kenhktsui/simple_wikipedia_LM_quality_score_v1 huggingface dataset:
Underneath

Underneath is the fourth studio album by The Verve Pipe. The album was released on September 25, 2001.
Client

In net jargon (words people use about the Internet) a client is a computer used by a user to connect to a network and make requests to servers. For example, a web browser is a client software.
Eve

Eve could mean:
Bible
Eve (Bible), the first woman according to Christian theology.
Computers and programming
EVE Online, an MMORPG computer game, Space Simulation
Groupee Community, an online community formerly known as Eve
Evolving Virtual Enterprise, or EVE(TM), an adaptive Web Portal System
EVE (text editor), a text editor provided with the VMS operating system
Eve, a multimedia CD-ROM game created in association with and featuring the music of Peter Gabriel
Games
EVE: The Second Genesis Collectible Card Game
Days
The day before, or the evening before, a holiday, such as:
New Year's Eve
Christmas Eve
St. John's Eve, also called Midsummer's Eve or Bonfire Night
The Eve of St. Agnes
All Hallows Eve, another name for Halloween
Fictional characters
Eve (Applegeeks), an android in the Applegeeks webcomic
E.V.E (Exceptionally Versatile Evolvanoid), from early Sonic the Hedgehog comics
Eve (Buffyverse), in the television series Angel
Eve (DC Comics), in the Sandman comic book series
Eve (Xena), Xena's daughter in the TV series Xena: Warrior Princess
Eve, a female superhero in the Freedom Force computer game series
Mitochondria Eve (not to be confused with Mitochondrial Eve), the main villain in the Parasite Eve video game.
Louis, Duke of Orléans (1703–1752)

Louis d'Orleans (4 August 1703 - 4 February 1752) was the Duke of Orleans and a prince du sang. At his father's death, he became the First Prince of the Blood (Premier Prince du Sang). Known as Louis le Pieux and also as Louis le Genovefain, Louis was a pious, charitable and cultured prince, who took very little part in the politics of the time.
Louis d'Orleans was born at the Palace of Versailles in 1703 to Philippe II, Duke of Orleans and his wife, Francoise Marie de Bourbon, the youngest legitimised daughter of Louis XIV and of his mistress Madame de Montespan. At his birth, he was given the courtesy title of Duke of Chartres.
He was brought up by his mother and his grandmother, Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate. Louis was very close to his younger sister Louise Elisabeth d'Orleans. Upon the death of his father on 2 December 1723, he became Duke of Orleans.
Marriage
He married Johanna of Baden-Baden (1704-1726), the daughter of Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden and his wife Sibylle Auguste of Saxe-Lauenburg, on 18 June 1724. The couple were very happy but Joanne died in childbirth in 1726 and Louis mourned her intensely. He never remarried.
He died in 1752, at the age of forty-eight, at the Abbaye de Sainte Genevieve, having lost most of his sanity. He was buried at the Val-de-Grace in Paris.
Children
Louis Philippe d'Orleans (12 May 1725 - 18 November 1785) married Louise Henriette de Bourbon in 1743 and had issue.
Louise Marie d'Orleans (5 August 1726 - 14 May 1728) died young.
Caruthersville, Missouri

Caruthersville is a city in and the county seat of Pemiscot County, Missouri, United States. It is located along the Mississippi River. The population was 6,168, according to the 2010 Census.
Thomson–East Coast MRT line

The Thomson-East Coast Line (TEL) is the sixth MRT line in Singapore. It is the fourth line to be fully automated and driverless in Singapore. The line will be 43 km (27 mi) long, with 31 stations. The line is colored brown on the MRT Rail map.
The Thomson Line section was announced on 29 August 2012. The Eastern Region Line section was announced on 15 August 2014. Both were put together to form the Thomson-East Coast Line.
The first and second stage of the line opened on 31 January 2020 and August 28, 2021. The third stage opened on November 13, 2022 with the other two stages expected to open from 2024 to 2025. It interchanges with all existing lines. When the first three stages opened, it is expected to serve about 500,000 commuters daily.
Landry Bonnefoi

Landry Bonnefoi (born 20 September 1983) is a French football player. He plays for Amiens.
Cuneo

Cuneo is an Italian city in Piemonte. It has 54,992 people.
Curious George (TV series)

Curious George is an American children's animated television series based on the eponymous children's book series for PBS Kids featuing Jeff Bennett as the voice of the Man with the Yellow Hat. Frank Welker reprises George's role in the series from the 2006 feature film. The show premiered on PBS on September 4, 2006, and originally ended with nine seasons on April 1, 2015 before returning in 2018.
Symbol rate

Symbol rate (also called baud rate and modulation rate) is the number of symbols that happen each second. The name "baud rate" comes from Emile Baudot, the person who invented the Baudot code.
Murdo MacKay

Murdo John MacKay (born 8 August 1917 in Fort William, Ontario - d. August 8, 2000) was a Canadian professional ice hockey forward who played 19 games in the National Hockey League for the Montreal Canadiens.
Konstantinos Tsatsos

Konstantinos D. Tsatsos (; July 1, 1899 - October 8, 1987) was a Greek, professor of law, scholar and politician. He was the second President of the Third Hellenic Republic from 1975 to 1980.
University of Paris

