kenhktsui/simple_wikipedia_LM_quality_score_v1 huggingface dataset:
Letter bomb

A letter bomb is a bomb concealed within a letter or package, which is then sent or left for the recipient to find, typically with his or her name and address on, to be opened and then exploded, or exploded within a certain time.
The first known case of a "modern" letter bomb was the Swedish bombmaker Martin Ekenberg in August 1904. He built a bomb and sent it to a factory owner in Stockholm called Karl Fredrik Lundin. The bomb exploded but nobody was seriously injured. He sent a total of four bombs until 1907 before he was discovered.
Letter bomb sendouts
There had been many injuries caused by letter bombs. A very famous letter bombmaker is Ted Kaczynski, the so-called Unabomber, who sent a series of letter bombs between 1978 and 1995, killing three people (all men) and injuring 23. One package, however, exploded onboard an airplane, which could have killed all the passengers and personnel, but it only caused an emergency landing. He stopped sending bombs after the New York Times accepted to publish a text he had written called Industrial Society and its Future.
Unfortunately for him, his brother recognised the writing style and alerted the police, which ultimately captured Kaczynski and he was sentenced to life imprisonment. The bombs were very well made and had no evidence from the sender, but typically of letter bombs, they are too small to case significant damage, and in most cases did not even kill the person who opened the package (this was also the case with Ekenberg, who failed to kill a single person). For this reason, and because most important government departments X-rays packages, the method is not very efficient.
Another
Government agencies
Several government agencies have used letter bombs to target persons outside their jurisdiction. One victim of a letter bomb was German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer, who was sent a letter bomb by the so-called Stern gang and Israeli politician (and later Prime Minister) Menachem Begin in the 1950s.
Begin's reasons, as he explained, was that Adenauer and all Germans were responsible for the deaths of millions of Jews during the Holocaust, although Adenauer had been imprisoned by the Nazi regime which committed these crimes. The same group also sent several bombs to US President Harry S. Truman. The South African apartheid regime used letter bombs, including to activist Ruth First, who died when opening one in 1982.
Stress

Stress could mean:
Mechanical
Stress (mechanics)
Yield stress in mechanical engineering and rheology
Biological
Stress (biology), medical or psychological stress; types of medical stress include:
Stress (psychological), a feeling of mental strain or pressure
Chronic stress, persistent stress which can lead to illness and mental disorder
Eustress, positive stress that can lead to improved long-term functioning
Music
Accent (music)
Stress (band), an early '80s melodic rock band from San Diego
Stress (Neo-Psychedelic band), from the late 1980s
Stress, a song by the French band Justice on their debut album + (album)
Other
Stress (game), card game
Stress (linguistics), phonological use of prominence in language
Ashley Estes Kavanaugh

Ashley Estes Kavanaugh is an American public official and former political aide. Since 2004, she has been the wife of Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Brett Kavanaugh.
Kavanaugh was born in Abilene, Texas.
Nawang Pelzang

Nawang Pelzang is an archer from Bhutan. Pelzang competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics. He was born on 15 July 1951.
Emilio Lledó

Emilio Lledo Inigo (born 5 November 1927) is a Spanish philosopher. He has been a professor at several universities. He is a member of the Royal Spanish Academy. He was born in Seville, Spain.
He worked at the University of La Laguna for two years. Later, in 1967, he moved to the University of Barcelona, where he had been given the chair in Philosophy. In 1978, he moved again, to the National University of Distance Education (UNED), where he remained until his retirement.
Lledo was elected to Seat l of the Real Academia Espanola on 11 November 1993.
Walter Berns

Walter Berns (May 3, 1919 - January 10, 2015) was an American constitutional law and political philosophy professor. He was a resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute and a professor emeritus at Georgetown University. Berns was born and raised in Chicago, Illinois.
Berns died on January 10, 2015 at the age of 95.
Sainsbury's

Sainsbury's is the biggest supermarket chain based in the United Kingdom. Sainsbury's originally sold only food, but it now sells other things like mobile phones, clothing, and books. Sainsbury's is the second largest supermarket in the UK (after Tesco). The clothing range at Sainsbury's has changed a lot over the years. It started off with, Jeff & Co, then another range was brought in, after that Adams Kids. Now it is called TU. Sainsbury's sister store is called Argos.
Sandra Hüller

Sandra Huller (born 30 April 1978) is a German actress. She is known for her roles Anneliese Michel in Hans-Christian Schmid's drama Requiem, and as the starring role in Maren Ade's comedy Toni Erdmann.
White Trash, Two Heebs and a Bean

White Trash, Two Heebs and a Bean is the fourth studio album by American punk rock band, NOFX. White Trash, Two Heebs and a Bean was released on November 5, 1992. The producer of the album was Donnell Cameron, NOFX. The original album title was going to be White Trash, Two Kikes, and a Spic but guitar player Eric Melvin changed it after feeling guilty. It is also the first album with guitar player El Hefe.
Celeste Holm

Celeste Holm (April 29, 1917 - July 15, 2012) was an American actress. Her father was Norwegian. She was born, raised and died in New York City. Holm died on July 15, 2012 in New York City from a heart attack. She was 95.
For her role as Anne Dettrey in Gentleman's Agreement, Holm won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress.
Bonnetan

Bonnetan is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.
Gold (British TV channel)

