kenhktsui/simple_wikipedia_LM_quality_score_v1 huggingface dataset:
Zugzwang

Zugzwang is a chess term. It means a situation where any move by a player will weaken the player's position. The fact that the player is compelled to move means that their position will become significantly weaker.
For example...
Black to play
1. ... Kd7 and White cannot win:
2. c6+ Kc7
3. Kc5 Kc8
4. Kd6 Kd8 (opposing the king)
5. c7+ Kc86. Kc6 is stalemate
White to play
But if it is White to play in the original position, he can win by zugzwang:1. Kc6! and now Black must move his king, for example1..... Kd83. Kb7''' and queens the pawn.
Mutual zugzwang
There are positions where either player to move will lose.
On the following diagram, Whichever king moves, he loses his pawn and the opponent will win the game.
History
The concept of zugzwang was known in the old forms of chess, like shatranj. We know this because there are some Arabic chess problems which use the idea.
The term itself comes from the 19th century in a German chess magazine. Its first use in English was in the early 20th century.
Lawa, Chakwal

Lawa is a village and Union Council of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan.
Systems science

Systems science is the interdisciplinary field of science, that studies the principles of systems in nature, in society and in science itself.
Types of systems science are systems theory, cybernetics and chaos theory, and all kinds of similar sciences.
The aim of systems science is to develop interdisciplinary foundations for all science. This foundation is used in a variety of areas, such as engineering, biology, medicine and social sciences.
Shape I'm In (Jo Jo Zep & The Falcons song)

"Shape I'm In" is a 1979 song by Australian band Jo Jo Zep & The Falcons. It is the second single from their fourth studio album Screaming Targets. It went to number 22 in Australia and number 41 in New Zealand.
Track listing
7" (K 7665)
Side A1 "Shape I'm In" - 3:32
Side B1 "So Young" (new version) - 3:31
Side B2 "Shape I'm In" (Dub Version) - 3:01
7" (UK) (WEA - K 79122)
Side A1 "Shape I'm In" - 3:32
Side B1 "Only The Lonely Heart"
Side B1 "Nosey Parker"
Jind State

Jind State was a Sidhu Jat princely state in Punjab. It was founded in 1763 by Gajpat Singh of Jind (1738-1789).
Rulers of Jind State (1763-1947)
Raja Gajpat Singh (r.1763-1789)
Raja Bhag Singh (r.1789-1819)
Prince Pratap Singh Revolts and Takes power (r.1814-1816)
Raja Fateh Singh (r.1819-1822)
Raja Sangat Singh (r.1822-1834)
A vacancy of three years (1834-1837)
Raja Sarup Singh (r.1837-1864)
Raja Raghbir Singh (r.1864-1887)
Raja Ranbir Singh (r.1887-1948)
Raja Rajbir Singh (r.1948-1959)
Jind Royal Family signed the Instrument of Accession to the Dominion of India. (1947-1948).
Religion in Jind State
Hinduism and Islam were the main religions of the State. The Sikhs dominated the northern areas of Jind State.
Nasal cycle

The nasal cycle is the alternating partial nasal congestion and decongestion of the nose cavities. It occurs in humans and other mammals. The individual is usually not aware that it happens.
It results in greater airflow through one nostril, and regular alternation between the nostrils. The hypothalamus selectively activates each half of the autonomic nervous system in turn. The phenomenon is quite normal.
What happens
The cilia of the congested side suspend their motility until that side decongests. The cycle means that, at any time, one side of the nose is moist, and moistens the incoming air. This is one of the three functions of the nose. The other two are the filtration and warming of fresh air before it gets to the lungs.
It is not entirely clear what the benefit is of this system.
Dick Thornburgh

Richard Lewis "Dick" Thornburgh (July 16, 1932 - December 31, 2020) was an American lawyer and Republican politician. He served as the 41st Governor of Pennsylvania from 1979 to 1987, and then as the U.S. Attorney General from 1988 to 1991.
Thornburg resigned as Attorney General to run for the United States Senate in Pennsylvania in 1991, but lost to Democratic Harris Wofford.
Thornburgh died on December 31, 2020 in Verona, Pennsylvania at the age of 88.
Luis del Sol

Luis del Sol (6 April 1935 - 20 June 2021) was a Spanish football player. He played for the Spanish national football team.
Del Sol died on 20 June 2021 in Seville, Spain at the age of 86.
Swedish Alliance Mission

The Swedish Alliance Mission (SAM, ) is a Christian denomination in Sweden. It is mainly based in the town of Jonkoping. In 2009 the denomination had 13,448 members. within 167 congregations both inside and outside Sweden.
The denomination was created in 1919 from a merger of Jonkoping Mission Society, the Jonkoping Circle Christian Youth Association and the Scandinavian Alliance Mission in Sweden.
Gunde Svan

Gunde Svan, born 12 January 1962 in Dala-Jarna, Sweden is a Swedish former cross-country skier and auto racing driver. As a cross-country skier he won several titles during the World Championship titles and the Olympic Games as well the World Cup.
Susana Canales

Susana Canales Niaucel (5 September 1933 - 22 March 2021) was a Spanish actress. She starred in the 1951 drama Black Sky (1951).
Canales died on 22 March 2021 in Madrid, at the age of 87.
Dwarkanath Ghose