The University of Paris () was a university in Paris, France. It was one of the first universities to be established in Europe. It was founded in the middle of the 12th century. The university is often referred to as the Sorbonne or la Sorbonne, after the creation of the college (College de Sorbonne) founded around 1257 by Robert de Sorbon.
In 1971, the university was split into thirteen independent universities.
African immigration to the United States

African immigration to the United States refers to immigrants to the United States who are or were nationals of modern African countries. The term African in the scope of this article refers to geographical or national origins rather than racial affiliation. Between the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 and 2017 the African born population in the United States grew to 2.1 million people.
Cláudio Biekarck

Claudio Biekarck is a retired sailor from Brazil. Biekarck competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics, the 1976 Summer Olympics and the 1980 Summer Olympics. He was born on 16 May 1951.
Inheritance (object-oriented programming)

In Object-oriented programming languages, inheritance is a way to add functionality. Object-oriented programming has the notion of classes (and perhaps interfaces). A derived class inherits most fields and methods from its parent class. It can modify the behaviour of the parent, by adding new fields and methods, or by modifying existing ones. Depending on the programming language used, there may be certain restrictions when extending a class.
Inheritance can be used to solve different types of problems:
Specialisation: The child class extends the functionality of the parent. That way a Bank account may have fields for balance, account number and owner; a subclass interest-earning account may add fields like interest rate and interest received.
Overriding: The child class can redefine the behaviour of the parent class.
Code reuse: Code that is common to many classes can be placed in a parent class, and reused.
An example can be a Car class. You could create a Ferrari class which would inherit from Car, and also make a Toyota class which would also inherit from Car. This way, all the fields and methods (drive method, brake method, color field...) would also be inside of Ferrari and Toyota, and you wouldn't need to copy the code twice. However, maybe inside of Car you could have a brand field. This brand field would be equal to nothing, but inside of Ferrari the field might be equal to "ferrari" and in Toyota to "toyota". Of course, you could not just create a Car, because otherwise that field would be missing. In order to prevent people from just creating a Car, you turn the Car into an abstract class.
New Orleans Saints

The New Orleans Saints are a professional American football team in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. The Saints play in the Southern Division of the National Football Conference (NFC) in the National Football League (NFL).
In 1980, the Saints became the first ever NFL team to finish with 1 win and 15 losses.
After a history of bad luck, the Saints won Super Bowl XLIV in the 2009 season off an interception from Peyton Manning by cornerback Tracy Porter. That was also meaningful because only about four years earlier the city was badly hurt when Hurricane Katrina came through in 2005.
That was later tarnished as in 2012 they and defesnive coodinator Gregg Williams were exposed to have used a bounty stystem, in which players were paid to deliver especially hard/illegal hits to the opponent. Brees denied knowing of the system. The Saints soon recovered and won three straight NFC South division titles.
The team name was inspired by a popular Mardi Gras song called "When the Saints Go Marching In".
The Saints have several famous players including their starting quarterback Drew Brees. They also have running back Alvin Kamara, wide receiver Michael Thomas, defensive end Cameron Jordan, cornerback Marshon Lattimore, and two linebackers in Demario Davis and Kwon Alexander.
After drew Brees's 16 years with the Saints, he retired in the 2021 offseason.
Aunt

An aunt is relationship that describes a woman who is a sibling of a parent or is married to a sibling of a parent. Aunts are sometimes called Auntie or Aunty. A man is a nephew to their Aunt and a woman is a niece. An aunt is part of an extended family. The child of an aunt's is a cousin. Often the word aunt is used with people who are not related to show closeness or respect.
In many cultures there are different words to describe a person's mother's sister and father's sister. In Latin a mother's sister is matertera while a father's sister is amita.
Detail
A maternal or paternal relative is one who is related through one's mother or father, respectively. For example, a maternal aunt is the subject's mother's sister. An in-law is a relationship that is not by blood, but instead by marriage. The in-law shares the in-law relationships of the spouse's relatives. For example, an aunt in-law could be the wife of the subject's uncle.
Vaughn, New Mexico

Vaughn is a town in Guadalupe County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 446 at the 2010 census.
Proix

