kenhktsui/simple_wikipedia_LM_quality_score_v1 huggingface dataset:
The Curse of the Jade Scorpion

The Curse of the Jade Scorpion is a 2001 American German crime comedy movie directed by Woody Allen (who also stars) and also starring Helen Hunt, Dan Aykroyd, Wallace Shawn, Elizabeth Berkley, Charlize Theron, David Ogden Stiers, Brian Markinson. It was distributed by DreamWorks Pictures and was a box office failure.
Public inquiry

A public inquiry (or tribunal of inquiry) is an official review ordered by a government body.
It is used in many common law countries, such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia and Canada. The idea is also used in many other countries, perhaps not with the same title. It is an expression of democracy, that in some cases people and groups should be able to have their voice heard directly. The issues at stake may be of a local kind, or special to a particular group of people.
A public inquiry differs from a Royal Commission. A public inquiry accepts evidence, conducts its hearings in public and deals with a specific occurrence. Interested members of the public and organisations may make oral or written submissions, and listen to oral evidence given by other parties.
Research on the effects of public inquiries suggests they may not do much to change people's minds. However, it is normal for a public enquiry to be about some controversy. That is the point of the exercise.
Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)

The Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist), abbreviated CPN (UML) (), is the major party in Nepal and is the main rival of governing Nepali Congress at all levels since the 1990s. It is the main opposition party in the Federal Parliament of Nepal. It remains the opposition party in all three tiers of government, namely: local, state and central government.
Common year starting on Friday

This is the calendar for any common year starting on Friday, January 1 (dominical letter C). Examples include 1971, 1982, 1993, 1999, 2010, 2021, and 2027 in the Gregorian calendar,
or 2011 and 2022 in the Julian calendar. This common year is one of the three possible common years in which a century year can begin on, and occurs in century years that yield a remainder of 100 when divided by 400. The most recent such year was 1700 and the next one will be 2100 in the Gregorian calendar (see bottom tables).
In this common year, Martin Luther King Jr. Day is on January 18, Valentine's Day is on a Sunday, Presidents Day is on its earliest possible date, February 15, St. Patrick's Day is on a Wednesday, Mother's Day is on May 9, Memorial Day is on its latest possible date, May 31, Father's Day is on June 20, Independence Day is on a Sunday, Labor Day is on September 6, Columbus Day is on October 11, Halloween is on a Sunday, Veterans Day is on a Thursday, Thanksgiving is on November 25, and Christmas is on a Saturday.
This is one of three common years to have only one Friday the 13th, the other two being Common year starting on Wednesday and Common year starting on Saturday. The Friday the 13th in this common year is in August. This characteristic is shared with Leap Years Starting on Thursday but also have another one in February.
A common year is a year with 365 days, i.e., not a leap year.
This is the only year type where the nth "Doomsday" (this year Sunday) is not in ISO week n; it is in ISO week n-1.
Intracerebral hemorrhage

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), also known as cerebral bleed, is a type of intracranial bleed that happens within the brain tissue or ventricles.
Symptoms can include headache, one-sided weakness, vomiting, seizures, decreased level of consciousness, and neck stiffness. Often symptoms get worse over time. Fever is also common. In many cases bleeding is present in both the brain tissue and the ventricles.
Causes include brain trauma, aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, and brain tumors.
I'm a Believer

"I'm a Believer" is a ballad. It was composed by Neil Diamond. It was recorded by The Monkees in 1966. The single hit #1 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. It remained there for seven weeks.
Smash Mouth and Eddie Murphy did covers of the song in 2001. In 1985, singer Barbara Mandrell did her version.
United Church of Canada

The United Church of Canada is the largest Protestant Christian denomination in Canada, and the second largest Canadian Christian denomination after the Roman Catholic Church. It was started in 1925 when four Canadian churches decided to merge: the Methodist Church of Canada, the Congregational Union of Ontario and Quebec, two-thirds of the congregations of the Presbyterian Church in Canada, and the Association of Local Union Churches. In 1968, the Canadian branch of the Evangelical United Brethren Church decided to join the United Church of Canada.
Historische Zeitschrift

Historische Zeitschrift, founded in 1859 by Heinrich von Sybel is considered to be the first and for a time the foremost historical journal. The creation of this journal inspired Gabriel Monod to found the French Revue historique in 1876. In 1886 the English Historical Review was founded and in 1895 the American Historical Review was founded.
Saint-Aubin-du-Cormier

Saint-Aubin-du-Cormier () is a commune. It is in Brittany in the Ille-et-Vilaine department in northwest France.
Careful, He Might Hear You

Careful, He Might Hear You is a 1983 Australian drama movie directed by Carl Schultz and was based on the 1963 novel of the same name by Sumner Locke Elliott. It stars Wendy Hughes, Robyn Nevin, Nicholas Gledhill and was distributed by 20th Century Fox.
Claudia Rodriguez

Claudia Irene Rodriguez Audelo (born 10 August 1981) is a Mexican volleyball player.
She played at the 2002 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship and 2006 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship.
She played for National Autonomous University of Mexico's women's volleyball team and IMSS Valle de Mexico.
Yeiki Kobashigawa

