kenhktsui/simple_wikipedia_LM_quality_score_v1 huggingface dataset:
South Eastern and Chatham Railway

The South Eastern and Chatham Railway (SECR), was a working union of two neighbouring railways, the South Eastern Railway (SER) and London, Chatham and Dover Railway (LCDR), which operated between London and south east England. Between 1899 and 1923, the SECR had a monopoly of railway services in Kent and to the main Channel ports for ferries to France and Belgium. In 1923, the SECR became a part of the Southern Railway under the Railways Act 1921.
Stephanie Charles

Stephanie Charles (born May 24, 1979) is an American actress. She is best known for playing Nyla Payne in Tyler Perry's The Paynes.
Career
In 2018, she played the role of Nyla Payne on the OWN sitcom, Tyler Perry's The Paynes. Her character is Nyla.
Teleostomi

Teleostomi is a grouping of fish in the Gnathostomata ('jawed fish'). It contains the extinct Acanthodii ('spiny sharks'), and the Osteichthyes ('bony fish'). Teleostomi have two adaptations which relate to their respiration: First, they had some kind of operculum (a set of bones which cover the gills). The also developed a primitive lung. As of 2020, there is no agreement, as to the level of the grouping. Some people see it as a clade, others say it is a crown group.
1640

1640 was a leap year which started on a Sunday.
Events
The first university in Finland, the Academy of Abo, is founded in Turku.
Lompnas

Lompnas is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.
Milbridge, Maine

Milbridge is a town in Washington County, Maine, United States.
Colossus of Rhodes

The Colossus of Rhodes was a huge iron and bronze statue of the Greek god Helios built on the Greek island of Rhodes (approximate coordinates 36deg27'04"N, 28deg13'40"E) by Chares of Lindos (a student of Lysippos) between 294 and 282 BC.
It was one of the Seven Wonders of the Worldbefore being destroyed in an earthquake. The Colossus of Rhodes was 70 cubits tall, over 30 metres (100 feet), making it the tallest statue of the ancient world.
Construction
Chares of Lindos was commissioned to build the statue after the lifting of Demetrius I Poliorcetes' siege of Rhodes (305BC). It had a bronze core and was reinforced by iron. It stood 70 cubits (105 feet [32 metres]) high and stood beside Mandrakion harbour, perhaps shielding its eyes with one hand, as a representation in a relief suggests. It is technically impossible that the statue could have straddled the harbour entrance, and the popular belief that it did so dates only from the Middle Ages. Construction started in 294 BC and finished 12 years later.
Destruction
The statue was an intelligent "advertising" of the city that erected it, a tangible proof of its wealth and technology. Unfortunately, in 222 BC, about 60 years after its unveiling, the Colossus collapsed as its knees were wrecked by an earthquake. Falling wreckage is said to have demolished 30 homes.
Despite its terrible fall, the statue did not cease to belong to the great wonders of the ancient world. Even after a hundred years its destruction, Antipater of Sidon , a writer of Greco-Spanish origin, included the Colossus in his catalog of the seven wonders of the world.
In 654 AD, 900 years after the collapse of the Colossus, the Saracens plundered Rhodes and sold the metallic remains of the colossus. It is said that the buyer used 900 camels to transport the fragments to Syria . Thus the image of the god who once saved the city from the foreign invasion had a fate similar to that of the siege machines of Demetrius, which when sold financed the construction of the Colossus.
Halewood

Halewood is a town in the Metropolitan Borough of Knowsley in Merseyside, England. It lies near the city of Liverpool's southeastern boundary. It is bordered by the suburbs of Netherley, Hunt's Cross and Woolton. Halewood was historically a part of Lancashire.
Population
At the 2001 Census, the population of the civil parish was 20,309. It was similar at the 2011 Census. The combined population of Halewood's four local government wards was 29,217.
Transport
Halewood railway station opened in 1988. An earlier station, a few hundred metres further east, closed in 1951.
Joan Mitchell

Joan Mitchell (February 12, 1925 - October 30, 1992) was an American artist.
She is connected to the American abstract expressionist movement. She used not just oil paint on canvas but also pastel on paper, and lithographic printing.
Mitchell was born in Chicago, Illinois. She studied at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago. When she graduated, she was given money to travel and work in France. From 1949 she lived in New York, where she was connected to the "New York School" of painters and poets. She started living in France in 1955. After 1959 she lived there for the rest of her life.
Mark Giambruno

Mark Giambruno (born 1957, in Placerville, California, died 2023) was an American 3D artist, art director, writer, and voice actor. Giambruno was an early employee of Mondo Media, and as such, work on some of their earlier projects, he was also well known for being the voice of Lifty and Shifty, on the adult-animated web series Happy Tree Friends, before Kenn Navarro would take over the role of both of them after Giambruno left. According to Warren Graff on his TikTok, Giambruno passed away long ago, from an unknown cause.
Dave Bronson

David Bronson (born June 26, 1958) is an American politician, pilot, and retired military officer. She was the mayor of Anchorage, Alaska since 2021.
Area code 850

Area code 850 is in use for the Florida Panhandle. Area Code was used for the entire part of Nothern Florida until it was split up in the mid-1990s. 850 was created effective March 23, 1998.
X-Men: Apocalypse

X-Men: Apocalypse is a 2016 superhero action thriller epic fantasy movie. It is based on the fictional Marvel Comics group named X-Men.
The movie is the ninth installment of the X-Men Cinematic Universe, is the sequel of X-Men: Days of Future Past and is the third movie of the X-Men: Beginnings quadrilogy.
Leone Frollo