Dwarkin & Son was founded in 1875 by Dwarkanath Ghose as D. Ghosh and Sons at Lower Chitpur Road in Kolkata, mainly dealing piano tuning and repairing of musical instruments.
Dwarkanath Gose is also the inventor of the hand-pumped harmonium.
Dompierre-aux-Bois

Dompierre-aux-Bois is a commune of 40 people (2016). It is in Grand Est in the Meuse department in northeast France.
Unayzah

Unayzah (Paris Najd) is one of Al-Qassim cities which are located in Saudi Arabia. It is an ancient historical city. The city got its importance long ago due to its unique geographical location. It is in the north central part of Najd plateau and toward the south of the stream of Arrimah valley, the largest valley in the Arabian Peninsula.
Candidiasis

Candidiasis, often called yeast infection or thrush, is a type of infectious disease. It is a fungal infection (mycosis). The disease is caused by any of the Candida species of yeast. Candida albicans is the most common species.
Causes
Candida yeasts are common in most people. The yeast is usually controlled in the body. When the yeast grows without control, an infection happens.
A weakened, unhealthy, or young immune system may allow candidiasis to develop. HIV/AIDS, cancer treatments, steroids, stress and not enough nutrients may cause candidiasis.
Antibiotic and steroid use are the most common reason for uncontrolled yeast. Antibiotic kills some bacteria, and changes the balance of microorganisms in the body. This may allow the yeast to multiply.
Candidiasis in the throat and mouth
Throat
Esophageal candidiasis is an infection of the esophagus by Candida albicans. The disease happens in unhealthy people. Sometimes people will get the infection when they are treated with chemotherapy. People with AIDS can also get this infection more often.
One sign of esophageal candidiasis is painful swallowing. Weight loss can happen when a person has esophageal candidiasis for a long time.
Mouth
Oral candidiasis is a yeast infection of the mouth. It is located on the mucous membranes of the mouth. It is caused by Candida albicans, Candida glabrata or Candida tropicalis.
Signs
Candida may appear as thick white or cream-coloured areas on mucosal membranes. The infected mucosa of the mouth may look inflamed. In babies the condition is called thrush. For babies, it is usually painless and causes no pain. Adults may experience discomfort or burning sensation.
Body parts
In healthy persons, candidiasis is usually a very small infection of the skin or mucous membranes. These areas include:
the mouth (oral candidiasis)
the vagina or vulva (vaginal candidiasis or thrush)
folds of skin in the diaper area (diaper rash)
the nipples while breastfeeding
the penis or foreskin
the armpit
the ear
the skin around or in the nostrils
the ears
Candidiasis is a very common cause of vaginal irritation, or vaginitis. It can also occur on the penis or scrotum. In unhealthy patients, the Candida infection can affect the esophagus. It could get everywhere in the body. This would cause a much more serious health condition, a state called candidemia.
Noah's Mausoleum

The Tomb of prophet Noah () or Noah's Mausoleum is a mausoleum in the city of Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan. Architecture of the construction is dated from the 8th century.
Boeing E-3 Sentry

The Boeing E-3 Sentry is a military aircraft. It is used as AWACS by US Air Force, NATO and three foreign operators: France, Saudi Arabia, and the UK. It is a military variant of the famous Boeing 707 airliner.
This kind of aircraft was used in the Gulf War, as well as in the War in Afghanistan.
Hans Devroe

Hans Devroe who used pseudonym Hans Inne (23 August 1939 - 22 November 2022) was a Belgian writer.
Devroe was one of the seven children of politicians Jozef Devroe and his wife Nora Puype. He studied at the Sint-Lodewijkscollege in Bruges and studied afterwards Germanic Philology at KU Leuven and Applied Linguistics at the Postuniversity Center in Diepenbeek.
From 1980 he worked for De Standaard, Het Nieuwsblad and Radio 3 as an employee for culture and science topics. Also in 1980 he started the very first 'creative writing' course in the Dutch language area in Leuven and founded for that the Universitaire Werkgroep Literatuur en Media (translated: University Workgroup Literature and Media). He was editorial secretary of the magazine Wel from 1982.
Devroe died in Leuven on 22 November 2022, at the age of 92.
Toyota RAV4

The Toyota RAV4 is a small sized SUV made by Toyota. Toyota has made the RAV4 since 1994, but has sold it in America since 1996. The RAV4 is sold in a 4-door with an optional V6 engine, the RAV4 is more of a car-like SUV than a truck sized one. The RAV4 EV was an electric version sold in California from 1996 to 2003. The RAV4 shares competition with the similar Honda CR-V, Subaru Forester, and Ford Escape. RAV4 stands for Recreational Active Vehicle with 4-wheel-drive but RAV4s may just come with 2-wheel drive. It's a versatile car with good fuel economy and favorable on-road manners. The car is powered by a 2.5-liter four-cylinder engine along with six-speed automatic gear options.
Toyota RAV4 is one of the first cars introduced in small crossover SUV market. All-in-all Toyota RAV4 is an impressive well-equipped compact SUV with no major pitfalls.
Fei