Yeiki Kobashigawa (September 28, 1917-March 31, 2005) was a United States Army soldier. He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II.
Early life
Kobashigawa was born at Hilo, Hawaii. He is the son of immigrants who were born in Japan. He is a Nisei, which means that he is a second generation Japanese-American.
Soldier
One month before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Kobashigawa joined the US Army in November 1941.
Kobashigawa volunteered to be part of the all-Nisei 100th Infantry Battalion. This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland.
For his actions in June 1944, Kobashigawa was awarded the Army's second-highest decoration, the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC). In the 1990s, there was a review of service records of Asian Americans who received the DSC during World War II. Kobashigawa's award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, he was presented with his medal by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, but only seven of them were still alive.
Medal of Honor citation
Kobashigawa's Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in frontline fighting in northern Italy in 1944. He led successful attacks on four machine gun positions.
The words of Kobashigawa's citation explain:
Technical Sergeant Yeiki Kobashigawa distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 2 June 1944, in the vicinity of Lanuvio, Italy. During an attack, Technical Sergeant Kobashigawa's platoon encountered strong enemy resistance from a series of machine guns providing supporting fire. Observing a machine gun nest 50 yards from his position, Technical Sergeant Kobashigawa crawled forward with one of his men, threw a grenade and then charged the enemy with his submachine gun while a fellow soldier provided covering fire. He killed one enemy soldier and captured two prisoners. Meanwhile, Technical Sergeant Kobashigawa and his comrade were fired upon by another machine gun 50 yards ahead. Directing a squad to advance to his first position, Technical Sergeant Kobashigawa again moved forward with a fellow soldier to subdue the second machine gun nest. After throwing grenades into the position, Technical Sergeant Kobashigawa provided close supporting fire while a fellow soldier charged, capturing four prisoners. On the alert for other machine gun nests, Technical Sergeant Kobashigawa discovered four more, and skillfully led a squad in neutralizing two of them. Technical Sergeant Kobashigawa's extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army.
Peterloo Massacre

The Peterloo Massacre (or Battle of Peterloo) happened at St Peter's Field, Manchester, England, on 16 August 1819. It was when cavalry charged into a crowd of 60,000 to 80,000 gathered at a meeting to demand the reform of parliamentary representation.
The end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 had resulted in a time of famine and chronic unemployment. This was made worse by the introduction of the first of the Corn Laws. By the beginning of 1819 there were poor economic conditions. That, and the limited suffrage (few people had the vote), increased the appeal of political radicalism.
In response, the Manchester Patriotic Union organised a demonstration to be addressed by the radical orator Henry Hunt. The Manchester Patriotic Union was a group agitating for parliamentary reform.
Shortly after the meeting began, local magistrates called on the military authorities to arrest Henry Hunt and several others with him, and to disperse the men. Cavalry charged into the crowd with sabres drawn. In the resulting confusion, 18 people were killed and 400-700 were injured. The massacre was given the name Peterloo in ironic comparison to the Battle of Waterloo, which had taken place four years earlier.
Tokugawa Ieyasu

was a Japanese shogun of the Edo period. His ruled started in 1603 and ended in 1605. He is one of the most famous military commanders in Japan.<ref name="nussbaum977">Nussbaum, Louis-Frederic. (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA977&dq= "Tokugawa Ieyasu"] in Japan Encyclopedia, pp. 977-978.</ref>
Early life
At birth, his name was Matsudaira Takechiyo.
In 1562, he changed his name to Matsudaira Motoyasu. The second syllable -- -yasu -- comes from the name of his grandfather Kiyoyasu. A few months later, he changed his first name to the one by which he is known today. The first syllable -- Ie-'' -- comes from the last part of the name of Minamoto Yoshile, who was a famous ancestor. He received permission from the emperor to change his family name from Matsudaira to Tokugawa.
Shogun
Ieyasu was the first shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate.
Schlitters

Schlitters is a municipality of the district of Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol.
Kaḻayapiṯi

Kalayapiti (also written Kalaya Piti and Kalaiapiti) is a rock hole in the Birksgate Range in northwestern South Australia. It is an important location in the early history of the Pitjantjatjara people. The name comes from the words (emu) and (referring to a place from which the ancestral being is believed to originate; is a waterhole). It is a major sacred site for the (Emu Dreaming), and has been used for ceremonies by the Pitjantjatjara since long before colonisation of Australia.
Kalayapiti forms the southern heartland of the traditional Pitjantjatjara territory. According to the anthropologist Norman Tindale, the Pitjantjatjara people originally migrated from the southern coast. Kalayapiti served as their main home as they moved further north and northeast into the Tomkinson, Mann and Petermann Ranges. The rock hole here was very important during droughts, as there were few sources of water so reliable and permanent in the Great Victoria Desert to the south. However, during a long and severe drought between 1914 and 1916, the Pitjantjatjara were forced to move further east into the Musgrave Ranges, traditionally Yankunytjatjara territory.
Neno (footballer)

Adelino Augusto da Graca Barbosa Barros (27 January 1962 - 10 June 2021), known as Neno, was a Portuguese professional footballer. He played as a goalkeeper. He appeared in 242 Primeira Liga games during 15 seasons. He was known for playing with Vitoria de Guimaraes and Benfica. Neno also played for the national team from 1989 until 1996.
Neno died in Guimaraes, Portugal on 10 June 2021 at the age of 59.
Charlotte Drijvers

Charlotte Drijvers (born 1999) is a Dutch softball player from Zaltbommel. She plays as a catcher. In the Dutch higest league she plays with Roef! and she plays in the summer period in the United States. She is member of the Netherlands women's national softball team. With the national team she became European champion at the 2022 Women's Softball European Championship.
Her sister Sietske Drijvers is also a softball player.
My Big Big Friend

