and Entertainment Weekly. She has won Grammy and Juno awards for her music.
She funds a Vancouver program that helps poor children learn music. She has played at charity concerts, such as for victims of the December 26, 2004 tsunami and at the 2005 Live 8 concert in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Some of McLachlan's best-known songs include "The Path of Thorns", "Into the Fire", "Possession", "Building a Mystery", "Sweet Surrender", "Adia", "Angel", and "World on Fire".
Influences
McLachlan stated music artists like Cowboy Junkies, Kate Bush, Tom Waits, 10,000 Maniacs, Sinead O'Connor, Joni Mitchell, Peter Gabriel, Cocteau Twins, Daniel Lanois, Kate & Anna McGarrigle, Laura Nyro, Sandy Denny, Suzanne Vega, U2, Rickie Lee Jones, Stevie Nicks, Anne Murray, Jane Siberry and Bruce Cockburn as influences.
Albums
Albums with only new songs:
Touch (1988)
Solace (1991)
Fumbling Towards Ecstacy (1993)
Surfacing (1997)
Afterglow (2003)
Live albums
Mirrorball (1999)
Afterglow Live (2004)
Live EPs (shorter albums) were released in 1992 and 2004.
Other albums
The Freedom Sessions (1994)
Rarities, B-Sides and Other Stuff (1996)
Albums called Murmers were released only for her fan club every year from 1995 to 2001.
Two remix albums were released, in 2001 and 2005.
Popstars

Popstars is a reality show where a number of people audition of a spot in a new popgroup. The concept has been sold to most parts of the world.
Also solo artists has been searched for in this show, Girls Aloud are one of the most famous groups coming out from the reality show also Nicole Scherzinger from Pussycat Dolls audition for a spot on Edens Crush on American Popstars.
Christopher Eccleston

Christopher Eccleston (born 16 February 1964) is an English actor. He played the Ninth Doctor on Doctor Who in 2005. Before playing the doctor, he played the Son of God in The Second Coming. He has acted in movies, such as Let Him Have It, Shallow Grave, and Gone in 60 Seconds.
Eccleston is an atheist.
Dorking

Dorking is a town on the A24 road in Surrey, England. It is the setting of the 1871 novel, The Battle of Dorking.
Leissigen

Leissigen is a municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.
Anne Wood

Anne Wood CBE (born December 1, 1937) is a British children's television producer. Her independent production company, "Ragdoll Productions", was founded in 1984 and specialises in making original programming for children 10 and under. Ragdoll is based in Stratford-upon-Avon, UK and has produced Pob, Brum, Rosie and Jim, Tots TV, Teletubbies, Boohbah and most recently In the Night Garden.
She has won a BAFTA.
Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory

The Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory is the apex court of the Australian Capital Territory.
Kenny the Shark

Ms. Hattie is an ill-tempered elder seen in Naughty Naughty Kenny who seems nice at first, but then becomes "bad to the bone".
Gezabelle is Ms. Hattie's pet cat seen in Naughty Naughty Kenny.
Buster is a fierce-looking killer whale with a temperament to match. He thinks lowly of Kenny (due to tiger sharks being his natural prey), and has him do his bidding by threatening to swallow him.
Episodes
Season 1 (2003-2004)
Season 2 (2004-2005)
Broadcast
The series aired on Discovery Kids and premiered in the United States on November 1, 2003 (along with Tutenstein). The final episode aired on February 19, 2005. After the series ended, reruns continued to air on Discovery Family until August 28, 2022.
The series first broadcast internationally on CITV from April 2004 in the UK and later on DMAX.
Home media
The series was released on DVD in the United States by Genius Products and Discovery Home Entertainment with 2 volumes in 2007, and a third volume in 2008.
Three DVD volumes from Magna Pacific in Australia entitled "First Bite" (with 10 short episodes), "Second Bite" (with 8 short episodes) and "Third Bite" (with 8 short episodes) were released in 2005.
The first 10 episodes became available for purchase in the United States on the iTunes Store in 2009.
Kathryn Janeway

Kathryn Janeway is a character in the American TV series Star Trek: Voyager. She is the captain of the starship Voyager.
1854

Events
January 6 - The fictional detective Sherlock Holmes is born.
March 20 -The Boston Public Library opens to the public.
June 24 - Franz Liszt shows Franz Schubert's opera Alfonso und Estrella in Weimar. This was thirty-two years after it was composed.
August 9 -Johann succeeds to the throne of Saxony on the death of his brother.
October 6 -The great fire of Newcastle and Gateshead in England
November 5 -Crimean War - Battle of Inkerman: The Russians are defeated.
December 3 - Eureka Stockade miner's rebellion, Ballarat, Australia
The French fashion label Louis Vuitton is founded.
Jeju-do