Wang Feifei (hangul: wangpeipei; hanja: Wang Fei Fei ; born April 27, 1987 in Haikou) better known by her stage name Fei, is a Chinese singer, actress and TV presenter. She debuted as a member of miss A in 2010 under the company JYP Entertainment. In 2016, she made his debut as a solo artist with his CD single titled Fantasy.
Biography
Fei was born on April 27, 1987 in Haikou, Hainan, China. He currently resides in Seoul, South Korea. She currently holds a scholarship at the Seoul Art Institute, Seoul Art College, along with former Miss A member Jia. In China before making his debut he studied at Nana School.
In China, Fei appeared on a Zhejiang television show, an audition program titled The Prettier She Is. She was a member of the Chinese version of Wonder Girls, JYP Sisters directed for girls talents, nevertheless happened to be part after three years of training, to the female group of South Korea, miss A. In 2010, also was model for commercials for Samsung Anycall in China.
Career
miss A
Fei debuted as a member and leader of miss A in July 2010.
Solo activities
Aside from her activities with the group, she has also participated in several television variety shows such as Variety Blue Chip in 2013. She gained popularity after showing off her different skills as cooking and dancing in the show.
Fei made her acting debut in a short appearance on KBS's Dream High in 2011 and 2012.
In 2013, she became a candidate in Dancing with the Stars 3 with her dance partner Kim Soo-ro, who won first place and consolidated her name as a great dancer in K-pop.
In March 2014, Fei participated in the Chinese variety show If You Love, a dating program where she was paired with Chinese actor Sun Jian.
In the same year, she made an appearance on SBS's drama Temptation as Jenny. She later sing the drama soundtrack with 2AM's Jo Kwon entitled "One Summer Night," both published in Korean and English.
In 2015, it was confirmed that she would participate in the drama Swan, with Nam Kyu-ri and Cho Min-sung. She was also confirmed as the protagonist of the Chinese movie Select Game. On July 21, 2016, Fei made her debut as a solo artist with her CD single titled Fantasy.
Crush (drink)

Crush is a soft drink made by the Dr Pepper Snapple Group.
History
Crush was founded in 1911 with Clayton Howell and Neil Ward when they began working together on the project. After many attempts, Ward had made the process of mixing the ingredients to make the all-natural taste of Orange Crush. Howell had already made his own drink, Howell's Orange Julep, as soft drinks usually were named after the maker and the drink name. In this case, Crush was released under the name Ward's Orange Crush. In fact, the company who made Orange Crush drink added orange pulp to the drink to make drinkers think that it was made from fresh squeezed oranges. However, pulp has not been in the drink for the past few decades.
In 1980, Crush was sold to Procter & Gamble. Then in 1989, Cadbury Schweppes bought Crush from Procter & Gamble. Cadbury then made their drink business and called it Dr Pepper Snapple Group.
Glenn Seaborg

Glenn Theodore Seaborg (April 19, 1912 - Feb. 25, 1999) was an American chemist. He was born in Ishpening, Michigan. He won the 1951 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Edwin M. McMillan.
In 1980, he changed several thousand atoms of bismuth into gold at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. His experimental technique, using nuclear physics, was able to remove protons and neutrons from the bismuth atom. Seaborg's techique would have cost too much money to make of gold, but his work is the closest to the mythical Philosopher's Stone.
Seaborg worked at the Manhattan Project during World War II. He studied the chemical properties of plutonium as a part of the secret war research.
He served as Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission and was a professor at the University of California, Berkeley.
He was said to be the author/co author of 500 scientific articles and multiple books. He was born in 1912 and died in 1999 from a stroke. He has a wife called Helen Griggs and his family consisted of his sister, Jeanette who was 2 years younger than him, and his parents, Henry Theodore and Selma Olivia Erikson Seaborg
Seaborg was the principal or co-discoverer of ten elements: plutonium, americium, curium, berkelium, californium, einsteinium, fermium, mendelevium, nobelium and element 106, which was named seaborgium in his honor while he was still living. He also developed more than 100 atomic isotopes. Early in his career, Seaborg was a pioneer in nuclear medicine and developed many isotopes of elements that helped to diagnose and treat diseases. For example, he studied iodine-131, which is used in the treatment of thyroid disease. He developed the actinide concept which placed the actinide series beneath the lanthanide series on the periodic table. Seaborg also proposed the placement of super-heavy elements in the transactinide and superactinide series.
Tiffany Evans

Tiffany Evans (born 4 August 1992) is an American musician. She plays pop music and rhythm and blues. She released her first studio album in April 2008. It was called Tiffany Evans. The album was not very successful. Evans was born in New York City.
Erikson Noguchipinto

Erikson Noguchipinto (born 27 January 1981) is a Brazilian-Japanese football player. He plays for Samut Songkhram.
Pawn shop

A pawn shop (also called a pawnshop or pawnbroker) is a shop or business who loans money to people who bring in valuable items which they leave with the pawnbroker. Examples of items that a person may leave are jewellery, gold, watches, cameras, musical instruments, televisions or computers.
The valuables that people leave are called the "collateral". The person can get their valuable item back from the pawnbroker if they pay back the money they were loaned and pay interest on the loan. Interest is like a fee for getting to use someone else's money for a set time period. If the person who has borrowed money from the pawnbroker does not repay the loan and interest within an agreed-upon time limit, the pawnbroker can sell the valuable item to another customer to get back the money they loaned.
To prevent thieves from using pawnshops as a way to get money from stolen goods, many communities have laws requiring that people who bring in valuable items to the pawnshop have to show identification, such as a driver's licence.
Derek Bickerton

