Salzburg

Salzburg (; ; literally "Salt Fortress"; ) is the capital and also a district of the Austrian state of Salzburg or Salzburgerland. The population is about 150,000 and is the 4th largest city of Austria.
Its most famous citizen was Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Another famous inhabitant of Salzburg was the physicist Christian Doppler who found the Doppler effect which was named after him.
The Salzach river crosses the city. The old town was adopted by the UNESCO as World Heritage Site in 1996. Known is Salzburg also for being one of the settings for the movie "The Sound of Music" which based on the musical by Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein.
History
People lived in Salzburg since the New Stone Age till present. The oldest finding in the city area is dated around 4500 B.C. From 15 B.C. onwards after the Roman occupation the city was called Iuvavum. The roman city was in today's old town around the Waagplatz. The city became an important place from the east to the province of Germania. The Romans left on the beginning of the barbarian migration around 500. Up to 696 only few can be said about the history. 696 the city was given to bishop Rupert by Duke Theodo II. of Bavaria.
Rupert was ordered by the Duke to bring Christianity to the east and southeast of his country. Rupert founded the monastery St. Peter and for women the monastery Nonnberg. 739 Salzburg became the seat of a bishop and 774 the first cathedral was built. 998 Salzburg became archbishopric ruling the whole Bavarian area.
In the Middle Ages Salzburg became wealthy by the trade with salt from the nearby Durnberg in Hallein. Till the 14th century Salzburg became independent from Bavaria and was a state within the Holy Roman Empire. The citizens of Salzburg were under the command of the archbishop unlike other cities in the empire. In the baroque era the look of today's city was shaped. The cathedral was rebuilt in the baroque style. Most of the architects came from Italy. 1622 a university was founded. Due to the fact that it was a catholic state Protestants had a severe standing in Salzburg. Yet 1731 Protestants, who came not back to the catholic belief had do leave Salzburg within eight days.
In the early 19th century Napoleon Bonaparte promoted the Duchy of Salzburg, than later was a part of the Kingdom of Bavaria. Then, Salzburg was annexed by Austria, returned to Bavarian and divided between Bavaria and Austria. 1918 Salzburg became a federal state of the new Republic of Austria.
In 1938, Germany annexed Austria and Salzburg was a part of Germany. In 1945, when Austria was independent from Germany. It became a federal state again.
Urban districts
Urban districts (Stadtteile):
Aigen
Altstadt
Elisabeth-Vorstadt
Gneis
Gneis-Sud
Gnigl
Itzling
Itzling-Nord
Kasern
Langwied
Lehen
Leopoldskron-Moos
Liefering
Maxglan
Maxglan-West
Morzg
Mulln
Neustadt
Nonntal
Parsch
Riedenburg
Salzburg-Sud
Taxham
Schallmoos
Mayors of the city since it became part of Austria
1816 - 1875
Magistrat without mayor 1816 bis 1818
Anton von Heffter 1818 - 1831
Alois Lergetporer 1831 - 1847
Mathias Gschnitzer 1847 - 1850
Franz Xaver Spath 1850 - 1853
Alois Spangler 1854 - 1861
Heinrich Ritter von Mertens 1861 - 1872
Ignaz Harrer 1872 - 1875
1875 - 1919
Rudolf Biebl 1875 - 1885
Leopold Scheibl 1885 - 1888
Albert Schumacher 1888 - 1890
Franz von Hueber 1890 - 1894
Gustav Zeller 1894 - 1898
Eligius Scheibl 1898 - 1900
Franz Berger 1900 - 1912
Max Ott 1912 - 1919
1919 bis 1945
Josef Preis 1919 - 1927
Max Ott 1927 - 1935
Richard Hildmann 1935 - 1938
Anton Giger, 1938 - 1945 - "Oberburgermeister der Gauhauptstadt Salzburg" during Nazi occupation
1945 bis 1999
Richard Hildmann 1945 - 1946
Anton Neumayr 1946 - 1951
Stanislaus Pacher 1952 - 1957
Alfred Back 1957 - 1970
Heinrich Salfenauer 1970 - 1980
Josef Reschen 1980 - 1990
Harald Lettner 1990 - 1992
Josef Dechant 1992 - 1999
Mayor elected directly by the people from 1999 onwards
Heinz Schaden since 1999
Monuments
Salzburg is a World Heritage. There are some places of interest like:
Altstadt (Old City) with
Franziskaner church
Cathedral
Getreidegasse
Residenz(here the archbishop had his residence)
Residenzplatz with Residenz fountain
Kollegienkirche (University church)
Festspielhaus
Pferdeschwemme
St. Peter's cemetery
Fortress Hohensalzburg
Other places of interest
Mirabell Palace with Mirabell Garden
Augustiner Braustubl Mulln (beer garden of the Augustiner brewery)
Hellbrunn palace
Famous citizens
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, composer
Gerhard Amanshauser, writer
Gerd Bacher, journalist
Christian Doppler, mathematician and physicist
Herbert von Karajan, conductor
Angelika Kirchschlager, singer
Genia Kuhmeier, singer
Hans Makart, painter
Georg Trakl, lyric poet
Irma von Troll-Borostyani, early feminist
Sister cities
Reims, France, since 1964
Atlanta, USA, since 1967
Verona, Italy, since 1973
Dresden, Germany, since 1991
Kawasaki, Japan, since 1992
Merano, Italy, since 2000
Shanghai, China, since 2004
Bern, Switzerland, since 2006
Related pages
Salzburgerland
Other websites
Culture-related
- Article by Brian Robins: "Mozart's Salzburg".
Olympic-related
Salzburg 2014 -- 2014 Olympic bid website
Tourism-related
Salzburg City Tourist Office - Official tourist board website.
Visit Salzburg - Local information
Salzburger Nachrichten - Tourism site maintained by the local newspaper, Salzburger Nachrichten.
Salzburg Tourism Tourist attractions in Salzburg, with descriptions and maps
Pictureserver Views of Salzburg
Georgia Salzburger Society - The website of the Georgia Salzburger Society, descendents of the refugees who settled in Georgia after their expulsion from Salzburg in 1731.