This article is about the province. For the island itself, see Jeju Island. For the World Heritage Site, see Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes.
Jeju-do (Korean for Jeju Province) is a province in South Korea. Most of Jeju Province is Jeju Island, which is the largest island in South Korea. The island was created as a result of a volcanic eruption. Jeju-do is in the southern part of South Korea. Many people visit this island on honeymoon or to sight-see. Because Jeju-do is in the southern part of South Korea, it's warmer than the rest of South Korea.
Jejudo has exotic views and fruits compared to other places in South Korea. A few things it is famous for are Jeonbokjuk (a kind of congee made of abalone) and Dekopon. Hallasan, the highest mountain in South Korea, is at the center of Jeju-do. The Natural World Heritage Site Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes is also on the island.
History
From ancient times, Jeju-do has been said to have plenty of women, winds, and stones.
Jeju-do is the only special autonomous province in South Korea. It was established on July 1, 2006. Before that, it had been an independent province since 1946. During the Japanese occupation of Korea, Jeju was called Jeju Myeon and considered part of South Jeolla Province.
In the middle of the 20th century, the Korean War divided Korea into two countries, North Korea and South Korea. In 1948, there was an uprising on Jeju Island. The government of what would become South Korea burned down most of the villages on Jeju Island and killed 30,000 people. People disagree about exactly what happened and why. Some people say the government was trying to stop Communists and other people say the Jeju Islanders who were killed were rebels who didn't want the country cut into two pieces. In 2003, the government of South Korea apologized.
Culture
Many television shows, for example Dae Jang Geum, are filmed in Jejudo.
The people who live in Jeju Province do not speak exactly the same type of Korean as other Koreans. The Jeju dialect is recognized as a separate language, the Jeju language. Women have been an important part of family economics in Jeju-do. People on Jeju-do tie some ropes over their roof so that it can withstand strong winds. Jeju island is based on basalt. Because basalt has many holes, people had trouble with getting water to drink. As a result, they used Heobeok to carry water.
There are many doll hareubang basalt sculptures on Jeju. This is "stone grandfather" in English. They are made out of basalt stone.
Haenyo is the professional job of getting seafood. Most haenyo divers are women. They can hold their breath for two minutes and dive to 20 meters to collect abalone, oysters, and other edible animals.
Barbara the Fair with the Silken Hair

Barbara the Fair with the Silken Hair () is a 1970 Soviet fantasy movie directed by Alexander Rou. It stars Mikhail Pugovkin, Georgy Millyar, and Anatoly Kubatsky.
The Carpenters

The Carpenters were an American musical duo. The members were Richard Carpenter and his sister Karen. Starting in 1969, the duo had many popular songs including "We've Only Just Begun", "Close to You", "Sing", "Rainy Days and Mondays", "Calling Occupants of Interplanetary Craft" and others. They continued until Karen's death in 1983 of bulimia in Downey, California. They sold over 100 million albums.
Pope

This article is about Popes in general. For the current Pope, see Pope Francis.
The Pope is the head of the Catholic Church.
Popes are elected by Cardinals of the Catholic Church. Once they are elected they hold the position until they die or resign. Usually they do not resign, though; Pope Benedict XVI is the only Pope to resign in the last 500 years. A newly elected Pope chooses a regnal name. Everyone is told this new name when the Habemus Papam is read out. The current pope (Francis) was called Jorge Bergoglio before he became a pope.
The name Pope comes from the Greek word pappas, meaning "father". Catholics believe that when making statements ex cathedra, that is official statements teaching about faith and morals, the Pope is infallible - which means God will not allow his followers to be misled by allowing their leader to make a wrong statement. Only two of any Pope's statements have been ex cathedra.
Popes today travel to many countries around the world preaching. The Pope is the only person in the world who both leads the church and government. Like other bishops he wears a big hat called a mitre and holds a staff called a crosier.
Recent popes
Some recent Popes, and the time they were Pope:
Pope John XXIII, 1958-1963
Pope Paul VI, 1963-1978
Pope John Paul I, 1978
Pope John Paul II, 1978-2005
Pope Benedict XVI, 2005-2013
Pope Francis, current pope
The Popes in Avignon
During parts of the Middle Ages, the French kings had a lot of influence in Europe. For this reason, seven popes (and two anti-popes) lived in Avignon, rather than Rome. The Avignon Papacy was from 1309 to 1377. During that time, the popes were known for their greed and corruption. These popes were allies of France; the enemies of France were also their enemies.
The Bishops of Rome who lived in Avignon were:
Pope Clement V: 1305-1314
Pope John XXII: 1316-1334
Pope Benedict XII: 1334-1342
Pope Clement VI: 1342-1352
Pope Innocent VI: 1352-1362
Pope Urban V: 1362-1370
Pope Gregory XI: 1370-1378
Two antipopes were based in Avignon as well:
Clement VII: 1378-1394
Benedict XIII: 1394-1423 (expelled from Avignon in 1403)
Antipopes were people that were elected by small groups who did not like the official choice.
Catherine of Siena convinced pope Gregory XI to move back to Rome. Unfortunately, he died shortly after moving. The cardinals then elected Urban VI to be the next pope. The French cardinals did not recognise this election as legitimate. They declared the papal see as vacant; which led to the Western Schism. The schism lasted until the Council of Constance in 1417. During this time, there was a pope in Rome, an Antipope in Avignon, and for some time, a second antipope. Each of the three was recognised as legitimate pope by different European powers. This led to a big split in the church as a whole. The council elected Pope Martin V as a new pope, recognised by all parties.
Natal, Rio Grande do Norte

