kenhktsui/simple_wikipedia_LM_quality_score_v1 huggingface dataset:
Gaienhofen

Gaienhofen is a municipality in the district of Konstanz in Baden-Wurttemberg in Germany.
Gaienhofen has two museums: the Hermann-Hesse-Hori-Museum and Otto-Dix-Haus.
History
The municipality has four villages: Gaienhofen, Gundholzen, Hemmenhofen and Horn.
Rugeley

Rugeley (pronounced Rooj-lee) is a market town in Staffordshire, England. It is 7.9 miles (12.7 km) north of the cathedral city of Lichfield and 9.8 miles (15.8 km) southeast of Stafford, the county town. The 2011 census revealed that just over 24,000 people live in Rugeley.
It is on the north-eastern edge of Cannock Chase and is next to the River Trent.
The Trent & Mersey Canal flows through the town.
Although the town is in Staffordshire, it is in the Walsall postcode area, a town in the West Midlands, and the WS15 postcode district.
The town has two railway stations, Rugeley Town and Rugeley Trent Valley. Rugeley Trent Valley is on the West Coast Main Line and provides long-distance trains to London, Birmingham and Crewe. Rugeley Town is on the Chase Line and provides direct local trains to Walsall and Birmingham.
Rugeley used to have its own newspaper, the Rugeley Times. It was published from Bow Street in the town. However, the paper was sold to the Staffordshire Newsletter.
Twinning
Rugeley is twinned with:
Western Springs, Illinois, U.S.
Jensen Beach, Florida

Jensen Beach is a census-designated place (CDP) in Martin County, Florida, United States. The population was 11,707 at the 2010 census.
Jorge Serrano Elías

Jorge Antonio Serrano Elias (born April 26, 1945) is a Guatemalan politician. He was President of Guatemala from January 14, 1991 to June 1, 1993.
Cook–Levin theorem

The Cook-Levin theorem is a theorem from theoretical computer science, which says that the Boolean satisfiability problem is NP-complete. A deterministic Turing machine can change a problem in NP in polynomial time to the problem of determining whether a Boolean formula is satisfiable. An important consequence of the theorem is that if there exists a deterministic polynomial time algorithm for solving Boolean satisfiability, then there exists a deterministic polynomial time algorithm for solving all problems in NP. The same follows for any NP-complete problem.
The question of whether such an algorithm exists is called the P versus NP problem and it is widely considered the most important unsolved problem in theoretical computer science. The theorem is named after Stephen Cook and Leonid Levin, who first described it in the 1970s.
Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization

Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization is a landmark decision by the US Supreme Court that ruled that abortion in the United States is not a protected right in the country. The Court heard the case in December 2021 and decided that the law, passed by Mississippi in 2018, is constitutional. It made all abortions after the first 15 weeks of pregnancy illegal.
Leak
On May 2, 2022, Politico published a leaked draft opinion. Someone found Supreme Court Justice Samuel Alito's notes and gave them to Politico. The notes looked like a majority opinion and so they would probably match the final decision. In the draft, Alito decided to overturn Roe v. Wade and Planned Parenthood v. Casey and rejected those earlier Supreme Court cases. Those court cases made abortion legal in the United States. With those decisions gone, each state would decide for itself whether it would make abortion legal or not.
Decision
On June 24, 2022, the Supreme Court ruled in a 5-4 decision that abortion is not a protected right in the United States.
Justices Samuel Alito, Clarence Thomas, Brett Kavanaugh, Neil Gorsuch, and Amy Coney Barrett wrote the majority opinion. Stephen Breyer, Elena Kagan and Sonia Sotomayor wrote the dissenting opinion. Chief Justice John Roberts wrote a concurring opinion, which declared the law constitutional but did not overturn Roe v. Wade, which allowed abortion.
Reactions
After leak
After the leak, members of the US Senate tried to make a new law to allow abortion in the whole country. The law would stop any states from making abortion illegal, but it did not pass.
On May 14, protesters marched and held up signs in more than 380 cities across the United States, and 20,000 people marched in Washington, DC. That was called the "Bans off Our Bodies" protests.
After decision
US President Joe Biden said, "It's a sad day for the Court and for the country," and that "the health and life of women in this nation are now at risk." In a statement, former President Donald Trump took credit for the decision and called it "the biggest WIN for LIFE in a generation."
Many world leaders and diplomats are against the decision and support abortion as a human right like UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Michelle Bachelet, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, British Prime Minister Boris Johnson, Belgian Prime Minister Alexander De Croo, French President Emmanuel Macron, Danish Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen, New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern, and Greek Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis.
Massachusetts Governor Charlie Baker, a Republican, signed an executive order protecting abortion rights in the state. Democrat Governors Jay Inslee, Kate Brown, and Gavin Newsom, respectively of Washington State, Oregon, and California, also announced a creation of the "West Coast offense," a joint policy to allow and protect abortion rights.
In Florida, a new law restricts abortions to 15 weeks of pregnancy, down from 24, with no exceptions for rape or incest.
Peter Merseburger

Peter Merseburger (9 May 1928 - 15 February 2022) was a German journalist and author. He worked for newspapers and the magazine Der Spiegel. He became known as television presenter of the political magazine Panorama from 1967 to 1975.
He was correspondent of the ARD.
Merseburger died in Berlin on 15 February 2022, at the age of 93.
Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury

Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury KG GCVO PC FRS (3 February 1830 - 22 August 1903) was a Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. He was known as Lord Robert Cecil before 1865 and as Viscount Cranborne from 1865 until 1868.
Salisbury served as Prime Minister three times for a total of over thirteen years. When Prime Minister, he acted as his own Foreign Minister.
Lord Cecil was elected to Parliament in 1853 as a member of the Conservative Party. In 1866 (now called Viscount Cranborne), he served as Secretary of State for India under Prime Minister Lord Derby. Cranborne resigned, but he would return to government in 1874, now as the Marquess of Salisbury. Salisbury was again Secretary of State for India under Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli. In 1878, Salisbury became Foreign Secretary in the Disraeli government.
Salisbury became the Conservative Party leader. Salisbury first served as Prime Minister from 23 June 1885, to 28 January 1886. His first government did not last long as the Conservatives did not have full control.
Salisbury became Prime Minister again on 25 July 1886, with a majority. He would be in office until 11 August 1892. His third time as Prime Minister was from 25 June 1895, until 11 July 1902.
Two issues dominated his time as Prime Minister. One was the struggle between European powers seizing parts of Africa, the so-called "Scramble for Africa". The United Kingdom fought the Second Boer War while Salisbury was Prime Minister.
The other was Ireland, the rise of Irish nationalism amongst Catholics in Ireland. This was backed by his great opponent, Gladstone, leader of the Liberal Party and also three times Prime Minister.
Salisbury helped establish the London County Council. Salisbury built up the Royal Navy. Africa was divided up into colonies.
Salisbury resigned on 11 July 1902. He died on 22 August 1903. The great issues that had divided the country in his time (colonialism, Ireland and Africa) would last in British politics for most of the next century. The one great issue that was not appreciated at the time was the rise of militant German nationalism, which would in the next century lead to two World Wars. Throughout his career Salisbury wrote articles for the Quarterly Review, which have now been edited and published.
Tamotsu Komatsuzaki

Tamotsu Komatsuzaki (born 10 July 1970) is a former Japanese football player.
Ivan Mauger

Ivan Gerald Mauger (4 October 1939 - 16 April 2018) was a New Zealand motorcycle speedway rider. He won a record six World Championships (Finals). Mauger rode for several British teams - Wimbledon Dons, Newcastle Diamonds, Belle Vue Aces, Exeter Falcons, and the Hull Vikings. He was born in Christchurch, New Zealand.
Mauger died on 16 April 2018 in Gold Coast, Australia at the age of 78.
Rensis Likert

Rensis Likert ( ; August 5, 1903 - September 3, 1981) was an American social psychologist. He is known for creating the 5-point Likert scale, a scale that allows people to respond to questions of interest, in order to measure people's attitudes.
He wrote many books including; New Ways of Managing Conflict (1976) and Human Organization: Its Management and Value (1967).
Province of Bari

Bari is a province in the region of Apulia in Italy.
East Brunswick, New Jersey

East Brunswick is a township in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States. The suburban community is part of the New York City metropolitan area and is located on the southern shore of the Raritan River. It is adjacent to the city of New Brunswick.
History
The general area of central New Jersey was once occupied by the Lenape Native Americans.
G. I. Honeymoon

G. I. Honeymoon is a 1945 American comedy movie directed by Phil Karlson and starring Gale Storm, Peter Cookson, Arline Judge, Frank Jenks, Jerome Cowan. It was distributed by Monogram Pictures and was nominated for an Academy Award in 1946.
Corey Graves

Matt Polinsky (born February 24, 1984) is an American retired professional wrestler. He is better known by his ring name Corey Graves. He is currently signed to the WWE and works as a commentator in their developmental territory NXT.
During his career, Polinsky was a one-time NXT Tag Team Champion with Adrian Neville. He is also known for his work on the independent circuit where he competed under the ring name Sterling James Keenan.
WWE
Florida Championship Wrestling and NXT (2011-present)
On December 11 2014, during the pre-show of NXT Takeover: R Evolution, Graves announced that he was officially retiring from in-ring competition because of his concussion issues. Graves would then announce that he would join the NXT commentary team and that he would start at the beginning at the event. He was given a two-year contract by Triple H, which gives him a shot at becoming a guest commentator for either Raw, SmackDown or pay-per-views.
In wrestling
Finishing moves
As Corey Graves
Lucky 13 / 13th Step (Inverted figure-four leglock)
As Sterling James Keenan
MK Ultra (Back-to-belly piledriver)
Signature moves
As Corey Graves
Chop block
Single leg Boston crab
As Sterling James Keenan
Dragon suplex
Fireman's carry dropped into a backbreaker
Helter Skelter (Rope hung triangle choke)
STO
Tilt-a-whirl powerbomb
Managers
Leah West
Nicknames
"The Savior of Misbehavior"
Championships
1 Pro Wrestling
1PW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Absolute Intense Wrestling
AIW Absolute Championship (1 time)
Ballpark Brawl
Natural Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Far North Wrestling
FNW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Florida Championship Wrestling
FCW Florida Tag Team Championship (1 time) (with Jake Carter)
Funkin' Conservatory
FC Tag Team Championship (1 time) (with Chris Cage)
International Wrestling Cartel
IWC Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
IWC Super Indy Championship (1 time)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
He was ranked #118 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2013.
Mutual information