My Big Big Friend is a 2010-14 Brazilian and Canadian animated children's educational television series. It was Co-Produced by Brazilian animation studio 2b lab and Canadian studio Breakthrough Entertainment and produced with Treehouse TV.
Thomas Perez

Thomas Edward Perez (born October 7, 1961 in Buffalo, New York) is an American politician, consumer advocate and civil rights lawyer. On July 23, 2013, he was sworn in as the United States Secretary of Labor. Perez is a member of the Democratic Party. He previously was the Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Rights Division of the United States Department of Justice.
Perez announced his candidacy for Chair of the Democratic National Committee in the 2017 election on December 15, 2016. On February 25, 2017, Perez was elected Chairman on a second ballot. Minutes after being elected, Perez named Keith Ellison as deputy chair. He resigned in January 2021.
On June 23, 2021, Perez announced that he would be a candidate for the Democratic nomination for Governor of Maryland in the 2022 election. He lost the Democratic nomination in July 2022.
Araceli Herrero Figueroa

Araceli Herrero Figueroa (22 June 1948 - 10 June 2020) was a Spanish writer. Herrero Figueroa was a philologist who focused on the study of the Galician language. She was a professor at the University of Santiago de Compostela. Herrero Figueroa born in Lugo.
Herrero Figueroa died during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain in Lugo from the virus on 10 June 2020, aged 71.
Joel Whitburn

Joel Carver Whitburn (November 29, 1939 - June 14, 2022) was an American author and music historian. He was born in Wauwatosa, Wisconsin. He was known for his work with Billboard.
Whitburn died on June 14, 2022 at the age of 82.
Isabella of Castile

Isabella of Castile (22 April 1451 - 26 November 1504) was a queen of Castile and Leon. She was the daughter of John II of Castile and his second wife Isabel of Portugal.
Her brother, Enrique IV, who was the king of Castile, wanted her to marry her off. She wanted to marry someone from Portugal to make a political ally. She secretly married Ferdinand II of Aragon in 1469, and had five children with him. The youngest was Catherine of Aragon, who married Henry VIII of England in 1509. Isabella was the grandmother of Carlos I of Spain (Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor).
When Isabella's brother died, she was supposed to be the new queen. Her brother Enriques's daughter, Juana, wanted to become queen instead. After a war, Isabella became queen. At the same time, Isabella's husband, Ferdinand, became king of Aragon. They united the lands of Castile and Aragon into present-day Spain. Isabella helped pay for four of Christopher Columbus' trips to find the Americas. In their time, the Americas were called "The New World". She signed a truce in 1492 that made Spain a Christian country. After she died, her daughter Joanna of Castile became queen.
Pest, Hungary

Pest () is the eastern part of Budapest, Hungary. It is separated by the Danube River from Buda and Obuda, the western parts of Budapest. Pest is famous for the Hungarian Parliament Building, Heroes' Square and Andrassy Avenue.
The Legacy of Heorot

The Legacy of Heorot is a science fiction novel written in 1987 by Larry Niven, Jerry Pournelle and Steven Barnes.
This is the first book in the Heorot series. It is about a human space colony at the star Tau Ceti.
Plot Summary
Hundreds of years in the future, people travel to the star Tau Ceti. It takes 100 years to fly there. To live that long the people go to sleep and freeze each other. When they get there they unfreeze, but some people do not wake up. Some people wake up but are not as smart as they were.
They land on the fourth planet from the sun and build a town on a big island. Everything is peaceful until they are attacked by a large animal. The animal is like a cross between a frog and an alligator. It is big but also very fast and smart. They call it a Grendel. The Grendel kills several people but then it is killed.
The people get very scared and build fences, land mines, and guns. After a while they get less scared and think that the Grendel they killed was the only one. They build boats and get brave. Then another bigger Grendel kills some of the people in the boats. The People trap and kill this Grendel.
The People get really mad. They find out that Grendels have to stay near water because when a Grendel moves fast it makes a lot of heat. If it does not cool off it will die. They go all around the island and kill all the Grendels. This makes them very happy.
They feel safe and travel all around the island. They notice that the alien fish are big now. They think that without the Grendels around there will be lots of fish to eat. This makes them happy.
Everything is good until the fish get very big. When they get big enough they grow legs, breath air, and move very fast. The fish are baby Grendels. Now instead of a few big Grendels there are thousands of small ones.
Some people escape to the space ship. But, other stay to defend the town. They use the electric fences and land mines and guns to kill the little Grendels. After awhile the town gets too damaged to protect anymore. The people run away to a cave on a mountain. The Grendels follow them up a river and attack the cave. The people use kerosene to burn the Grendels. Also, they knock big rocks down onto them. After enough Grendels get killed, the other Grendels learn to run away instead of just attack. The people win.
Over time the people hunt down all the new Grendels and all the alien fish. Finally they are safe.
Ryszard Bender

Ryszard Janusz Bender (February 16, 1932 - February 24, 2016) was a Polish politician and historian. He was a specialist on the history of the January Uprising. He was professor of History at John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin.
Life
From 1976 to 1980 and 1985 to 1989, he was a deputy of the Sejm. In 2007, he was elected as a member in the Senate of Poland from the Law and Justice party. He retired from the senate in 2011.
Bender was accused of antisemitism and Holocaust denial after he said that Auschwitz was "not a death camp" but a "labour camp". He later said his remarks were taken out of context. He has also spoken out in defense of Dariusz Ratajczak.
Death
Bender died of a stroke on February 24, 2016 in Lublin, Poland. He was aged 84.
Turn