Natal is a Brazilian city, capital of the state of Rio Grande do Norte. It has about 780,000 inhabitants and an area of 170 km2.
College Station, Arkansas

College Station is a census-designated place (CDP) in the U.S. state of Arkansas.
AVN Award for Male Performer of the Year

The AVN Award for Male Performer of the Year is an award that has been given annually by sex industry company AVN since the award's creation in 1993.
Particle size

Particle size (general) provides general definitions of the particle size notion.
Particle size (grain size) provides specific details for particle size of soils, powders, gravel, etc.
Verjon

Verjon is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.
Pendleton Ward

Pendleton "Pen" Ward (born July 8, 1982) is an American animator, musician, screenwriter and producer who works for Cartoon Network Studios and Frederator Studios. He created the three-time Emmy-nominated Adventure Time (2010).
Ward was born on July 8, 1982 in Los Angeles, California. He studied at CalArts.
Java ME

Java ME (Java, Platorm, Micro, Edition) is a Linux-based platform designed for running dedicated applets. For example, your smart TV might run Java ME, your car's media player might run Java ME. it is also compatible with the internet of things.
Marsha Thomason

Marsha Thomason (born January 19, 1976 ) is an English actress. She acted on the television series Las Vegas.
Occipital bone

The occipital bone is a bone at the lower back of the skull. At the base of the skull (and the occipital bone) there's a large opening, called foramen magnum, where the spinal chord passes into the skull.
La Liga

The Campeonato Nacional de Liga de Primera Division, commonly known as Primera Division, or La Liga, and officially known as LALIGA EA SPORTS (stylized as all caps) for sponsorship reasons, is the men's top professional football league of the Spanish football league system. It is contested by 20 teams.
2023-2024 clubs
Real Madrid CF
FC Barcelona
Atletico Madrid
Real Sociedad
Villarreal CF
Real Betis
Athletic Bilbao
Sevilla F.C.
Valencia CF
RC Celta de Vigo
C.A. Osasuna
Getafe CF
R.C.D. Mallorca
Girona FC
Union Deportiva Almeria
Rayo Vallecano
Cadiz CF
Granada C.F.
Alburnoides bipunctatus

Alburnoides bipunctatus is a species of small fish that lives in freshwater. It is also known as the schneider, the spirlin, the bleak, and the riffle minnow. It lives in very calm waters.
Jane Leeves

Jane Elizabeth Leeves (born 18 April 1961) is an English actress. She played Daphne Moon on the NBC television sitcom Frasier from 1993 until 2004. She is also known for her role as Joy Scroggs on TV Land's sitcom Hot in Cleveland.
Vallan

Vallan is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Dieterich, Illinois

Dieterich is a village in Illinois in the United States.
Monee, Illinois

Monee is a village in Will County, Illinois, United States. The population was 5,148 at the 2010 census.
Willie & Phil

Willie & Phil is a 1980 American comedy drama movie directed by Paul Mazursky and starring Michael Ontkean, Margot Kidder, Ray Sharkey, Jan Miner, Kathleen Maguire, Jerry Hall. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.
John Holt (singer)

John Kenneth Holt (11 July 1945 - 19 October 2014) was a Jamaican reggae singer and songwriter. He first found fame as a member of the Paragons, before establishing himself as a solo artist.
Holt died on 19 October 2014 in a London hospital, aged 69.
Ole Thestrup

Ole Svane Thestrup (12 March 1948 - 2 February 2018) was a Danish actor. He appeared in many Danish movies, mainly by those directed by Anders Thomas Jensen. He had a recurring role in the political drama series Borgen. He was born in Nibe, Denmark.
Thestrup's early television roles included the comedy series Een stor familie (1982-1983) and the 1986 Christmas calendar show Jul pa Slottet. He retired in April 2017.
Suffering from alcoholism, Thestrup was arrested and later imprisoned in Canada for boarding a plane drunk.
Thestrup died on 2 February 2018, in his home in Tuse Naes, Denmark from lung cancer at the age of 69.
Oviya (TV series)