Mutual information measures how much more is known about one random value when given another. For example, knowing the temperature of a random day of the year will not reveal what month it is, but it will give some hint. In the same way, knowing what month it is will not reveal the exact temperature, but will make certain temperatures more or less likely. These hints or changes in likelihood are explained and measured with mutual information.
Calculating mutual information
Required information
To calculate mutual information, the probability (chance) of all possible events, and the probability of them happening at the same time, is needed. For example, to measure mutual information between month and temperature we would need to know how many days in the year are 10 degrees Celsius, how many days out of the year are March and finally how many days are 10 degrees Celsius in March.
Formula
The formula requires the summation, or adding up, of many terms or numbers. Every possible outcome has its own term. From the above calculation of mutual information between month and temperature, we will use the following variables:
p(x,y) = probability of it being x degrees Celsius in month y
t(x) = probability of it being x degrees Celsius (on any day of the year)
m(y) = probability of it being month y
This means m(3) equals the probability of a randomly selected day being in March. This is 31/365, or about 0.085, since 31 out of 365 days in the year are in March.
One term would be as follows:
In this formula, "log" means logarithm.
Adding all possible terms together gives the value for mutual information.
Understanding mutual information
Possible values
The larger the mutual information, the more you would learn about one random value (e.g. month) when told another (e.g. temperature).
If mutual information is zero, you cannot determine anything about one value when given another.
For example, knowing if you got heads or tails in a coin flip last time will not tell you anything about what will happen next time.
If mutual information is small, there may still be no mutual information. Sometimes random events seem to have a pattern in the short term, but overall there is no mutual information.
If mutual information is large, there is likely some connection between the two things being looked at.
Since temperature and month are connected, their mutual information would be a lot larger than zero.
It is not easy to know if mutual information is significant or large.
If mutual information is one, then knowing one value will exactly tell you the other.
For example, if a random desk is selected in a classroom, a teacher can know exactly which student will sit there. Knowing which desk was selected tells us exactly which student is connected to it.
Important facts
Mutual information does not change based on which of the two random values is revealed. This means we know just as much about temperature when told the month as we know about the month when told the temperature.
Mutual information is difficult to compare. If we calculate mutual information for weather and another value for a card game, the two values cannot easily be compared.
Matilda II, Countess of Boulogne

Matilda II of Boulogne was Countess of Boulogne from 1248 to 1253. She was born in 1202 and died on January 14, 1259.
Aratinga

Aratinga is a genus of medium-sized parrots. They are about 13 to 20 inches in length depending on the species.
Aratinga in the Psittacidae family (neotropical parrots). They're range is in South America, but they can be introduced to new habitats.
Commanding officer

A commanding officer is someone who would lead a certain division.
Gall wasp

Gall wasps, also called gallflies, are the family (Cynipidae) of the order Hymenoptera. They are in the Apocrita suborder of wasps.
About 1300 species of this small creature (1-8 mm) are known worldwide, with about 360 species of 36 different genera in Europe and some 800 species in North America.
Plant galls
The larvae of most gall wasps develop in plant galls they induce themselves.
The plant galls develop after the female insect lays the eggs. The inducement for the gall formation is largely unknown. The hatching larvae nourish themselves with the nutritive tissue of the galls, in which they are well-protected from external environmental effects.
70% of the known species live in oak trees. One can find galls on nearly all parts of such trees, some on the leaves, the buds, the branches, and the roots. Other species of gall wasps live in eucalyptus trees, rose bushes or maple trees, as well as many herbs.
Reproduction and development
Most species have an alternation of generations, with a two-sex generation and a parthenogenic generation each year.
Parasitism
A gall provides the developing wasp with a safe refuge for this most vulnerable stage of its life cycle. However, other wasps have found a way to penetrate this defence and parasitise the larva(e) within.
Some of these parasitoids use their long, hardened egg-laying tube (ovipositor) to bore into the gall and lay an egg on the helpless gall maker. These parasitoids may, in turn, be preyed upon by other wasps, hyperparasitoids.
Footnote
An early collector of gall wasps was Alfred Kinsey.
Dintikon

Dintikon is a municipality of the district Lenzburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.
Kasra Nouri

Kasra Nouri (),is an Iranian Jurist and Political activist. He is the chief editor of Website "Majzooban-e noor" covers news about the Dervishes religious community Nouri was also last arrested with his family during 2018 Dervish protests and sentenced to 12 years in prison and 148 lashes. He supported Mehdi Karroubi (presidential candidate) in 2009 Iranian presidential election.
Iranian journalist Kasra Nouri was arrested in February 2018 while covering religious protests for the Majzooban-e-Noor website, which covers news about the Gonabadi Dervishes, a Sufi splinter group. He is serving a 12-year sentence on anti-state charges in Adel-Abad prison near the central city of Shiraz, after initially being held in the Greater Tehran Penitentiary. Tehran's Appeals Court upheld his sentence in March 2019.
During the 2018 Dervish protests, he was arrested along with his mother Shokoufeh Yadollahi and his brothers Pouria Nouri and Amir Nouri.
Clark County, Kansas