Gold is a British pay television channel from the UKTV network, that was launched on 1 November 1992 as UK Gold before it was rebranded UKTV Gold in 2004 apart from Dave, Alibi, and W from 2 August 2019.
Drum and bass

Drum and bass (also known as D&B or DnB) is a form of electronic dance music. It began in the 1990s in the United Kingdom.
It usually has a certain tempo and heavy bass. Disc jockeys sometimes play this music.
Lewis Gilbert

Lewis Gilbert, CBE (6 March 1920 - 23 February 2018) was a British movie director, producer and screenwriter. He has directed more than 40 movies during six decades.
He is known for his movies; Reach for the Sky (1956), Sink the Bismarck! (1960), Alfie (1966), Educating Rita (1983) and Shirley Valentine (1989), as well as three James Bond movies: You Only Live Twice (1967), The Spy Who Loved Me (1977) and Moonraker (1979).
Gilbert was born in London, England. He died at home in Monaco on 23 February 2018, aged 97.
Carver, Massachusetts

Carver is a town in Plymouth County, Massachusetts, United States.
Oral law

An oral law are rules of human behavior in use in a given culture, religion or other group, which is transmitted by oral tradition and respected. Oral law is spoken, as opposed to statutory law, which is written down. Like customary law, oral laws depend not on legislation passed by a government, but rather tradition, custom and precedent.
Many cultures do have an oral law, while most legal systems of today have a formal written organisation.
Crony capitalism

Corporate cronyism also called crony capitalism or controlled capitalism is an economic system in which big businesses engage in lobbying for policies that stifle competition.
Watervliet, Michigan

Watervliet is a city in Berrien County, Michigan, United States.
Emulator

An emulator is a computer program or software that makes one kind of computer behave like a different one, so that it can use the same programs or do the same things as the other one. They are best for using old software and games on newer computers. They can be hardware that you add to the computer, or software that you use on it. Some types of emulators require newer computers that have the right system requirements. For example, you need a processor that is fast enough to meet the demands of the emulator. Memory (both RAM and hard drive space) may be another factor to help it run smoothly and more accurately. With the more advanced emulators, if your computer is too old, the emulator or even the operating system may crash.
Types of emulators
The simplest type of emulator is called an interpreter, and it runs the foreign program one step at a time. This is the slowest type of emulator but it is easy to debug and port to new platforms. Another type is called the dynamic recompiler, and it takes foreign code a block at a time and recompiles (converts) it into native code. Foreign code that has already been converted is kept, so if the foreign program uses that code again, the emulator does not have to recompile it again. This type of emulator is much faster than the interpreter. Another type is the hypervisor, which only makes slight modifications to the foreign code, and runs it directly on the host processor. The hypervisor requires that the guest (foreign) and host systems use the same type of CPU.
Swimming at the 1922 Women's Olympiad – 4 × 50 metre freestyle relay

The 4 x 50 metre freestyle relay event at the 1922 Women's Olympiad was held on 22 April 1922. The venue of the competition was the Port Hercules, the harbour of Monte Carlo, Monaco.
The Swedish team won ahead of the Netherlands and Great Britain.
Results
Sweden, Netherlands, Belgium, France and Great Britain entered for the competition.
The first Dutch swimmer Alide Bolten was leading the race. At the time the second and third Dutch women, Annie Treffers and Truus Klapwijk, where swimming the Swedish women were closing the gap. The third Swedish womam Carin Nilsson closed the gap and was leading the race. The fourth Swedish woman, national champion Aina Berg, expanded the gap and won the race in a time of 2:25. The Netherlands finished four seconds later and Great Britain finished third.
Eat Your Salad

"Eat Your Salad" is a song by the Latvian pop rap group Citi Zeni. Eat Your Salad represented Latvia in the Eurovision Song Contest in 2022. It made it to the first semi-final.
2022 songs
Hakam Balawi

Hakam Umar As'ad Balawi (Arabic: Hkm bl`wy; 1938 - November 2020) was a Palestinian politician and writer. He was an Ambassador to Libya and Tunisia from 1973 to 1975 and from 1983 to 1984. He also was the Interior Minister from 2003 to 2005 during the Yasser Arafat cabinet.
Balawi was born in Bal'a, British Mandate of Palestine. He died on 28 November 2020 at the age of 82.
Loitering

Loitering means to stand around without doing anything. It can also mean to stop many times, or to wait and procrastinate.
Regina Belle

Regina Belle (born July 17, 1963) is an African American singer-songwriter and musician. She performed the award-winning "A Whole New World". She also did "I Can't Imagine".
Belle was born in Englewood, New Jersey.
Newton, Mississippi

Newton is a city in Newton County, Mississippi, United States.
Woolsthorpe Manor

Woolsthorpe Manor in Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth, near Grantham, Lincolnshire, England, is the birthplace and was the family home of Sir Isaac Newton. He was born there on 25 December 1642. At that time, it was a farm.
Newton returned here in 1666 when Cambridge University closed. It was here, where he performed many of his most famous experiments, such as his work on light and optics. This is also said to be the site where Newton was inspired to create his law of universal gravitation.
TomTom