Oviya () is an 2018 Indian Tamil language drama airing on Colors Tamil which is directed by Sai Maruthu and starring Surendar Shanmugam, Gomathi Priya and Harshala in lead roles. The plot of the series is the remake of a Hindi language television series Uttaran which aired on COLORS TV.
The series is airing on Colors Tamil from November 26, 2018 on Monday to Saturday at 18:30 (IST) time slot. The story is about friends Oviya (Gomathi Priya) and Gayathri (Harshala) and how that friendship is tested by their love interests over Surendar.
Neila Tavares

Neila Tavares (18 September 1948 - 4 June 2022) was a Brazilian actress, television presenter and journalist. She was born in Niteroi, Brazil. Tavares began her career in 1968. She was known for her roles in telenovelas such as Anjo Mau and Gabriela. She retired from acting in 2013. She also worked as a presenter for Rede Manchete and TVE Brasil.
Tavares died from emphysema on 4 June 2022 in Rio das Ostras, Brazil at the age of 73.
Sandro da Silva

Sandro Andre da Silva (born March 5, 1974) is a former Brazilian football player.
Vestal Virgin

The Vestals or Vestal Virgins were a group of priestesses of the Roman goddess Vesta, in Ancient Rome.
The Vestals were a part of the College of Pontiffs (Collegium Pontificum). They were responsible for looking after the "sacred fire" of Vesta, which was not allowed to go out. Unlike most other women in Roman society, the Vestals were forbidden to marry or bear children, and took a vow of chastity when they joined the priesthood, which lasted for a minimum of 30 years.
They were daughters chosen before puberty from a number of suitable candidates, from two living parents who both had to be free-born residents (not slaves or freed slaves) of Rome. Before the 3rd century BC, candidates for Vestal priesthoods had to be of patrician birth. Membership was opened to plebeians in the 3rd century BC.
They retired when their term of service ended after 30 years. Vestals who retired, typically in their late 30's to early 40s, were allowed to marry, but were often too old to bear children.
Vestal Virgins who broke their vow of chastity, were ritually killed by being buried alive.
Seymour Benzer

Seymour Benzer (October 15, 1921 - November 30, 2007) was an American physicist, biologist and geneticist. He was of Jewish descent.
His career began during the molecular biology revolution of the 1950s, and he eventually rose to prominence in the fields of molecular and behavioral genetics. He led a genetics research lab at Purdue University and at the California Institute of Technology.
Benzer made fundamental discoveries in two quite different fields of genetics. He got his PhD in solid-state physics, but soon switched to genetics after he read Erwin Schrodinger's book What is Life?
Phage genetics
At Purdue University, Benzer developed the "T4 rII system", a new genetic technique. This used recombination in T4 bacteriophage rII mutants to map the inside structure of genes. Benzer realized that by generating many r mutants and recording the recombination frequency between different r strains, he could make a detailed map of the gene, much as Alfred Sturtevant had done for chromosomes.<ref name=Weiner>Weiner, Jonathan 1999. Time, love, memory: a great biologist and his quest for the origins of behavior. New York: Knopf. </ref>
Taking advantage of the enormous number of recombinants that could be analyzed in the rII mutant system, Benzer was eventually able to map over 2400 rII mutations. The data he collected provided the first evidence that the gene is not an indivisible entity, as previously believed, and that genes were linear. Based on his rII data, Benzer also proposed distinct classes of mutations including deletions, point mutations, missense mutations, and nonsense mutations.Holmes F.L. & Summers W.C. 2006. Reconceiving the gene: Seymour Benzer's adventures in phage genetics. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Behavioral genetics
Benzer was one of the first scientists in the field of behavioral genetics. As the field began to emerge in the 1960s and 70s, Benzer found himself in scientific opposition to another of the field's leading researchers, Jerry Hirsch.
Hirsch believed that behaviors were so complex they could not be explained as the action of single genes, Benzer thought behaviors might be directed by single genes. Both researchers tried their ideas out on Drosophila''. Hirsch artificially selected for behaviors of interest over many generations, while Benzer used methods to isolate mutants for a particular behavior. Benzer and Hirsch's competing philosophies developed behavioral genetics, and helped it become a legitimate area of study in the scientific community.
Honors and awards (selection)
Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1959)
Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research (1971)
Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University (1976),
National Medal of Science (1982)
Thomas Hunt Morgan Medal (1986)
Wolf Prize in Medicine (1991)
Crafoord Prize (1993)
NAS Award in the Neurosciences from the National Academy of Sciences (2001)
Gairdner Foundation International Award (2004) (second award)
He was a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, the Royal Society and the French Academy of Sciences.
Irsta

Irsta is a locality in Vasteras Municipality in Vastmanland County in Sweden. In 2010, 2,717 people lived there.
Ronald Senator

Ronald Senator (17 April 1926 - 30 April 2015) was a British composer. He was best known for Holocaust Requiem, for which he was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize. He had concerts in New York (1990, 1998, 2001), London (1989, 1997), Sydney (1978), Moscow (1993), and St. Petersburg (1991).
Senator studied at Oxford University (1944-1947) with Austrian-born British composer Egon Wellesz. He was Jewish and married to Miriam Brickman. He lived in London and New York, United States.
Senator and his 81-year-old wife died in a fire on 30 April 2015 at their home in Yonkers, New York. He was 89.
Robert Armstrong, Baron Armstrong of Ilminster

