kenhktsui/simple_wikipedia_LM_quality_score_v1 huggingface dataset:
Hurricane Florence

Hurricane Florence was a major tropical cyclone, powerful and Cape Verde hurricane in the Atlantic that caused severe and extensive damage in the Carolinas in September 2018. The storm threatened the East Coast of the United States with major and catastrophic flooding, especially in the Carolinas. The sixth named storm, the third hurricane, and the first major hurricane of the 2018 Atlantic hurricane season. Florence first came off from Africa as a tropical wave on August 30, 2018.
On August 31, the tropical wave became a tropical depression. It became Tropical Storm Florence on September 1, 2018.
The storm strengthened to a major hurricane on September 5, and then strengthened to a Category 4 hurricane with estimated maximum sustained winds of 130 mph later that day.
The state Governors of North Carolina, South Carolina and Virginia declared a state of emergency for each state. It was becoming evident that the hurricane might strike South or North Carolina as a major hurricane.
Florence later weakened to a strong tropical storm. However, the storm later strengthened back to a hurricane. This time, it strengthened to 140 miles per hour, stronger than it was before.
On September 10, 2018, mandatory evacuations were issued in certain parts of North Carolina, South Carolina and Virginia.
On September 11, 2018, tropical cyclone watches were posted for the North and South Carolina coastlines.
The storm made a slow landfall (7 km/h) on September 14 as a Category 1 hurricane. It had heavy rain. It took energy and water from the warm Gulf Stream near the coast for one day. When the storm was inland, it weakened to a tropical depression.
Florence had a wind speed of 140 mph and a central pressure of 939 millibars, but from post-analysis it had a wind speed of 150 mph.
Damage from Florence was estimated at $24 billion (2018 USD). There were 53 deaths from Florence.
Retirement
On March 20, 2019, the World Meteorological Organization retired the name Florence due to severe and very expensive damage it caused along its track, particularly in the Carolinas, and it will never again be used for another Atlantic hurricane. It will be replaced with Francine for the 2024 season.
Himno Nacional Mexicano

The "Mexican National Anthem" (), also known by its opening line "Mexicans, at the cry of war" (Spanish: Mexicanos, al grito de guerra), is the national anthem of Mexico. The anthem was first used in 1854. Later, in 1854, he asked Jaime Nuno to compose the music which now accompanies Gonzalez's poem. The national anthem, consisting of ten stanzas and a chorus, effectively entered into use on September 16, 1854.
On Through the Night

On Through the Night is the debut studio album by English heavy metal band Def Leppard. It was released on 14 March, 1980 through Vertigo Records. It went to number 15 in the United Kingdom and number 51 in the United States.
Diffusion

Diffusion is a process where molecules of a material move from an area of high concentration (where there are many molecules) to an area of low concentration (where there are fewer molecules)until it has reached equilibrium (molecules evenly spread).
Diffusion usually happens in a mixture in gas, a liquid and occasionally colloids. It is possible to see diffusion happening when two liquids are mixed in a transparent container.
It describes the constant movement of particles in all liquids, gases and colloids. These particles move in all directions bumping into each other.
Examples
A sugar cube is left in a beaker of water for a while.
The smell of ammonia spreads from the front of the classroom to the back of the room.
Fumes of perfume rise from the bottle when the top is removed.
Food coloring dropped on the beaker spreads out.
the smell of food spread in the whole house
Molecules tend to move from places of high concentration to places of low concentration, just by moving randomly. For example, there is more oxygen in a lung than there is oxygen in the blood so oxygen molecules will tend to move into the blood. Similarly, there is more carbon dioxide molecules in the blood than in the lung so carbon dioxide molecules will tend to move into the lung. It happens in cell biology, where small molecules simply diffuse through the cell membrane, but larger molecules only get through by using energy: see active transport.
The random movement of fluid molecules makes them spread out until a boundary stops them.
Diffusion is a passive process, therefore does not require energy as it occurs down a concentration gradient.
Osmosis and heat transfer are types of diffusion.
Rate of Diffusion
Diffusion is affected by:
the concentration gradient - diffusion will be greater where gradient is larger
the temperatures - diffusion will happen faster when temperatures are higher as there is more kinetic energy
the surface area - diffusion will be greater where it's greater
the diffusion distance - diffusion will be greater where there is a short diffusion distance
Surface Area and Volume
In small unicellular organisms, simple diffusion can exchange molecules quickly enough to keep them alive. A high surface area to volume ratio helps.
However, for multicellular organism simple diffusion is not enough. They need to move more material over longer distances to remain alive. They have evolved to have internal structures and systems for rapid distribution movement. For example, humans have lungs to make diffusion happen rapidly. The same happens in plants with the leaf.
Dolphin Browser

Dolphin Browser is a mobile web browser for Android, iOS and Bada operating systems. The developer of this application is MoboTap.
Pelotas

Pelotas is an Brazilian city in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. 343,132 people lived here in 2020 which makes it the third-largest city in the state by population.
Volleyball World Championship

The FIVB Volleyball World Championship is an international men's and women's indoor volleyball competition. It is the oldest and most important of all the international events organised by the FIVB and must not be confused with the World Cup, World Grand Champions Cup, or the World League/World Grand Prix.
The Painted Woman

The Painted Woman is a 1932 American thriller movie directed by John G. Blystone and starring Spencer Tracy, Peggy Shannon, Irving Pichel, Raul Roulien, Murray Kinnell. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.
Lembata Regency