TomTom N.V. is a Dutch company that provides devices for car and personal GPS navigation. Its production is famous and actively used in Europe, North America and some Asian countries.
History
TomTom was founded in 1991.
In September 2005, TomTom bought Datafactory AG.
In 2006, TomTom Traffic was created after buying Applied Generics.
In 2008, the company owned Tele Atlas.
In 2012, TomTom was the main to provide mapping data for Apple's iOS 6 Maps.
In 2014, the company was a partner with Volkswagen Group during the research on Highly Automated Driving (HAD) systems. TomTom N.V. provided Volkswagen Group, Mercedes, Toyota and other big carmakers with their navigation devices.
In 2015, Uber started using TomTom's maps and traffic data in 300 cities.
In 2020, Huawei replaced Google Maps with TomTom's maps on their smartphones.
Structure
TomTom is oriented on 2 main market segments: location technology and consumer.
Location technology refers to the company's automotive and enterprise businesses. The company provides cars, tech specialists, some companies and government bodies with maps and navigation software.
The consumer segment is related to selling portable, personal satellite navigation devices. Recently TomTom offered software applications with digital maplinked services instead of devices.
Products and services
TomTom N.V. offers three types of products: maps, connected services and (navigation) software. The company sells Navigation devices (PNDs) and TomTom GO navigation apps.
Poquoson, Virginia

Poquoson is a city in Virginia in the United States.
Alok Sharma

Alok Sharma (born 7 September 1967) is a British politician. He currently is the President of COP27 since 7 November 2022. He was formerly the Minister of State at the Cabinet Office from 8 January 2021 to 25 October 2022 and President for COP26 from 8 January 2021 to 6 November 2022. Resigning from his previous role as Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy to lead COP26, he retains a full Cabinet position. Sharma has been a Conservative MP for Reading West since 2010.
Karel Knesl

Karel Knesl (8 April 1942 - 3 September 2020) was a Czech football player. He competed in the 1964 Summer Olympics, where he won a silver medal. He was born in Pustimer, Czech Republic. In 1966, he played for the national team.
Knesl died in Prague on 3 September 2020, at the age of 78.
Mark Bomani

Judge Mark Bomani (2 January 1932 - 10 September 2020) was a Tanzanian politician and lawyer. He was Attorney General of Tanzania from 1965 to 1976 during the Julius Nyerere presidency. Later he was a Judge and ran a private law practice. He was born in 1932 in Bunda, Mara Region, Tanganyika. He was a member of the Chama Cha Mapinduzi.
Bomani was also the chief aide to both Julius Nyerere and Nelson Mandela on peace negotiations during the first Burundian Civil War.
Bomani died on 10 September 2020 at the age of 88.
Gary Weiss (baseball)

Gary Lee Weiss (born December 27, 1955 in Brenham, Texas) is a former shortstop in Major League Baseball. He played in 22 games for the Los Angeles Dodgers during the 1980 and 1981 seasons.
Daebang Station

Daebang Station is a train station of Seoul Subway Line 1. The station's name is came from Daebang-dong, which staiton located when opening. Now, because of adjustment of districts, Daebang station is located in Singil-dong.
Station structure
Station has 2 side platforms, 1 island platform, and 4 tracks.
Oconto County, Wisconsin

Oconto County is a county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. There were 35,634 people living in Oconto county as of the year 2000. The county seat is Oconto.
Geography
The county has an area of 1,149 square miles, says the United States Census Bureau.
Her Wedding Night

Her Wedding Night is a 1930 American romantic comedy movie directed by Frank Tuttle and is a remake of the 1925 movie Miss Bluebird also directed by Frank Tuttle. It stars Clara Bow, Ralph Forbes, Charlie Ruggles, Richard "Skeets" Gallagher, Geneva Mitchell, Natalie Kingston and was distributed by Paramount Pictures.
Dickens County, Texas

Dickens County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. In 2020, 1,770 people lived there. The county seat is Dickens.
Publius Quinctilius Varus the Younger

Publius Quinctilius Varus Minor (AD 4 - 27) was a Roman senator and a member of the gens Quinctilia. He was born into the family of the Roman general and politician Publius Quinctilius Varus and Claudia Pulchra.
Jörn Donner

Jorn Johan Donner (5 February 1933 - 30 January 2020) was a Finnish writer, movie director, actor, producer, and politician. He was the founder of Finnish Film Archive. Donner was born in Helsinki, Finland.
In 1979, he was a member of the jury at the 29th Berlin International Film Festival. Donner was best known as the producer of Ingmar Bergman's movie Fanny and Alexander (Fanny och Alexander, 1982). In 1984 the movie won a total of four Academy Awards including the award for best foreign language film, making him to date the only Finn to receive an Oscar.
His novel Far och son (Father and Son) won the Finlandia Prize in 1985.
Donner was a member of the SDP and RKP. He was a member of the Finnish parliament and the European Parliament.
Donner had prostate and lung cancers. He died of lung disease on 30 January 2020 at a hospital in Helsinki, aged 86.
Alfredo Landa

Alfredo Landa Areta (March 3, 1933 - May 9, 2013) was a Spanish actor.
Landa was born in Pamplona, Navarre, Spain. He finished his pre-university studies in San Sebastian. He then began university studies on Law, where he began to work with university school groups. He left university to work in the theater. Landa was married to Maite Imaz Aramendi until his death in 2013. They had three children.
Landa died on May 9, 2013 in Madrid, Spain, aged 80.
A Perfect Contradiction