Robert Temple Armstrong, Baron Armstrong of Ilminster, (30 March 1927 - 3 April 2020) was a British Lord Temporal and former civil servant. From 1970 to 1975 he was the Principal Private Secretary to the Prime Minister. He was knighted in 1978. From 1979 to 1987, he served as Cabinet Secretary under Margaret Thatcher.
Chiesanuova, Piedmont

Chiesanuova is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Italian region of Piedmont.
Bethel, Vermont

Bethel is a town in Windsor County, Vermont, United States.
Chiang Kai-shek

Chiang Kai-shek was a Chinese nationalist politician and military leader who was President of the Republic of China, born in Xikou on October 31, 1887. His father was a merchant who died when Chiang was eight years old. Chiang became an officer in the army of the Manchu empire, but supported the Chinese Xinhai Revolution of 1911 that converted China into a republic.
He led the Republic of China from 1930 to 1949 on mainland China until he was overthrown by Mao Zedong in the Chinese Civil War. He fled to Taiwan where he ruled from 1950 until his death in 1975, although his government was still officially called the Republic of China.
Military career
After his father died, Chiang joined the army. At first, he went to Baoding in northern China to study military science. Later, he went to Japan to learn more about the military. On October 10, 1911, Chiang Kai-Shek came back to China.
In 1918, he joined the Nationalist Party of Sun Yat-sen. Sun Yat-sen helped Jiang Kai-Shek make a military academic school called Huangpu Military School. In 1926 and 1927 he led the Northern Expedition to conquer local warlords and unify China. After Sun Yat-sen died, he pushed out the Communists in 1927. In 1928, he made a new government in Nanjing, and became head of the state. He focused on fighting the Communists and the Empire of Japan. In 1937, Japan began to invade China, and Chiang was in charge of the Nationalist Chinese Army, until the war ended in 1945. Chiang ruled China until 1949, when Mao Zedong, who led the Communist Party of China, attacked Chiang and his officials, and they were forced to flee to Taiwan.
Prime Minister of North Macedonia

The Prime Minister of North Macedonia, officially the President of the Government of the Republic of North Macedonia (; ), is the head of government of North Macedonia. The first Prime Minister of the Republic of Macedonia (now North Macedonia) was Nikola Kljusev from 27 January 1991 to 17 August 1992.
The current Prime Minister of North Macedonia is Dimitar Kovacevski.
Pudding Mill Lane DLR station

Pudding Mill Lane is a Docklands Light Railway (DLR) station in Stratford, London, England. The station is located on the DLR's Stratford branch, between Bow Church and Stratford stations and is on the boundary between Travelcard Zone 2 and Zone 3.
History
The station opened in 1996 on the road of the same name. This was once a light industrial area of Stratford, but it was redeveloped into a housing development called Pudding Mill Lane. It was next to the Olympic Park but it was closed for the duration of the 2012 Olympic Games and reopened on 12 September 2012. The original island platform station was permanently closed on 18 April 2014 to allow for the construction of a ramp from the new Crossrail portal nearby. A new larger station, built a short distance to the south, opened on 28 April 2014.
Greensboro sit-ins

The Greensboro sit-ins were a series of peaceful protests that happened in Greensboro, North Carolina. They happened from February 1 to July 25, 1960. Many of them happened at the F. W. Woolworth Company store (a convenience store).
There were four men influenced by non-violent protest. Ralph Johns helped put there protest together. The four men were inspired by Mahatma Gandhi. They were inspired by the freedom riders. They planned their protest very carefully. By February 8, 500 people joined the protest. They sat at the table. They wanted to be served, but did not get served. The owners didn't want the black people to sit there because they did not like the color of their skin. They sat at the counter because they didn't care for there rules and the men wanted their food. The four men were students at the North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University. At Woolworth's you could only sit on the stools if you were white. This started because these four men wanted to prove a point about segregation.
Gustine, California

Gustine is a city of Merced County, in the U.S. state of California. It is found west of Merced. In 2020, 6,110 people lived there.
F. Sherwood Rowland

Frank Sherwood "Sherry" Rowland (June 28, 1927 - March 10, 2012) was an American Nobel Prize-winning chemist. He was a professor of chemistry at the University of California, Irvine. His research was on atmospheric chemistry and chemical kinetics.
His best-known work was the discovery that chlorofluorocarbons role in ozone depletion.
He won the 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Mario Molina and Paul J. Crutzen. Rowland worked as a professor at the University of California, Irvine.
Rowland died on March 10, 2012 in Newport Beach, California from problems caused by Parkinson's disease, aged 84.
Scalar (physics)