Derek Bickerton (March 25, 1926 - March 5, 2018) was an English-born American linguist and academic. He was born in Cheshire, England. He was Professor Emeritus at the University of Hawaii in Manoa. His work was based in creole languages in Guyana and Hawaii. He proposed that the features of creole languages provide powerful insights into the development of language both by individuals and as a feature of the human species.
Bickerton died on 5 March 2018 at the age of 91.
Shevlin, Minnesota

Shevlin is a city in Clearwater County, Minnesota, United States.
Colin Trevorrow

Colin T. Trevorrow (born September 13, 1976) is an American movie director and screenwriter. He is best known for directing the indie movie Safety Not Guaranteed (2012) and the blockbuster movie Jurassic World (2015). He also co-wrote the script for Jurassic World and its first sequel Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (2018). He will direct the second sequel Jurassic World: Dominion (2022).
Trevorrow was born in San Francisco, California. He grew up in Oakland, California. He has Jewish ancestry on his mother's side. He is married to Isabelle. The couple live with their two children in England.
Chorus

Chorus can mean several things:
Greek chorus, a feature of ancient Greek theatre
Choir, a group of singers
Refrain, the part of a song that is repeated
Bridge (music), The verse before the refrain
Sauviac, Gironde

Sauviac, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.
Venezuelan Football Federation

The Venezuelan Football Federation ( or ) is the governing body of football in Venezuela. It was founded in 1926 and affiliated in 1952. It is a member of CONMEBOL as well as FIFA, and is in charge of the Venezuela national football team.
Hassiba Boulmerka

Hassiba Boulmerka (born 10 July 1968 in Constantine, Algeria) is a former Algerian middle distance athlete.
Boulmerka started running seriously at the age of ten. She focused on the 800 and 1500 metres. She was successful in national and regional races. Her first major international tournament was the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. She was eliminated in the preliminary heat of both the 800 and 1500 m.
The first major race she won was the 800 m. at the Golden Gala race in Rome, Italy. A month later, she was at the World Championships. She won the 1500 m.
Muslim groups in Algeria did not like her. They thought she showed too much of her body when racing. Boulmerka received death threats. She had to move to Europe to train. She won the 1500 m gold medal at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics. It was Algeria's first gold medal at the Olympic Games.
She won a bronze medal at the 1993 World Championships in Stuttgart. In 1995, she did not win a single race until the World Championships in Gothenburg. She was at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, but sprained her ankle in the semi-finals. She stopped racing after 1997.
Boulmerka was later elected to the Athletes' Commission of the International Olympic Committee.
Boulmerka has returned to Algeria and is now a businesswoman.
William Sealy Gosset

William Sealy Gosset was a famous English statistician. He worked for Guinness brewery in Ireland.
He created new ways to analyze small sets of data. He wrote his findings under the name "Student". His most famous work is the "Student's t-distribution".
Life
William was born in Canterbury, England. He went to school at Winchester College and then studied natural sciences and mathematics at New College, Oxford.
He had three kids: Harry, Bertha Marian, and Ruth.
Work
At the brewery, William made new ways to test and improve beer quality using statistics. He learned these methods by studying, trying different things, and working with other experts. He wrote about his findings, but because of a rule at Guinness, he couldn't use his real name or mention beer. So, he wrote under the name "Student". This is why his famous "t-distribution" is called "Student's" instead of "Gosset's".
Relationship with Fisher
Another statistician, Ronald A. Fisher, noticed the value of William's work. They wrote many letters to each other. Fisher helped William improve his methods, and they both shared their findings.
In 1935, William became the main brewer for a new Guinness brewery in London. He died in 1937 from a heart attack.
People remembered William as a kind man who made big contributions to statistics. He was friends with both Pearson and Fisher.
Legacy
William's methods are still used today in statistics. For example, the "studentized range" is a way to compare data points. It was introduced by William in 1927 and is still important in modern statistics.
Paul H. Robinson Jr.

Paul Heron Robinson Jr. (born June 22, 1930) is an American businessman and politician. He was born in Chicago, Illinois. Robinson Jr., a Republican, was United States Ambassador to Canada from 1981 to 1985 during the Ronald Reagan presidency.
White-lined leaf frog

{{Speciesbox
| image =Phyllomedusa vaillantii01.jpg
| status = LC
| status_ref =
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| taxon = Phyllomedusa vaillantii
| authority = (Boulenger, 1882 )
| range_map =
|synonyms=*Phyllomedusa vaillantii (Boulenger, 1882)
Phyllomedusa perlata (Boulenger, 1884)
Phyllomedusa feltoni (Shreve, 1935)
Phyllomedusa (Pithecopus) perlata (Lutz and Kloss, 1952)
Phyllomedusa blombergi (Funkhouser, 1957)
Pithecopus vaillanti (Lutz, 1966)
| synonyms_ref=
}}
The white-lined leaf frog or white-lined monkey frog''' (Phyllomedusa vaillantii'') is a frog that lives in Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Guyana, French Guiana, Surinam, Colombia, and Brazil.
The adult male frog is to long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is to long. Male and female frogs do not look the same: their noses are different shapes. This frog is mostly green with reddish-brown color on its sides. It has whitish or orange spots. It can have red, lavender, or orange color on its legs. Its belly is light orange.
This frog lives in trees. It hides during the day and looks for food at night. This frog lays eggs at the rainiest part of the year. The frog builds a nest out of leaves over a pond or other body of water. It puts the eggs in the nest with jelly over them so they do not dry out. When the tadpoles hatch out of the eggs, they fall out of the nest into the water. Sometimes the tadpoles breathe air during the day, but they do not do this at night.
Juan Pastor Marco