Clark County (county code CA) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2010, 2,215 people lived there. Its county seat is Ashland. Ashland is also the biggest city in Clark County.
Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that, is land and (%) is water.
Major highways
Sources: National Atlas, U.S. Census Bureau
U.S. Route 54
U.S. Route 160
U.S. Route 183
U.S. Route 283
Kansas Highway 34
People
Government
Presidential elections
Before 1944, Clark County was a swing county. They voted the national winner in every presidential election from 1900 to 1940. From 1944 on, it has become very Republican in presidential elections (except from 1964 when Lyndon B. Johnson won).
Schwindegg

Schwindegg is a municipality in Muhldorf in Bavaria in Germany.
Luxor Temple

Luxor Temple is an Ancient Egyptian temple, located in modern-day Luxor, which was known as Thebes at the time. The temple was dedicated to the god Amun, his wife Mut, and their son Chons. The temple was built during the time of the New Kingdom. Because some of the stones were re-used, an older monument was probably there beforehand, during the 12th dynasty. Some of the stones of the temple were later re-used to build Abu el-Haggag mosque.
Together with the Temple at Karnak, Luxor Temple is on the list of World Heritage Sites.
Note that Luxor Temple is different from the necropolis of Hatshepsut, located in Deir el-Bahari, which is also near Luxor.
Met Office

The Met Office (now the official name for the Meteorological Office) is the United Kingdom's national weather service.
More than 50% of its revenue comes from goods and services. This is why it is a 'trading fund' of the Ministry of Defence.
Part of the Met Office headquarters at Exeter in Devon is the Met Office College. This does the training for internal personnel and many forecasters from around the world.
Forecasts
Shipping Forecast
One of the British stalwarts, the Shipping Forecast, is produced by the Met Office and broadcast on BBC Radio 4. The Shipping Forecast has long been vital to the safety of mariners on the seas around the British Isles.
Weather forecasting and warnings
The Met Office is responsible for issuing Severe Weather Warnings for the United Kingdom through the National Severe Weather Warning Service (NSWWS). These warn of weather which may affect transport and lives. In March 2008, the system was improved and a new stage of warning was introduced, the 'Advisory'.
Weather prediction models
Its main role is to produce forecast models. It gathers information from weather satellites in space and observations on earth. The information is fed into two IBM supercomputers. The computers use models based on a software package known as the Unified Model. The principal weather products for UK customers are 36-hour forecasts from the newly operational 1.5 km resolution UKV model covering the UK and surroundings (replacing the 4 km model); 48-hour forecasts from the 12 km resolution NAE model covering Europe and the North Atlantic; and 144-hour forecasts from the 25 km resolution global model (replacing the 40 km global model). A wide range of other products for other regions of the globe are sold to customers abroad. They are used by MOD operations abroad or provided free to developing countries in Africa. If necessary, forecasters may make adjustments to the computer forecasts.
Basarab Laiotă cel Bătrân

Basarab Laiota cel Batran also known as Basarab the Old (d. 22 December 1480) was Prince of Wallachia 5 times within 4 years (1473-1477)
15th-century people
Epic Mickey: Power of Illusion

Epic Mickey: Power of Illusion is an platfomer video game developed by DreamRift, and published by Disney Interactive Studios. Released on Ni9ntendo 3DS in 2012 Worldwide; and 2013 in Japan by Spike Chunsoft. It is the third entry of Epic Mickey series.
Heartfire

Heartfire (1998) is an alternate history and fantasy book that was written by Orson Scott Card. It is the fifth book in Card's The Tales of Alvin Maker series and is about Alvin Miller, the seventh son of a seventh son, which gives him magical powers.
Roswell P. Flower Memorial Library

The Roswell P. Flower Memorial Library is a Library on the National Register of Historic Places in Watertown, New York.
Emanuel Tov

Emanuel Tov (born September 15, 1941, Amsterdam, Netherlands) is emeritus professor in the Department of Bible at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He is known as the editor-in-chief of the Dead Sea Scrolls publication project and as the world's leading authority on the textual criticism of the Hebrew Bible.
Biography
Emanuel Tov was born in Amsterdam, the Netherlands (1941) and emigrated to Israel in 1961. From 1986 to 2009 he was professor at Hebrew University in Jerusalem and since 1990 he holds the J.L. Magnes chair.
He was one of the editors of the Hebrew University Bible Project. He is a member of the editorial board of the journals Dead Sea Discoveries and the Journal of Jewish Studies. He served on the Academic committee of the Magnes Press. He is the co-founder and chairman (1991-2000) of the Dead Sea Scrolls Foundation, a Member of the Academic Committee of the Orion Center for the Study of the Dead Sea Scrolls, and Senior Associate Fellow of the and an Honorary Fellow of the Oxford Centre for Postgraduate Hebrew Studies.
From 1990-2009 he served as the Editor-in-Chief of the international Dead Sea Scrolls Publication Project, which during those years produced 33 volumes of the series Discoveries in the Judean Desert as well as two concordances.
He also published an electronic edition of all the extra-biblical Qumran scrolls and a six-volume printed edition of the scrolls meant for the general public. He also created electronic editions of the Hebrew and Greek Bible.
Emanuel Tov is married to Lika (nee Aa). They have three children and four granddaughters.
Future Trunks