A Perfect Contradiction is a studio album. It is the third one by the English recording artist Paloma Faith. It was released by Sony Music Entertainment on 10 March 2014. The album is a pop album. It has elements of R&B, jazz, soul, Motown and disco. The album received mixed to positive reviews; it spawned six singles; "Can't Rely on You", "Only Love Can Hurt Like This", "Trouble with My Baby", "Ready for the Good Life", "Leave While I'm Not Looking" and "Beauty Remains"; the first two of these charted within the top 10 in the United Kingdom and "Only Love Can Hurt Like This" topped the charts in Australia.
Track listing
Notes
signifies an additional record producer.
signifies a vocal producer.
signifies a co-record producer.
"The Bigger You Love (The Harder You Fall)" is a Sisters Love cover.
At the BBC Proms, Faith did perform fifteen songs, although six were not included in the "Deluxe Outsider's Edition" -see above. The omitted tracks are: "Love Only Leaves You Lonely", "Taste My Own Tears", "Let Me Down Easy" (a Bettye LaVette cover), "All Night Long" (a Keely Smith cover), "Picking Up The Pieces", and the encore, "Freedom".
Ayutla, San Marcos

Ayutla () is a municipality in the San Marcos Department of Guatemala. It is located along the Suchiate River natural border with Mexico in the southern part of the department.
Thigh

In human anatomy, the thigh is the area between the hip (pelvis) and the knee. Anatomically, it is part of the human leg.
The single bone in the thigh is called the femur. This bone is very thick and strong (due to the high proportion of bone tissue), and forms a ball and socket joint at the hip, and a modified hinge joint at the knee.
2016 All-Pro Team

The 2016 All-Pro Team is the National Football League players that were selected to the Associated Press, Pro Football Writers Association and Sporting News All-Pro Teams in 2016. Some players are First-Team and some are Second-Team. First-Team has better players.
Teams
Key
AP = Associated Press first-team All-Pro
AP-2 = Associated Press second-team All-Pro
AP-2t = Tied for second-team All-Pro in the AP vote
PFWA = Pro Football Writers Association All-NFL
SN = Sporting News All-Pro
Position differences
PFWA and SN did not separate the tackles and guards into more specific positions as the AP did.
Niloy Chatterjee

Niloy Chatterjee (also known as Niloy Chakroborty, and by his pen name Niloy Neel), was a Bangladeshi secular blogger and atheist activist. He was a popular blogger in the Bangladeshi atheist blogging community. He was an organizer of the Science and Rationalist Association Bangladesh, and received his master's degree in Philosophy from Dhaka University in 2013. Niloy was a writer of the Mukto-Mona, a blogging platform for secularists and freethinkers, and was associated with the Shahbag Movement.
Murder
Chatterjee was killed on 7 August 2015. A group of about six men armed with machetes attacked him at his home in the Goran neighborhood of Dhaka, and hacked him to death. Police told that the attackers had tricked his wife to allow them into Chatterjee's home before killing him. His best friend Sahedul Sahed said that Neel had previously reported to the police that he feared for his life, but no action had been taken. Ansarullah Al Islam Bangladesh, an Al Qaeda group, claimed responsibility for Niloy's killing.
Investigation
The United Nations asked for a quick and fair investigation of the murder saying, "It is vital to ensure the identification of those responsible for this and the previous horrendous crimes, as well as those who may have masterminded the attacks." Amnesty International condemned the killing and said that it was the "urgent duty (of the government) to make clear that no more attacks like this will be tolerated". Other entities condemning the killing include the German Government, Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami, Bangladeshi prime minister Sheikh Hasina, Human Rights Watch, the Communist Party of Bangladesh, Gonojagoron Moncho, and other political parties of Bangladesh, both rightist and leftist.
Belmond, Iowa

Belmond is a city in Iowa in the United States. According to the Census Bureau, there are 2,574 people living in Belmond and the town's area is 2.8 miles, all of it land.The largest racial ethnic group that exists are Whites forming around 82% of the total population.
History
On October 14, 1966, at about 2:55pm, Belmond was hit by an F5 tornado which killed six people and destroyed 650 homes.
The Impossible (2012 movie)

The Impossible () is a 2012 English-language Spanish disaster drama movie directed by J. A. Bayona and written by Sergio G. Sanchez. It is based on the experience of Maria Belon and her family in the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. The cast includes Naomi Watts, Ewan McGregor and Tom Holland.
The film had positive reviews from critics for its direction and its acting. Watts was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress, the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture Drama, and a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role.
Yezhov Volodymyr Anatoliyovych

Volodymyr Anatoliyovych Yezhov (known by the nickname "Fresh"; August 1, 1984, Lubny -- December 22, 2022, Bakhmut) -- Ukrainian video game developer, game designer, one of the developers of the game STALKER. Participant of the defense of Ukraine against the Russian invasion.
Biography
Graduated from NTUU "KPI" with a major in "automated control systems".
Until 2007, Volodymyr Yezhov worked as a game designer at GSC Game World. He participated in the creation of such games as STALKER, Clear Sky, "Cossacks", World of Battles: Morningstar, Call of Cthulhu and Sherlock Holmes: Devil's Daughter. In STALKER Yezhov made for the character of Loki his own face. He had two minor sons.
Starting from February 24, 2022, he defended Kyiv as a volunteer in the UVO company, formed by veterans of the "OUN" battalion on the eve of the Russian invasion.
On December 22, 2022, Volodymyr Yezhov fall defending the Motherland Ukraine from the Russian invaders in the battles near Bakhmut. On December 27, 2022, Yezhov's farewell was held in the Volodymyr Cathedral with the participation of a military guard, which was attended by many people. Buried at the Forest Cemetery.
Stereotype threat