Lembata Regency is a regency () of the Indonesian Province of East Nusa Tenggara.
Grammis

The Grammis are music awards given out every year in Sweden. They are the oldest Swedish music awards. They were made as a Swedish version of the Grammy Awards. The Grammis started being given out in 1969. They were cancelled in 1972, but came back in 1987.
There are about 20 kinds of awards given out for different types of music. Swedish musicians and musicians who live in Sweden can get an award. Musicians from other countires can also get awards if they make their music in Sweden, and the music is for Swedish people.
Awards
There are 21 different awards. There are also 2 special awards.
Al Greene

Altar Alfonse "Al" Greene (November 9, 1954 - February 18, 2014) was an American baseball outfielder. He played in the Major League Baseball (MLB) for Detroit Tigers during 1979. He was born in Detroit, Michigan.
Greene died on February 18, 2014 in his hometown of Detroit, Michigan. He was aged 59.
Non-Euclidean geometry

Non-Euclidean geometry is a type of geometry. Non-Euclidean geometry only uses some of the "postulates" (assumptions) that Euclidean geometry is based on. In normal geometry, parallel lines can never meet. In non-Euclidean geometry they can meet, either infinitely many times (elliptic geometry), or never (hyperbolic geometry).
An example of Non-Euclidian geometry can be seen by drawing lines on a ball or other round object, straight lines that are parallel at the equator can meet at the poles.
Origin
It is called "Non-Euclidean" because it is different from Euclidean geometry, which was discovered by an Ancient Greek mathematician called Euclid. The different names for non-Euclidean geometries came from thinking of "straight" lines as curved lines, either curved inwards like an ellipse, or outwards like a hyperbola.
The first authors of non-Euclidean geometries were the Hungarian mathematician Janos Bolyai and the Russian mathematician Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky, who separately published treatises on hyperbolic geometry around 1830. As well Eugenio Beltrami published book on non-Eucludean geometry in 1868. Others, such as Carl Friedrich Gauss, had earlier ideas, but did not publish their ideas at the time.
Paradise-crow

The paradise-crow (Lycocorax pyrrhopterus, also known as the silky crow) is a medium-sized (approximately 34cm long) crow-like bird-of-paradise with all-dark, soft and silky plumage. It has a black bill, crimson eyes, and a call that sounds like a dog's bark. Both genders look about the same. The female is a little smaller than the male.
The paradise-crow is monogamous and can be found in the forests of the Maluku islands in Indonesia. They eat fruits and arthropods.
Sabrina Bartlett

Sabrina Lois Bartlett (born September 1991) is a British actress. She is known for playing Siena Rosso in the Netflix series Bridgerton.
Jonathan Oppenheim

Jonathan Louis Oppenheim (November 10, 1952 - July 16, 2020) was an American movie and television editor and producer. His works were mainly documentaries. Oppenheim was known for his work on The Oath (2010) and Paris Is Burning (1990). He was born in New York City.
Oppenheim died on July 16, 2020 from brain cancer, aged 67.
Bill Prady

Bill Prady (born June 7, 1960) is an American television writer and producer who has worked on American sitcoms and variety programs, including The Big Bang Theory.
Vârvoru de Jos

Varvoru de Jos is a commune found in Dolj County, Romania.
Superabundant number

A superabundant number is a type of natural number. They were defined by Leonidas Alaoglu and Paul Erdos in 1944.
Definition
Any natural number n is called superabundant when a certain equation is true.
In this equation, m is every integer less than n. s is the sum of every positive divisor of that number.
An example would be to use the number 9. For every number less than 8, the sigma is 1, 3, 4, 7, 6, 10, 8 and 16. (s(m))/m is 16/9. (s(n))/n is equal to 13/9. 13/9 is less than 16/9. This makes 9 not a superabundant number
The first few superabundant numbers are 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 120, ... .
Properties
Leonidas Alaoglu and Paul Erdos proved that if n is superabundant, then there is a k and a1, a2, ..., ak such that
where pi is the i-th prime number, and
Basically, they proved that if a number is superabundant, the exponent of a larger prime number is never bigger than a smaller prime number during prime decomposition(the process of a composite number become smaller prime numbers). All primes from 0 to are also factors of n. The equation says that a superabundant number has to be an even integer. It also is a multiple of the k-th primorial
Superabundant numbers are like highly composite numbers. Not all superabundant numbers are highly composite numbers, though.
Alaoglu and Erdos observed that all superabundant numbers are also highly abundant.
List of World Heritage Sites in South Korea

As of April 2012, ten sites have been added on the World Heritage List. Nine are cultural sites and one is a natural site. Fourteen more sites have been proposed for adding and are on the tentative list.
Over the Limit (2010)

Over the Limit (2010) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment. It was held on May 23, 2010 at the Joe Louis Arena in Detroit, Michigan. It was the first Over the Limit event held by the WWE.
Francis Jackson

Francis Alan Jackson, CBE (2 October 1917 - 10 January 2022) was a British organist and composer. He was the organist and director of music at York Minster for 36 years. He was appointed organist and director of music at York Minster in 1946 and held these positions until his retirement in 1982.
Jackson died on 10 January 2022, aged 104.
Nicola Barrett

Nicola Barrett (born 18 February 1993) is a South African water polo player and coach. She competed for the South Africa women's national water polo team in the 2017 World Aquatics Championships and 2019 FINA Women's Water Polo World League.
She played for California State University, Bakersfield's women's water polo team.
El gran Carlemany