Leone Frollo (9 April 1931 - 17 October 2018) was an Italian comic book artist. He was known for his work in Biancaneve. He was also known for his works in Lucifera and Yra. He was born in Venice.
Frollo died on 17 October 2018 at the age of 87.
Manda, Jammu

Manda is a village and an archaeological site in Jammu. Jammu is in the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. It was excavated by Archaeological Survey of India during 1976-77. The survey was done by J. P. Joshi. The site contains the ruins of an ancient Indus Valley Civilization.
Excavation
The excavation found 9.20 meters deep of ruins. These consists of items found in 3 different periods of time. The first period contain two sub periods. The second period has early historical pottery. They are from North India. These pottery are similar to the those discovered elsewhere in North India. The third period consists of antiquities from the Kushan period. There are also house walls and a 3 meters wide street found in the ruins. The site seems to have been deserted after that.
Historical significance
Manda is on the right river bank of Chenab River. The river is at the foot of Pir Panjal mountain range. Manda is 28 km northwest of Jammu. It was thought to be the northernmost limit of the Harappan Civilisation. It is also considered the northmost site of Indus Valley Civilisation.
Manda is likely a town that is set up by people of the Indus Valley Civilisation. They likely use it to do logging to get wood from Himalayan Sub mountains. They use the river near the town to send the wood to other towns of the Indus Valley Civilization.
Artefacts
There are several artefacts found in the site. They include redware from the Pre Harappan era. These redware are terracotta jar, plates, racks for plates and others. These made up of 15% to 25% of total artefacts found.
Important artefacts found are broken fragments of pots having the writing system of Harappan people craved into them. There is also one unfinished seal of the Harappan government found in the ruins.
Limitations of excavation
The dig is done on a small, restricted scale. There are no specific structures that could be exposed. One exception is a collapsed rubble wall-like structure.
Ruffieu

Ruffieu is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.
Jollof rice

Jollof rice is an African rice that has a lot of spices.
Dishes
If you were at a party in Ghana or Nigeria it won't be long before you find it. You can serve Jollof rice with chicken stew, beef stew, tomato and carrot salad, fried plantains and spicy roasted goat.
Creation
Jalof rice was made in west Africa and now can be eaten everywhere around the country not just west Africa. Joloff rice derives its name from the Wolof people from Senegal.
Peggy Lipton

Margaret Ann "Peggy" Lipton (August 30, 1946 - May 11, 2019) was an American television actress. She played Julie Barnes in the series The Mod Squad in the late 1960s and early 1970s. She also played Norma Jennings in Twin Peaks. Some sources mention that she was born in 1946 while others say 1947. She was born in New York City. She was married to Quincy Jones from 1974 until they divorced in 1990. The couple had two daughters, actresses Kidada and Rashida Jones.
Lipton died of colon cancer on May 11, 2019 in Los Angeles, California. She was 72.
Brucourt

Brucourt is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Steve Reich

Stephen Michael "Steve" Reich (Born October 3, 1936) is an American composer of music in the style of minimalism. He is known for his music made with tape recordings, and instrumental music with a steady beat (such as Music for 18 Musicians).
He also wrote pieces that used what is called a phasing technique. With phasing technique, two parts might be playing the same part but at slightly different speeds. It is almost like a canon, or round. He wrote pieces like these for piano, violin, and, again, for tape recordings.
He also composed such pieces like In C and Different Trains, some of his most popular works. Others include, Drumming, City Life and The Cave.
The critic Kyle Gann has said Reich "may...be considered...America's greatest living composer."
On January 25, 2007, Reich was named the 2007 recipient of the Polar Music Prize, together with jazz saxophonist Sonny Rollins. On April 20, 2009, Reich was awarded the 2009 Pulitzer Prize for Music for his Double Sextet.
Ørnulf Tofte

Ornulf Tofte (12 February 1922 - 26 August 2020) was a Norwegian police officer. He was an important person in the Norwegian intelligence service during the Cold War. He was born in Oslo.
He was Assistant Chief of Police and Head of counter-intelligence in the Police Surveillance Agency. Tofte found several illegal Soviet spies and personally arrested Asbjorn Sunde, Gunvor Galtung Haavik and Arne Treholt.
Tofte died on 26 August 2020 in Baerum, Norway at the age of 98.
Medical Lake, Washington

Medical Lake is a city in Spokane County, Washington. The population was 5,060 at the 2010 census. Medical Lake has a psychiatric hospital named Eastern State Hospital.
History
The city of Medical Lake was founded in 1890. The city is named after a nearby lake. The Spokane Native American tribe which lived in the area for a long time, thought the water from the lake could heal sickness and injuries. White settlers who moved to the area in the 1870s, sold salts from the lake as medicine.
The Piper at the Gates of Dawn

The Piper at the Gates of Dawn is Pink Floyd's first album. Many people think it is one of the most influential albums in history. It had a very big influence on the psychedelic rock scene of the time, and also on the music that people made afterward. It is the only Pink Floyd album with Syd Barrett as the leader, although Barrett was on some of the next album, A Saucerful of Secrets.
The lyrics for Piper were mostly written by Syd Barrett, and are often whimsical, playful, or childlike. The album has songs about space, scarecrows, gnomes, bicycles and fairytales. Some parts of the album, like "Interstellar Overdrive", are instrumental and have no singing on them.
Special limited editions of Piper were released to mark its 30th anniversary in 1997, and its 40th anniversary in 2007.
Track listing
All songs written by Syd Barrett, except where noted.
Ken Sedd