Turn or Turn: Washington's Spies is an American television show. It is set during the American Revolutionary War. It is about the spies and the beginning of espionage. It was on television for four seasons. It started in 2014.
Development
Turn is based on the Culper Ring, real spies from the Revolutionary War. The television show was based on the book Washington's Spies: The Story of America's First Spy Ring, by Alexander Rose. The book is not fiction. Rose is one of the show's producers and writers.
Story
A cabbage farmer named Abraham Woodhull (Jaime Bell) and his friends become spies for George Washington (Ian Kahn). The story covers the British plan to use counterfeit money, the time Benedict Arnold changed sides, and the execution of John Andre.
Setting
Much of the story takes place on Long Island in New York. It also shows other parts of the American colonies, including Manhattan, Philadelphia, and West Point.
Accuracy
According to Long Island historian Margo Arceri, the show is "about 70 percent inaccurate."
Results
Because of the television show, more tourists came to Long Island. Many of the buildings where the real Culper Ring spies worked are still there.
Kielce

Kielce is a city in Poland in Swietokrzyskie Voivodeship. It has a population of about 215,000 inhabitants and 109 km2 of land area.
Kryts language

Kryts is a Northeast Caucasian language. About 5,000 people speak Kryts. Its dialects are Kryts, Jek, Khaput, Yergyudzh and Alyk, which are different enough that they could be different languages in a dialect continuum.
Doriemus

Doriemus (17 November 1990 - 11 January 2015) was a Thoroughbred racehorse. He began his career in New Zealand and became famous Australia by winning the Caulfield and Melbourne Cups in 1995. He became just the ninth horse to win both cups.
Doriemus was euthanised due to a hoof infection after a paddock accident on 11 January 2015. He was 24.
Altusried

Altusried is a municipality in the district of Oberallgau in Bavaria in Germany. It is the location of the open-air theatre Freilichtspiele Altusried.
Lakeside MRT station

Lakeside MRT station (EW26) is a Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station on the East West Line. It is an elevated station. It is located in Jurong West, Singapore. This station is built on the northwestern side of the Jurong Lake. Therefore, it is called Lakeside.
Lakeside station provides MRT access to residents living in Taman Jurong and Hong Kah. It is currently one of the three stations that serve Jurong West New Town. The other two are Boon Lay MRT station and Pioneer MRT station.
Design
The station was designed with a curved Chinese roof. This is similar to those at the nearby Chinese Garden.
History
The station was opened on 5 November 1988. It is the western terminal for the East West Line till 1990s.
It is equipped with platform screen doors as the rest of the above ground East West Line stations. Initially the station didn't have the doors. Several successful tests at Jurong East, Yishun and Pasir Ris of the design and operation of the doors.The door installation started on 9 June 2010. The doors started operations on 31 August 2020 along with Bukit Batok.
High-volume low-speed fans were installed and started operation on 30 November 2012. Sound barriers were installed from Lakeside MRT station to Corporation Road to minimise noise generated from their residents.
Himalia group

The Himalia group is a group of prograde non-spherical moons of Jupiter that follow similar orbits to Himalia and are thought to have a common origin.
The known members of the group are (in order from closest to farthest from Jupiter):
Leda
Himalia (the biggest, which gives its name to the group)
Lysithea
Elara
The orbit estimate of the recently found moon S/2000 J 11 also qualified it as a member of the group (it appeared to have the same inclination, and a slightly bigger semi-major axis)
but its orbit is not known exactly and the mean orbital elements have not yet been calculated.
The International Astronomical Union (IAU) reserves names in -a for the moons in this group.
Characteristics and origin
The objects in the Himalia group have semi-major axes (distances from Jupiter) in the range of 11,150,000 and 11,750,000 km, inclinations between 26.6deg and 28.3deg, and eccentricities of between 0.11 and 0.25.
All moons in the group are grey similar to C-type asteroids. It has been suggested that the group could be a remnant of the break-up of an asteroid from the main asteroid belt. The radius of the parent asteroid was probably about 89 km, only a bit bigger than that of Himalia, which retains approximately 87% of the mass of the original body. This indicates the asteroid was not heavily disturbed.
Manuel Oltra

Manuel Oltra i Ferrer (8 February 1922 - 26 September 2015) was a Spanish composer. He was known for composing music about harmony and counterpoint music. He led the Conservatorio Superior Municipal de Barcelona from 1959 until its disestablishment in 1987. Oltra was born in Valencia, Spain.
Oltra died of pneumonia in Barcelona, Spain at the age of 93.
Fiat