Future Trunks is a fictional character of the Dragon Ball franchise. He is the son of Bulma and Vegeta. Trunks is the only fighter of his timeline.
Future Trunks is mainly seen in Dragon Ball Super.
Appearances
Trunks was first shown as a baby when the heart virus killed Goku and the androids #18 and #17 killed most of the fighters. Trunks and his master Gohan were the only fighters that were not killed. Trunks trained to become Super Saiyan. He did this so he could fight the androids.
Trunks and Gohan decided to fight the androids but again the androids won. Gohan lost an arm in the fight. Trunks tried to transform into a Super Saiyan but he failed. Trunks tried to stop Gohan from fighting the androids alone but was knocked out by his master to keep him safe. Trunks woke up and learned that that Gohan had went to fight the androids alone. When Trunks got to the scene of the fight. he found Gohan was dead. This was what was needed for him to change into a Super Saiyan.
Three years later, Trunks prepared himself for the fight against the androids. His mother, Bulma, created a time machine that was to be used if Trunks fails. Trunks fought the androids with Super Saiyan power. He did well for a time but he eventually fails and had to escape. He returned to capsule Corp and planned to go back to the past and change it. This would also change his present time.
Grenade (disambiguation)

A grenade is a small explosive device which is thrown at a target.
Petit-Palais-et-Cornemps

Petit-Palais-et-Cornemps is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.
Grupo Kalise

Grupo Kalise SA is a Spanish company specializing in the production of ice cream and other dairy and frozen products. Founded in 1960. One of the largest ice cream companies in Spain.
History
After World War II, businessman Fernando Ponce Sintes founded La Estrella in 1950 on the island of Menorca, aiming to bring ice cream and cakes to the island's restaurants. Five years later, in 1955, the company was renamed La Estrella to La Menorquina. By the mid-1950s, the company had entered into cooperation agreements with companies in Barcelona. In 1956, Synthes acquired the chocolate company La Tropical de Mahon, based in Mahon, founded in 1883, where Synthes worked as a pastry chef.
John Wooden

John Robert Wooden (October 14, 1910 - June 4, 2010) was an American basketball player and coach. Nicknamed the "Wizard of Westwood", he won ten NCAA national championships in a 12-year period--seven in a row. Wooden was named a member of the Basketball Hall of Fame as a player (inducted in 1961) and as a coach (in 1973), the first person ever to be in both categories. He was a Democrat.
Wooden was born on October 14, 1910 in Hall, Indiana. He studied at Purdue University. Wooden was married to Nellie Riley from 1932 until her death in 1985. They had two children. Wooden died on June 4, 2010 in Los Angeles, California from natural causes, aged 99 .
Touch by Touch

"Touch by Touch" is a song by Austrian Euro disco band Joy, released in November 1, 1985 as the second single from their debut album, Hello. The song was a huge success in their homeland, where it reached number one. In Germany, the song reached the top 20, peaking at No. 18 in 1986. It also became a hit in East Asia and the Philippines, and remains as the band's signature song. the soundtrack appears in the South Korean dub of Nutri Ventures and Kid Cosmic, and others.
1985 songs
Disco songs
Venus, Texas

Venus, Texas is a town in the United States. Around 4,361 people lived there (about 2,860 males and 1,500 females) in 2020.
Two Less Lonely People in the World

"Two Less Lonely People in the World" is a 1982 song by English-Australian band Air Supply. It is the third single from their seventh studio album Now and Forever. It went to number 38 in the United States and number 46 in Australia. It was a better hit on adult contemporary radio in Canada and the United States.
Electoral district of Heysen

Heysen is an electoral district of South Australia. It was created in 1970, abolished in 1977 and recreated in 1985.
Extinction

Extinction is when a species of animal, plant, or other organisms are no longer living. Extinction is one of the major features of evolution.
All species become extinct sooner or later. The end of a species may happen for many reasons. It may be caused by habitat loss or by being overhunted, or by a major extinction event. An example of an animal that is now extinct is the Dodo, from over-hunting. Another quite different way for a species to end is by species-splitting, known as cladogenesis. The species living today probably were not living in the Cambrian period, but their ancestors were.
Notable extinct animal species include the non-avian dinosaurs, the saber-toothed cats, the dodo, the mammoths, ground sloths, the thylacine, the trilobites and the golden toad.
Endangered species are those which may become extinct. A report from Kew Gardens suggests that one fifth of plant species may be at risk of extinction. Fossil species sometimes reappear millions of years after they were thought to be extinct. These cases are called Lazarus taxa. Humans are to blame due to cutting down animals' natural habitat such as forests.
Duration of species
The average duration of species varies according to the groups studied. A study of benthic (deep water) foraminifera showed an average of 16 million years if they lived above 200 metres, but 25my if they lived below 200 metres. On the other hand, the average survival time for mammalian species over the past 20my has been 2.33my.
It is estimated that 99.9% of all species that have ever lived are now extinct. More than half of the plants and animals that have become extinct in the last 200 years have been in Australia. There the arrival of Europeans with (accidentally or deliberately) introduced species has damaged the native biota. Especially, the introduction of eutherian mammals has caused the extinction of many marsupial forms.
Duration of higher groups
Naturally, higher categories such as genera, families, orders, classes and phyla last longer, because they are composed of more species. As far as we know, no phylum has gone completely extinct since the Cambrian, but quite a few classes went extinct in one or other of the 'big five' extinction events. Examples of higher categories of animal now extinct are: placoderm fish, trilobites, ammonites, pelycosaurs, non-avian dinosaurs, pterosaurs, ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs.
Reasons
Darwin thought that most extinctions occurred because some organisms became more effective, and replaced their less advanced competitors. No doubt that does occur, but the view now is that environmental change is more important. Organisms become adapted to the environments they live in. The environment certainly does change, and sometimes quite dramatically. When it does, some organisms can adapt to the changes. Others cannot.
The Earth's environment can stay rather stable for long periods of time. Then the rate of extinction is usually quite low. Then changes occur, sometimes quite rapidly. In these times the rate of extinction can be much higher. The rate of extinction is therefore a useful thing to measure.
Dachigam National Park