Kenneth Alan Seddington (26 October 1946 - 9 January 2021), better known as Ken Sedd, was an English character actor. He was best known for his comedic roles in the sketches on The Benny Hill Show from 1969 to 1984. Sedd was also a professional stuntman for Benny Hill.
Sedd died in Camberley, Surrey on 9 January 2021 at the age of 76.
Nikolai Fadeyechev

Nikolai Borisovich Fadeyechev (, 27 January 1933 - 23 June 2020) was a Soviet and Russian ballet dancer and educator. He was honored with the People's Artist of the USSR in 1976. Fadeyechev was born in Moscow. He retired from ballet dancing in 1977 and later became a ballet educator.
He was known for his works with the Bolshoi Theatre. He danced alongside some of the company's great ballerinas, including Galina Ulanova in Giselle and Les Sylphides, and was a regular partner with Maya Plisetskaya, Raisa Struchkova, Nina Timofeeva, Marina Kondratyeva, Natalia Bessmertnova, Ekaterina Maximova and Ludmila Semenyaka.
Fadeyechev died of heart failure on 23 June 2020 in Moscow, aged 87.
Runaway (The Corrs song)

"Runaway" is a 1995 debut song by Irish band The Corrs. It was released in September 1995 had middling chart success except in Ireland and Australia and was taken from their debut album Forgiven, Not Forgotten.
Track listings
2018 Summer Youth Olympics

The 2018 Summer Youth Olympic Games, officially known as the III Olympic Youth Summer Games, is an international summer sports event. It was held from 6 to 18 October 2018. The host city is Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Tongbram

Tongbram is a Meetei family. It is native to Ancient Kangleipak (Antique Manipur). People of this family mainly inhabit in Manipur, India.
Yuma County, Colorado

Yuma County is a county in the state of Colorado in the United States. As of the 2020 census, 9,988 people lived there. The county seat is Wray.
Crystal Palace (Madrid)

The Palacio de Cristal or Crystal Palace is a large glass building in Madrid, Spain. It is located in the Retiro Park on the Paseo Duque de Fernan Nunez. The palace was built in 1887 to keep exotic plants from the Philippines. It is made of glass and steel. Later in 1924 plastic and rubber were added to it.
Iodine heptafluoride

Iodine heptafluoride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is IF7. It contains iodine and fluoride ions. The iodine is in its +7 oxidation state.
Properties
It is a colorless gas with a moldy, stinky odor. Its melting point is at , and its boiling point is at . This means that it has a very narrow liquid range. It is a powerful oxidizing agent. It is very irritating to the skin. It is an interhalogen.
Preparation
It is made by reacting iodine pentafluoride with fluorine gas.
Pendleton County, Kentucky

Pendleton County is a county in Kentucky. As of the 2010 census, the population was 14,877. Its county seat is Falmouth. It was formed on December 13, 1798.
88 (number)

Eighty-eight is a number. It comes between eighty-seven and eighty-nine, and is an even number. It is divisible by 1, 2, 4, 8, 11, 22, 44, and 88.
Chicken

Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is a term which refers to a species of poultry. It is raised in many places for its meat and eggs. They are usually kept by humans as livestock. Some breeds of chickens can fly for a short distance. Some sleep in trees (if there are trees around).
A male chicken is called a rooster or a cock(erel). Roosters do not have penises. A female chicken is called a hen; a young chicken is called a chick. Like other female birds, hens lay eggs. The eggs hatch into chicks.
When raising chickens, a farmer needs a chicken coop (like a little house) for the chickens to roost (sleep) in. They also need a run or yard where they can exercise, take dust baths, eat and drink. The chickens also need to be protected from predators such as foxes. Fences are often used for this.
Chickens can also be farmed intensively. This lets farms make a lot of chicken meat and eggs.
Eggs
Chickens are well known for their eggs. Many people eat them for their breakfast. The eggs can be prepared in many different ways.
Meat
Because of their low cost, chicken meat (also called "chicken") is one of the most used kinds of meat in the world. Americans eat 8 billion chickens every year. Some popular dishes with chicken are: Buffalo wings, butter chicken, chicken rice, chicken balls, chicken pot pie, chicken soup, fried chicken (see picture), roasted chicken and tandoori chicken.
Cuts
There are different cuts of chicken. Chicken meat can also be bought whole. The leanest part is known as the breast. Sliced pieces of the breast are known as the tender(loin). There are also wings, thighs, and legs (also known as drumsticks).
Chicken and chickenpox
Chickenpox has nothing to do with chickens. When chickenpox was first described, people thought that the pox spots looked like chickpeas placed upon the skin. The Latin word for chickpeas is grana. That is the original word that chickenpox got its name from.
Gaming
In some parts of the world people breed chickens to fight. They bet money on which of two birds will win. In many places this is illegal.
Kali Puja

Kali Puja is also known as Shyama Puja or Mahanisha Puja. It is a festival celebrated in the honour of Hindu goddess Kali. It is celebrated on the new moon day of the Hindu month Kartik. It is mostly celebrated in West Bengal, Bihar, Odisha, Assam, Tripura and Bangladesh. It happens at the same time with the pan-Indian Lakshmi Puja day of Diwali. In this day Bengalis, Odias, Assamese and Maithils worship goddess Kali and the rest of India worships goddess Lakshmi on Diwali. Mahanisha puja is done by the Maithili people of Mithila region in India and Nepal.
Komi language