Proix is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.
Garhwal

'Garhwal Land ' () is a region. It is in the state of Uttarakhand India. Garhwal's name is taken from Garhs (or forts). This is because this region had 52 forts belonging to local chiefs who ruled small areas near their forts. People who belong to this region are known as Gharhwalis. Now, this region is being looked onto as a tourist hub of India. This land has the districts Tehri, Chamoli, Uttarakashi, Pauri, some parts of Dehradun, and other areas.
History
The history of Garhwal goes back to the dawn of Hindu civilization, but most of history of Garhwal is fairly unknown or not given any importance by historians. Also, some facts known about this land are vague and taken from Garhwali folk songs and Hindu epics. Most historians say that the name of Garhwal comes from the ancient regimes and rulers. However, most of the facts are unknown, and the things that are known are very vague and unreliable.
MARODA is a very Important village of Pauri District. It is only from Devprayag which is a holy place for Hindus as it is the starting point of the Holy river Ganga. Though the inhabitants of Maroda are well settled in Delhi and other cities for their studies and Jobs but still they are very deeply attached with this village and the tradition and culture of the Uttarakhand.
Religious Aspect
Garhwal is mostly known as the land of sacred Devi Devta (gods) because the holy river Ganges, Yamuna comes from here and Char Dhams (Holy Pilgrimage) Badrinath, Kedarnath, Gangotri and Yamunotri are found here along with Panch Paryags (Lands where merging of Holy Rivers take place). These Paryags are Devprayag, Rudraparyag, Karanparyag, Nandparyag and Vishnuparyag. There are also some Shaktipeeths like Dhari Devi, Mathiyana, Kunjapuri, Surkunda and Punch Badri Kedarnath, Madhya Maheswer, Tungh Nath, Rudra Nath, Kalpeshwer and Panch Badri Adi Badri, Vridha Badri, Bhavisya Badri, Yog Badri, Badri Vishal.
People
Garhwal is motherland of most of Gharwali people and language spoken by Garhwalis is also known as Garhwali. Most of the Garwalis are villagers and depends upon agriculture. Village in Garhwal are combine among some areas which is known as "Patti" for example Patti Bhillang may contain more than 30 villages. Garhwal land is facing troubles of unemployment and therefore most Garhwali youngsters migrate to the cities. Administration for education is fairly poor however some improvements are there but not so impressive as other states. Health and medical services need to be improved and cultivation is totally depends upon rain and rainfall is not consistent.
Culture
The culture and dialect of Garhwal is different in different areas. The culture and dialect of one area can be different from another area but an important part of the culture is Hinduism. Hinduism is the soul of Garhwali culture. Garhwali culture is influenced a lot by Epics and Devi Devta.
Spiraeoideae

The Spiraeoideae is an old name for a subfamily of flowering plants in the family Rosaceae. Until 2007, the subfamily name was used for a group of plants that are mostly shrubs (but some are herbs) and have small dry fruit. In 2007, the subfamily was made much larger, to include plants that were previously placed in subfamilies Amygdaloideae and Maloideae. In 2012, it was decided at the International Botanical Congress that the correct name for that large subfamily must be Amygdaloideae. Subfamily Amygdaloideae now includes plants with fleshy fruit including apple and plum.
Anti-fascism

Anti-fascism is the opposition to fascist ideologies, organizations, governments and people. Anti-fascism started in Europe in the 1920s. At the same time, fascist political parties were getting popular in Europe. Anti-fascism was most popular during and after World War II, when fascist governments were very powerful in Europe. Many different kinds of political parties have believed in anti-fascism. Some of these parties have been Marxist, nationalist, anarchist, socialist, pacifist, social democratic, conservative, and liberal.
Jay Lethal

Jamar Shipman (born April 21, 1985 in Elizabeth, New Jersey) is an American professional wrestler who currently wrestles for Ring of Honor (ROH) under the ring name, Jay Lethal. He is probably best known for wrestling for TNA Wrestling from 2005 to 2011.
Conor Leslie

Conor Marie Leslie (born April 10, 1991) is an American actress. From 2015 to 2018, she also appeared in the first three seasons of the Amazon Prime Video alternate history thriller The Man in the High Castle. She also played Donna Troy / Wonder Girl on the DC Universe / HBO Max superhero series Titans (2018-present).
Frances Lennon

Frances Lennon, MBE (12 September 1912 - 24 January 2015) was an award winning British artist from Greater Manchester. She was best known for being the Official Artist of the 2002 Commonwealth Games. Her paintings have been described as "Lowry-esque, but with more humour".
Falicon

Falicon is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.
James Dyson

Sir James Dyson (born 2 May 1947) is a British inventor, industrial design engineer and founder of the Dyson company. He is best known as the inventor of the Dual Cyclone bagless vacuum cleaner. His net worth is PS7.8 billion.
He was the Provost of the Royal College of Art from August 2011 to July 2017.
Benken, Zürich

Benken is a municipality of the district of Andelfingen in the Swiss canton of Zurich.
Paolo Di Canio

Paolo Di Canio (born 9 July 1968) is a former Italian football player. Di Canio is also famous for his fascist tattoo, for example his Mussolini back tattoo. His tattoos even got him suspended during a Sky Sports live tv show in September 2016, because people were complaining about it.
Di Canio was appointed manager of Swindon Town in July 2011. His first match was a 3-0 win against Crewe Alexandra.
Mizoram

Mizoram is a state in the Republic of India. It is in the eastern region beyond Bangladesh. It covers an area of . It is bigger than the nation of El Salvador but smaller than the State of Israel. In traditional Indian geography it falls under the North-east Indian zone. In 2011, Mizoram had 1,091,014 people. It has fewer people than every other state except Sikkim.
The word "Mizoram" means "land of the Mizo people". It is one of the Seven Sister States in North Eastern India, sharing borders with the states of Tripura, Assam, Manipur and with the neighbouring countries of Bangladesh and Myanmar. Mizoram became the 23rd state of India on 20 February 1987. The capital of Mizoram is Aizawl.
William Wolff

William Wolff (13 February 1927 - 8 July 2020) was a German-British journalist and rabbi. He was born in Berlin. He worked as a department head at the Daily Mirror.
Wolff was responsible for domestic policy, but then switched to foreign policy with the special topic of Britain's entry to the European Economic Community. He was responsible for company news for four years. In Germany, he also appeared in the early 1970s on the television program Der Internationale Fruhschoppen.
He was a rabbi at West London Synagogue, in Newcastle upon Tyne (1986-1990), in Milton Keynes (1990-1993), Reading and Brighton (1993-1997) and in Wimbledon (1997-2002). On 23 April 2002, he was appointed to the position of regional rabbi of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern in Schwerin. He retired in 2015.
Wolff died on 8 July 2020 at the age of 93 in London.
Cameron Parish, Louisiana