Stereotype threat is the risk of confirming a negative stereotype about a group to which one belongs. Claude Steele introduced this idea in 1995. Stereotype threat may reduce the performance of people who belong to a negatively stereotyped group.
Steele and Aronson
Claude Steele and Joshua Aronson did research for this theory of social psychology. They had African-American and European-American college students take a difficult verbal portion of the Graduate Record Examination. The design was a 2x3 factorial. The factors were the race of the participant (black or white)and the test description (diagnostic of intelligence, non diagnostic, or non diagnostic and challenging). Performance on the test was the dependent variable. 117 male and female participants were recruited from Stanford University. After comparing the results of the three groups, it was found that the differences were not very significant. However, in their second study results were significant.
Supporting studies
A study on chess players shows that if females are made aware of the stereotype that females are worse at chess than males, they perform worse than the controls. Stone, Lynch, Sjomeling, & Darley did experiments in which white men performed poorly in sports if they are put in the condition that described the task as reflecting natural athletic ability compared to African-Americans. The African-Americans performed worse when the task was described as involving intelligence of the sport.
Yeung & von Hippel did an experiment in which two groups of women went through a driving simulation. They told the women in the stereotype threat group that they were investigating why men were better drivers than women. That group twice more likely than the control to hit a pedestrian jaywalker.
Effects
Stereotype lift can increase a person's performance on a task when he/she is exposed to a negative stereotype of a group to which he/she does not belong.
Stereotype boost can increase an individual's performance on a task when he/she is exposed to a positive stereotype about his/her group.
Stereotype threat can have a bad effect on people. It has a negative effect on performance. It can also cause individuals to distance themselves from the stereotyped group to which they belonged, or lead them to dis-identify with the group that they experience stereotype threat. For example, a woman sees herself as "not a math person".
A simple way to stop these negative consequences is to tell people about stereotype threat.
Méricourt-en-Vimeu

Mericourt-en-Vimeu is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France.
Geography
The commune is about west of Amiens.
Cottage pie

Cottage pie or Shepherd's pie is a type of savory pie. It is made with minced meat, with mashed or sliced potato on top. It comes from the United Kingdom and Ireland. The dish is now popular worldwide.
Cottage pie is made using the same or very similar ingredients to shepherds pie. Nationally Cottage pie is made with Beef mince and Shepherds pie is made with Lamb mince.
The name "cottage pie" was first used at the end of the 18th century. It was around that time that the poorer people of Britain, people who lived in cottages in the country, started using potatoes as an everyday food. Originally, a pie made with any kind of meat and a potato topping was called a "cottage pie".
In modern English, the dish is usually called "cottage pie" if it is made with beef with a sliced potato topping, representing the tiles of a roof. Though mass produced pies often have a mashed potato topping instead. If it is made with mutton or lamb it is usually called "shepherd's pie" (because a shepherd looks after sheep) and has a topping of mashed potato, patterned to represent sheep's fleece. The modern day cottage pie may now contain vegetables, lentils or beans in place of meat, and may have cheese sprinkled on top of the potato, although the addition of cheese with the beef Cottage pie is a recent addition, and is not found with mutton/lamb Shepherd's pie.
A similar dish to cottage pie is hotpot. However, Hotpot is slow cooked in a lidded crock pot or casserole dish.
Cottage pie (and Shepherd's pie) are cooked in a pie tray or baking dish without a lid, so the potato topping can start browning.
According to the Oxford Companion to Food, once upon a time, Scotland made its shepherd's pies with pastry instead of mashed potatoes.
John Alan Robinson

John Alan Robinson (9 March 1930 - 5 August 2016) was a British-American philosopher, mathematician, and computer scientist.
He was a professor emeritus at Syracuse University.
Grefrath

Grefrath is a municipality in the district of Viersen. It is found in the western part of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
Haux, Gironde

Haux, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.
Hamza Hamry

Hamza Hamry (; born 12 January 1995 in Kairouan) nicknamed The Joker, is a Tunisian he is a former judoka and professional mixed martial artist and professional bareknuckle boxer competing in the Featherweight division of the Extreme Fighting Series. he is the first fighter that was born and raised in an Arab country to be signed with BYB.
Nick Glennie-Smith

Nickolas Glennie-Smith (born October 3, 1951) is an English composer.
Early life
Glennie-Smith was born in London.
Musical career
In 1975 he started his music career.
Ångström (disambiguation)

Angstrom or angstrom can also mean:
Anders Jonas Angstrom (1814-1874), Swedish physicist
Angstrom, a unit of length equal to 0.1 nanometre
Angstrom (crater), a lunar crater
Angstrom distribution, a Linux distribution
Coutiches

Coutiches is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 3,077 people lived there.
A7V