The Komi language (, komi kyv), also known as Zyryan, Zyrian or Komi-Zyryan (Komi: komi-zyrian kyv, komi-zyrjan kyv), is one of the two types of the Komi language. The other type is Permyak.
Speakers
Komi is spoken by the Komi peoples native to the Komi Republic and other parts of Russia such as Nenetsia and Yamalia. There were 285,000 speakers in 1994. This went down to 160,000 in 2010.
Writings
It was written in the Old Permic alphabet (Komi: , Anbur, Anbur) in the 14th century. The Cyrillic script was introduced by Russian missionaries in the 17th century. This script replaced the Old Permic script.
Pahlavi Iran

Pahlavi Iran or the Pahlavi Empire was a sovereign state until 1979 revolution. It was a monarchy, ruled by the Pahlavi Dynasty. It is the last dynasty of Iran.
Aswan International Airport

Aswan International Airport , also known as Daraw Airport, is a domestic airport located southwest of Aswan, Egypt. It was built in 1956 and upgraded in 1992 and 1999 by the Egyptian government.
Destinations
Despite its name, it mainly offers flights to Cairo. There are also flights to Abu Simbel, a tourist destination farther south.
Accidents and incidents
In October 1963, a Soviet Union military transport plane crashed at the airport, killing 14 people.
Expedition

An expedition usually means a long journey or voyage done for a specific purpose, often exploratory, scientific, geographic, military or political in nature.
Some famous expeditions
The Burke and Wills expedition in 1860--61 to cross Australia from south to north.
The Central Australian Expedition of 1844 led by Charles Sturt to find an Australian inland sea.
The Lewis and Clark Expedition in 1804--06 to explore Louisiana.
The Overland Expedition in 1897--98 to rescue whale ships trapped in ice.
The Terra Nova Expedition to the South Pole in 1910--13 led by Robert Falcon Scott.
Ujjain district

Ujjain district is a district in the state of Madhya Pradesh in central India. The historic city of Ujjain is the district headquarters. According to the 2011 census, it has a population of 1,986,864 people.
The Night of Counting the Years

The Night of Counting the Years, also released in Arabic as The Mummy, (Arabic: Al-Mummia lmwmy) is a 1969 Egyptian drama movie directed by Shadi Abdel Salam and starring Nadia Lutfi, Ahmad Hegazi, Ahmed Marei, Shafik Nour El Din.
Carnival of Souls

Carnival of Souls is a 1962 American independent horror movie. It was written, produced, and directed by Herk Harvey, and starring Candace Hilligoss. The story is about Mary Henry, a young woman who had a car accident. She moves to a new city, but she can't fit in. She becomes curious about the pavilion of an abandoned carnival. The director Harvey is also in the movie as a creepy stranger who follows her a lot.
It was filmed in Lawrence, Kansas and Salt Lake City. Carnival of Souls was filmed on a budget of $33,000. Since the 1980s, the film has been noted by critics and film scholars for its cinematography and foreboding atmosphere.
Release
Carnival of Souls was shown at the Main Street Theatre in Lawrence, Kansas, in September 1962. The US release of Carnival of Souls did not include a copyright on the prints, so the movie was automatically in the public domain.
Reception
Complex Magazine said Carnival of Souls was number 39 on its list of the 50 scariest movies ever made.
Agdash District

Agdash District () is a raion in central Azerbaijan. Agdash District has Leki settlement and 72 villages. This raion has a good economic and geographic location. Turyan River and Kura River go through the raion. This area is surrounded by Tugay forests along Kura river bank, and Turyanchay State Preservation to the north.
Agdash city was started in 16th century. It is the capital.
Caddo Parish, Louisiana

Caddo is one of the sixty-four parishes in the U.S. state of Louisiana. The parish seat and most populous municipality is Shreveport. As of the 2020 count, 237,848 people lived there. It is the largest parish in the North Louisiana region and the fourth-largest in the state.
Gandia

Gandia (; ) is a city in the Valencian Community, eastern Spain on the Mediterranean. Gandia is located on the Costa del Azahar, south of Valencia and north of Alicante.
Mather Tower

Mather Tower (later Lincoln Tower) is a Neo-Gothic, terra cotta-clad high-rise structure in Chicago, Illinois, USA. It is located at 75 East Wacker Drive in the downtown "loop" area, adjacent to the Chicago River.
NASCAR on NBC

NASCAR on NBC, also known as NBC NASCAR, is the brand of NASCAR coverage on NBCuniversal networks, NBC, NBCSN, USA Network and CNBC (for 2016 only), The networks aired the final 20 races of the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series, final 19 races of the Xfinity Series, NBC had covered the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series and Xfinity Series from 2001 to 2006, with NBC airing the Ford EcoBoost 400 at Homestead in 1999.
Jacques Calonne

Jacques Calonne (10 August 1930 - 7 February 2022) was a Belgian artist, composer, singer, actor, logogramist, and writer. He was born in Mons, Belgium. In 1995 he played the role of the Representative of the Ministry of Culture in the 1996 movie Camping Cosmos.
Calonne died on 7 February 2022 at his home in Brussels, Belgium at the age of 91.
Beautiful (song)

Beautiful is a song from Christina Aguilera's fourth album Stripped. It was written by Linda Perry.
Aguilera sings about how people should not be ashamed to show pride in their differences.
It was released late in 2002. It was the second single from Stripped.
"Beautiful" won a Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance.
In 2004, the character Damian sang the song at the school's talent show in Mean Girls.
Mike Schatz