Cameron Parish () is a parish in the southwestern section of the U.S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2020 census, the population was 5,617. The parish seat is Cameron.
Ferrol

Ferrol (In the neighbourhood of Strabo's Cape Nerium, modern day Cape Prior) (), is a city in the Province of A Coruna in Galicia, on the Atlantic coast in north-western Spain. According to the 2014 census, the city has a population of 70,389.
Federal Dependencies of Venezuela

The Federal Dependencies of Venezuela () is a dependent territory in Venezuela, in the Caribbean Sea. It has 600 islands.
The Chew

The Chew is an American television talk and cooking show. It airs on ABC. It started on September 26, 2011. It replaced the soap opera All My Children. The show's name was inspired by talk show The View. It focuses on food-related and lifestyle topics. It is hosted by Mario Batali, Michael Symon, Carla Hall, Clinton Kelly, and Daphne Oz.
On April 11, 2012, ABC announced that the show would air for a second season.
Agavaceae

Agavaceae is a family of plants. Many of these plants grow in dry, hot climates. Some grow in the desert. Well-known plants of this family are the agave, yucca, and Joshua tree. The family includes about 550-600 species in around 18 genera. It is widespread in the tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions of the world.
It is not quite clear how large the family really is. There are genera which some biologists leave out of the family. This includes for example Cordyline and Dracaena, which are sometimes separated off into a separate family, Dracaenaceae. Recent research has tended to incorporate these into a larger family Ruscaceae, though. Nolina, Beaucarnea, and Dasylirion are sometimes recognized as Nolinaceae or placed in Ruscaceae. Conversely, data from molecular systematics now suggest that Agavaceae should be broadened to include a number of genera previously classified elsewhere. Among them are Chlorogalum, Camassia and the family Anthericaceae. This would enlarge the family with anything up to 22 genera. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group's APG II classification places Agavaceae, along with a number of other families (including Ruscaceae) in an expanded family Asparagaceae. However, APG II allows the alternative of keeping some of these families, including Agavaceae, separate. In this case, it recommends expanding the family to include the genera currently classified in Anemarrhenaceae, Anthericaceae (with Anthericum and Paradisea), Behniaceae and Herreriaceae. Most references have retained Agavaceae (in varying circumscriptions) as a family distinct from Asparagaceae. Hesperocallis, sometimes placed in its own family, Hesperocallideaceae, has recently been shown to be closely related and its inclusion in Agavaceae has been recommended (Pires et al. 2004).
Some species are succulent. In general, Agavaceae leaves occur as rosettes at the end of a woody stem, which may range from extremely short to tree-like heights, as in the Joshua tree. The leaves are parallel-veined, and usually appear long and pointed, often with a hardened spine on the end, and sometimes with additional spines along the margins.
Agave species are used to make pulque and mezcal, while others are valued for their fibres. They are quite popular for xeriscaping, many types having showy flowers.
Romanians

Romanians are a ethnic group and nation native to Romania.
Phil Collen

Philip Kenneth Collen (born 8 December 1957) is an English guitarist and singer-songwriter. He is the lead guitarist for the rock band Def Leppard, joining the band in 1982 during the recording of the Pyromania album, replacing Pete Willis. He was born in London.
Plague of Justinian

The Plague of Justinian was a pandemic of the bubonic plague caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. It happened during the years of 541 to 542 in the Byzantine Empire while under the rule of Justinian I. Historians estimate that this pandemic killed as many as 100 million people across the world, partly because it returned every twelve years until 770, when it stopped for about 500 years.
Between 541 and 700, the Plague of Justinian killed about half of the people in Europe. It also may have contributed to the success of the Muslim conquests. Its social and cultural impact is comparable to that of the Black Death.
Origin and impact
Through trade, the plague came from India to Ethiopia or Egypt. Eventually, trade ships brought the plague north to the large city of Constantinople. Ships bringing grain, which Constantinople imported, carried rats along with them. These rats carried the plague. By the end of the pandemic, the plague had killed 40% of Constantinople's population. At its worst, it killed 10,000 people in Constantinople every day.
Doctors at the time relied on religious and folk remedies which were not effective in treating the plague. This caused the plague to spread rapidly throughout Europe and the Mediterranean Basin. In total, about 25 million people died because of the Plague of Justinian. It is said to have contributed to the fall of the Byzantine Empire, because it killed farmers and caused famine. Also, the empire relied on tax money, and the plague killed many taxpayers.Overall, the Plague of Justinian was a sickness that happened around 1,500 years ago. It started in the city of Constantinople and spread to other parts of the world. Many people got sick and some even died. The disease was caused by bacteria and was spread by fleas on rats. It lasted for several years and caused a lot of damage to the Byzantine Empire by weakening its defenses, harming its economy, and killing large amounts of its population. Even though it was a long time ago, we can still learn from this event and take precautions to prevent the spread of diseases today.
Othello

