kenhktsui/simple_wikipedia_LM_quality_score_v1 huggingface dataset:
IRT Flushing Line

The IRT Flushing Line is a line of the New York City Subway. Services on it are colored purple. There is only one service on this line:
7: This service runs from Main Street to 34th Street. It is famous for passing through areas of different cultures.
The Super Mario Challenge

The Super Mario Challenge was a show that aired on The Children's Channel. It last from September to December 20, 1991, and aired every day 4:30 PM, except for weekends.
Set up
The person who presented the show was John Lenahan. He was dressed and looked like Mario. Two players had to do jobs that called for playing the Mario video games Super Mario Bros., Super Mario Bros. 2, and Super Mario Bros. 3. Rounds are made up of tests to see who could end a level in the fastest time. The other object of the game was to see which contestant gets the most coins on a certain level. Winners of each round would get one to three "gold coins." Then whoever holds the most at the end of the show would move forward to the next stage of the competition. If both players had an equal number of gold coins, a single-level sudden death playoff decided who would go through.
Dropped
The show was dropped in 1991, quite a while before The Children's Channel changed to TCC. Link Anchor Man got many letters asking if the show would be done again, it never was.
Kakuda, Miyagi

is a city in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan.
Örgryte Old Church

The Orgryte Old Church () is a church building in Orgryte in the town of Gothenburg in Sweden. It belongs to the Orgryte Parish of the Church of Sweden. A church at the present site of the Orgryte Old Church has been around since the 13th century.
Endianness

Endianness refers to how data is ordered in machine language, the simplest, most understandable code that a computer can use.
In computer coding, all data (information) is just a series of numbers, which can be written and / or input in two ways: little-endian and big-endian. Which one is used depends on the data format and the way the computer reads the data.
Say that we have a number like this:
---> 12 | AB | 34 | CD
The way it's written right now is big-endian, because the bigger number is on the end. (Note that this number is in hexadecimal (base-16) ).
There are two important things to know here: first, "end" here does not mean "the last", but rather "side". In other words, "big-endian" means something like "the big side first", not "the big number is at the finish". Second, in computing numbers are usually grouped into bytes which hexadecimal uses two digits to write out. Each group is treated as a single thing and the digits within do not switch.
To write it in little-endian, we simply switch the order of each group, so it becomes:
---> CD | 34 | AB | 12
Note that it is the place of each group that changes, and the number does not become .
Agitu Ideo Gudeta

Agitu Ideo Gudeta (; January 1, 1978 - December 29, 2020), was an Ethiopian farmer, businesswoman, and environmentalist. She created a goat farming system using the indigenous breed Pezzata Mochena to create dairy and beauty products.
On December 29, 2020, Gudeta was beaten to death with a hammer and raped in her apartment in Frassilongo, Italy at the age of 42.
Maurizio Sarri

Maurizio Sarri (born 10 January 1959) is an Italian professional football manager. He is the manager of Serie A club Juventus.
Sarri was born in Naples. He did not play football professionally and took part as an amateur centre back and coach while working as a banker. In 2005, he had his first Serie B job at Pescara. In 2014, he won promotion to Serie A with Empoli. In 2015, he joined Napoli. He won many individual awards while managing the Naples-based club. After finishing as league runners-up in 2017-18, he moved to English club Chelsea, where he won the UEFA Europa League in his only season with the club. He returned to Italy with Juventus in 2019.
Georg Benda

Georg Anton Benda (; baptized 30 June 1722 - 6 November 1795) was a Bohemian composer.
Life
Early Life
Benda was born in Benatky nad Jizerou, Bohemia. His father was Jan Jiri Benda. He had three brothers, Franz Benda, Johann Benda, and Joseph Benda. The Benda family was a musical family. All four brothers became musicians in life. In 1739, he studied at the Jesuit college in Jicin. He moved to Prussia with his family in 1742. His brother Franz was a violinist there. Franz invited his family to live in Prussia.
Career
In 1750, Benda became the Kapellmeister for Frederick III, Duke of Gotha. He was in charge of the music in the court of Gotha. He wrote some operas and cantatas in Gotha. In 1765, he went to Italy to study for six months. He visited Venice, Bologna, Florence, and Rome. He returned to Gotha in 1765. When Frederick III died, he focused on writing music for the theater. He wrote Singspiel, a kind of opera that has spoken words and music. His melodrama Ariadne auf Naxos was a success. Mozart heard a performance of Ariadne auf Naxos in Mannheim.
Benda left Gotha in 1778. He went to Hamburg and Vienna. He performed some of his melodramas in Vienna. He returned to Gotha in 1779.
Benda died in Kostritz, Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg in 1795.
Music
Besides writing theater music, he also wrote sinfonias, keyboard sonatas, keyboard concertos, and other chamber music.
Merckeghem