Mike Schatz is an American voice actor. He is best known for voicing Emory on the Adult Swim program Aqua Teen Hunger Force and the movie Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Film movie for Theaters. He also voiced Torpedo Vegas on Frisky Dingo and he played a guy in court on an episode of Squidbillies.
Lauren Bacall

Lauren Bacall (, born Betty Joan Perske; September 16, 1924 - August 12, 2014) was an American actress and model. She was well known for her deep voice. She started acting in the 1940s. She acted until 2014. She had big roles in movies like The Big Sleep and Dark Passage.
Bacall was the fourth wife of actor Humphrey Bogart. They were married until Bogart died in 1957. They had a son, Stephen (born 1949), and a daughter, Leslie (born 1952). Bacall married Jason Robards in 1961. They had one son, Sam (born 1961). They divorced in 1969. Bacall was once briefly engaged to singer Frank Sinatra.
Bacall's cousin was Shimon Peres, the former Prime Minister and President of Israel. Their fathers were brothers.
On August 12, 2014, Bacall died in New York City from a stroke, aged 89.
Sun Weiben

Sun Weiben (; 19 November 1928 - 18 December 2020) was a Chinese politician. He was Communist Party Secretary of Heilongjiang from 1985 to 1994 and Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Heilongjiang People's Congress from 1988 to 1998.
He was a member of the 12th, 13th and 14th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. He was a delegate to the 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th and 11th National People's Congress.
Sun died on 18 December 2020, almost one month after his 92nd birthday.
Make America Great Again

"Make America Great Again" (MAGA) is a campaign slogan used by American politicians. It was first used by Ronald Reagan during his 1980 presidential campaign.
The term was created in 1979 during a time in which the United States was suffering from a worsening economy at home marked by high unemployment and inflation. Usually when the term is used, people use it as a reflection to the Presidency of Ronald Reagan.
Since Reagan left office, the slogan has been used by a variety of politicians. More recently, the slogan has been associated with Donald Trump who trademarked the slogan and used it in his own presidential campaign in 2016.
Chile national rugby union team

The Chilean national rugby union team (Spanish: Seleccion de rugby de Chile) is a third tier rugby union from Chile. They have qualified for the 2023 Rugby World Cup for the first time. They are ranked 22nd position the highest in their history in the Rugby World Rankings as of July 2022.
Death at Broadcasting House

Death at Broadcasting House is a 1934 British mystery movie directed by Reginald Denham and was based on the novel of the same name. It stars Ian Hunter, Austin Trevor, Lilian Oldland, Henry Kendall, Val Gielgud, Peter Haddon, Betty Ann Davies, Jack Hawkins.
Bomber

A bomber is a type of airplane that is used to attack ground targets, mainly by dropping bombs. The first bombers were made at the start of World War I.
Bombers often fly low to the ground to confuse enemy radar. Most cannot fly very fast. Because of this, bombers are not outfitted to fight other airplanes. To make up for this, bombers in the past had many machine guns for defense.
World War II
Dive bombers were numerous in World War II. They attacked surface targets including tanks and ships.
Strategic bombing became important. Bombers had large crews, sometimes as many as 12 people. Usually a bomber had a pilot, a bombadier, a co-pilot/navigator, and many machine gunners all around to shoot at enemy fighter aircraft defending the target. Friendly fighters often came along to help fight the defenders.
Modern day
Bombers now have one or two people in them. The other positions have been replaced by computers. Bombers have very few guns on them partly because they are much faster. In bombing missions now, the pilot drops a bomb and leaves as quickly as possible. During the Cold War, a few bombers were made that could travel supersonic, so a nuclear bomb could be dropped without killing the people in the airplane. They were never used that way, however.
Stranded Pakistanis

Stranded Pakistanis, also known as Biharis, describes the people mainly of the Biharis ethnic group currently residing in Bangladesh who immigrated to East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) with the hopes of joining Pakistan but after the East Pakistan seceded and became Bangladesh were unable to re-immigrate (due to the large distances) in 1971 and continue to claim Pakistani citizenship.
Molly Geertsema

Willem Jacob "Molly" Geertsema (18 October 1918 - 27 June 1991) was a Dutch civil servant and politician. He was a member of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD).
Geertsema was a member of the House of Representatives (parliamentary leader) and the Senate. He was also a deputy prime minister, government minister, political leader, councillor (Leiden and The Hague), mayor (Warffum and Wassenaar) and Queen's Commissioner of Gelderland.
Geertsema, who belonged to the Remonstrants, studied law at Leiden University and was also a lobbyist and LGBT rights activist.
He was born in Utrecht and died in Wassenaar at the age of 72.
Om Birla

Om Birla (born 23 November 1962) is an Indian politician. He is the 17th and current Speaker of the Lok Sabha since 2019. He has been a Member of Parliament for the Kota-Bundi constituency in Rajasthan since 2014. He is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party.
Gahanna, Ohio

Gahanna is a city in Franklin County, Ohio, United States. It is a suburb of Columbus. 33,248 people lived there in the 2010 census.
Anneliese Schuh-Proxauf

Anneliese Schuh-Proxauf (10 March 1922 - 17 November 2020) was an Austrian alpine skier and tennis player. She competed in the 1948 Winter Olympics.
Schuh-Proxauf was born and died in Innsbruck at the age of 98.
Akutan Zero