The A7V, also known as the Allgemeines Kriegsdepartement, Abteilung (English: General War Department, Section 7, Transport), was the first German Tank, made by the German empire in 1918. It was a response to the Mark 1, witch was made by the British in 1916 and used at the Battle of the Somme. It was used in the later part of World War 1, and the German Revolution of 1918. The Tank also was adapted into the A7V-U, and the 7V Flakpanzer
Interstate 126

Interstate 126 (I-126) is an auxiliary Interstate Highway in the U.S. state of South Carolina. The highway connects I-26 to Downtown Columbia. The highway is long.
Beautiful Girls (movie)

Beautiful Girls is a 1996 American romantic comedy-drama movie. It stars Rosie O'Donnell, Matt Dillon, Mira Sorvino and Natalie Portman. The movie was released in February 1996. It is about a reunion. Ted Demme directed the movie. Also starring are Annabeth Gish, Lauren Holly, Michael Rapaport and Uma Thurman.
Dick Guidry

Richard P. Guidry, known as Dick Guidry (September 22, 1929 - March 26, 2014) was a businessman from Galliano, Louisiana. He is a Democrat. He is a former member of the Louisiana House of Representatives from Lafourche Parish. He is thought to be the youngest member ever elected to the Louisiana House.
Guidry died in New Orleans, Louisiana, aged 84.
Eurypterid

The eurypterids, related to arachnids, were the largest known arthropods. They are members of the extinct order Eurypterida. It is a most diverse Chelicerate order.
The largest, such as Jaekelopterus, reached 2 1/2 metres in length, but most species were less than 20 cm (8 inches). They were the largest arthropods of all time. They were predators which thrived in the warm, shallow seas and lakes of the Ordovician to the Permian periods, around 460 to 248 million years ago. Recent research suggsts their eyesight was not very good.
The move from the sea to fresh water probably occurred by the Pennsylvanian period. Eurypterids went extinct during the Permian-Triassic extinction event 251 million years ago, and their fossils have a near global distribution.
The typical eurypterid had a large, flat, semicircular carapace, followed by a jointed section, and finally a tapering, flexible tail, most ending with a long spine at the end (Pterygotus, though, had a large flat tail, possibly with a smaller spine). Behind the head of the eurypterids were twelve body segments. These segments are formed by a dorsal plate, called a tergite, and a ventral plate, called a sternite. The tail, known as the telson, is spiked in most eurypterids.
A recent discovery of a new fossil species of eurypterid, Pentecopterus, has been made. It is two meters long, and lived 467 million years ago, in the Middle Ordovician period.
Emerson, Lake and Powell (album)

Emerson, Lake and Powell is the debut and only studio album by Emerson, Lake and Powell. The album was released in 1986.
840s

The 840s started on 1 January 840 and ended on 31 December 849.
Events
After the death of Louis the Pious, his sons Charles the Bald, Louis the German and Lothair II of Lotharingia fight about the division of the empire until the treaty of Verdun (843).
Viking raid of Western Francia (France) (845).
Vikings conquer Frisia, the present Netherlands and the German North Sea coastline.
Beginning of Arab domination on Taranto, which will last until 880.
Mun Gyong-ae

Mun Gyong-ae is a long-distance runner from North Korea. Gyong-ae competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics. She was born on 8 April 1969.
Patti Austin

Patti Austin (born August 10, 1950) is an American R&B singer and songwriter. She was very popular in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Austin has had many hits on several music charts. Some sources mention Austin as being born in 1948 while others say that either 1949 or 1950 is her actual birth year.
Financial modelling

The financial model for a start-up is an exercise in creativity and forward-thinking. It's an opportunity for entrepreneurs to let their imagination run wild, finally voicing their visions on paper. As startups are generally risky investments, the financial model is a tool that helps investors evaluate the venture before committing funds. The main purpose of the startup financial model is to show investors that your company can reach profitability within a reasonable time frame and make them enough money to justify their investment.
Importance
Financial modeling is an integral part of the startup world. You can use models to predict future growth, understand the impact of certain decisions, and help raise funding. It's also a great tool to see how sensitive your business is to certain assumptions. You can change certain inputs to see how they affect your bottom line or different stages in your model. Models are also good tools for learning about new industries and understanding valuations (if you're looking at acquiring another business).
Types
Financial models are mathematical representations of a financial situation. They can range from simple to complex, depending on the purpose and users of the model. Different model types are appropriate for different purposes, such as long-term strategic planning or annual budgeting.
A company may use several different types of models at the same time. For example, a company may have a long-term strategic plan that it uses to inform its capital investment decisions, but it will also create an annual budget model to plan out how much cash it expects to spend and earn over the course of the year.
Examples
3 Statement Model
DCF Model
Industry-Specific Model
Financial modeling for startups
Financial modelling for startups is the creation of a financial representation of a startup business. It's used to forecast future cash flows and profitability.
Financial modelling is often used to assess a company's current financial health, its valuation and its potential for future growth. Financial modeling for startups is often used to prepare a document known as a pitch deck. This document is presented to investors and contains information such as: the company's business model, its target market, how it will make money, founders' backgrounds and its revenue projections.
A financial model is not complete without a full set of business assumptions that make up the model. These assumptions are typically broken down by revenue, cost of goods sold (COGS), operating expenses, depreciation and amortization (D&A) and capital expenditures (CAPEX). The process of building a startup financial model is usually referred to as financial modeling.
Boufflers

Boufflers is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France.
David Cawthorne Haines