Juan Pastor Marco (24 November 1951 - 11 August 2020) was a Spanish politician. He was a member of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE). In 1977, he was elected to the Spanish Congress of Deputies representing Valencia Province.
He then was Secretary General of the PSOE in the Valencian Community from 1978 to 1979. He retired in 1982. He was born in Orba, Alicante.
Pastor Marco died on 11 August 2020, aged 68.
Sankt Veit an der Glan District

The District of Sankt Veit an der Glan is an administrative district in Carinthia, Austria. The administrative center is also named Sankt Veit an der Glan.
Communities
The district is divided into 20 municipalities, of which 4 are towns and 9 are market towns.
Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences

Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (ANAS) (), located in Baku, is the main state research organization that conducts research and coordinates activities in the fields of science and social sciences in Azerbaijan. It has a network of scientific research institutes across the country. It was established on 23 January 1945 during the Soviet era as the Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan SSR.
Like the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences has two types of membership. The top-level members are academicians (63 scientists, as of 2021). The next-level members are corresponding members (61 scientists, as of 2021).
Presidents
The main executive figure in the academy is the President of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences who is elected by members of the Academy.
What Will You Do When You Catch Me?

What Will You Do When You Catch Me? () is a 1978 Polish comedy movie directed by Stanislaw Bareja and starring Kryzysztof Kowalewski, Bronislaw Pawlik, Stanislaw Tym, Ewa Wisniewska, Ewa Zietek, Stefan Friedmann.
Amon-Ra St. Brown

Amon-Ra Julian Heru J. St. Brown (born October 24, 1999) is an American football player for the Detroit Lions of the National Football League (NFL). He plays the wide receiver position. He played college football at USC and was selected by the Lions in the fourth round of the 2021 NFL Draft.
Porfirio Veras

Porfirio Veras Mercedes is a sprinter from the Dominican Republic. Mercedes competed at the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born on 15 July 1943.
Chingangbam

Chingangbam (Chingangpam) is a Meetei Manipuri surname or family name which has Indian origin. People of this family mainly inhabit in Manipur, India.
Gourlizon

Gourlizon () is a commune. It is found in the region Brittany in the Finistere department in the northwest of France.
What You Won't Do for Love (song)

"What You Won't Do for Love" is a song by Bobby Caldwell. It was released in September 1978. It was the lead single from Caldwell's first album, which was named after him. It was written by Caldwell and Alfons Kettner. It was made by Ann Holloway. The song has been covered and sampled many times. One of the times was by Tupac Shakur in the 1998 song "Do for Love".
1978 songs
1970s ballads
Soul ballads
Go West songs
Boyz II Men songs
Standard temperature and pressure

In order to be able to reproduce experiments, standard conditions for temperature and pressure have been defined in different fields of science. Very often these are also called standard temperature and pressure. The table below gives some examples:
Javanesic languages

Javanesic is a language family belonging to the Javanic of Sundic.
The Javanese language is the main Javanesic language, it spoken mostly on the island of Java with numerous dialects and registers.
Barnard's galaxy

Barnard's galaxy (also known as NGC 6822, IC 4895, or Caldwell 57) is an irregular barred spiral galaxy. It is about 1.6 million light-years away, in the constellation Sagittarius.
The galaxy is part of the Local Group of galaxies. It was discovered by E.E. Barnard in 1884 with a six-inch refractor telescope.
The galaxy is one of the closest to the Milky Way. It is similar in structure and makeup to the Small Magellanic Cloud. It is about 7,000 light-years in diameter.
The galaxy is famous because it is where cepheid variables were used to find out how far away the galaxy was. Edwin Hubble found 11 cepheid variable stars, and used them to find the distance to the galaxy. This settled a great debate in the 1920s about the scale of the universe and the nature of spiral galaxies. It became clear that all "spiral nebulae" were in fact spiral galaxies. They are far outside our own Milky Way.
Rana temporaria temporaria

Rana temporaria temporaria is a large land frog native to Europe. It can natively be found in Ireland and the Isle of Lewis.
RNA-Seq

RNA-Seq (short for "RNA sequencing") is a technique to get snapshots of the continuously changing RNA landscape in a cell.
RNA is a nucleic acid with roles in when, where, and by how much genes are turned on. Classically, sections of DNA are copied to RNA which are decoded into proteins that carry out cellular functions.
RNAs also have many roles that fall outside this framework. RNA-Seq is typically used to analyze the amount of each gene's RNA in experimental samples. For example, in gene expression and changes made during RNA processing (alternative splicing, editing, mutations, or fusions between RNAs). RNA-Seq requires molecular biology and computational steps.
Recent advances in RNA-Seq include the ability to study single cells and entire single RNA molecules. It has broad applications in the life sciences from agriculture to medicine.
Justin Hoyte