Merckeghem is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 606 people lived there.
Plausible Prejudices: Essays on American Writing

Plausible Prejudices: Essays on American Writing is a book of essays about writing. The author is Joseph Epstein.
Kirkus Reviews and Los Angeles Times wrote about the book. The Chicago Tribune also had good things to say about the book. It said that Epstein's essays of literary criticism are his most interesting works and that they were definitely worth preserving together in a collection.
Mergey

Mergey is a commune of the Aube departement in the north-central part of France.
Gunnison, Mississippi

Gunnison is a town in Bolivar County, Mississippi, United States.
Franekeradeel

Franekeradeel () is a former municipality in the Dutch province of Friesland. Since 2018, it has been part of the new municipality of Waadhoeke.
Toronto Blizzard

Toronto Blizzard was a soccer team that played in the North American Soccer League.
LazyTown

LazyTown (Icelandic: Latibaer) is an Icelandic children's television musical series. The series is educational and teaches children to be healthy and exercise. The program was created Magnus Scheving, an aerobics champion who also plays the character Sportacus, and it is based upon his Icelandic stage plays. The series has won multiple awards.
The show has been very successful and has aired in many countries around the world.
Basis of the program
The show features live-action characters and puppet characters in a colorful town called LazyTown. At the start of the series, the town's citizens are very lazy. The mayor's niece, Stephanie, comes to change that. An athletic superhero named Sportacus helps her. He teaches the children of the town to eat healthy food and exercise each day. However, their fun is often stopped by the town's laziest man, Robbie Rotten. He tries to make the children lazy again and tries to remove Sportacus and Stephanie from the town. Robbie's plans often fail. The show' has an educational message for viewers, and songs or dance numbers performed by the characters. Usually Stephanie is the lead singer or dancer.
Characters
Sportacus: Sportacus is the main protagonist, a mustached superhero who is a skilled athlete, often moving around by performing acrobatic flips and moves. He lives in an airship. Like Stephanie, he is a skilled singer and dancer. Played by Magnus Scheving (the creator of LazyTown).
Stephanie: Stephanie is a pink-haired girl who enjoys singing, dancing, and playing sports. Her favorite color is pink as seen with her hair, clothes, and other accessories. Played by Julianna Rose Mauriello and later by Chloe Lang.
Robbie Rotten: Robbie is the main antagonist, a lazy man who wants the children of LazyTown to remain indoors and be lazy. Played by Stefan Karl Stefansson.
Ziggy: A kindhearted boy who eats a lot of sweets and candy. He looks up to Sportacus. Voiced and puppetry by Gudmundur Thor Karason and Lorraine Parsloe in UK dub.
Pixel: An intelligent boy who lives in a house filled with robotic gadgets. He often plays video games and uses devices to perform simple tasks instead of doing them himself. Voiced by Kobie Powell and Chris Knowings. Puppetry by Ronald Binion and Julie Westwood and Joanna Ruiz in UK dub.
Stingy: A greedy and possessive boy who often claims that objects belong to him, even if they do not. He drives around in a car and owns a piggy bank called "Piggy." Voiced and puppetry by Jodi Eichelberger and Sarah Burgess/Julie Westwood in UK dub.
Trixie: A trouble-making girl who rides around on a scooter. Voiced and puppetry by Sarah Burgess and Aymee Garcia and Joanna Ruiz in UK dub.
Mayor Milford Meanswell: The town's mayor and Stephanie's uncle. Voiced and puppetry by David Matthew Feldman.
Bessie Busybody: The mayor's assistant. Voiced and puppetry by Julie Westwood.
Schlater, Mississippi

Schlater is a town in Leflore County, Mississippi, United States. The population was 310 at the 2010 census.
Andrew Horatio Reeder

Andrew Horatio Reeder (July 12, 1807 - July 5, 1864) was the first governor of the Territory of Kansas.
Early Life
Reeder was born on July 12, 1807 in Easton, Pennsylvania. He went to school in Lawrenceville, New Jersey. He became a lawyer in 1828 in Pennsylvania. In 1831, he married Frederika Amalia Hutter. They had three sons and seven daughters.
Kansas
Reeder supported the idea of popular sovereignty (where people in a state would decide whether a state becomes free or slave) about slavery. On June 29, 1854, President Franklin Pierce asked Reeder to be the governor of the Kansas Territory. He said yes. He would stay governor until August 16, 1855.
On March 30, 1855, many pro-slavery people from Missouri illegally voted in Kansas. Those people wanted Kansas to become a slave state. This caused a lot of violence between Missouri and Kansas, known as Bleeding Kansas. Reeder did not approve the results. He set up new elections.
President Franklin Pierce asked Reeder to quit. This is because Reeder did not let Kansas become a slave state.
Pennsylvania
Reeder came back to Pennsylvania. He was a part of the Republican Party. He stayed in politics and law. He died in Easton, Pennsylvania on July 5, 1864. He is buried in Easton Cemetery.
Émile Bouchard