The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare around 1603. It was first performed on 1 November 1604 at Whitehall Palace in London. More recently, Othello was shown on Masterpiece Theater on PBS. The opera Otello of Giuseppe Verdi is based on this play.
Outline
At the start of the play Othello, a Moorish general in the army, promotes Cassio to lieutenant. Iago, his ensign, is angry and jealous, so he plots against Cassio by making him look bad and making Othello uncertain about keeping him as his lieutenant. Some of the things he does are to get him drunk and to start a fight with someone else from the army. Iago also tells Othello that his wife, Desdemona, is cheating on him with Cassio. Cassio is demoted and Iago is promoted to lieutenant. Othello kills Desdemona and is then told by Iago's wife, Emilia, that Iago plotted against him. He goes after Iago, and injures him but does not kill him. Othello then kills himself next to his wife after saying sorry to Cassio for what he has done.
List of rivers of Slovakia

This is a list of the major rivers that flow through Slovakia and their lengths.
ShelterBox

ShelterBox is an international disaster relief charity that provides temporary shelter and life saving supplies to displaced families. ShelterBox sends a package that typically contains a tent designed to withstand extreme weather conditions. It also has a water purification kit, blankets, tools, and other things needed to help a family survive after a disaster. The contents of a ShelterBox are designed for the nature and location of the disaster.
Dayton, Texas

Dayton is a city in Liberty County, Texas, United States. The population was 7,242 at the 2010 census.
Newtown, Powys

Newtown (Welsh: Y Drenewydd) is a new town in the county of Powys, Wales. Its population of 11,357 makes it the largest town in Powys. It lies on the River Severn in the historic county of Montgomeryshire.
Newtown lies about 8 miles (13 km) from the border with England.
At the end of the 13th century, Edward I commissioned Roger de Montgomery to construct a centre for the hamlet of Llanfair-yng-Nghedewain. Situated near a River Severn ford below the Long Bridge and close to the church of St Mary in Bettws Cedewain gave Newtown its original Welsh name. The town grew in the 18th and 19th centuries around the textile and flannel industry, accompanied by the completion of the Montgomeryshire Canal. In 1838, the town saw Wales's first Chartist demonstration.
The town has a mainline railway station on the Cambrian Line between Shrewsbury and Aberystwyth. Managed and served by Transport for Wales, trains run roughly two-hourly each way.
The town also has a semi-professional football club, Newtown AFC, who are currently members of the Welsh Premier League, and a rugby club, Newtown RFC.
Ward Smets

Edouard "Ward" Smets known as Nonkel Ward (21 November 1929 - 23 December 2022) was a Belgian puppeteer from Antwerp. He was a puppeteer for 67 years.
Biography
Smets was born in Seefhoek, Antwerp in 1929. He had a brother who was 18 years older. During World War II he lost both his parents. He lived for four years in the "Heilig Kruis" boys' home in Zandhoven. He worked for a while at the .
In the mid-1960s he performed at theatre in Antwerp. In 1965 he played 26 albums of Piet Pienter en Bert Bibber at the "Kalkoense Haan" room in Antwerp. Smets made the dolls himself. His wife Denise Matthys made the clothes. Until a late age he gave puppet shows. When he was eigthy years old, he created eight village figures from on a (heritage day).
Smets died at residential care campus WZC Cadiz in Antwerp on 23 December 2022, at the age of 93.
International Friendship Day

International Friendship Day celebrations take place on the 4 January every year. On this day, people spend time with their friends and express love for them. The exchange of Friendship Day gifts like flowers, cards, and wrist bands is a popular tradition of this occasion.
History
In 1935, the United States Congress proclaimed the 1st Sunday of August as National Friendship Day. Since then, celebration of National Friendship Day became an annual event.
Many other countries around the world adopted the tradition of dedicating a day to friends. In 1997, the United Nations named Winnie the Pooh as the world's Ambassador of Friendship. Today, Friendship Day is enthusiastically celebrated by many nations.
Celebrating
Many friends wish each other with exchange of gifts and cards on this day. "Friendship bands" are very popular in India, Nepal and parts of South America. Members of social networking sites celebrate Friendship Day on-line.
You do not have to buy a gift or spend money to enjoy Friendship Day. This avoids accusations the fun is only a "marketing gimmick".
To mark the International Day of Friendship the UN encourages governments, international organizations, and civil society groups to hold events, activities, and initiatives that contribute to the efforts of the international community toward promoting a dialogue among civilizations, solidarity, mutual understanding, and reconciliation.
Other traditions
Dia del Amigo (Spanish: "Friend's Day"), a celebration of friendship, held annually on 20 July mainly in Argentina and Uruguay, but also in some other countries.
Dia do Amigo (Portuguese: "Friend's Day"), celebration happens on 18 April because on 20 July, they celebrate International Friendship Day.
Randy Bachman

Randall Charles Bachman (born September 27, 1943 in Winnipeg, Manitoba) is a Canadian musician. He was a member of the rock groups The Guess Who and later Bachman-Turner Overdrive.
Forest Park, Illinois

{| class="mbox-small" style="text-align:center; border:1px solid #aaa; background:#f9f9f9;"
! colspan="4" style="text-align:center;border-top:none;"| Demographics (2010)
|-
| White| Black| Asian|-
| 55.2%
| 32.3%
| 6.0%
|-
| Islander| Native| Other| Hispanic(any race)|-
| 0.02%
| 0.3%
| 6.2%
| 9.9%
|}Forest Park (formerly Harlem''') is a village in Cook County, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago, United States. The population was 14,167 at the 2010 census.
The Forest Park terminal on the CTA Blue Line is the line's western terminal, located on the Eisenhower Expressway at Des Plaines Avenue.
Loch an Gainimh