Dachigam National Park is a national park in India. It is from Srinagar, the capital city of Jammu and Kashmir. The park covers an area of . The name of the park means "ten villages".
History
The park has been a protected area since 1910. It was first created to ensure a supply of clean drinking water for the city of Srinagar. It was declared a National Park in 1981.
Flag of Nepal

The national flag of Nepal () was created in December 1962. It is the only national flag in the world that doesn't have four sides.
The current flag was adopted on 16 December 1962, along with the formation of a new constitutional government. It borrows from the original, traditional design, used throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, and is a combination of the two individual flags used by rival branches of the ruling dynasty.
Appearance
It has a combination of two red pennants with the large blue border around the unique shape of two overlapping right triangles: the smaller upper triangle bears the white stylised moon (the rising sun on the horizontal crescent moon) and the larger lower triangle displays the white twelve-pointed sun.
Incorrect versions
Because of the Nepalese flag's unique shape, its large-scale reproduction is difficult. It is sometimes put on a white area to make the flag a rectangle; an example is the Nepalese flag used at some venues of the 2016 Summer Olympics where the flag design was placed on a cloth with the same shape as other flags at the Olympics, with the rest of the flag left white.
During a visit of the Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi to Janakpur, a version of the flag with incorrect shape was flown by officials, causing controversy.
Sequoyah County, Oklahoma

Sequoyah County is a county in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, 38,972 people lived there. Its county seat is Sallisaw.
Brucamps

Brucamps is a commune. It is in the region Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in the north of France.
There are still many sculpted and decorated farmhouses from the 19th century, built of stone and brick (which are no longer in use today).
Several of these farms had arched gateways. That helped avoid damage from incoming carriages.
Chassiers

Chassiers is a town and commune in the Ardeche departement, in the southern part of France. The commune has a population of about 850 people as of the year 1999.
Wingene

Wingene is a municipality in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007, 13328 people lived there.
It is at 51deg 03 North, 03deg 16 East.
Bandana, Kentucky

Bandana is a census-designated place (CDP) of Kentucky in the United States.
Monstera

Monstera is a genus of flowering plants. There are about 60 species in the genus. The genus belongs to the family Araceae. Originally, the plants occur in the tropical regions of Central and South America.
The plants are herbs or evergreen vines. They climb other trees. They can grow to a height of about 20m. The plants also have aerial roots. These can act as hooks on branches of the tree that the plant is climbing. They grow down into the ground to support the plant. The leaves are leather, dark green, and often have holes in them. The flowers grow on a special inflorescence called a spadix. Some species have edible fruit.
Many people grow some of these species (esp. Monstera deliciosa) indoors as a houseplant. Monstera deliciosa is sometimes also grown for its fruit, which tastes somewhere between a banana and a pineapple.
In some parts of the world (other than Tropical America), some plants started to grow in the wild. This is the case for example in Portugal, on Madeira, Morocco, some parts of India and Malaysia as well as in Florida.
Thoidingjam

Thoidingjam is a Meetei Manipuri surname or family name which has Indian origin. People of this family mainly inhabit in Manipur, India.
List of English districts by area

This is a list of districts of England by size. The biggest are first and smallest are at the end.
The Desert Storm Mixtape: Blok Party, Vol. 1

The Desert Storm Mixtape: Blok Party, Vol. 1 is the debut studio album by DJ Envy. The album was released on February 11, 2003.
Paul Cattermole

Paul Gerald Cattermole (7 March 1977 - 6 April 2023) was an English singer and actor. He was best known for being a member of the pop band S Club 7 from 1998 until he left in 2002. Cattermole returned to the band in 2014 for their reunion tour and was originally due to return in 2023 for a planned second reunion tour before his death.
He dated fellow S Club 7 band member Hannah Spearritt. However, he never married and had no children.
On 6 April 2023, Cattermole was found unresponsive at his home in Dorset and was pronounced dead later that day. He was 46 years old. His cause of death was not revealed, but police did not treat his death as suspicious.
Tributes came in from other groups of S Club 7's era, as well as from manager Simon Fuller.
Riemst