"El Gran Carlemany" (, meaning "The Grand Charlemagne") is the national anthem of Andorra. Enric Marfany Bons wrote the song, and Joan Benlloch i Vivo composed the music for the song. It started to be used in 1921.
Lyrics
Chandragrohon

Chandragrohon: The Lunar Eclipse is a Bangladeshi movie based on a short story written by Indian Bengali author Syed Mustafa Siraj. The movie was released 2008 and younger director Murad Parvez first time directed the film. The film features Riaz, Shohana Saba, and Champa in lead roles along with Shahiduzzaman Selim, KS Firoz, Dilara Jaman, Kohinur, Gazi Rakayet, and Azom Faruk supporting role.
In 2008, the movie won three National Film Awards and including other four awards.
Awards
Rainbow Film Festival
The winner of the 2009 Best Movies
National Film Awards
Chandragrohon won National Film Award and also other four awards totally seven sections.
Won Best Director - Murad Parvez
Won Best Dialogue - Murad Parvez
Won Best Screenwriter - Murad Parvez
Won Best Producer - Azom Faruk
Won Best Music Director - Imon Saha and Habib Wahid
Won Best Actress in a Supporting Role - Champa and Dilara Jaman
Won Best Actor in a Negative Role - Jahirauddn Peer
Meril Prothom Alo Awards
Won Best Film
Won Best Director - Murad Parvez.
Chamber of Representatives (Belgium)

The Chamber of Representatives (Dutch: , , ) is one of the two chambers in the bicameral Federal Parliament of Belgium, the other being the Senate.
It is considered to be the "lower house" of the Federal Parliament.
Ray Griff

Raymond "Ray" Griff (April 22, 1940 - March 9, 2016) was a Canadian country music singer-songwriter. He was from Vancouver, British Columbia.
Griff began songwriting in the early 1960s. Griff moved to Nashville in 1964 to pursue his music career full-time. His first records as a singer were released in the late 1960s. Griff had his first hit, "Patches", a remake of the Clarence Carter soul hit in 1970 which peaked at No. 26 in Billboard.
Griff recorded for the small country label Royal American and later moved on to Dot Records without much success. His stint at Capitol Records from 1975-1979 was more successful, racking up eight more country top 40 hits, the most successful being 1976's "If I Let Her Come In" which peaked at No. 11.
Griff died in Canada from pneumonia after going through surgery on March 9, 2016. He was aged 75.
Shapoklyak (movie)

Shapoklyak () is a 1974 Soviet animated movie directed by Roman Kachanov.
Eva Steininger-Bludau

Eva Steininger-Bludau (21 July 1951 - 9 June 2022) was a German politician. He was a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany. She was in the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia from 2010 to 2017. She was born in Castrop-Rauxel, North Rhine-Westphalia, West Germany.
Steininger-Bludau died on 9 June 2022 at the age of 70.
Japhet

According to the Bible, Japhet or Japheth was the oldest son of Noah. His name means "increase". Many think Japhet is the ancestor of the peoples of Europe (like the Indo-European people) and North and Central Asia.
Sons
He had seven sons:
Gomer, who populated Western Europe. Gomer had three sons named Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah.
Magog, who populated Northern Asia
Madai, who founded the Medes
Javan, who founded the Greeks. Javan had four sons named Elishah (Greece), Tarshish (Spain), Kittim (Rome), and Rodanim (or Dodanim; Rhodes).
Tubal and Meshech, who populated Russia. In Ezekiel 38, there is a prophecy that they (Russia) will invade Israel.
Tiras, who populated Thrace
He also had a daughter, Keturah, who married Abraham after the death of his wife Sarah.
Paedophile Information Exchange

The Paedophile Information Exchange (PIE) was a UK pro-paedophile activist group. It started in October 1974. In 1975 PIE had their first open meeting. Mothers threw rotten fruit and vegetables at members. That year the National Council for Civil Liberties (NCCL) gave PIE affiliate status.
Timbaland

Timothy Zachery Mosley, known professionally as Timbaland, (born March 10, 1972) is an American record producer, rapper, singer, songwriter and record executive. He is from Norfolk, Virginia.
Timbaland owns his own record label, Mosley Music Group, which is under Universal Music Group. Timbaland has also taught and nurtured other record producers like Danja, Polow da Don, Ryan Tedder and Jim Beanz.
Suiseki

is the Japanese term for small naturally occurring or shaped rocks which are traditionally appreciated. They are similar to Chinese scholar's rocks.
Suiseki can be any color. There are a wide variety of sizes. Suiseki can weigh hundreds of pounds or less than one pound. The term also means stones which are placed in traditional Japanese gardens.
History
Chinese scholar's rocks influenced the development of suiseki in Japan. The history of suiseki in Japan begins during the reign of Empress Suiko. The small objects were brought to Japan as gifts from the Chinese Imperial court.
Evaluation
The evaluation of suiseki recognizes color, shape, markings and surface. According to in ,
It is not a silly thing at all to enjoy a stone in a tray. I see the whole world in a tiny stone. Some objects in this world are huge, and others are small, and they come in all shapes, but they are not that different when you look at their essence.
Some types of suiseki suggest a mountain, a waterfall, an island, a thatched hut or an animal.
Santa Claus: The Movie

Santa Claus: The Movie is a 1985 British-American Christmas movie starring Dudley Moore, John Lithgow and David Huddleston. The movie was directed by Jeannot Szwarc. It was released in North America on November 27, 1985, by TriStar Pictures.
Cast
David Huddleston as Santa Claus
Dudley Moore as Patch
John Lithgow as B.Z.
Saint Georges, Delaware