The Akutan Zero, also known as Koga's Zero and the Aleutian Zero, was a type 0 model 21 Mitsubishi A6M Zero Japanese fighter plane. This type of airplane was the Imperial Japanese Navy's most common fighter plane during World War 2. It crashed on Akutan Island, Alaska Territory, during June 1942. It was the first flyable Zero that the United States got during the war. The Americans fixed the plane and test pilots flew it to find out how it worked. American tacticians were able to find ways to defeat the Zero.
Tadayoshi Koga was the pilot. He was a 19-year-old flight petty officer first class. He launched from the Japanese aircraft carrier Ryujo as part of a June 4 1942 raid on Dutch Harbor, Alaska. Small gun fire cut the oil line in the plane. Without oil, the plane crashed and killed the pilot. The plane did not break apart in the crash. The pilots of other Zero planes flying with Koga thought that he might be alive. Because of this, they did not try to destroy his plane. The Americans got the plane in July.
The Akutan Zero was very important to the American war effort. Some said it may have been "one of the greatest prizes of the Pacific war". Japanese historian Masatake Okumiya thought that losing the Akutan Zero to the Americans was similar to Japan losing the Battle of Midway. He said it made Japan lose the war sooner. On the other hand, John Lundstrom is among those who do not agree with "the contention that it took dissection of Koga's Zero to create tactics that beat the fabled airplane".
The Akutan Zero was destroyed in a training accident in 1945. Parts of the plane are kept in several museums in the United States.
830s

The 830s was a decade that started on 1 January 830 and ended on 31 December 839.
Seoul Subway Line 3

Seoul Metropolitan Subway Line 3 of the Seoul Metropolitan Subway is a rapid transit train. It connects Eunpyeong District to Gangnam and southeastern Seoul. Most trains on this line go further northwest to Goyang along the Ilsan Line. In 2019, 330 million or about 900,000 passengers per day rode the train along the Seoul Metro section.
In December 2010 the line had the second highest WiFi data use in the Seoul Metropolitan area. It averaged 1.8 times more data use than the other 14 subway lines that have WiFi service.
History
Construction began in 1980. The first section of Line 3 opened (Gupabal-Yangjae; Jichuk opened in 1990) after work was finished in two stages during 1985. In October 1993, a second extension to the south was opened (Yangjae-Suseo).
In March 1996, the Korail Ilsan Line opened. This lets Line 3 trains go all the way to the city of Goyang. There are 2 depots near Jichuk station and Suseo station for both Korail and Seoul Metro.
A 3 km extension opened on February 18, 2010. It goes from Suseo to Garak Market (Line 8) and Ogeum (Line 5).
On December 27, 2014, Wonheung station opened between Wondang and Samsong stations.
Stations
Rolling stock
Current
Seoul Metro 3000 series
Chopper-controlled from GEC electric car - since 1989
Chopper-controlled from GEC electric car (rebuilt cars) - since 2010
VVVF inverter-controlled electric car
First generation - since 2009
Second generation - since 2022
Korail Class 3000
First generation - since 1995
Second generation - since 2022
Not yet in service.
Moda Domani Institute

Moda Domani Institute was a French higher studies establishment. The school was in Paris, France. It started in 2014. Moda Domani Institute was specialist in the fields of luxury, fashion and design.
The school closes in September 2020, replaced by ISG Luxury Management.
Cabinet of Pakistan

The Cabinet of Pakistan is headed by the Prime Minister. It plays an important role in the Government of Pakistan.
Monty Norman

Monty Norman (born Monty Noserovitch; 4 April 1928 - 11 July 2022) was an English movie composer and singer. He was best known for composing the "James Bond Theme".
Norman died on 11 July 2022 in Chicago, Illinois at the age of 94.
The Emperor's New Clothes

"The Emperor's New Clothes" is a story by Hans Christian Andersen. The tale was first published on 7 April 1837 with "The Little Mermaid" in the third and final installment of Andersen's Fairy Tales Told for Children. It was published in Copenhagen, Denmark by C. A. Reitzel. The story is based on one from the Libro de los ejemplos del conde Lucanor y de Patronio|Libro de los ejemplos (or El Conde Lucanor, 1335) by Juan Manuel, Prince of Villena (1282-1348). This book was a medieval Spanish collection of fifty-one cautionary tales with various sources such as Aesop and other classical writers and Persian folktales. Andersen did not know the Spanish original, but read the tale in a German translation titled "So ist der Lauf der Welt". In the source tale, a king is hoodwinked by weavers who claim to make a suit of clothes invisible to any man not the son of his presumed father. Andersen altered the source tale to direct the focus on courtly pride and intellectual vanity rather than adulterous paternity.
Andersen's manuscript was at the printer's when he suddenly changed the original climax of the tale from the emperor's subjects admiring his invisible clothes to that of the child's cry. Andersen's decision to change the ending may have occurred after he read the manuscript tale to a child, or had its source in a childhood incident similar to that in the tale. In 1872, he recalled standing in a crowd with his mother waiting to see King Frederick VI. When the king made his appearance, Andersen cried out, "Oh, he's nothing but a human being!" His mother tried to silence him by crying, "Have you gone mad, child?". Whatever the reason, Andersen thought the change would prove more satirical.
The story tells of an Emperor who cares for nothing but new clothes. He hires two swindlers who promise him the finest suit of clothes. It will be made from a fabric invisible to anyone who is unfit for his position or "hopelessly stupid". The Emperor's ministers cannot see the clothing, but pretend that they can for fear of appearing unfit for their positions. The Emperor does the same. Finally the swindlers report that the suit is finished. They pretend to dress Emperor. He marches in procession before his subjects. The townsfolk play along with the pretense. Then a child in the crowd cries out that the Emperor is wearing nothing at all. The cry is taken up by others. The Emperor cringes, but holds his head high and continues the procession.
Austin & Ally