Loch na Gainimh is a loch in Sutherland in the Highland Council Area in northern Scotland.
Buire-sur-l'Ancre

Buire-sur-l'Ancre is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France.
Visperterminen

Visperterminen (Walser German: Tarbinu) is a municipality of the district Visp in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.
Ilminster, Somerset

Ilminster is a town in the county of Somerset. It is in the South Somerset District.
Ilminster is on the River Ile and has a large church. The church is known as the Minster. It is from both of these things that Ilminster takes its name. Ile and Minster became Ilminster.
Jan-Michael Vincent

Jan-Michael Vincent (July 15, 1945 - February 10, 2019) was an American actor. He was well known for playing helicopter pilot Stringfellow Hawke on the television series Airwolf from 1984 to 1986 and the protagonist, Matt Johnson, in the 1978 movie Big Wednesday.
Vincent died of cardiac arrest at a hospital in Asheville, North Carolina on February 10, 2019, aged 73.
Pharynx

The pharynx is an organ in the back of the throat. It is also the meeting point of the digestive and the respiratory systems. The opening of the respiratory system in the pharynx is called the glottis. It is guarded by a cartilagenous flap called the epiglottis which prevents food or liquid from going into the respiratory system. It closes during swallowing action. As such, it is part of the gastrointestinal system. It comes after the mouth and before the esophagus. Food and air go through the pharynx. The pharynx keeps food and liquids out of the lungs.
Audi 100

The Audi 100 is a car produced by Audi from 1968 to 1994. It was available as 4-door saloon and 5-door estate. It was replaced by the Audi A6. A 5-cylinder petrol version was sold as Audi 200.
Corydon, Iowa

Corydon is a city in Iowa in the United States.
Cornwallis Square

Cornwallis Square is a Canadian village in Kings County, Nova Scotia. It is located on the Cornwallis River. It was originally established in 1947 as the WCG Commission and was responsible for fire protection, recreation and sidewalks in Waterville, Cambridge, and Grafton. When the rural community of Woodville was included in the service area in the 1960s the name was changed to Cornwallis Square. The area's largest employer is Michelin.
James Randi

James Randi (born Randall James Hamilton Zwinge; August 7, 1928 - October 20, 2020) was a Canadian-American magician and skeptic. He was known for performing ghost magic. He founded the James Randi Educational Foundation. He held two world records in the Guinness World Records. He was influenced by Harry Houdini and Harry Blackstone, Sr..
Randi was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. He was openly gay. He married his partner of 27 years, Deyvi Pena, in 2013.
Randi died on October 20, 2020 in Plantation, Florida at the age of 92.
World records
The following are Guinness World Records:
Randi was in a sealed casket underwater for one hour and 44 minutes, breaking the previous record of one hour and 33 minutes set by Harry Houdini on August 5, 1926.
Randi was encased in a block of ice for 55 minutes.
Ralph Tresvant

Ralph Tresvant (born May 16, 1968) is an American musician and recording artist. He was once a member of New Edition. He left the group around 1989 or 1990 and started his solo music career, with R&B songs like Sensitivity.
Electoral district of Willoughby

Willoughby is an electoral district of New South Wales. It was created in 1894, abolished in 1920, recreated in 1927, reabolished in 1988 and recreated again in 1991.
It is a conservative electorate.
Willoughby is located on Sydney's North Shore.
Election results
The swings above are calculated from the 2022 Willoughby state by-election.
The Steadfast Tin Soldier

"The Steadfast Tin Soldier" is a literary fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen. The story was first published in Copenhagen, Denmark by C.A. Reitzel on 2 October 1838 in the first booklet of Fairy Tales Told for Children. The booklet includes Andersen's "The Daisy" and "The Wild Swans". The story was Andersen's first story not based upon a folk tale or a literary model. "The Steadfast Tin Soldier" has been adapted to various media including ballet and animated movie.
The story tells of a tin soldier who loves a paper ballerina. He falls from the window in the toy room. After many adventures, he is returned to the toy room. A little boy throws the tin soldier in the fire. A breeze blows the paper ballerina into the fire. The two toys are destroyed together.
Manufacturing engineering

Manufacturing engineering is a field of engineering dealing with the design, development, and implementation of integrated systems of humans, machines, and information resources to provide products and services.
Manufacturing engineering applies knowledge and skills in the physical, social, engineering, and management sciences, as well as in human sciences, computer systems and information technologies, manufacturing processes, operations research, production, and automation.
Sidhu Moose Wala

Shubhdeep Singh Sidhu (11 June 1993 - 29 May 2022), better known by his stage name Sidhu Moose Wala, was an Indian singer, rapper, and actor.
Music career
He started his career as a songwriter for the song "License" by Ninja. He was known for his track "So High". In 2018, he released his first album PBX 1. His 2019 single "47" was ranked on the UK Singles Chart. In 2020, Moose Wala was named by The Guardian among 50 upcoming artists.
Politics
Moose Wala was a member of the Indian National Congress. He unsuccessfully ran the 2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election.
Death
Moose Wala was assassinated by drive-by shooting on 29 May 2022 in Jawaharke, Mansa district. He was 28 years old.
Auburn, Illinois

Auburn is a city in Illinois in the United States. It is in Sangamon County.
Codex Hexotzingo