Saint Georges is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in New Castle County, Delaware, United States.
Azmi Mohamed Megahed

Azmi Mohamed Megahed (; 15 April 1950 - 12 September 2020) was an Egyptian volleyball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1976 Summer Olympics. He was born in Dakahlia, Egypt.
Megahed died on 12 September 2020 in a hospital in Cairo due to COVID-19 at the age of 70.
The Bad Girls Club (season 3)

The Bad Girls Club (season 3) is the third season of The Bad Girls Club. It aired on Oxygen on December 2, 2008.
About this season
Season 3 was the first season to have one million views. It had beat the records from the second season and first season. Perez Hilton hosted the reunion special. After the show, the Ambers and Sarah competed on Love Games: Bad Girls Need Love Too. They had done a pilot for their show called "The Amber Show". Oxygen did not pick it up. This was the first season to have the girls on vacation. This was also the first season to have 60 minute episodes.
Arrondissement of Chinon

The arrondissement of Chinon is an arrondissement of France, in the Indre-et-Loire department, Centre-Val de Loire region. Its capital is the city of Chinon.
History
When the Indre-et-Loire department was created on 1800, the arrondissement of Chinon was part of that original department.
Geography
The arrondissement of Chinon is the most western of the arrondissements of the Indre-et-Loire department. It is bordered to the north and east by the arrondissement of Tours, to the southeast by the Loches arrondissement, to the west by the Vienne department and to the northwest by the Maine-et-Loire department.
The arrondissement of Chinon is the smallest arrondissement of the department in area, , but the second in population (86,952 inhabitants).
Composition
Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.
Fobello

Fobello is a comune in the Province of Vercelli in the Italian region of Piedmont. It is about northeast of Turin and about northwest of Vercelli.
Fobello is next to these municipalities: Alto Sermenza, Bannio Anzino, Carcoforo, Cervatto, Cravagliana, Rimella, and Rossa.
Automobile engineers Vincenzo Lancia (1881-1937) and his son Gianni Lancia (1924-2014) were born here.
Costanzana

Costanzana is a comune in the Province of Vercelli in the Italian region of Piedmont.
Susanne Lothar

Susanne Lothar (15 November 1960 - 21 July 2012) was a German actress. She was born in Hamburg to actors Ingrid Andree and Hanns Lothar. She acted mostly in independent movies. She was in The White Ribbon and The Piano Teacher. She also performed on stage. She died in Berlin in July 2012.
Tama, Iowa

Tama is a city in Tama County, Iowa, United States. The population was 2,877 at the 2010 census.
Tama is situated two miles south of Toledo, the county seat.
Thomas Tuchel

Thomas Tuchel (; born 29 August 1973) is a German professional football coach and former player who is currently the head coach of Bayern Munich.
Jack McCloskey

John William "Jack" McCloskey (October 19, 1925 - June 1, 2017) was an American basketball player, coach and executive. He played for the Philadelphia Warriors for one season in 1953. McCloskey coached the Portland Trail Blazers from 1972 through 1974. After coaching, he became general manager for the Minnesota Timberwolves and for the Detroit Pistons. He was born in Mahoney City, Pennsylvania.
McCloskey died from complications of Alzheimer's disease on June 1, 2017 at his home in Savannah, Georgia, aged 91.
Tyumen Oblast

Tyumen Oblast (, Tyumenskaya oblast) is a federal subject (an oblast) of Russia, located in western Siberia. Its administrative center is the city of Tyumen. In 2010, 3,395,755 people lived in the oblast.
Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon

Sainte-Foy-les-Lyon is a commune in the Metropolis of Lyon in Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes region in eastern France.
Bože Pravde

"Boze pravde" ; ; "God of Justice") is the national anthem of Serbia, enshrined in Article 7 of the Constitution. It has been around since the 19th century; the music was composed by Slovene musician Davorin Jenko (Davorin Yenko) and the lyrics were written by Jovan Dordevic (Yovan Gyorgyevich) in 1872. Ten years later, it was first adopted when the Kingdom of Serbia was formed, which then lasted until 1919, a year after the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (then known as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes) was formed. It was fully relinquished in 1945 and was replaced by "Hej, Slaveni!".
Shortly after Serbia and Montenegro split, "Boze pravde" was readopted in November 2006.
Neuville-sur-Escaut

Neuville-sur-Escaut is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 2,688 people lived there.
Being and Time

Being and Time (, 1927) is a book that was written by the German philosopher Martin Heidegger. It is his best known book and is said to be one of the most important philosophical works of the 20th century. It has greatly influenced 20th-century philosophy, particularly existentialism, hermeneutics and deconstruction.
Saint-Maurice-Saint-Germain

Saint-Maurice-Saint-Germain is a commune. It is in Centre-Val de Loire in the Eure-et-Loir department in north France.
Elizabeth Bishop

Elizabeth Bishop (February 8, 1911 - October 6, 1979) was an American poet. She was the Poet Laureate of the United States from 1949 to 1950. Bishop was born in Worcester, Massachusetts. In 1946 her first book of poetry was published. Bishop was a lesbian.
Mercury(II) oxide