Fiat (UK: /'fi:@t, -aet/, US: /-a:t/, Italian: ['fi:at]; originally FIAT, Italian: Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino, lit. 'Italian Automobiles Factory, Turin') is a car company in Italy. It was founded in Turin in 1899. It also made some planes between 1920s and 1970s. Some of their cars by year: Fiat is currently owned by Stellantis.
History
On 11 July 1899, Gianni Agnelli was part of the group of founding members of FIAT, Fabbrica Italiana di Automobili Torino. The first Fiat plant opened in 1900 with 35 staff making 24 cars. Known from the beginning for the talent and creativity of its engineering staff, by 1903 Fiat made a small profit and produced 135 cars; this grew to 1,149 cars by 1906. The company then went public selling shares via the Milan stock exchange.
Cars
Models by year
Years 1950s - 1980s
124
125
126
127
128
130
131
132
133
500
600
850
1100
1300
1400
1800
Dino
Multipla
Ritmo
X1/9
Years 1980s - 2000
Argenta
Barchetta
Fiat Bravo/Brava
Cinquecento
Coupe
Croma
Duna
Marea
Panda
Punto
Regata
Tempra
Tipo
Uno
Years 2000-2010
Albea
Bravo (Nuova) (new)
Croma (Nuova) (new)
Fiorino
Punto
Grande Punto
Idea
Multipla
Palio
Panda (Nuova) (new)
Scudo
Sedici
Seicento
Siena
Stilo
Ulysse
500 (Nuova) (new)
500 (Pop) - 500 1.2 Pop, 500 Twinair Pop
Doblo
Years 2010-present
Bravo (Nuova) (new) (2007-2016)
Croma (Nuova) (new) (2005-2010)
Fiorino
Punto (2012-2018)
Grande Punto (2005-2010)
Punto Evo (2010-2012)
Panda (Nuova) (new)
Scudo (2007-2016, 2020-present)
Sedici (2006-2011)
Stilo
Ulysse (2020-present)
500 (Nuova)
500 (Pop) - 500 1.2 Pop, 500 Twinair Pop
500e (2020-present)
Doblo
Aircraft
From 1920 to 1945
Fiat CR.42 Falco.
Fiat G.50.
From 1945 to 2000
Fiat G.91.
Pinoy Idol

Pinoy Idol is a popular TV show in the Philippines that lets anyone sing to people watching the show on television while they are being judged. The singers can be anyone between the age of 16 and 29 years. The show is now current programming in GMA Network.
Host and judges
Pinoy Idol has three judges, who give comments on performances. The three judges are:
Ogie Alcasid
Jolina Magdangal
Wyngard Tracy
Pinoy Idol also has a host, Raymond Gutierrez.
The Fixies

The Fixies ( in English language: To Fix) is a Russian animated series, based in Russia. The story is written by Eduard Uspensky, composed by Lev Zemilinsky, and produced from December 13, 2010 until May 13, 2022 with 4 seasons and 209 episodes.
Penzing, Bavaria

Penzing () is a municipality in Landsberg in Bavaria in Germany.
Typhoon Matmo (2014)

Typhoon Matmo (also Typhoon Henry) was a tropical cyclone. The storm struck Taiwan in July 2014. The storm also hit eastern China.
Damage totaled $567 million. Sixty-two people died from the typhoon.
Tabari

Tabari might mean:
Something from the region of Tabaristan
Mazandarani language, also called Tabari
Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari
Colour vision

Colour vision is the capacity of an organism to distinguish objects based on the wavelengths (or frequencies) of the light they reflect, emit, or transmit.
Colour is a quality made by the visual brain and so it is not a property of objects, despite what children are taught.
The wavelength reflected from an object is the objective fact: it does not depend upon perception. A 'red' apple does not emit red light. Rather, it simply absorbs all the frequencies of visible light shining on it except for a group of frequencies that are reflected. It is these frequencies which are seen or perceived as red.
Mechanism
The visible light spectrum ranges from about 380 to 740 nanometers. Colors of the spectrum such as red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, blue, and violet are in this range. These spectral colors do not refer to a single wavelength, but rather to a set of wavelengths: red, 625-740 nm; orange, 590-625 nm; yellow, 565-590 nm; green, 500-565 nm; cyan, 485-500 nm; blue, 450-485 nm; violet, 380-450 nm.
The nervous system derives colour by comparing the responses to light from the several types of cone photoreceptors in the eye. These cone photoreceptors are sensitive to different portions of the visible spectrum.
For humans, the visible spectrum ranges approximately from 380 to 740 nm, and there are normally three types of cones. The visible range and number of cone types differ between species.
With colour, vision gets better (more information) about the things the eye sees. This lets the eye see when fruit or vegetables are ripe, and can see animals hiding from plain sight. The advantage of colour vision is mainly in the daytime. At night the main problem is to collect enough light to see in the weak light. This is something rods do better than cones.
Types of colour vision
Colour vision is not an all-or-none state. Many groups of animals can distinguish colour, but in different ways. In mammals, for instance, some groups have no colour vision, and some are dichromats. The dichromats have two kinds of cones, and cannot see ultraviolet, red and orange light.
It is thought that the mammals which survived though the Jurassic period were small nocturnal or burrowing animals with little need to see colour. Later, after the extinction of the dinosaurs, many lines adapted to be more active in the daytime. Most developed a form of colour vision, which is much more useful in the daytime. Primates developed full (trichromacy) colour vision. For them, the ability to distinguish the colour of fruit from leaves always was essential.
Many insects have colour vision in the ultraviolet range, which humans do not. That is why honey guides on flowers are so noticeable in ultraviolet light photographs.
COVID-19 pandemic in Estonia