Justin Hoyte (born 20 November 1984) is an English football player. He plays for FC Cincinnati.
Mount Sir Thomas

Mount Sir Thomas is a mountain in northwest South Australia. It in the Watarru Indigenous Protected Area, about southwest of Watarru. It is in the Birksgate Range, which is part of the traditional country of the Pitjantjatjara people. An important rock hole is located near the base of the mountain, called (sometimes written ), meaning "Emu Water". It is a major sacred site for the (Emu Dreaming).
The mountain was given the name "Sir Thomas" by a team of European explorers in 1891. They were on the Elder Scientific Exploring Expedition, which travelled across the Great Victoria Desert between April 1891 and March 1892. The mountain was named after Sir Thomas Elder, the philanthropist who funded and equipped the expedition. The surrounding range is named after Elder's home in Adelaide, a large house called "Birksgate". Mount Lindsay, to the northeast, was named after the leader of the expedition, David Lindsay.
Master of the Queen's Music

Master of the King's Music (or Master of the Queen's Music when the United Kingdom has a queen) is a post in the Royal Household of the King or Queen of the United Kingdom. It is the title given to one chosen composer of classical music Only one person holds the title at any one time. It is very similar to the post of Poet Laureate which is for a poet.
The Master of the King's Music is now Judith Weir. Instead of being appointed for life, she was appointed for a ten-year term like her predecessor, starting March 2014. The change was to give more composers the opportunity to serve.
The Master of the King's Music has the job of composing music for special royal occasions such as anniversaries, marriages and funerals, and for special ceremonies.
The title was created in 1626 by Charles I. It was spelt Master of the King's Musick and was always spelt that way until the time of Sir Edward Elgar who was Master from 1924 to 1934.
ISO 3166-2:CA

ISO 3166-2:CA is the entry for Canada in ISO 3166-2, it is part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which makes codes for the names of the subdivisions (like provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1.
Montreal Alouettes

The Montreal Alouettes is a Canadian Football League team based in Montreal, Quebec. It is part of the CFL's East Division. It has won the league's Grey Cup championship seven times, the last time in 2010.
The team plays its home games in Percival Molson Memorial Stadium.
Vienna International Film Festival

The Vienna International Film Festival, or Viennale, is a movie festival taking place every October since 1960 in Vienna, Austria.
The average number of visitors is about 75,000. At the end of the festival, the Vienna Film Prize is awarded.
During the festival, the Fipresci Prize is awarded by international movie critics. Another prize is awarded by the readers of the Austrian newspaper Der Standard.
Jean-Pierre Jaussaud

Jean-Pierre Jaussaud (3 June 1937 - 21 July 2021) was a French racing driver. He was known for winning the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1978 and 1980. Jaussaud was born in Caen, France. He raced with Formula Three cars.
Jaussaud died on 21 July 2021 in Caen of a heart attack, aged 84.
Takahiro Kimura

Takahiro Kimura (born 4 April 1957) is a former Japanese football player.
List of Hong Kong ODI cricketers

A One Day International (ODI) is an international cricket match between two representative teams. This is a list of cricketers from Hong Kong that joined ODI matches.
Key
List of players
Last updated 18 September 2018.
Graeme English

Graeme English (25 September 1964 - 18 February 2021) was a Scottish wrestler. He competed in the men's freestyle 90 kg at the 1988 Summer Olympics. He was born in Kilsyth, Scotland.
English died on 18 February 2021, aged 56.
West Godavari district

West Godavari district (or Paschima Godavari Jilla) is one of the 13 districts in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. The district headquarters are located at Eluru. As of the 2011 census of India, it spreads over an area of 7,742 km2 (2,989 sq mi) with a population of 3,936,966.
History
Eluru was primarily a part of Vengi(Buddhist kingdom). Historical evidences are found at the villages, Pedavegi and Guntupalli (Jilakarragudem). The West Godavari district was formed from the old Godavari district in the year 1925.
Administrative divisions
There are 48 mandals consists of 881 villages, one municipal corporation, eight municipalities and five census towns. Of them, Eluru is the only Municipal Corporation. whereas Kovvur, Narasapuram, Nidadavolu, Palakol, Tadepalligudem, Tanuku, Bhimavaram, Jangareddigudem are Municipalities.
Bright Lights (Matchbox Twenty song)

"Bright Lights" is the third single from Matchbox Twenty's third album, More Than You Think You Are. The song proved to be a moderate hit for the band. It peaked at 23 on the Billboard Hot 100. The song is written by lead singer Rob Thomas. It is about a girl who leaves her hometown looking for fame. Throughout the song, he lets the girl know she can come home if things don't work out.
Charts
Glenn Fabry

Glenn Fabry (born 24 March 1961) is a British comics artist. He is known for his detailed, realistic work in both ink and painted colour. He is known for his works Slaine and Preacher.
Fabry's career began in 1985, drawing for 2000 AD. He also worked on the newspaper strip Scatha in 1987. His painted work followed in Crisis, Revolver and Deadline.
In 1991 he took over painting the covers of Hellblazer, then written by Garth Ennis.
Fabry painted the covers for his Vertigo series Preacher, and drawing stories in The Authority and Thor.
In October 2018, Fabry announced that he had been diagnosed with lung cancer.
Indianapolis Racers