Mercury(II) oxide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is HgO. It has mercury and oxide ions. The mercury is in the +2 oxidation state.
Properties
It is a red or yellow solid. It is very toxic and corrosive. It reacts violently with some reducing agents, as it is an oxidizing agent. It reacts with acids to make other mercury(II) salts like mercury(II) chloride. It breaks down when heated to make mercury and oxygen.
Preparation
It can be made by heating mercury and oxygen at . It can also be made by heating mercury(II) nitrate. This makes the red form. The yellow form is made by reacting a mercury(II) salt with a strong base.
Uses
It can be used to make other mercury(II) salts. It is used in mercury batteries. It is much cheaper than the silver(I) oxide used in silver oxide batteries.
Tom Jones (singer)

Sir Thomas John Woodward (born 7 June 1940), known professionally as Tom Jones, is a Welsh singer. He has won Grammy Awards. Jones is particularly noted for his powerful voice. He released his first album Along Came Jones in 1965. He has released thirty-nine studio albums since then. He released his most recent album Spirit in the Room in 2012.
Early life
He was born at 57, Kingsland Terrace, Treforest, Pontypridd, South Wales.
Personal life
Jones was married to Linda from 1957 until she died of cancer in 2016. He has a son (born 1957) by Linda. He has a son (born 1988) by another woman.
Rauma

Rauma is a city in Finland on the southwest coast. It is most famous for the wooden architecture of its old city centre, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Solstice

A solstice is an astronomical event that happens twice each year when the Sun reaches its highest position in the sky as seen from the North or South Pole. The day of the solstice is either the "longest day of the year" or the "shortest day of the year" for any place on Earth, because the length of time between sunrise and sunset on that day is the yearly maximum or minimum for that place. The name is derived from the Latin words sol ("sun") and sistere ("to stand still"). During the solstice, the Sun stands still; that is, the seasonal movement of the Sun's path comes to a stop before reversing direction. The "Northern Solstice" occurs in June, when the sun is at its highest point seen from the North Pole. The "Southern Solstice" occurs in December, when the sun is at its highest point seen from the South Pole.
The solstices, together with the equinoxes, are connected with the seasons. In some cultures they mark either the beginning or the middle of summer and winter.
June solstice
The June Solstice happens when the Northern Hemisphere of the Earth is tilted toward the Sun and the Southern Hemisphere of the Earth is tilted away from the Sun. At the North Pole, the Sun reaches its highest point in the sky, and then begins moving lower. At the moment of the June solstice, the Sun is directly overhead some point on the Tropic of Cancer; this is the furthest north that the subsolar point ever reaches. In the Northern Hemisphere the June solstice is called the Summer Solstice (and marks the longest day of the year), while in the Southern Hemisphere it is called the Winter Solstice (and marks the shortest day of the year). The June Solstice is usually on June 21.
December solstice
The December Solstice happens when the Southern Hemisphere of the Earth is tilted toward the Sun and the Northern Hemisphere of the Earth is tilted away from the Sun. At the South Pole, the Sun reaches its highest point in the sky, and then begins moving lower. At the moment of the December solstice, the Sun is directly overhead some point on the Tropic of Capricorn; this is the furthest south that the subsolar point ever reaches. In the Southern Hemisphere the December solstice is called the Summer Solstice (and marks the longest day of the year), while in the Northern Hemisphere it is called the Winter Solstice (and marks the shortest day of the year). The December Solstice is usually on December 21.
Celebrations
While the exact causes were long unknown, the effect (of days getting shorter or longer) was recognised in many ancient cultures. Many of the pre-Christian cultures, like the druidic, the Germanic and the Norse faith therefore celebrated these events as holidays.
When the importance of the old faiths vanished, the Christian religion took over some of the festivities, which were then carried out in the honour of a new (Christian) occasion. For instance, the date of Christmas in the Catholic and Protestant faith is just 3 days away from the December Solstice.
Intercostal muscle

The intercostal muscles (intercostales interni) are a group of skeletal muscles between the ribs. These muscles help expand and shrink the size of the chest cavity to help breathing.
When breathing in, the muscles of the diaphragm contract. This pulls the diaphragm downwards, and increases the volume of the thorax. At the same time, the external intercostal muscles contract. This pulls the ribcage upwards and outwards. This also increases the volume of the thorax.
There are three main layers;
External intercostal muscles help inhalation. They pull up the ribs and bend them more open. This expands the thoracic cavity.
Internal intercostal muscles help in forced breathing out (quiet expiration is a passive process). They depress the ribs and bend them inward. This decreases the width of the thoracic cavity.
Innermost intercostal muscle reduces thorax volume, so are also expiratory muscles.
Avoca, Wisconsin

Avoca is a village in Iowa County, Wisconsin, USA. As of the 2014 the population was 627.
Golf, Illinois

Golf is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States. It was created in 1928. As of the 2010 census, the village had a population of 500. The community is mainly residential. It has a Metra train stop.
Elisabeth Hartnagel-Scholl