The COVID-19 pandemic in Estonia is part of the ongoing worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 () caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (). The virus was confirmed to have spread to Estonia when the first case was confirmed in Tallinn on 27 February 2020.
By 11 March, 15 people in Estonia had been diagnosed with the virus, all of them had been infected outside the country, mostly in Northern Italy. On 12 March, the first cases of locally transmitted infections emerged, and on 13 March, the Estonian government declared a state of emergency until 1 May 2020. That emergency situation was extended to May 17. As a result, all the schools and universities were closed, and all public gatherings banned, including sports and cultural events.
As of 1 September, the total number of confirmed cases in the country was 2,395 of which 2,112 had recovered and 64 had died. As of 1 October, the total number of confirmed cases in the country was 3,450 of which 2,643 had recovered and 65 had died.
By the end of 2020, the total number of confirmed cases was 27,990 of which 18,326 had recovered and 229 had died.
No One Is to Blame

"No One Is to Blame" is a song by Howard Jones. It went to number 4 in the United States and number 9 in Australia. It was one his biggest hits in the United States.
Football at the 1968 Summer Olympics

1968 Football at the Summer Olympics was held in Mexico from 13 to 26 October.
Results
Group stage
Group A
Group B
Group C
Group D
Knockout stage
Arrondissement of Vierzon

The arrondissement of Vierzon is an arrondissement of France, in the Cher department, Centre-Val de Loire region. Its capital, and subprefecture of the department, is the city of Vierzon.
History
When the Cher department was created on 1800, the arrondissement of Vierzon was not part of that original department. The arrondissement was created in 1984.
Geography
The arrondissement of Vierzon is in the northwest of the department. It is bordered to the north by the Loiret department, to the east by the Bourges arrondissement, to the south by the Indre-et-Loire department and to the west by the Loir-et-Cher department.
The arrondissement of Vierzon is the smallest arrondissement of the department with an area of . It has a population of 71,236 inhabitants.
Composition
Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.
Degrees of freedom (statistics)

Degrees of freedom refers to the maximum number of logically independent values, which are values that have the freedom to vary, in the data sample.
Understanding Degrees of Freedom
The easiest way to understand degrees of freedom conceptually is through an example:
Consider a data sample consisting of, for the sake of simplicity, five positive integers. The values could be any number with no known relationship between them. This data sample would, theoretically, have five degrees of freedom.
Four of the numbers in the sample are {3, 8, 5, and 4} and the average of the entire data sample is revealed to be 6.
This must mean that the fifth number has to be 10. It can be nothing else. It does not have the freedom to vary.
So the degrees of freedom for this data sample is 4.
The formula for degrees of freedom equals the size of the data sample minus one:
Df =N-1
where:
Df =degrees of freedom
N=sample size
Degrees of freedom are commonly discussed in relation to various forms of hypothesis testing in statistics, such as a chi-square. It is essential to calculate degrees of freedom when trying to understand the importance of a chi-square statistic and the validity of the null hypothesis.
Chi-Square Tests
There are two different kinds of chi-square tests: the test of independence, which asks a question of relationship, such as, "Is there a relationship between gender and SAT scores?"; and the goodness-of-fit test, which asks something like "If a coin is tossed 100 times, will it come up heads 50 times and tails 50 times?"
For these tests, degrees of freedom are utilized to determine if a certain null hypothesis can be rejected based on the total number of variables and samples within the experiment. For example, when considering students and course choice, a sample size of 30 or 40 students is likely not large enough to generate significant data. Getting the same or similar results from a study using a sample size of 400 or 500 students is more valid.
History
The earliest and most basic concept of degrees of freedom was noted in the early 1800s, intertwined in the works of mathematician and astronomer Carl Friedrich Gauss. The modern usage and understanding of the term were expounded upon first by William Sealy Gosset, an English statistician, in his article "The Probable Error of a Mean," published in Biometrika in 1908 under a pen name to preserve his anonymity.1
In his writings, Gosset did not specifically use the term "degrees of freedom." He did, however, give an explanation for the concept throughout the course of developing what would eventually be known as Student's T-distribution. The actual term was not made popular until 1922. English biologist and statistician Ronald Fisher began using the term "degrees of freedom" when he started publishing reports and data on his work developing chi-squares.
Nicolás Díaz

Nicolas Diaz Sanchez (August 10, 1929 - October 18, 2019) was a Chilean politician and cardiologist. He was a member of the Christian Democrat Party of Chile (PDC). From 1963 through 1964 and again from 1967 through 1968, he was Mayor of Rancagua.
He died on October 18, 2019 in Rancagua at the age of 90.
Erie County

Erie County is the name of three counties in the United States:
Erie County, New York
Erie County, Ohio
Erie County, Pennsylvania
Other
Erie Township
Erie
COVID-19 pandemic in Myanmar

The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have reached Myanmar on 23 March 2020.
Cases
On 23 March, Myanmar confirmed its first and second COVID-19 cases.
On 24 March, Myanmar has launched a community lockdown in one village from Chin State to control the spread of the COVID-19.
On 25 March, Myanmar confirmed its third COVID-19 case.
On 31 March 2020, the Committee for Corona Virus Disease 19 (COVID-19), headed by First Vice President Myint Swe and made up of members from many union ministries, was formed by President Win Myint, to combat the spread of COVID-19 in Myanmar.
Aide
Vietnam announced it would send $50,000 to Myanmar worth supplies, including medical tests, to aid the Burmese authorities handling the outbreak, becoming the first country to do so.
FC Politehnica Iași (2010)