In physics, a scalar or scalar quantities are the physical quantity which are expressed only by their magnitude without detection. The contrary notion is vector.
Paul McNulty

Paul McNulty (born 1953 in Houston, Texas) is a piano builder specialising in historical pianos. He creates replicas of fortepianos after makers such as Silbermann, Stein, Walter, Graf etc.
Education
McNulty studied classical guitar and lute at the Peabody Conservatory in 1976. In 1978 he continued his studies at the New England School of Stringed Keyboard Instrument Technology. After attending a seminar at the Steinway factory in New York he was accepted for a technician position there, but chose a career of a fortepiano builder instead.
Life and career
In 1986 McNulty moved to Amsterdam and then later to the Czech Republic. Since 1995 he has been living and working as a piano builder in Divisov. His fortepiano replicas are suitable for performing works of Chopin, Liszt, Brahms, Mozart and Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach. Classical musicians such as Paul Badura-Skoda, Kristian Bezuidenhout, Ronald Brautigam, Alexei Lubimov that are known for their performances and recordings on period instruments used McNulty's replicas in their concerts or purchased instruments for their own collections.
Paul McNulty was described by the New Grove Dictionary as "famous for the high standards of [his] instruments".
Johann Pesser

Johann Erik Pesser (7 November 1911 - 12 August 1986) was an Austrian football striker and coach.
Career
From 1930 to 1942 Pesser played SK Rapid Vienna. During this time he played in 146 league matches and scored 44 goals. He played four games for the OFB Cup. Because Austria was occupied in 1938 by Nazi-Germany he played twelve games in the Tschammerpokal and in eleven final round games for the German championship.
International career
He played 8 caps and scored 3 goals for the Austria national football team. After the annexation of Austria by Germany, he earned 12 caps and scored 2 goals for the Germany national football team. He participated in the 1938 FIFA World Cup. and later also managed the team, and also briefly managed the Austria national team.
Manager career
He had a successfull time as coach from 1945 to 1966 . Between 1945 and 1953 he was coach of SK Rapid Wien. He won four championships and one national and one Zentropacup. From 1953 to 1960 he was manager of Wiener Sport-Club. He won two championships. Then he was manager of of SK Admira Wien. During this time he won a championship and two national cups.
He was assistant coachfor the Austrian national team in the 1946/47 season (under Eduard Bauer), 1953/54 (under Walter Nausch) and 1957/58 (under Josef Argauer). During the 1954 World Cup he was assistant coach with Eduard Fruhwirth under Walter Nausch.
Yambem

Yambem is a Meitei Manipuri surname or family name which has Indian origin. People of this family mainly inhabit in Manipur, India. Members of this family have contributed in different fields and development of the state. They belong to the Khuman clan or yek of Meitei people.
Liga MX

Liga MX, known as the Primera Division de Mexico before the 2012-13 season, is the top football league in Mexico.
Like most football leagues in Latin America, Liga MX divides its season into two phases--Apertura and Clausura (Spanish for "opening" and "closing"), with different champions in each phase. The Apertura is held in the Northern Hemisphere fall (autumn), and the Clausura in spring.
Hugh Morrow (footballer)

Hugh "Hughie" Morrow (9 July 1930 - 28 October 2020) was a Northern Irish footballer and manager. He played in the Football League for West Bromwich Albion and Northampton Town, and in non-league football for Nuneaton Borough, Lockheed Leamington and Kettering Town. He was born in Larne, Northern Ireland.
Morrow died on 27th October 2020 at the age of 90.
Jared Bernstein

Jared Bernstein (born 1955) is an American economist and politician who has been 31st Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers since 2023. He was a senior fellow at the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities.
From 2009 to 2011, Bernstein was the chief economist and economic adviser to Vice President Joe Biden. In 2021, President Biden picked him to be a Member of the Council of Economic Advisers.
In February 2023, President Biden nominated Bernstein to serve as Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers. On June 13, 2023, the United States Senate invoked cloture on Bernstein's nomination by a 50-49 vote. He was confirmed later that day by a 50-49 vote.
Regis Pitbull

Regis Fernandes Silva (born 22 September 1976), also known by the nickname Regis or Regis Pitbull, is a Brazilian professional athlete. He is best known as a football player.
Excel

Excel may refer to:
Microsoft Excel, a spreadsheet application by Microsoft Corporation
Excel (gum), a brand of chewing gum produced by Wrigley's
Excel (band), a crossover thrash-punk band from Venice, California
Excel (Excel Saga), the protagonist in the manga and anime series Excel Saga
Excel (festival), a national technical festival conducted by Model Engineering College, Kochi, India
La Bazouge-de-Chemeré

La Bazouge-de-Chemere is a commune of 504 people (2006). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
Nikola Pokrivač