Elisabeth Hartnagel-Scholl (born 27 February 1920 in Forchtenberg as Elisabeth Scholl; died 28 February 2020 in Stuttgart) was the sister of Hans and Sophie Scholl.
Life
Elisabeth Hartnagel (then Scholl) grew up together with her siblings Inge (1917-1998), Hans (1918-1943), Sophie (1921-1943) and Werner (1922-1944). Her siblings initially enthusiastically followed National Socialism and were members of the League of German Girls or Hitler Youth, but later became dissatisfied with the Nazi Regime.
Scholl arrest and Sippenhaft
Her siblings Hans and Sophie were arrested on February 18, 1943. Elisabeth found this out from the newspaper. Four days later, on the 22nd February, Hans and Sophie Scholl and their fellow student Christoph Probst were sentenced to death in Munich by the People's Court chaired by Judge Roland Freisler, who came from Berlin for the sole purpose of the trial. Around 5 p.m., the convicts were beheaded in Munich's Stadelheim Prison. At the funeral of Hans and Sophie Scholl on the 24th February, the parents and siblings Inge, Elisabeth and Werner were present. Three days later, on Elisabeth's 23rd birthday, the Scholl family was taken into custody in Ulm, Elisabeth Scholl fell seriously ill in "protective detention" and was released after two months. She was the first of the Scholls to be released from prison.
After the War
In October 1945, she married Fritz Hartnagel (1917-2001). Fritz had been Sophie's fiance, and after the execution Fritz and Elisabeth had been brought together from their shared grief at their loss. Together the couple had four children. After the death of her sister Inge Aicher-Scholl in 1998, Elisabeth began to speak about her siblings at schools and other educational institutions. She was commited to keeping the memory of her brother and sister alive. She died on February 28, 2020, one day after her hundredth birthday.
Ibn ul-Arabi

Hazrat Sheikh Mohye-ed-din Ibn ul-Arabi (Arabic: bn `rby) (July 28, 1165 - November 10, 1240) was an Arab Andalusian Sufi mystic, poet and philosopher.
He is renowned in the Muslim world as Sheikh ul Akbar (The Greatest Sheikh), for his famous explanation of the concept of Tawhid (Oneness of God) through the concept or perception of the idea of Wahdat ul Wajood (Oneness of Being).
He was born in Murcia. When he was a child his family moved to Seville. Despite living in Spain, he visited North Africa a lot. In 1202 he visited Mecca, as part of his Hajj. He lived in Mecca for three years. He also visited Syria, Iraq, Turkey and Palestine. He would eventually move to Damascus. He died there in 1240.
His most famous book is called The Meccan Revelations (Al-Futuhat al-Makkiyya in Arabic). It has 560 chapters. In the book, he writes about cosmology, metaphysics, religion, and Islam.
Rashida Tlaib

Rashida Tlaib (born July 24, 1976) is an American politician and attorney. She is a Democratic former member of the Michigan House of Representatives. She represented the 6th District.
Tlaib became the first Muslim American woman to serve in the Michigan Legislature, and the second Muslim woman in history to be elected to any U.S. state legislature.
In 2018, Tlaib won the Democratic nomination for the U.S. House of Representatives seat from Michigan's 13th congressional district. She was unopposed in the general election and became the first Muslim woman in Congress and the first Palestinian-American woman in Congress.
She is a member of the Democratic Socialists of America.
According to Aktualita.co: "(S)he is the first Palestinian-born congressman in the United States legislature"
Tlaib is a member of "The Squad" along with Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, Ilhan Omar and Ayanna Pressley. In 2020, she endorsed Bernie Sanders for President.
Bidya Sundar Shakya

Bidya Sundar Shakya () is a Nepalese politician. He was the 14th Mayor of Kathmandu Metropolitan City. Shakya also served as Chairman of Ward No. 21 for two terms. He is the Province Committee Member of CPN UML Bagmati Province Committee.
PlayStation 2

The PlayStation 2 (PS2) is Sony's second video game console. It was released in March 2000. The one before this was PlayStation (or PS1). The next PlayStation is PlayStation 3 which was released in November 2006. The PlayStation 2 competed with the Dreamcast, the Nintendo GameCube and the Microsoft Xbox during its lifetime.
The controllers of the PlayStation 2 are similar to the Dual Analog controllers for the first PlayStation. Some games are online, such as Call of Duty World at War Final Fronts, and a few connect with the PlayStation Portable (or PSP). The PS2 is very successful and games were still made for it after the PlayStation 3 was made. The PlayStation 2 is the world's best-selling console. It has sold around 159 million units since its launch in March 2000, and is fully compatible with PlayStation (PS1) games. Sony announced that they had discontinued the PlayStation 2 in Japan on December 28, 2012 and worldwide on January 4, 2013. The last two games for the system were FIFA 14 and Pro Evolution Soccer 2014 (released only in Europe) in late 2013 (a week before the PlayStation 4's release date). Both these games also had PS3 and PS4 versions. Online functionalities had ended on March 31, 2016. Repair for the system had ended in Japan on September 7, 2018.
PSX
The PSX was released in 2003. It was a video recorder that allowed you to play PlayStation 2 games. It had a built-in hard drive (up to 250 GB). It did not sell well, because it cost too much money, so it was not released outside of Japan. Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas became the most sold game, with over 27.5 million copies sold.
City Girls

City Girls is a Miami-based hip hop duo formed by Yung Miami (real name Caresha Brownlee) and JT (real name Jatavia Shakara Johnson) in 2017. They became popular after making an uncredited guest appearance on Drake's chart-topping hit single "In My Feelings". Their first studio album, Girl Code (2018), contained the platinum certified singles "Twerk" and "Act Up". Their second studio album City on Lock was released in 2020.
Climate of New York (state)