The Indianapolis Racers were a major league hockey team in the World Hockey Association from 1974 to 1978.
Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9

Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 was a comet. It broke apart and crashed into Jupiter, in July 1994. The event was special because people could see, for the first time, how objects in the Solar System, outside Earth, collided. It caused a large amount of coverage in the media. The comet was carefully watched by astronomers worldwide. The crash gave new information about Jupiter. It also showed up its role in reducing space debris in the inner Solar System. The name came out of the discovers' last names.
Discovery of this comet
The comet was discovered by astronomers Carolyn and Eugene M. Shoemaker and David Levy on March 24, 1993. It was found in a picture taken by the Schmidt telescope at the Palomar Observatory, in California. When it was discovered, it was orbiting Jupiter. It was the first comet seen to be orbiting a planet. Scientists think that it had been orbiting the planet for 20 - 30 years before its discovery.
Crash
Calculations showed that its unusual broken up form was due to a previous closer approach to Jupiter in July 1992. At that time, the orbit of Shoemaker-Levy 9 passed within Jupiter's Roche limit. Jupiter's tidal forces had acted to pull the comet apart. The comet was later observed as a series of pieces up to in diameter. These fragments collided with Jupiter's southern hemisphere between July 16 and July 22, 1994. The pieces were moving at a speed of approximately 60 km/s. The impact scars were more easily seen than the Great Red Spot and they stayed for many months.
List of towns in Quebec

This is the list of communities in Quebec that have the legal status of city (ville, code=V) as defined by the Ministry of Municipal Affairs, Regions and Land Occupancy.
Note that although the terms "city" and "town" are both used in the category name because of common English usage, Quebec does not contain any cities under the current law; this list thus includes all villes, regardless of whether they are referred to as cities or towns by English speakers.
John Nicholson

Brigadier-General John Nicholson (1822-1857) was a British officer of the East India Company, who served and died in British India. He is especially famous today and remembered as the 'Saviour of Delhi' who gave his life and died at Delhi, in September 1857 during the Indian Mutiny (or First Indian War of Independence), so that the British empire might be saved.
Nicholson was a very strict and honest administrator, and always took stern action to check crime and dishonesty. Because of this, he was deified (made into a deity, or god) by some Indian people in his lifetime. The people who worshiped him were called Nikal Saynis.
Nicholson was buried near Delhi when he died but there is a famous monument, the Nicholson Memorial (also called Nicholson's Obelisk) near Taxila in Pakistan. This was made here by the British people ruling here many years ago, because Nicholson had spent a lot of time in that area.
Kathleen Hanna

Kathleen Hanna (born November 12, 1968) is an American musician and feminist activist. Her music is mostly punk rock and indie rock. She was the singer of Bikini Kill from 1990-1997. In 1998 she released a solo album called Julie Ruin. In the same year she formed Le Tigre with her friend Johanna Fateman. In 2010 she formed a band called The Julie Ruin. They released their first album Run Fast in September 2013. The band went on tour after the release to support the album.
Hanna had Lyme disease for several years. She is married to Adam Horovitz, musician in the Beastie Boys. Some people, including Hanna herself, refer to her as radical feminist. Hanna was born in Portland, Oregon, and later raised in Maryland. She lives in New York.
Ute Berling

Ute Berling (born 1957 in Heidelberg, West Germany) is a German singer.
Life and career
Ute Berling was born in Heidelberg, West Germany. She appeared under a stage name. She created German-language songs, and German-language cover versions of songs in other languages. Berling appeared on the ARD television program Musikladen in 1978 and on the ZDF television program Disco in 1980 and on the ZDF-Hitparade in 1981. In 1981, with a German-language cover version of the song Bette Davis Eyes, Als ob sie Bette Davis war, she ranked at number 21 in the German music charts for one week.
Azerbaijan men's national basketball team

The Azerbaijan national basketball team () is the national basketball team of Azerbaijan. The team is controlled by the Azerbaijan Basketball Federation.
Azerbaijan has been a FIBA member since 1991, although they have not fielded a senior national team in any competition in over five years.
HGTV (Canadian TV channel)

HGTV (As HGTV Canada Inc) is a Canadian English Language Specialty television channel. It is owned By Corus Entertainment.
Leg cricket

Leg cricket is a form of cricket where the players don't use a bat. It is played with the batters instead kicking the ball with their legs, and there is a distance of only about from the kicker to the edge of the field. The ball is delivered to the kicker underarm by the bowler.
Measurements
The pitch is wide and 42 ft to 48 ft long, (based on the age group and category of the players).
Rafael Sánchez Ferlosio

Rafael Sanchez Ferlosio (4 December 1927 - 1 April 2019) was a Spanish writer. In 2004, he was awarded the Premio Cervantes for his written work in the Spanish language. He also won a Premio Nadal for his novel El Jarama (1955). He helped writing in Spain to become popular again after the Spanish Civil War, along with other young writers such as Juan Goytisolo and Ana Maria Matute. He later stopped writing for around twenty years. He never said publicly why this was but critics have said it may have been a silent dislike of the Spanish military dictatorship of Francisco Franco.
Sanchez Ferlosio Rome, Lazio, Italy. His mother was Italian. His Spanish father, Rafael Sanchez Mazas (1894-1966), was a nationalist writer and a leader of the Falange. Sanchez Ferlosio was married to writer Carmen Martin Gaite.
Sanchez Ferlosio died in Madrid on 1 April 2019, at the age of 91.
Barry Moore (Alabama politician)