Nikola Pokrivac (born 26 November 1985 in Cakovec, Croatia) is a Croatian footballer who plays as defensive midfielder for Red Bull Salzburg in the Austrian Bundesliga.
Career
Pokrivac started to play football with Bratstvo Jurovec, near his hometown. His youthteams were also Cakovec and Varteks Varazdin .In Varazdin he started his professional career which brought him over Dinamo Zagreb, AS Monaco to Red Bull Salzburg in the Austrian Bundesliga.In this team he plays not regularly, in the 2010/11 season he played eight matches.
International career
Pokrivac has played for the Croatian under-21 national team and has also played at under-17 and under-19 levels. He played 39 matches and scored three goals for all Croatian youth national teams between 2001 and 2006.
On 5 May 2008he became member of the team for the UEFA Euro 2008 finals in Austria and Switzerland, where he only played in the last group match against Poland. His debut was on 24 May 2008 in a friendly match against Moldova in Rijeka, coming forbstitute for Niko Kovac in the 59th minute. Another five matches he played in the qualifying round for the FIFA World Cup 2010.
Becky Ruehl

Becky Ruehl is a retired diver from USA. Ruehl competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics. She was born on 23 December 1977.
Ernolsheim-Bruche

Ernolsheim-Bruche is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.
Masaki Saito

Masaki Saito (born 23 June 1980) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Sagamihara.
King Lear (1971 USSR movie)

King Lear () is a 1971 Soviet drama movie directed by Grigori Kozintsev. It stars Juri Jarvet, Elza Radzina, and Galina Volchek. The movie is based on William Shakespeare's play King Lear.
Peoria Rivermen

The Peoria Rivermen were an American professional ice hockey team that played in the American Hockey League from 2005 to 2013. They play in Peoria, Illinois at the Carver Arena.
The AHL announced that on June 14, 2013, the Rivermen franchise would relocate to Utica, New York and be known as the Utica Comets for the 2013-14 AHL season.
Berthe's mouse lemur

Berthe's mouse lemur or Madame Berthe's mouse lemur (Microcebus berthae) is the smallest mouse lemur and the smallest primate in the world. Its average body length is and seasonal weight is around .
This primate was found in 1992 in the dry Kirindy Forest in western Madagascar. After its discovery genetic studies showed it was as a new species, M. berthae.
This lemur is named after the conservationist and primatologist Berthe Rakotosamimanana of Madagascar, who was the Secretary General of the Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherche des Primates (GERP) from its founding until her death in 2005.
TV Asahi

TV Asahi (Rising Sun television) is a television network in Japan. It started in 1957. In 1996, Masayoshi Son collaborated with Rupert Murdoch and became the largest shareholder, but the Asahi Shinbun purchased it in 1997. TV Asahi was invaded also by the right-wing yakuza and a president of publisher. For those reasons, former the executive of police organization became a company director.
Mondulkiri province

Mondulkiri is a province in Cambodia. The capital city is Senmonorom. The province was created in 1961 from the eastern part of Kratie Province.
Three rivers cross the province - Srepok, Preaek Chhbaar, and Preaek te Rivers. It has several protected areas. These incldue Keo Seima Wildlife Sanctuary, Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary, and Srepok Wildlife Sanctuary.
John Butterfill

Sir John Valentine Butterfill FRICS (14 February 1941 - 7 November 2021) was a British politician. He was the Conservative Member of Parliament (MP). He represented Bournemouth West. His term lasted from 1983 until he retired during the 2010 general election. Butterfill was born in Kingston upon Thames, Surrey.
Butterfill died on 7 November 2021, aged 80.
American Dad!

American Dad! is an American adult animated sitcom. It is produced by Underdog Productions and Fuzzy Door Productions for 20th Television.
The series was first made by Seth MacFarlane, the creator of Family Guy, as well as two former Family Guy writers, Mike Barker and Matt Weitzman. The first episode aired in the United States on Fox on February 6, 2005, thirty minutes after the end of Super Bowl XXXIX. The regular series began May 1, 2005, after the season premiere of Family Guy.
The series follows the events of CIA agent Stan Smith and his family. Stan Smith is a CIA agent who is very patriotic, as well as being part of the Christian right. Stan tries to be in charge of the family, but often the things he does don't work out. Stan has a wife, Francine, and two kids, Hayley and Steve. Hayley (Haylee) is in college and is much more liberal than her father. Steve is in high school and is always dreaming about girls. Rounding out the family is Klaus, a talking fish with a German athlete's brain; and Roger Smith the Alien. The show moved to TBS in 2014.
The Hound of the Baskervilles (1982 TV serial)