Riemst is a municipality in the Belgian province of Limburg. In 2007, 16076 people lived there. It is at 50deg 48 North, 05deg 36 East.
Marco Antonio Rodríguez

Marco Antonio Rodriguez (born 10 November 1973 in Mexico City) is a retired Mexican association football referee.
He refereed the famous 2014 FIFA World Cup semi-final in which Germany defeated Brazil 7-1.
Midland–Odessa shooting

On August 31, 2019, multiple people were shot from a vehicle traveling between and in the Texas cities of Odessa and Midland.
Odessa police announced five deaths (including the shooter) and 21 injuries (including three police), and described the shooter as a white male in his mid-30s, shot and killed by police outside a movie theater as he fired at them again.
President of the National Assembly of Ecuador

The President of the National Assembly is the presiding officer of the legislature of Ecuador. In 2009 the National Congress of Ecuador was replaced by the National Assembly. The position of President of the National Assembly has existed since then.
North English, Iowa

North English is a city of Iowa and Keokuk counties in the state of Iowa, United States.
Bubba Watson

Gerry Lester "Bubba" Watson, Jr. (born November 5, 1978) is an American professional golfer. He plays on the PGA Tour. He plays left-handed. He is a multiple major champion, having won The Masters Tournament in 2012 and in 2014. In February 2015, Watson reached a career-high 2nd place in the Official World Golf Ranking.
Watson is among the longest drivers on the PGA Tour. In 2007 he had an average drive of and can hit a ball over , capable of generating a ball speed up to .
Also, in 2015, Watson won the Travelers Championship; and the unofficial Hero World Challenge in the Bahamas in December. In this tournament he finished 25 strokes under par, winning $1,000,000.
Before the Phoenix Open in February 2016, Watson said that he did not like the golf course, the Tournament Players Club (TPC) Scottsdale. So he was jeered by fans for most of the tournament. He then talked against the media for "turning his words around". Two weeks later, he won the Northern Trust Open in California for a second time in three years. He won by one stroke to finish at 15 under par.
Amateur career
Watson was born and grew up in Bagdad, Florida, near Pensacola. He played on the golf team at Milton High School, which also graduated two other PGA Tour members, Heath Slocum and Boo Weekley.
Watson then played golf for Faulkner State Community College in Baldwin County, Alabama, where he was a junior college All-American. He transferred to the University of Georgia, who were then the NCAA Division I Men's Golf Champions. He played for the Georgia Bulldogs in 2000 and 2001. As a junior, Watson helped lead the Bulldogs to the Southeastern Conference title in 2000.
Professional career
Watson went professional in 2003 and played the Nationwide Tour until 2005. He played well enough that year to be the last player to qualify for the following year's PGA Tour. As a rookie (beginner) in 2006, he earned $1,019,264 and led the PGA Tour in driving distance at .
Watson won his first PGA Tour on June 27, 2010, in Cromwell, Connecticut, at the Travelers Championship. He defeated two other players on the second hole of a sudden-death playoff. Crying, Watson said the win was for his parents, especially his father, who had cancer.
Watson began his own clothing line named "Bubba Golf" in 2007. He was invited on The Ellen DeGeneres Show after he sent her a video of a golf trick shot he made for her birthday.
Watson is a Christian who talks openly about how much his faith means to his life. Watson gives a lot of his money and time to charity.
Termen

Termen is a municipality of the district of Brig in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.
Renin

Renin is an enzyme that is made by the kidneys. It is released into the circulatory system to raise blood pressure. This causes more blood to be sent to the kidneys.
Peter Handke

Peter Handke (born December 6, 1942 in Griffen (Carinthia)) is an Austrian author and translator of books.
Peter Handke is known for his extremely critical (and perhaps even absurd) plays. Perhaps his best-known play is called Publikumsbeschimpfung (translates roughly as insulting /offending the audience). The play consists of actors insulting and offending the audience, and later congratulating them for the good performance. The play has been labelled as antitheater.
In 2019, Handke was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.
Calderdale

Calderdale is a metropolitan borough of West Yorkshire. The population in 2020 was 211,439.
It was formed in 1974 by the merger of Brighouse, Elland, Halifax, Sowerby Bridge, Hebden Bridge and Todmorden. Calderdale Council is mostly in Halifax, the biggest town.
Rapetosaurus

Rapetosaurus is a genus of sauropod dinosaur. It lived in what is now Madagascar from 70 to 66 million years ago, at the end of the Cretaceous period. Only one species, Rapetosaurus krausei, has been found. Like other sauropods, Rapetosaurus was a quadrupedal herbivore.
The discovery of Rapetosaurus was the first time a titanosaur had been recovered with an almost perfectly intact skeleton, complete with skull. It has helped to clarify some difficult issues in this large group of sauropod dinosaurs. It provides a baseline for the reconstruction of other titanosaurs that are known only from partial remains.
By the early part of the Upper Cretaceous all sauropods, except the titanosaurs, were extinct. The titanosaurs were the dominant herbivores of the Upper Cretaceous on the southern continents which made up Gondwana. Their reign was cut short by the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event.
Juvenile
The specimen discovered was a juvenile. It is 8 metres (26 ft) from head to tail, and "probably weighed about as much as an elephant", according to Kristina Curry Rogers. An adult would have been about twice as long (15 metres (49 ft) in length), which is still less than half the length of its gigantic kin, like Argentinosaurus and Paralititan.
Mosaic (genetics)