The Huexotzinco Code is a document from Central America that contains testimonials and images about tribute payments. The document is painted on Amatl, a paper made from bark. It was made for a trial that Hernan Cortes led in 1531 against the officials of what was called Primera Audiencia. The Primera Audiencia was about income officials had form the Province of Huexotzinco. The process was ultimately successful and two thirds of the excessive levies were reimbursed. The pictorial section of the document contains the earliest known image of the Virgin Mary from Mexico. Huexotzinco, modern Huejotzingo, is a city in the state of Puebla, southeast of Mexico City . It is about northwest of Puebla. In 2022, about 60.000 people lived there.
1116

Year 1116 (MCXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By area
Africa
Baldwin I of Jerusalem begins an invasion of Egypt.
The Zirid ruler of Ifriqiya, Ali ibn Yahya, takes over the independent island of Jerba, then acting as an independent piratical republic.
Americas
The Aztecs leave Aztlan, searching for the site of what will eventually become Tenochtitlan (later Mexico City).
Europe
The Portuguese, under the leadership of countess Theresa take two Galician cities, Tui and Ourense. In reply, the sister of Countess Theresa, Queen Urraca of Leon and Castile, attacks Portugal.
Almoravid troops take over the Balearic islands whose Muslim king had been severely weakened by Pisan and Catalan raiders.
By topic
Arts and technology
The modern book of separate pages stitched together is invented in China.
Construction starts on the Chennakesava Temple in India.
Aak music is introduced to the Korean court by Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty.
Yavapai County, Arizona

Yavapai County is near the center of the U.S. state of Arizona. As of the 2020 census, its population was 236,209. The county seat is Prescott.
Insulin

Insulin is a hormone made by the pancreas in the body that controls the glucose level in the blood.
Insulin promotes the absorption of sugar from the blood. The sugar is stored as fat cells. People who cannot make insulin in their bodies, or enough for their needs, have the disease diabetes.
When blood glucose levels fall below a certain level, the human body begins to use stored sugar as an energy source through glycogenolysis. This process breaks down the glycogen stored in the liver and muscles into glucose which can then be used as an energy source. Insulin is a central metabolic control mechanism. Insulin is also used as a control signal to other body systems (such as amino acid uptake by body cells). In addition, it has several other anabolic effects throughout the body.
Human insulin is a peptide hormone composed of 51 amino acids and has a molecular weight of 5808 Da. The islets of Langerhans in the pancreas produces insulin. The name comes from the Latin insula for "island". Insulin's structure varies slightly between species of animals. Porcine insulin is especially close to the human version. So, people with diabetes can take in insulin got from pigs instead of producing their own insulin.
History
Nicolae Paulescu, a Romanian professor of physiology was the first to isolate insulin. He did that in 1916. He called it pancrein. He isolated it by developing a pancreatic extract which, when injected into a diabetic dog, proved to have a normalizing effect on blood sugar levels. He had to interrupt his experiments because of World War I. In early 1921 he wrote four papers about his work carried out in Bucharest and his tests on a diabetic dog. Later that year, he published an extensive paper on the effect of the pancreatic extract injected into a diabetic animal. The title was: "Research on the Role of the Pancreas in Food Assimilation", published 22 June 1921 by the "Archives Internationales de Physiologie",
Frederick Banting did similar experiments while trying to find a cure for diabetes. In these experiments they used dogs.
They first knew insulin would control diabetes in a person when they injected some insulin into a 14-year-old boy named Leonard Thompson, who was dying of diabetes. After the injection he survived. Banting won the 1923 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, with John Macleod, for the discovery of insulin.
The first genetically engineered, synthetic "human" insulin was produced in a laboratory in 1977 by Herbert Boyer using E. coli.
Anti-lock braking system

An anti-lock braking system (ABS) is a safety system that prevents the wheels of a vehicle (for example car, motorcycle) from locking up when it is strongly braked. The goal is to keep the vehicle controllable, because a wheeled vehicle can only be safely steered when its wheels are not skidding.
Parícutin

Paricutin is a volcano in Mexico in the state of Michoacan. It is the youngest volcano in the western hemisphere, born in 1943. It is now 1,353 feet (424m) above the valley, and 9,186 feet (2,800m) above sea level.
Petit-Landau

Petit-Landau is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France.
It lies along the Grand Canal d'Alsace.
Hergensweiler

Hergensweiler is a municipality in the district of Lindau in Bavaria in Germany. It is member of the municipal association of Sigmarszell.
M. Emmet Walsh

Michael Emmet Walsh (born March 22, 1935) is an American movie, television, stage, and voice actor. He has appeared in over 200 movies and television series. He is known for his roles in The Jerk, Blood Sample, Killer Image, Christmas with the Kranks and in Wild Wild West.
According to Roger Ebert's Stanton-Walsh Rule, "no movie featuring either Harry Dean Stanton or M. Emmet Walsh in a supporting role can be altogether bad." Ebert later conceded that this rule was broken by 1999's Wild Wild West (Walsh) and Dream a Little Dream (Stanton).
John Fitchett

John Fitchett (1776-1838) was an English poet.
Biography
John Fitchett was born on 21 September 1776. He became an orphan very early. He studied law and became an attorney. He lived in Warrington, England. In 1796 he published his first work named Bewsey, a Poem. John Fitchett never married. He died on 20 October 1838.
King Alfred
John Fitchett is remembered as the author of an epic poem named King Alfred. It was published in the years 1841-1842. It took forty years to write it. It tells about English King Alfred the Great, who lived during the 9th century and fought against the Vikings. The poem is a literary curiosity. It is probably the longest poem ever written in English. John Fitchett left it unfinished, but his friend Robert Roscoe finished and published it. King Alfred is over 131 000 lines long. 2585 more lines were added by Roscoe.
Santoche