The climate of New York State is mostly humid continental (Dfa/Dfb in the Koppen climate classification) with cold winters and warm to hot and humid summers.
Average annual temperatures ranges from 40degF (4.4degC) in Old Forge in upstate New York to in New York City at LaGuardia Airport.
New York City is an urban heat island, with temperatures 5-15 degrees Fahrenheit (3-8.4 degrees Celsius) warmer overnight than surrounding areas. In an effort to fight this warming, roofs of buildings are being painted white across the city in an effort to increase the reflection of solar energy, or albedo. NYC has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa in the Koppen climate classification).
Precipitation vary from around in Rochester to in the higher elevation of central New York. In the winter, New York has nor'easters which can bring blizzard conditions. Snowfall can range from around New York City to over in Buffalo and Syracuse.
1970 Atlantic hurricane season

The 1970 Atlantic hurricane season was the period of time in 1970 that tropical cyclones formed in Atlantic Ocean. It officially began on June 1, 1970, and it ended on November 30, 1970. Strong storms of 1970 include Hurricane Celia, which killed 20 people and caused severe damage. Also, Tropical Storm Dorothy killed 51 people, most in Martinique.
Storms
These are the names of the tropical cyclones that formed in the season:
Storm names
These are the names set aside for 1970. Names that were not used are in .
Retirement
After this season there was one name that got retired: Celia. In 1974, the name "Carmen" was used instead.
Dazey, North Dakota

Dazey is a city in Barnes County, North Dakota, United States.
Ayman Nadim

Ayman Nadim is a retired swimmer from Egypt. Nadim competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics. He was born on 19 October 1963.
Apple Park

Apple Park is the corporate headquarters of Apple Inc.. It is in Cupertino, California. It was opened to employees in April 2017. It replaced the original headquarters at 1 Infinite Loop, which opened in 1993.
Norman Foster designed the main building. Its nickname is "the spaceship".
Taskin Ahmed

Taskin Ahmed Tazim is a cricketer from Bangladesh. He plays for the Bangladesh national cricket team. He was born on April 3, 1995.
A Husband for Anna

A Husband for Anna () is a 1953 Italian romantic drama movie directed by Giuseppe De Santis and starring Silvana Pampanini, Amedeo Nazzari, Massimo Girotti, Umberto Spadaro, Monica Clay.
Reagent bottle

A reagent bottle is a bottle designed to hold chemical liquids and solution for long-term storage. A reagent jar contains solid powder or crystals. Each bottle or jar is labelled with the name of the substance, details of the purity and safety precautions. Reagent jars or bottles are kept in chemical storeroom. The reagent bottle is usually made of glass but can be made from plastic.
M. M. Kalburgi

Malleshappa Madivalappa Kalburgi (; 28 November 1938 - 30 August 2015) was an Indian scholar of Vachana sahitya (Vachana literature) and academic. He was the vice-chancellor of Kannada University in Hampi. A noted epigraphist of Kannada, he was awarded the National Sahitya Akademi award in 2006 for Marga 4, a collection of his research articles.
Kalburgi was shot dead in the morning of 30 August 2015 at his residence in Dharwad district of Karnataka by two unidentified men.
Organic light-emitting diode

Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) is a type of light-emitting diode (LED). The part of the OLED that creates light is made of a very thin layer of organic compounds. The main use of OLED technology is for flat panel displays for smartphones and other mobile devices where they are in some ways better than LCDs. OLEDs can be used to make displays that can bend. These can be used in many different ways. For example, they can be used in clothing.
OLED provides high contrast of screen. It is characterized by low energy consumption (due to the absence of additional illumination).
Advantages and disadvantages
LCDs are in some ways better than OLEDs and some ways worse. OLEDs can make more colors and levels of brightness than LEDs. Unlike LCDs their colors do not change when viewed at an angle. They are also much cheaper to make. OLEDs make light, so they do not need a light shining through from the back as LCDs do. This also makes black parts of the screen able to be fully turned "off" making them darker. LCDs also need to use filters to work properly. These filters block much of the light created by the LED/CCFL. Because of backlighting and filtering, OLEDs use far less power than LCDs for the amount of light made. OLEDs also react faster to changes in electricity. They turn on and off much faster than LCDs.
LEDs will last longer than OLEDs. This is the biggest problem with OLEDs. Currently most OLEDs used in displays will work for about 5,000 hours of use. LEDs normally work for 60,000 hours. This may change as experiments in 2007 created a type of OLED that worked for 198,000 hours. The organic compounds that make up OLEDs are also more easily damaged by water.
OLED technology is currently patented by the Eastman Kodak company and several other companies. Because of this, a company must pay to be allowed to use it in their product.
How they work
There are several parts to an OLED:
Substrate: the material the layers of the OLED are put on
Emissive layer: the layer where light is made
Conductive layer
Anode
Cathode
The emissive and conductive layers are made of special organic molecules that conduct electricity. The anode and cathode connect the OLED to the source of electricity.
When electricity is applied to an OLED, the emissive layer becomes negatively charged and the conductive layer becomes positively charged. Electrostatic forces cause electrons to move from the positive conductive layer toward the negative emissive layer. This causes a change in the electrical levels and makes radiation that has a frequency in the range of visible light.
OLED, as with all diodes, can only work if electricity flows through them in the correct direction. The Anode, connected to the emmisive layer must be at a higher electrical potential (more volts, more positive) than the cathode, connected to the conductive layer, for the OLED to work.
Marina City

The Marina City was designed in 1959 by architect Bertrand Goldberg and was finished in 1964 at a cost of $36 million to a large extent by the union of building janitors and elevator operators, who wanted to reverse the pattern of white flight from the city's downtown area.
When it was finished, the two towers were both the tallest residential buildings and the tallest reinforced concrete structures in the world. The complex was built as a city within a city, featuring numerous on-site facilities including a theatre, gym, swimming pool, ice rink, bowling alley, several stores, restaurants, and a marina.
DNA methylation