Austin & Ally is an American sitcom. It started on December 2, 2011, on the Disney Channel. The main characters are Austin (Ross Lynch) Ally (Laura Marano) Trish (Raini Rodriguez) and Dez (Calum Worthy). The story is set in Miami. Most of the time the characters are in Sonic Boom, a music shop. The shop is owned by Ally's father, but Ally is the manager. Austin and Ally have their rehearsal room in Sonic Boom. There are secondary characters in this sitcom: Ally's parent, Nelson and Jimmy Star (the boss of Austin's recording studio).
Plot
Austin & Ally is a comedy about the friendship of the singer and musician Austin Moon (Ross Lynch) and the shy songwriter Ally Dawson (Laura Marano). In the show, Ally has strong stage fright (fear of being on a stage in front of many people).
In the first episode called "Rockers & Writers", Austin secretly sings and records one of Ally's songs. He becomes famous from it after his best friend Dez (Calum Worthy) helps him make a music video for the song and posts it on the internet. Ally is convinced by her best friend Trish (Raini Rodriguez) to tell people she wrote the song. Austin convinces Ally to join him to write songs. The two become friends and work on making Austin more famous. Trish becomes Austin's manager and Dez creates Austin's music videos. The four of them have many adventures in Austin's music career. Austin gets signed to a character Jimmy Star's record label at the end of the first season.
Austin and Ally work together to solve problems in the second season. Ally gets rid of her stage fright by performing with Austin. Ally signs a record deal and records an album. Austin goes on a national tour. Ally does not go to the first part of Austin's tour but does go to the second half.
Main cast
Ross Lynch as Austin Moon, an outgoing singer who became famous on the internet. Austin's best friends are Dez, Ally and Trish. He loves singing, dancing, and having fun. His middle name is Monica. He is shown as sweet, childish, and caring for others. Austin starts to like Ally romantically in Season 2. Austin goes on his first big tour at the end of Season 2.
Laura Marano as Ally Dawson, a singer and songwriter who had stage fright. She started writing songs for herself. She later became friends with Austin and made songs with him too. She works at her father's music store, Sonic Boom. Ally begins her own career in Season 2. Ally likes Austin romantically in Season 2.
Raini Rodriguez as Trish, Ally's best friend and Austin's manager. She changes her jobs a lot because she does not work hard or go to work a lot. The one job she is good at is being Austin's manager. Trish also became Ally's manager in Season 2. She sometimes loves and sometimes hates Dez. She cares for her friends.
Calum Worthy as Dez, a director who wears unusual clothes and is not very smart. He films Austin's music videos and is Austin's best friend. He sometimes loves and sometimes hates Trish. He is usually not serious. He carries strange things in his backpack.
Amherst, Texas

Amherst is a city in the U.S. state of Texas.
Leonídio de Pra

Leonidio de Pra is a volleyball player from Brazil. Leonidio competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics. He was born on 5 September 1961.
Yarn

Yarn is a long, continuous length of fibers that have been spun or felted together. Yarn is used to make cloth or different wearable accessories including shoes, hats, scarfs, etc. by knitting, crocheting or weaving. Yarn is sold in a shape called a skein to prevent the yarn from becoming tangled or knotted.
Yarn can be made from any number of natural or synthetic fibers such as wool, cotton, silk, or acrylic. Some yarns are made from a blend of several kinds of fibers.
Yarns come in many thicknesses or weights from fine to thick: lace, fingering, sock, sport, double-knit (or DK), worsted, aran, bulky, and super-bulky. Very fine yarn is called thread and is used in sewing and embroidery.
Yarn can also be used to crochet.
Differential cryptanalysis

Differential cryptanalysis is a general form of cryptanalysis applicable to block ciphers, but also can be applied to stream ciphers and cryptographic hash functions. It is the study of how differences in the input can affect the resultant differences at the output. In the case of a block cipher, it refers to a set of techniques and methods for tracing differences through the network of transformations, discovering where the cipher demonstrates non-random behaviour, and extend such properties to recover the secret key.
Differential cryptanalysis attacks are usually chosen plaintext attacks, meaning that the attacker must be able to obtain encrypted ciphertexts for some set of plaintexts of his choosing.
ATI Technologies

ATI Technologies Inc. was a Canadian company known for making graphics processing units and motherboard chipsets. It was founded in 1985 as Array Technology Inc. In 2006, ATI was bought by AMD.
James Paul Johnson

James Paul "Jim" Johnson (born June 2, 1930) is an American politician and lawyer. He served as a Republican in the United States House of Representatives representing Colorado's 4th congressional district from January 3, 1971 through January 3, 1981.
Johnson was born in Yankton, South Dakota. He earned his B.A. from Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois in 1952 and later earned an LL.B. from the University of Colorado in Boulder, Colorado in 1959.
Johnson served in the United States Marine Corps as a jet pilot in Korea from 1952 to 1956. He was named deputy district attorney for the Eighth Judicial District of Colorado from 1959 to 1966. He was the Municipal Judge for Ault, Colorado from 1962 to 1965, and assistant district attorney from 1964 to 1966.
Pink elephant

