Hessian dialects

Hessian (German: Hessisch) is a group of German dialects, characterized as a Central German dialect according to its share in the High German sound shift and spoken mainly in Hesse, but also in some areas in Franconia, Rhineland-Palatinate and North Rhine-Westphalia.
Hessian, together with Palatine on the one hand and a mixed area between Hessian, Palatine, South Franconian ("Badisch") and East Franconian in the Rhine-Main-Neckar area on the other hand, forms the Rhine Franconian. Lorraine Franconian is also partially counted as part of Rhine Franconian.
The absence of the transition from p > (p)f (Appel for "apple", German: Apfel) marks Rhine Franconian, together with Moselle Franconian and Ripuarian, as a West Central German dialect.
"Hessian" in the sense of the traditional dialect is not to be confused with the modern New Hessian regiolect.
Geographical distribution and division
The distribution area of Hessian dialects occupies the state of Hesse except for the extreme north and northeast, part of Rhineland-Palatinate (Westerwald, Rhenish Hesse, Taunus), North Rhine-Westphalia (Wittgensteiner Land) and Bavaria (Bavarian Lower Main).
One distinguishes
Sudhessisch (Frankfurterisch as well as the dialects around Wiesbaden, Darmstadt and in the northern district of Gross-Gerau, Rheinhessisch around Mainz, Untermainlandisch around Aschaffenburg)
Mittelhessisch (Rheingauer Platt, Taunus, along the Lahn (Hinterlander Platt), in the Vogelsberg, Wetterau to Spessart)
Wittgensteiner Platt (Wittgensteiner Land; transition between Central and North Hessian)
Nordhessisch (northern Hesse south of the Benrath line and excluding the Werra valley)
Osthessisch (around Fulda)
Linguistic description
Phonology
Linguistic boundaries are the isoglosses ich (Hessian) / ik (Low German) as well as machen (Hessian) / maken (Low German) northward to Low Saxon and Westphalian, Pund (Hessian) / Fund (Thuringian) eastward to Thuringian, Pund (Hessian) / Pfund (East Franconian) as well as Appel (Hessian) / Apfel (East Franconian) eastward to East Franconian, was (Hessian) / wat (Ripuarian/Moselle Franconian) westward to Moselle Franconian and fest (Hessian) / fescht (Palatine) to the Rhine Franconian/Palatine/East Franconian mixed area southward. As can be seen from the bounding isoglosses, Hessian is subject to the High German sound shift with respect to t > s and k > ch/h, but unlike East Central German, it does not show the p > f transition.
The border to the Low German language area is marked by a here spatially very narrowly limited isoglossic bundle - the Benrath line, which here, unlike west and east, is hardly fanned out. This language boundary (or maken-machen or ik-ich line) between Low German and Central German language varieties or Hessian belongs to the dialect continuum, but it is probably one of the most sharply formed transitional areas in the German language area. In contrast, the border to the south is characterized by particularly wide isoglosses and is correspondingly blurred. The transition to Palatine, to East Franconian and to Thuringian is fluent.
Characteristic is the lack of distinction between voiced and unvoiced s or sch as well as in South and Central Hessian between ch on the one hand and sch on the other. All these sounds tend to be pronounced voiced, so that phonetically, for example, there is hardly any difference between Kirche and Kirsche or between weisse and weise. This leads also in High German partly to hypercorrection (Kirchbaum instead of Kirschbaum).
Lexic
Hessian is characterized by residual occurrences of particularly ancient words whose root words hardly occur in other dialects or languages, such as idrecken, itarucken for ruminate, densen, dinsen for "to pull at something with all one's might" and ehren (ahren) for ackern/plow.
The Hessian vocabulary is documented by three multi-volume dictionaries, the "Sudhessisches Worterbuch" (completed, 6 volumes), the "Hessen-Nassauisches Volksworterbuch" (in progress), and the "Frankfurter Worterbuch" (completed, 6 volumes).
From the 19th century come A. G. E. Vilmar's Idiotikon von Kurhessen (Marburg/Leipzig 1868) and Hermann von Pfister's Mundartliche und stammheitliche Nachtrage zu A. F. C. Vilmar's Idiotikon von Hessen (Marburg 1886).