David Cawthorne Haines (9 May 1970 - 13 September 2014) was a British aid worker. He was captured by the Islamic State in early 2013. He was later executed by beheading in early September 2014.
Hurricane Fran

Hurricane Fran was a hurricane during the 1996 Atlantic hurricane season. This storm caused over $3 billion in damage. It killed 20-30 people. Fran struck North Carolina as a strong Category 3 hurricane with winds of . The name Fran was later retired and replaced by Fay for the 2002 Atlantic season.
Storm History
Hurricane Fran started from a tropical wave that moved off the western coast of Africa, entering the Atlantic Ocean, on August 22. The low pressure area became a tropical depression on August 23. Little changed for several days. By August 26, the storm had been disorganized.
On August 27, the storm grew into a tropical storm and was named Fran. On August 29, the storm intensified into a category 1 hurricane. The interaction with Hurricane Edouard led to weakening and the storm took a northwestward direction. When Edouard was gone, the storm grew into a category 1 hurricane again.
Fran grew in early September. By September 3, it the winds were at . The system started to develop an eye. By September 5, winds were at 120 mph (195 km/h) and its pressure was 946 mbar.
On September 6, the storm hit North Carolina with winds of . Once on land, the storm rapidly weakened. It moved through Virginia. It died on September 8.
Preparations
A Hurricane Watch was issued in the Lesser Antilles in late August. As Fran moved away, the watch was ended.
Wörth an der Donau

Worth an der Donau () is a town in Regensburg, in Bavaria, Germany. It is on the left edge of the Danube, 22 km east of Regensburg.
Caucasus

The Caucasus or Caucasia is a region spanning Europe and Asia bordered on the north by Russia, on the east by the Caspian Sea, on the south by Iran, on the southwest by Turkey, and on the west by the Black Sea. Caucasia includes the Caucasus Mountains and surrounding lowlands.
The Caucasus Mountains are commonly recognised as a natural border between Asia and Europe. Countries in the Caucasus are considered to be in one or both continents, with Armenia and Azerbaijan considered transcontinental, and Georgia largely considered European. The northern portion of the Caucasus is known as the Ciscaucasus and the southern portion as the Transcaucasus. The highest peak in the Caucasus is Mount Elbrus (5,642 m) which, in the western Ciscaucasus in Russia, is generally considered the highest point in Europe.
List of countries
Sovereign states
Georgia
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Disputed territories
Abkhazia - claimed but not controlled by Georgia
South Ossetia - claimed but not controlled by Georgia
Artsakh - claimed but not controlled by Azerbaijan
Autonomous republics of the Russian Federation
Dagestan
Chechnya
Kabardino-Balkaria
North Ossetia-Alania
Myths and Legends
The Biblical Mount Ararat where Noah's Ark landed is known as the landmark of the ancient Armenian realm. The peak of Ararat is seasonally capped with snow. In Greek mythology, the Caucasus or Kaukasos was one of the pillars supporting the world. Prometheus was chained there by Zeus. The Roman poet Ovid placed Caucasus in Scythia and said it was a cold and stony mountain which was the abode of personified hunger.
PlayStation Store

The PlayStation Store is an online market for users of Sony's PlayStation 3, PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita game consoles via the PlayStation Network.
Dennebrœucq

Dennebroeucq is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.
Tadeusz Szelachowski

Tadeusz Szelachowski (7 April 1932 - 9 September 2020) was a Polish physician and politician. He was born in Sielachowskie, Poland. From 1981 to 1985, he was Minister of Health. Between 1985 to 1989, he was a member of Sejm.
Szelachowski died on 9 September 2020 in Warsaw, aged 88.
Josh Ritter

Josh Ritter (born October 21, 1976) is an American singer-songwriter, musician, and author. He performs and records with The Royal City Band. Ritter is known for his Americana style and narrative lyrics.
In 2006 he was named one of the "100 Greatest Living Songwriters" by Paste magazine.
Leith Athletic F.C.

Leith Athletic F.C. is a football club which plays in Scotland.
Northern California

Northern California is a region of California. The definitions of it vary, but it usually contains the area around San Francisco and Sacramento. About 15 million people live in Northern California.
Chico Heat

The Chico Heat is the name of two baseball teams that have operated in Chico, California.
Teams
The first was a professional team in the Western Baseball League from 1997 to 2002. The second team was a part of the summer collegiate wood bat league known as the Great West League. It began operations in 2014 and ended in 2018. The team's title sponsor was Golden Valley Bank.
Broadcasting
The original Chico Heat were broadcast on KPAY NewsTalk 1290 AM during their entire time. Area broadcaster Rory Miller was the "voice" of the team on the radio for the entire time. Miller also was the broadcaster for the second team on The Edge 101.7 FM. He broadcast with KPAY's Mike Baca.
The death of Steve Nettleton
On January 11, 2019, Heat founder and majority owner Steve Nettleton died at age 79. He had Parkinson's Disease.
Pahariwood

Pahariwood is the name of a Kashmiri movie industry that is based in the city of Kotli. Pahari-Pothwari are the native tongues of the ethnic population of Kotli, Mirpur and other area of Azad Jammu and Kashmir.
Leggiuno

Leggiuno is a comune in the Province of Varese in the Italian region of Lombardy.
Former football player Luigi Riva was born here.
Main sights
The frazione of Reno is home to the hermitage of Santa Caterina del Sasso, which overlooks Lake Maggiore.
Swann VR