Seeing pink elephants is a figure of speech, that is used to describe a hallucination which is caused by alcohol, or delirium tremens. Jack London was among the first to use the term, in 1913. In the autobiographical novel John Barleycorn, he describes one kind of alcoholic, as "the man whom we all know, stupid, unimaginative, whose brain is bitten numbly by numb maggots; who walks generously with wide-spread, tentative legs, falls frequently in the gutter, and who sees, in the extremity of his ecstasy, blue mice and pink elephants. He is the type that gives rise to the jokes in the funny papers." A reference to pink elephants occurs in the 1941 Disney animated film Dumbo. Dumbo, takes a drink of water from a bucket spiked with champagne and begins to hallucinate singing and dancing elephants in a segment known as "Pink Elephants on Parade".
Pink elephants do exist in nature, as it is possible for albino elephants to be pink, as well as white.
Kilogram per cubic metre

A kilogram per cubic meter is a measurement of density. It is defined as the amount of kilograms that one cubic meter of a substance has in it.
Piet Derksen

Piet Derksen (1913, Rotterdam - 24 February 1996, Westerhoven) was a Dutch businessman who founded Center Parcs. He was also a philanthropist. He donated all his fortune to charity.
Business
Piet's father thought he was reading too much, so he said to his son that he should go and play tennis. Pieter listened to the advice of his father, but he was more interested in making money from tennis. He borrowed money from his family and built a tennis court near Kralingen in Holland with it.
Later on, Pieter had the idea to sell his tennis course and start a sport store. It was called "Sporthuis-centrum" which means "Sporthouse-centre". He bought a tent factory in North Brabant. At the time, lots of people wanted bigger, better tents. Pieter decided to rent out tents on a piece of land he bought near Reuver. This was a great success, so the tents were replaced with bungalows. In 1978 Pieter decided to sell his sports stores - he did this so he could concentrate on "Sporthuis Centrum". He built a house for himself on the Center Parcs site "De Kempervennen" near Eindhoven. He did this so he could see his company working and be close to his customers.
Coat of arms of Finland

The coat of arms of Finland is a golden lion wearing a crown and holding a sword in the right front paw. The lion is standing up on its back legs on a sabre. There are nine silver roses in a red field around the lion.
Alexander Ramsey

Alexander Ramsey (September 8, 1815- April 22, 1903) was an American politician. He was born near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.
Ramsey was elected from Pennsylvania as a Whig to the U.S. House of Representatives and served in the 28th and 29th congresses from March 4, 1843 to March 3, 1847. He served as the first Territorial Governor of Minnesota June 1, 1849 to May 15, 1853 as a member of the Whig Party.
In 1855, he became the mayor of St. Paul, Minnesota. Ramsey was elected the second Governor of Minnesota after statehood and served from January 2, 1860 to July 10, 1863. Ramsey is credited with being the first Union governor to commit troops during the American Civil War (he happened to be in Washington, D.C. when fighting broke out). He resigned the governorship to become a U.S. Senator, having been elected to that post in 1863 as a Republican. He was re-elected in 1869 and held the office until March 3, 1875, serving in the 38th, 39th, 40th, 41st, 42nd, and 43rd congresses.
Ramsey served as Secretary of War from 1879 to 1881, under President Rutherford B. Hayes.
Legacy
The Minnesota Historical Society preserves his home as a museum. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1969. Alexander Ramsey Park, located in Redwood Falls, Minnesota, is the largest municipal park in Minnesota. Ramsey County, Minnesota, Ramsey County, North Dakota, the city of Ramsey, Minnesota, the city of Ramsey, Illinois, Ramsey Park in Stillwater, Minnesota, and Alexander Ramsey Elementary School in Montevideo, Minnesota are also named for him.
Mining

Explosives that explode when they are hit are also called mine; Two common types are Land mines and Naval mines.
Mining is the process of digging things out of the ground. Any material that cannot be grown must be mined. Mining things from the ground is called extraction. Mining can include extraction of metals and minerals, like coal, diamond, gold, silver, platinum, copper, tin and iron. Mining can also include other things like oil and natural gas.
Some mining is done by scraping away the soil (dirt) from the top of the ground. This is called surface mining. Some mining is done by going deep underground into a mine shaft. This is called underground mining. Some mining, such as gold mining, is done in other ways. Gold can be mined by searching in the bed of a river or other stream of water to remove the flakes of gold. This is called panning or placer mining.
A worker in a mine is called a miner. Underground mining is a dangerous job. Many mines have accidents. Hundreds of miners die every year from accidents, mostly in poor countries. Safety rules and special safety equipment is used to try and protect miners from accidents. Underground coal mining is especially dangerous because coal can give off poisonous and explosive gases.
Some towns are mining towns. People live there because they can make money as miners or by doing things for miners. When mining stops the town may become a ghost town.
Mining operations often make the environment worse, both during the mining activity and after the mine has closed. Hence, most countries have passed regulations to decrease the effect of mining. Work safety has long been a concern, and has been improved in mines.
Kennedy family

The Kennedy family is a prominent political family based in the Massachusetts, United States, who have been long active and prominent in American politics, public service, entertainment, business, and have held many political offices and roles in the local, state, and federal government of the United States.
The Kennedy's were the first family of the United States, when John F. Kennedy was the 35th president of the United States from January 1961 until his assassination in November 1963. The Kennedy family is of Irish, Italian, English descent, associated with Roman Catholic.
André Pinto (footballer, born 1978)

Andre Candancam Pinto (born 14 December 1978) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Pacos Ferreira.
Muhammad Salaam

Muhammad Abdul Salaam was an retired footballer from India. Salaam competed at the 1956 Summer Olympics. He was born in 1931.