In genetics, a mosaic (or mosaicism) means the presence of two different genotypes in an individual which developed from a single fertilized egg. As a result, the individual has two or more genetically different cell lines derived from a single zygote.
Mosaicism may result from:
Crossing-over during mitosis
A gene mutation during development
A chromosomal mutation during development
X-inactivation: one X chromosome is randomly switched off in cells of a female mammal
The phenomenon was discovered by Curt Stern. In 1936, he demonstrated that recombination, normal in meiosis, can also take place in mitosis. When it does, it results in somatic (body) mosaics. These are organisms which contain two or more genetically distinct types of tissue.
Chimeras
People who have mosaicism are often called chimeras but this is a mistake. A mosaic is originally from a single fertilised egg, whereas a chimaera comes from two fertilised eggs.
Other causes of two-tone appearances
This is easiest to see with eye colours. When eye colours vary between the two eyes, or within one or both eyes, the condition is called heterochromia iridis (= 'different coloured iris'). It can have many different causes, both genetic and accidental. For example, David Bowie has the appearance of different eye colours due to an injury that caused one pupil to be permanently dilated.
On this page, only genetic mosaicism is discussed.
X-inactivation
This is a controlled and natural developmental phenomenon in mammalian females. Females have two X chromosomes (and males have only one). The two X chromosomes in a female are rarely identical. They have the same genes, but at some loci (positions) they may have different alleles (versions of the same gene).
In the early embryo, each cell independently and randomly inactivates one copy of the X chromosome. This inactivation lasts the lifetime of the cell, and all the descendants of the cell inactivate that same chromosome. X-inactivation is reversed in the female germline, so that all egg cells contain an active X chromosome.
This phenomenon shows in the colouration of calico cats and tortoiseshell cats. These females are heterozygous for the X-linked colour genes: the genes for their coat colours are carried on the X chromosome. X-inactivation causes groups of cells to carry either one or the other X-chromosome in an active state.
X-inactivation is an epigenetic change, a switching off of genes on one chromosome. It is not a change in the genotype. Descendent cells of the embryo carry the same X-inactivation as the original cells. This may give rise to mild symptoms in female 'carriers' of X-linked genetic disorders.
Mutations
Mutations in body cells (somatic mutations) cause groups of cells to differ in their genetics.
Somatic mutation leading to mosaicism is common in the beginning and end stages of human life. Cancer research has shown that somatic mutations are responsible for most leukemia, lymphomas, and solid tumors.
Priscilla Lane

Priscilla Lane (June 12, 1915 - April 4, 1995) was an American actress. She acted mostly in movies. She played a heroine in The Roaring Twenties (1939). She played a bride in the movie Arsenic and Old Lace.
Lane was born in Indianola, Iowa.
International Phonetic Association

The International Phonetic Association is an organization that promotes the scientific study of phonetics and practical applications of that science. It started in Paris in 1886. It developed the International Phonetic Alphabet--a standard for the phonetic representation of all languages. The acronym IPA refers to both the association and the alphabet. On 30 June 2015, it was incorporated as a British private company limited by guarantee. Its offices are in London.
Autotransplantation

Autotransplantation is transplanting tissues from one part of the body to another part of the same person. Skin grafts are a common example.
Another example: a piece of bone (usually from the hip) is removed and ground into a paste when reconstructing another portion of bone.
Operation Moonshot

Operation Moonshot is a programme by the UK government to allow many people in England to be tested for COVID-19 as a way to allow large gatherings of people to happen there while maintaining control over the virus. According to the British Medical Journal, the programme aims to perform 10 million tests per day by 2021.
People are worried about it because, as a leaked government document says, it is thought it may cost PS100bn, which is about three-quarters of what the NHS England costs every year. Statisticians say because any test can have inaccuracies, mass testing at this scale might cause hundreds of thousands of false positives a day, resulting in very large numbers of people being told they are infected when they are not infected.
Safety lamp

A safety lamp is a miner's lamp with a covered flame that used to be used in coal mines.
Types of safety lamps
The first safety lamp was invented by William Reid Clanny. It used bellows and water to separate gasses. Later, two newer designs were invented. One newer design was the Geordie lamp, made by George Stephenson, and the other was the Davy lamp, made by Sir Humphry Davy. In 1815, Davy discovered that if a flame was in a lamp, it would not ignite the flammable gases in mines.
How it works
Coal mines are dangerous because of flammable gasses like methane that can accumulate (gather together). A lamp with a naked (exposed) flame might make these flammable gasses catch fire, causing an explosion, which could kill people. The safety lamp prevents the hot flame of the lamp touching the flammable gasses, reducing the chance of an explosion.
Chinese Taipei at the Olympics

Chinese Taipei has been in many Olympic Games. The country first competed with the Chinese National Olympic Committee. From 1960 to now the country now takes part as the Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee
Medalists
Related pages
List of IOC country codes