Clubul Sportiv Municipal Studentesc Iasi (previously called CSMS Iasi) is a professional association football club from Iasi, Romania. The club was founded in 2010 and currently plays in the Liga I. The team's colours are blue and white.
History
On August 2010, Tricolorul Breaza merged with Navoby Iasi and formed ACSMU Politehnica Iasi. Ionut Popa was appointed manager and Grigore Sichitiu as executive president. In the summer of 2011 the club was renamed to Clubul Sportiv Municipal Studentesc Iasi.
After many managerial changes, the club was finally promoted to Liga I after finishing 1st in the 2013-14 Liga II season.
List of Waterloo Road characters

This article lists the characters and the actors who played them in the BBC One school-based drama series Waterloo Road. The longest-running cast members were Philip Martin Brown (Grantly Budgen), Jason Done (Tom Clarkson)However He did appear in more episodes by four, Chelsee Healey (Janeece Bryant) and Denise Welch (Steph Haydock), who appeared from series 1 until their exits in series 9 for Brown, 8 for Done and Healey, and 6 for Welch, respectively. Healey was not in series 5, however. Healey also returned for a guest appearance in series 11. The longest-serving headteacher was Rachel Mason, who was played by Eva Pope from series 3 until her exit in series 5.
WKTU

WKTU (103.5 FM) is a rhythmic adult contemporary formatted radio station licensed to Lake Success, New York, a suburb of New York City. WKTU is owned by iHeartMedia and broadcasts from studios in the former AT&T Building in the Tribeca neighborhood of Manhattan; its transmitter is located at the Empire State Building.
James Mancham

Sir James Richard Marie Mancham (11 August 1939 - 8 January 2017) was a Seychellois politician. He was the first President of Seychelles from 1976 to 1977. He was born in Victoria. He was also Prime Minister of Seychelles from 1975 to 1976.
Mancham died from a possible stroke on 8 January 2017 at his home in Glacis. He was 77.
Shobha Nagi Reddy

Shobha Nagi Reddy (16 November 1968 - 24 April 2014) was an Indian politician from Andhra Pradesh, India. She represented Allagadda in the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh for four terms until 2012 when she resigned due to political scandals in her party. Reddy was born in Allagadda, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Reddy died in Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India in a car crash. She was 45 years old.
Kim Dae-jung

Kim Dae-jung (January 6, 1924 - August 18, 2009) was a South Korean president. In 2000, he got the Nobel Peace Prize. He is the first person from Korea to get a Nobel prize. A Roman Catholic since 1957, he has been called the "Nelson Mandela" of Asia Kim Dae Jung was the President (succeeding Kim Young-sam) from 1998 to 2003. He was born in Haui-do, South Jeolla Province, an island off the South Korean Coast in 1924.
Kim died on August 18, 2009 at a hospital in Seoul from cardiac arrest caused by multiple organ failure and pneumonia, aged 85.
Treehouse of Horror XV

"Treehouse of Horror XV" is the first episode of The Simpsons sixteenth season. It is the 15th episode of the Treehouse of Horror series. It was first broadcast on the Fox network on November 7, 2004. The episode has three parts: "The Ned Zone", "Four Beheadings and a Funeral", and "In the Belly of the Boss".
Ellen Muth

Ellen Muth (born March 6, 1981) is an American actress. She played young Selena St. George in the movie Dolores Claiborne. She also played Katie Trumbull in Margarine Wars.
Muth was born in Milford, Connecticut.
Helsingin Sanomat

Helsingin Sanomat, nickname Hesari, is a newspaper published in Helsinki, Finland. It is the largest subscription newspaper in Finland and the Nordic countries. It is owned by Sanoma. Except after certain holidays, it is published daily.
Price County, Wisconsin

Price County is a county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2020 census, 14,054 people lived there. The county seat is Phillips.
Hüttlingen, Switzerland

Huttlingen is a municipality of the district of Frauenfeld, in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.
Éclimeux

Eclimeux is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.
Swedish Wikipedia

The Swedish Wikipedia () is the Swedish-language edition of Wikipedia. This edition was started in May 2001. It is the 3rd largest edition.
It has about articles.
Sara Lozo

Sara Lozo (born 29 April 1997) is a Serbian volleyball player.
She played at the 2014 Women's Junior European Volleyball Championship, 2015 FIVB Volleyball Women's U20 World Championship, 2017 FIVB Volleyball World Grand Prix, 2017 Women's European Volleyball Championship, 2018 FIVB Volleyball Women's Nations League, 2019 FIVB Volleyball Women's Nations League, and 2019 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Cup.
She played for Vizura Ruma and VC Zhetysu.
George Romney

George Wilcken Romney (July 8, 1907 - July 26, 1995) was an American businessman and Republican Party politician. He was chairman and president of American Motors Corporation from 1954 to 1962. He served the 43rd Governor of Michigan from 1963 to 1969. He was also the United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development from 1969 to 1973.
He is the father of former Governor of Massachusetts, 2012 Republican presidential nominee, and current United States Senator Mitt Romney. He was also the husband of former Michigan U.S. Senate candidate Lenore Romney. In 1968, he ran for president, but lost to Richard Nixon.
Biography
Romney was born to American parents living in Colonia Dublan, Galeana, Chihuahua, Mexico on July 8, 1907. The events during the Mexican Revolution forced his family to flee back to the United States when he was a child. The family lived in several states and ended up in Salt Lake City, Utah, where they struggled during the Great Depression. Romney worked in a number of jobs, served as a Mormon missionary in England and Scotland, and attended several colleges in the U.S. but did not graduate from any. In 1939 he moved to Detroit, Michigan.
Marriage and children
On July 2, 1931, he married Lenore Romney. They would later have four children, Lynn Romney, Jane Romney, Mitt Romney, and G. Scott Romney. His granddaughter from Scott Romney, Ronna Romney McDaniel, is the current chairwoman of the Republican National Committee.
Death
Romney died on July 26, 1995 in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan from a heart attack, aged 88. He was buried at Fairview Cemetery in Brighton, Michigan.
Yefremkasinskoye Rural Settlement