Barry Moore (born September 26, 1966) is an American politician who is the representative for Alabama's 2nd congressional district in the House of Representatives. Barry is a Republican and has been the representative since 2021 but he first tried to get elected in 2018 but lost in the primary election. Moore was first a state senator for Alabama's 91st district in 2010. In 2014 he was arrested because he lied to police but Barry was not punished. Moore joined 147 House of Representatives Republicans to try to get rid of the 2020 United States presidential election results.
Ryūkyū Domain

was a domain of Japan in the area of Okinawa Prefecture at the Pacific edge of the East China Sea.
History
In 1609, Japanese forces invaded the Ryukyu Kingdom. After this, the Ryukyuan kings were forced to pay annual tribute to the Shimazu clan of Satsuma Province.
After the Meiji Restoration, the kingdom was replaced by the Ryukyu Domain which existed from 1872 through 1879.
In 1879, Okinawa Prefecture was established.
Shrines and Temples
Naminoue Shrine was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of the Ryukyu Islands. In 1890, the shrine was recognized in the system of State Shinto. It is among the ranked, nationally significant shrines or which includes five sanctuaries.
Great Dane

The Great Dane is a large breed of dog. They are about or taller at the shoulder. Great Danes can have coats of a fawn color, black, Harlequin (a combination of black and white spots), blue, brindle, or mantle. The females are usually smaller and weight on an average of . Males are slightly larger.
Exercise
They need to be walked daily to maintain good health.
Sugar glider

The sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps) is a small marsupial originally native to eastern and northern mainland Australia, New Guinea, and the Bismarck Archipelago, and introduced to Tasmania. It is called a sugar glider because it likes to feed on the sugary sap from certain trees, and can jump from trees and glide through the air to another tree. They live in trees, and rarely travel on the ground. They eat many foods, but mostly tree sap and insects. They look and act much like a flying squirrel, but they are not related. Sugar gliders are actually related to possums
As pets
Around the world, people very cruelly keep the sugar glider as a domestic pet. It is one of the most commonly traded wild animals in the illegal pet trade, where animals are plucked directly from their natural habitats.
In Australia, sugar gliders can be kept in Victoria, South Australia and the Northern Territory but not Western Australia, New South Wales, ACT or Tasmania.
Sugar gliders are most popular as pets in the United States, where they are bred in large numbers. Most states and cities allow sugar gliders as pets, with some exceptions. In some places, a license or permit might be needed to own a sugar glider, because they are very dangerous as an exotic pet or wild animal.
Edward O. Thorp

Edward Oakley Thorp (born 14 August 1932) is an American mathematics professor, author, hedge fund manager, and blackjack player. He is best known as the author of Beat the Dealer (1962). This was the first book to prove that the house advantage in blackjack could be overcome by card counting. As part of this work he collaborated with Claude Shannon in creating the first wearable computer in 1961.
Thorp also developed and applied effective hedge fund techniques in the financial markets. He was a pioneer in modern applications of probability theory, including the harnessing of very small correlations for reliable financial gain.
Thorp received his Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1958, and worked at M.I.T. from 1959 to 1961. He was a professor of mathematics from 19611965 at New Mexico State University, and then joined the University of California, Irvine where he was a professor of mathematics from 1965 to 1977 and a professor of mathematics and finance from 1977 to 1982.
Stock market
Since the late 1960s, Thorp has used his knowledge of probability and statistics in the stock market by discovering and exploiting a number of pricing in the securities markets. Thorp is currently the President of Edward O. Thorp & Associates, based in Newport Beach, CA. In May 1998, Thorp reported that his personal investments yielded an annualized 20 percent rate of return averaged over 28.5 years.
Law of the United States

The law of the United States is made up of many levels of codified and uncodified forms of law. The most important these is the United States Constitution. This established the federal government of the United States. The Constitution sets out the boundaries of federal law. This consists of acts of Congress, treaties ratified by the Senate, regulations promoted by the executive branch, and case law originating from the federal judiciary. The United States Code is the official compilation and codification of general and permanent federal statutory law.
Federal law and treaties, so long as they are in accordance with the Constitution, preempt conflicting state and territorial laws in the 50 U.S. states and in the territories. However, the scope of federal preemption is limited because the scope of federal power is not universal. In the dual-sovereign system of American federalism states are the plenary sovereigns. Each state has its own constitution, while the federal sovereign possesses only the limited supreme authority given by the Constitution. States may grant their citizens broader rights than the federal Constitution as long as they do not infringe on any federal constitutional rights. Most U.S. law (especially the actual "living law" of contract, tort, property, criminal, and family law) experienced by the majority of citizens on a day-to-day basis consists primarily of state law, which can and does vary greatly from one state to the next.
At both the federal and state levels, the law of the United States is largely based on the common law system of English law. This was the system of law that was in force at the time of the Revolutionary War. However, American law has changed from its English ancestor both in terms of substance and procedure. American law also borrows ideas from civil law.