Shinkansen

The is a group of high-speed rail lines in Japan, upon which the famous "Bullet Trains" run. It is the world's first high-speed rail.
The Shinkansen are run by the many JR companies. In the past, Japan Railway was called Japanese National Railways. It is now one group of private companies. JR also runs commuter trains and inter-city trains around Tokyo.
Naming
The name "Bullet Train" is the English translation of the Japanese word dangan ressha (Dan Wan Lie Che ), which was the name given to the project while it was being studied in the 1940s. Nowadays, the trains are called Shinkansen trains. The name Shinkansen means "New Trunk Line". The trains are called "Super Expresses".
History
Japan was the first country to build railway lines for high-speed travel. Because Japan has many mountains, the network that already existed was made of 3'6" gauge (1067 mm) narrow gauge lines, which tended to take non-direct routes and could not be adapted to higher speeds. Because of this, Japan had a greater need for new high-speed lines than countries where the existing standard gauge or broad gauge rail system could be upgraded easily. Unlike the older lines, Shinkansen lines are standard gauge, and use tunnels and viaducts to go through and over obstacles, rather than around them.
Construction of the first section of the Tokaido Shinkansen between Tokyo and Osaka started in 1959. The line opened on October 1, 1964, just in time for the Tokyo Olympics. The line was an immediate success, reaching the 100 million passenger mark in less than three years on July 13, 1967 and one billion passengers in 1976.
The first Shinkansen trains ran at speeds of up to , later increased to . Some of these trains, with their classic bullet-nosed appearance, are still in use for stopping services between Hakata and Osaka. A driving car from one of the original trains is now in the British National Railway Museum in York.
Many more advanced models of the train followed the first type, generally each with its own distinctive appearance. Shinkansen trains now run regularly at speeds of up to , putting them among the fastest trains running in the world, along with the French TGV and German ICE trains.
Originally meant to carry passengers and freight trains by day and night, the Shinkansen lines carry only passenger trains. The system shuts down
between midnight and 6:00 AM every day to allow maintenance to take place, including the running of Doctor Yellow test trains. The few overnight trains that still run in Japan run on the old narrow-gauge network to which the Shinkansen runs parallel to.
In 2003, JR Tokai reported that the Shinkansen's average arrival time was within 6 seconds of the scheduled time. This includes all-natural and human accidents and errors and is calculated from about 160,000 trips Shinkansen made. The previous record was from 1997 and was 18 seconds.
The first derailment (train accident) of a Shinkansen train in passenger service occurred during the Chuetsu Earthquake on October 23, 2004. 6 of the total of 8 cars of the train on the Joetsu Shinkansen derailed near Nagaoka Station in Nagaoka, Niigata.
In 1965 pay phones were made available on Shinkansen trains. That service ended on 29 June 2021, because of the widespread ownership of mobile phones by passengers.
Future
In recent years, due to noise pollution, increasing speed is getting harder. Thus, the current research is aimed to reduce the amount of noise, mainly when trains exit a tunnel.
Three extensions are under construction for opening by 2014-2018: Nagano-Kanazawa, Aomori-Hakodate and Takeo-Onsen-Isahaya.
The first ever Shinkansen line (built in 1964) travelled at and was called the Tokaido Shinkansen. In 1972 a second one was developed and the improvements on infrastructure allowed it to travel at around . In 2003 the Japanese built the world's fastest ever Shinkansen, with a top speed of .
List of Shinkansen lines
Tokaido Shinkansen (Tokyo - Shin-Osaka)
Sanyo Shinkansen (Shin-Osaka - Hakata)
Tohoku Shinkansen (Tokyo - Shin-Aomori)
Joetsu Shinkansen (Omiya - Niigata)
Hokuriku Shinkansen (Takasaki - Kanazawa)
Kyushu Shinkansen (Hakata - Kagoshima-Chuo)
Hokkaido Shinkansen (Shin-Aomori-Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto)
Two further lines, known as Mini-Shinkansen (miniXin Gan Xian ), have also been constructed by upgrading existing sections of line:
Yamagata Shinkansen (Fukushima-Shinjo)
Akita Shinkansen (Morioka-Akita)
Another standard gauge line using Shinkansen trains is not considered to be a Shinkansen line:
Hakata Minami Line (Hakata-Hakata-Minami)
Gala-Yuzawa Line (Echigo-Yuzawa - Gala-Yuzawa)
The following lines are under development:
Hokkaido Shinkansen (under construction, Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto - Sapporo)
Hokuriku Shinkansen (under construction, Kanazawa - Tsuruga)
Kyushu Shinkansen (under construction, Takeo-Onsen-Nagasaki)
Chuo Shinkansen (maglev, under construction, Shinagawa - Nagoya)
Most Shinkansen lines that were proposed during the boom of the early 1970s have been postponed indefinitely. These include a link to Shikoku by the Honshu-Shikoku bridge system, a link from Tokyo to New Tokyo International Airport, and a route covering the entire Sea of Japan coast of Honshu.