Yefremkasinskoye Rural Settlement (; , Yountapa jal tarakhe) is an administrative and municipal division (a rural settlement) of Alikovsky District of the Chuvash Republic, Russia. It is located in the central part of the district. Its administrative center is the locality (a village) of Yefremkasy. Rural settlement's population: 2,608 (2006 est.).
Yefremkasinskoye Rural Settlement comprises thirteen rural localities.
The Cheboksary-Vurnary highway crosses the territory of the rural settlement.
Hafu (gamer)

Rumay Wang (born April 18, 1991), better known as Hafu, is an American Twitch streamer. She is known for being a professional World of Warcraft, Bloodline Champions and Hearthstone player. Hafu was born in Newton, Massachusetts. She has over 1 million followers on her channel.
She has been a well known critic of sexual harassment in gaming.
In September 2020, Wang began streaming and posting videos of her playing Among Us, making her popular and the second most-viewed female streamer in the month of November.
Light truck

Light truck or light-duty truck is a US classification for trucks or truck-based vehicles with a gross vehicle weight up to 8,500 pounds (3,860 kg) and a payload capacity up to 4,000 pounds (1,815 kg). Similar goods vehicle classes in the European Union, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand are termed light commercial vehicles and are limited to a gross vehicle weight of up to 3,500 kg (7,720 pounds).
COVID-19 pandemic in Jamaica

The COVID-19 pandemic in Jamaica is part of an ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed in Jamaica in 10 March 2020. It happened at the same time as the ongoing dengue fever epidemic in Latin America and the Caribbean.
Background
On 12 January, the World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed that a new coronavirus was the cause of a respiratory illness on 31 December 2019.
Unlike SARS outbreak of 2003, the case fatality ratio for COVID-19 has been much lower, but the transmission has been greater, with a significant total death toll.
Responses
The government announced a travel ban between China and Jamaica. All people entering Jamaica from China were quarantined for at least 14 days, and anyone who was allowed to land and showed symptoms of the virus was put in immediate isolation.
On 12 March, Prime Minister Andrew Holness ordered all primary and secondary schools closed for 14 days.
Burt Munro

Burt Munro (25 March 1899 - 6 January 1978) was a motorcycle racer from New Zealand. He began riding motorcycles when he was 15. He is famous for setting a world record on 26 August 1967 with his motorcycle. The speed was 295.453 km/h (183.59 mph). To qualify he made a one-way run of 305.89 km/h (190.07 mph), the fastest-ever officially recorded speed on an Indian.
Lars Vilks

Lars Vilks (20 June 1946 - 3 October 2021) was a Swedish artist. He was best known for his mock drawings of the prophet Mohammed. Vilks was born in Helsingborg, Sweden.
Vilks died in a car accident on 3 October 2021 in Markaryd, Sweden at the age of 75.
Ksawery Jasieński

Ksawery Jan Jasienski (born 13 September 1931) is a Polish radio speaker and voice artist. H has worked as a voice-over actor in numerous radio and television programmes. He is also known as the person whose voice is used to announce station names in the Warsaw Metro underground system.
Wheel

A wheel is a disc or circle-shaped mechanical device. Its main purpose is to allow things to roll; in other words, the wheel spins, and object on the wheels moves more easily along the ground. It is a simple machine. The principle behind the wheel is that of mechanical advantage.
Most land vehicles roll on wheels. Wheels are often used in pairs, connected by a rod of wood or metal known as an axle. The wheel and axle turn together. The part of the wheel that attaches to the axle is called the hub.
The wheel with an axle is the basis of many machines, not just vehicles. The potter's wheel, the lathe and the windlass are examples. Many machines have wheels with teeth, known as gears.
History
Most experts believe that the ancient Mesopotamians invented the wheel about 4000 BC.
People in Asia also discovered it on their own around 3500 BC. The Inca and Maya had wheels on children's toys around 1500 BC, but they did not use wheels for work. Africa south of the Sahara desert, Europe, and Australia did not have the wheel until people there met people from Europe. Early wheels were solid disks; the spoked wheel was invented around 2000 BC. The earliest documentation of a vehicle with wheels is a painting dated between 33503500 BC.
Uses
Today, wheels are used in cars, carts, airplanes, wheelchairs, bicycles, trains, and skateboards, in addition to many more devices.
Ottavio Cinquanta

Ottavio Cinquanta (15 August 1938 - 18 July 2022) was an Italian sports administrator. He was born in Rome, Italy. He was the President of the International Skating Union from 1994 to 2016. He also was a member of the International Olympic Committee from 1996 to 2008.
Cinquanta died on 18 July 2022 in Milan, Italy at the age of 83.
Oxnard Airport

Oxnard Airport is a county-owned, public airport a mile west of downtown Oxnard, in Ventura County, California.
The airport has not had scheduled passenger service since June 8, 2010.
Leandro (footballer, born February 1985)

Leandro Montera da Silva (born 12 February 1985) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Al-Sadd.