The Hound of the Baskervilles (1982) is a British television programme. It was directed by Peter Duguid and starred Tom Baker as Sherlock Holmes and Terence Rigby as Doctor Watson. It is based on Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes novel The Hound of the Baskervilles.
Cast
Tom Baker as Sherlock Holmes
Terence Rigby as Dr. John H. Watson
Nicholas Woodeson as Sir Henry Baskerville
Christopher Ravenscroft as Stapleton
Kay Adshead as Beryl Stapleton
Will Knightley as Dr. Mortimer
Reception
The opinions of viewers at the time was divided The four-part serial aired in 1982, and it has not done better over time. Baker himself came to think of his performance as a failure.
Heightism

Height discrimination (also known as heightism) is prejudice or discrimination against people based on their height. It refers to the discriminatory treatment against people whose height is not within the normal acceptable range of height in a population. Many different studies have shown it to be a cause of bullying.
Ruth Klüger

Ruth Kluger (30 October 1931 - 5 October 2020) was an Austrian-born American educator and writer. She was a Professor Emerita of German Studies at the University of California, Irvine and a Holocaust survivor. She was the author of the bestseller weiter leben: Eine Jugend about her childhood in the Third Reich. She also wrote Still Alive. She was born in Vienna.
Kluger died on 5 October 2020 in Irvine, California from problems caused by bladder cancer at the age of 88.
Civil service

A civil servant or public servant is an employee who works in the civilian career public sector for a government department or agency. Many consider the study of civil service to be a part of the field of public administration. Who is a civil servant and who is not is different in different countries.
Workers in non-departmental public bodies, (called Quangos in some countries) may also be called civil servants in context with statistics. All people that may be called civil servants together form a nation's Civil Service or Public Service.
Jarral, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

The Union Council of Jarral is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.
Location
Jarral is 35 km from the city of Abbottabad. It is also approachable from Haripur, which is about 25 Kilometer from the town. It is in a valley which is surrounded by large forested mountains on three sides. These forests have a number of wild animals, such as jackals, wolves, pigs, porcupines and sometimes tigers. On the south of the valley there is the famous Tarbela Dam Jheel. The southern area of Jarral UC borders Haripur District. Jabbi is a scenic hill station in the suburbs of Jarral. Jarral has many small related areas:
Jabbi
Heeraan
Jabri
Bandi Dara
Nara Doga
Sorha Dara
Punj-khoeeyan
Swayee Dara
Pujwar
Kachian
Tarhaqi
Thalian
People
Jarral has a population of over 10,000. The local language is Hindko while Urdu and English are understood. The Tanoli is the main tribe of Jarral. But there is significant number of Awans and Syeds. A lot of people from Jarral are living abroad in countries like USA, UK, UAE, Saudi Arabia and other countries around the globe. Jarral is the main market area and people from nearby come to shop. A very beautiful mosque, the Jamia Masjid Jarral, is of historic and architectural significance. It is well known for old-styled wooden door, which is a mater piece of carved art on wood. This old town has also relics of thousands of years old deserted town on a nearby hill on west side.
Farming
Locals grow crops such as maize (makai) and wheat (kanak). Different vegetables are also grown by people for their own use.
Education
There are four schools in Jarral: Government Primary School for Boys, Govt High School for Boys, Govt Girls High School and Fatima Jinnah Public School Jarral (English Medium). Adult Literacy rate in Jarral is more than 80%.
Subdivisions
The Union Council is made up of the following areas: Bacha Sani, Kachhian, Pajwarh, Gul Bandi, Jabbi, Jarral, Khuliala, Bandi Dara, Sohai Dara, Sorha Dara, Kotnali and Nakhey Syedan.
Rakhine United F.C

Rakhine United Football Club is a professional football club, based in Arakan State.
The team was in the Myanmar National League in 2019.
Anson, Texas

Anson is a city in the US state of Texas. It is the county seat of Jones County. About 2,556 people lived there in 2000. Before 1882, the name was Jones City. In 1882, Anson was named for Anson Jones, the fifth President of the Republic of Texas.
Plectrohyla psiloderma

Plectrohyla psiloderma is a frog that lives in Honduras and El Salvador. Scientists have seen it in cloud forests 1850 to 2350 meters above sea level.
Ryan O'Marra

Ryan O'Marra (born June 9, 1987) is a Japanese-born Canadian retired professional ice hockey centre. He played a 33 games in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Edmonton Oilers and the Anaheim Ducks.
O'Marra was drafted 15th overall in the 2005 NHL Entry draft by the New York Islanders but never played a game with them although he did play 8 games with their AHL farm team, Bridgeport Sound Tigers. O'Marra was born in Tokyo, Japan to Irish Canadian parents. He moved to Canada when he was one year old.
On March 26, 2015, O'Marra announced that he was retiring from playing professional ice hockey.
Denton County, Texas

Denton County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. In 2020, 906,422 people lived there. The county seat is Denton.
History
The county was made in 1846. It was named after John B. Denton.
Geography
The county has a total area of 953 square miles.
Lepidosauria

The Lepidosauria (Greek for scaled lizards) are reptiles with overlapping scales. They include the tuataras, lizards, snakes and amphisbaenians.