Swann VR is a spatial memory training tool for Alzheimer's disease. It uses virtual reality. Users are given a map with objects placed in it, and they are to memorize it and find the items within the immersive environment. It was created by Taegh Sokhey an automotive executive and Northwestern University graduate. The application is designed to work with Oculus Rift and Rift S.
SHA hash functions

In cryptography, the Secure Hashing Algorithms are a group of cryptographic hash functions released by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The algorithms take an input and produce a hash value (often shown in hexadecimal). The length of the hash depends on the digest length of the algorithm.
Family
SHA-0: It was the name used for the original Secure Hashing Algorithm that was released in 1993. It was no longer used because it was not safe to use and was quickly replaced with SHA-1.
SHA-1: It is the first name used for the official Secure Hashing Algorithm. It was released after a weakness in SHA-0. It was made by the National Security Agency (NSA). It was also found to be weak and unsafe.
SHA-2: It is one the most popular type of SHA. There are options to set the length (by changing the digest size) of the hash to 256 or 512 bits. SHA256 and SHA512 refer to these algorithms. It was also made by the National Security Agency.
SHA-3 (Keccak): The latest type of SHA. It was made by Guido Bertoni, Joan Daemen, Michael Peeters and Gilles Van Assche. It was selected after a competition held by the NIST.
Non-governmental organization

A non-governmental organization (NGO) is a group of people from different countries acting together, but not connected with the government of any country. Usually non-governmental organizations are non-profit - that is, they are trying to do something other than make money for the people who run them. They include organisations such as 'Oxfam' and 'World Vision'.
Non-governmental organization (NGO) is a term that has become widely accepted as referring to a legally constituted, non-governmental organization created by natural or legal persons with no participation or representation of any government. In the cases in which NGOs are funded totally or partially by governments, the NGO maintains its non-governmental status and excludes government representatives from membership in the organization.
Government funding of NGOs is controversial, since, according David Rieff, writing in The New Republic, "the whole point of humanitarian intervention was precisely that NGOs and civil society had both a right and an obligation to respond with acts of aid and solidarity to people in need or being subjected to repression or want by the forces that controlled them, whatever the governments concerned might think about the matter."
Unlike the term intergovernmental organization, "non-governmental organization" is a term in general use but is not a legal definition. In many jurisdictions these types of organization are defined as "civil society organizations" or referred to by other names.
Top 6 NGOs In India
Child Rights and You (CRY).
Help Age India. ...
Human Rights Action Forum(HRAF)
K. C. Mahindra Education Trust (Nanhi Kali) ...
LEPRA India.
Pratham Education Foundation
Purpose Of NGO
NGO's work for uplifting the poor and backward sections of the community. Moreover, the main function which is performed by NGOs is to bridge the gap of inequalities and unfair treatments.
Maya Lindholm

Maya Lindholm (born 20 December 1990) is a German wheelchair basketball player. She won a gold medal at the 2012 Summer Paralympics, and silver medal at the 2016 Summer Paralympics.
She played at the 2011 Women's U25 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship, 2014 Women's World Wheelchair Basketball Championship, and 2018 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship.
We Can Work It Out

"We Can Work It Out" is a song by English rock band the Beatles. It was released as a double A-side single on 3 December 1965 on the same day as Rubber Soul. This was the first time a single was released with two A-sides in the United Kingdom. The single was number 1 in the United Kingdom. It was the seventh highest selling single of the 1960s in the UK. It was written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney.
Personnel
According to Walter Everett, the line-up of musicians on the Beatles' recording was as follows:
Paul McCartney - double-tracked lead vocal, bass guitar
John Lennon - harmony vocal, acoustic guitar, harmonium
George Harrison - tambourine
Ringo Starr - drums
MacDonald said that some sources say the tambourine part was played by Harrison, but he thought thay Starr had probably played it. Everett said Harrison played it, as it was recorded at the same time as the other instruments. Guesdon and Margotin also said Harrison played it.
Viral culture

A Viral culture is a laboratory test in which the virus samples are placed with a cell medium that the virus being tested for is able to infect. If the cells show changes, known as cytopathic effects, then a culture is positive, meaning the test indicates infection.
The older way of viral culture has been replaced by shell vial culture, in which the sample is spun onto a single layer of cells and viral growth is measured by antigen detection ways. This shortens the time to detection for slow growing viruses such as cytomegalovirus, for which the method was developed.
R62 (New York City Subway car)

The R62 is a Kawasaki train car that was completed in 1985. Its in service on the 1, and 3 lines. The numbers of this model are 1301-1625.It is expected to be replaced by R262s in 2023-2026. The R62 runs on the 1, 3, 6 and Shuttle lines (Grand Central to be exact). They are sometimes confused with the R62A.
Try

A Try is one of the way of scoring points in rugby league and rugby union. A try is scored when a player grounds the ball in the opposition's in-goal area or behind the try line, or alternatively touching the base of the goalposts and ground at the same time. The scoring player must be holding on to the ball and should be applying downward pressure when it is grounded.
Kamiel Buysse

Kamiel Buysse was a racing cyclist from Belgium. He was born on 8 July 1934 and died on 26 October 2020. Buysse rode in the 1959 Tour de France.