DNA methylation is the main way gene activity is adjusted during life, especially during early development.
It is how methyl groups are added to DNA. This suppresses gene transcription. Two of DNA's four nucleotides, cytosine and adenine, can be methylated. Since adenine methylation is restricted to prokaryotes, all eukaryote transcription is regulated by suppressing cytosine.
Suppressing genes is the basis of epigenetics, the study of changes in gene activity which are not caused by changes in the DNA sequence. It is the study of gene expression, the way genes bring about their phenotypic effects.
The changes in gene activity by methylation may last for the rest of the cell's life, and for many generations of cells through cell divisions. However, there is no change in the underlying DNA sequence of the organism. Instead, non-hereditary factors cause the organism's genes to behave (express themselves) differently.
To give just one example of how important this is, think about the effect nutrition of a pregnant female has on the baby long after birth.
Väinämöinen

Vainamoinen is an important person in Finnish mythology. He was a wise man and he knew magic. He was a hero and had many adventures.
Vainamoinen was also a god. As such, he was worshipped.
Magic of Vainamoinen was in his songs. When he sings hills shake and water moves. He sings his enemy, Joukahainen, to sink in swamp.
Vainamoinen was born before Earth. He was floating in the sea. He was born a grown man. Her mother, Ilmatar got pregnant by the water and wind and carried her son for 30 years. A bird (Sotka) made a nest on Ilmatar's knee and when the bird hatched her eggs (six of them made of iron, one pure gold), it burned Ilmatar's knee and finally Ilmatar moved her knee and all the eggs flew into the sky and on the earth and were broken. From those pieces the Earth and sky, the stars, The sun and the moon were born.
Alison Sweeney

Alison Sweeney (born September 19, 1976 in Los Angeles) is an American actress. She stars mostly on television programs. She has acted as Samantha Brady on the soap Days of Our Lives. She also does reality television programs.
Bächingen

Bachingen () is a municipality in the district of Dillingen in Bavaria in Germany. The town is a member of the municipal association Gundelfingen an der Donau.
Rossiyane

Rossiyane () is a Russian language word that refers to all citizens of Russia. They were mostly born in Russia and mostly live in Russia. It is used in the Russian language to differentiate between people of Russia of all ethnic origins and Russians as an ethnicity (Russian plural: russkie russkiye). It includes Tatars, Bashkirs, Chuvash people, Chechens, etc. Rossiyane have a common history and share a common Russia-related culture. In English the word Russians is ambiguous.
Rossiyanin () is the masculine form and Rossiyanka () is feminine.
Alive!

Alive! is the fourth album from the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It is also their first live album. It was released on September 10, 1975.
Voiceless retroflex trill

The voiceless retroflex trill is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English.
Theo Adam

Theo Adam (1 August 1926 - 11 January 2019) was a German operatic Bass singer. He was born in Dresden. He had an active international career in operas, concerts, and recitals from the 1940s through the 1990s. His best known works were operas of Richard Wagner. On the concert stage, he was a much admired Bach singer and also drew acclaim for his work of the title character of Felix Mendelssohn's Elijah.
Adam died on 11 January 2019 at the age of 92.
Lutetium

Lutetium is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol Lu. It has the atomic number 71. It is a metal and a rare earth element. It is silver white. In chemistry it is placed in a group of metal elements named the transition metals. Lutetium can also be grouped with the lanthanides because it is near the lanthanides in the Periodic Table. Its physical properties are like the lanthanides.
Dendropsophus walfordi

Dendropsophus walfordi is a frog that lives in Brazil. It lives in the basin formed by the Amazon River.
The Iceman (movie)

The Iceman is a 2013 American crime drama thriller movie directed by Ariel Vernon. It is about the killing spree of contract killer Richard Kuklinski and mob boss Roy DeMeo.
It stars Michael Shannon, Winona Ryder, Ray Liotta, Chris Evans, James Franco, and David Schwimmer. It is set during the 1960s and 1970s in New York City and New Jersey.
It was released to mostly positive reviews on a limited release on May 3, 2013.
African palm civet

The African palm civet (Nandinia binotata), or two-spotted palm civet, is a small mammal. It is in the Feliformia suborder.
It has short legs, small ears, a body like a civet cat, and a long lithe tail as long as its body. Adults usually weigh . It is native to the forests of eastern Africa and the Congo River basin. It usually lives in trees, and it is omnivorous: it eats rodents, insects, eggs, carrion, fruit, birds and fruit bats. The animal is generally solitary and nocturnal.
Although it looks like other civet species (in the family Viverridae), the African palm civet is genetically distinct: they probably diverged from other civets before the cats did. They are therefore classified as the only species in the genus Nandinia and in their own family, Nandiniidae. However, not all experts accept this.
Thanos Mikroutsikos

Athanasios "Thanos" Mikroutsikos (; 13 April 1947 - 28 December 2019) was a Greek composer and politician. He was thought to be one of the most important composers of the recent Greek musical scene. He was born in Patras, Greece. In 1994, he became Minister of Culture. He left the job in 1996. He was supporter of the Communist Party of Greece.
Mikroutsikos died on 28 December 2019 from lung cancer at a hospital in Athens at the age of 72.
Michele Mastrodonato

Michele Mastrodonato is a retired boxer from Italy. Mastrodonato competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics. He was born on 16 May 1965.