Santoche is a former commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comte in the Doubs department in east France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Pays-de-Clerval.
Rufoclanis erlangeri

Rufoclanis erlangeri are a type of moth. They are from the family of Sphingidae. It is from Somalia, Ethiopia and Kenya.
Rufoclanis erlangeris are a lot like Rufoclanis numosae. Rufoclanis erlangeri, however, are smaller and greyer.
José Mário Branco

Jose Mario Branco (25 May 1945 - 19 November 2019) was a Portuguese singer-songwriter, actor, and record producer. He was a critic of the Salazar regime and as a result, he was exiled in France in 1963. He worked with musicians Sergio Godinho and Zeca Afonso, whose records he produced and recorded at the Chateau d'Herouville studios.
Branco died of a stroke on 19 November 2019 at the age of 77.
Chamaerops

Chamaerops is a genus of flowering plants in the family Arecaceae (palm family). There is one species called Chamaerops humilis (European fan palm, Mediterranean dwarf palm or dwarf fan palm). It is the only palm species native to continental Europe. It is found in coastal areas of southern France, Morocco and Italy. It is a shrub-like clumping palm, with several stems growing from a single base. The stems grow slowly and often tightly together, eventually reaching 2-5 m tall.
Hadesarchaea

Hadesarchaea are very small living things. They are thermophile Archaea that live in very hot places underground. People have found them in sand at the bottom of the ocean, deep mines, hot springs, and other places underground.
Name
Hadesarchaea were first called the South-African Gold Mine Miscellaneous Euryarchaeal Group (SAGMEG) because they were found in a gold mine in South Africa. They were renamed Hadesarchaea in 2016 (Hades was the Greek god who ruled the land of the dead).
Genome
In 2016, scientists used a method called shotgun sequencing to make a model of the Hadesarchaea genome. A genome is all the genes in an living thing and the other pieces of DNA and RNA that help them work. The Hadesarchaea genome is about 1.5 Megabase pairs in size, which is about 0.5 Mbp smaller than most other Archaea. The scientists think the small genome is how the Hadesarchaea can stay alive with only a little to eat.
Scientists believe Hadesarchaea came from an ancestor that used methane as food.
Ecology
The first Hadesarchaea that people found were in a mine in South Africa about 3 km (2 mi) under the surface of the Earth. They do not need oxygen or light to live. They were later also found in the White Oak River estuary in North Carolina, a place where a river meets the ocean, and in Yellowstone National Park's Lower Culex Basin. These areas are hot, 70 degC (158 degF), and are so alkaline that they would destroy most living things. Other scientists looked through the soil near old mines in East Harz, Germany and think they may have found pieces of 16S rRNA that could be from Hadesarchaea or their close relatives.
Hadesarchaea are the only archaea that can turn carbon monoxide and water into carbon dioxide and oxygen. When they do this, the reaction gives off hydrogen. Scientists looked at more information about the Hadesarchaea genome and believe they have genes that let them put carbon atoms into other molecules and make methane. Other scientists think Hadesarchaea may be able to use sugar and amino acids as fuel and change nitrite into ammonium. Scientists think Hadesarchaea help in geochemical processes.
Labastide-sur-Bésorgues

Labastide-sur-Besorgues is a commune in the Ardeche departement in southern France.
Pfalz D.III

The Pfalz D.III is a biplane fighter aircraft. It was flown during World War I. It was a single-engine aircraft. It was very fast when diving. The Pfalz D.III was often used to attack observation balloons.
Hunderdorf

Hunderdorf is a municipality in Straubing-Bogen in Bavaria, Germany.
Tardets-Sorholus

Tardets-Sorholus is a commune of the Pyrenees-Atlantiques departement in the southwestern part of France.
Mooning

Mooning is the act of displaying one's bare buttocks, by removing clothing. Very often, poeple also bend over, and their genitals may be visible as well. In English-speaking countries, mooning is used to show protest, or disrespect. It can also be done as a form of provocation. Mooning can be done for shock value, for fun, as a joke or as a form of exhibitionism. The Maori have a form of mooning known as that is a form of insult.
In some countries, mooning is seen as a form of indecent exposure. This often depends on the context.
Fruges

Fruges is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.
Flag of Guatemala

The flag of Guatemala was created in 1871.
Appearance
It has a vertical band of light blue (hoist-side and fly-side) and white, with the national emblem centered on the white band.
Marilyn McCord Adams

Marilyn McCord Adams (October 12, 1943 - March 22, 2017) was an American philosopher and priest of the Episcopal Church. She specialized in philosophy of religion, philosophical theology and medieval philosophy.
Adams is known for writing her 1999 persuasive narrative Horrendous Evils and the Goodness of God.
Adams was born on October 12, 1943 in the United States. She studied at University of Illinois, at Cornell University, at Princeton Theological Seminary and at Oxford University. She married philosopher Robert Merrihew Adams from 1966 until her death in 2017.
Adams died on March 22, 2017 in Princeton, New Jersey from cancer, aged 73.