Joseph Emile Alcide "Butch" Bouchard, CM, CQ (September 4, 1919 - April 14, 2012) was a Canadian ice hockey player who played defence with the Montreal Canadiens in the National Hockey League from 1941 to 1956. He is a member of the Hockey Hall of Fame, won four Stanley Cups, was captain of the Canadiens for eight years and was voted to the NHL All-Star Team four times.
Tray

A tray is a shallow container designed for carrying things.
Trays are flat, but with raised edges to stop things from sliding off of them. They are often rectangular, and may or may not have handles with which to carry them.
A butler's tray has a deeper surround, handles on the short sides (usually cut into the surround) so that it can be easily carried, and folding legs. It is used to carry drinks, and can be used as a side table.
Franconville

Franconville is the name of two communes in France:
Franconville, Meurthe-et-Moselle, in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department
Franconville, Val-d'Oise, in the Val-d'Oise department
A Division (New York City Subway)

The A Division is a division in the New York City Subway. It is made of IRT-operated services. Services in the A Division are given numbers, as opposed to Services in the B Division which are given letters.
Jim Meskimen

James Ross Meskimen (born September 10, 1959) is an American stand-up comedian and actor. He is also known for his voice-over work in video games.
Meskimen played the father of Mary-Kate Olsen and Ashley Olsen's characters in Our Lips Are Sealed and as Officer Wholihan in How the Grinch Stole Christmas.
He was the voice of the Genie in the Aladdin franchise, sometimes replacing Robin Williams.
Leavenworth County, Kansas

Leavenworth County (county code LV) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2010, 76,227 people lived there. Its county seat is Leavenworth. Leavenworth is also the biggest city in Leavenworth County.
Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that, is land and (1.3%) is water. It is the fifth-smallest county in Kansas.
People
The county is a part of the Kansas City, MO-KS Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Stanley Stair

Stanley Stair (October 1900 - April 2008) was the last British West Indies Regiment veteran. He enlisted into the Infantry in 1918. At the end of the war he was awarded the British War Medal and the Victory Medal.
He died in Animal Hill, Lucea, Jamaica, in April 2008 at the age of 107.
Argentine Chamber of Deputies

The Chamber of Deputies is the lower house of the Argentine National Congress. This Chamber is the only one to levy taxes; to draft troops; and to call the President, cabinet ministers, and members of the Supreme Court before the Senate. There are 257 seats. One-half of the members are elected every two years.
Members must be at least twenty-five years old. They must have been a resident of the province they represent for at least four years.
Each province has one deputy per 161,000 people. Then each province gets 3 more deputies. The minimum number of deputies is five.
Anti-tank dog

Anti-tank dogs were dogs with explosives placed on their backs. These dogs were trained to run under enemy tanks. The explosives were then remotely detonated in order to destroy the target tank.
These dogs were trained by the Soviet Union during World War II to be used against German armored vehicles. They were trained on Russian tanks, which used diesel fuel. In battle, the dogs often ran toward the smell of diesel fuel from the Soviet tanks instead of the intended German targets.
The German Army soon learned about the dogs, so all Russian dogs were shot on sight by the Germans. Very few dogs remained in the Eastern Front as a result of this.
After the war better weapons against tanks were made. Therefore, it is unlikely that anti-tank dogs will ever be used again.
Promised Land (movie)

Promised Land is a 2012 drama movie. It was directed by Gus Van Sant. It stars Matt Damon, John Krasinski, Frances McDormand, Hal Holbrook and Rosemarie DeWitt. The screenplay is written by Damon and Krasinski based on a story by Dave Eggers. The movie is about two corporate salespeople. They visit a rural town trying to buy drilling rights from local residents. This movie had a limited release in the United States on December 28, 2012. It was released nationwide on January 4, 2013.
Chay, Doubs

Chay is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comte in the Doubs department in east France.
Albuquerque, New Mexico

Albuquerque (also known by locals as Duke City or ABQ) is the largest city in the state of New Mexico and is the seat of Bernalillo County. It has a population of 559,277 as of 2016, making it the 32nd largest city proper in the United States.
The city was founded as Alburquerque in 1706, and is notable for its mix of European, Hispanic, and Native American populations and cultures. Albuquerque is located on the Rio Grande.
Interstate 40 and Interstate 25 meet at an interchange known as the Big I, and U.S. Route 66 used to run through Albuquerque along Central Avenue.
Events held in Albuquerque include:
Gathering of Nations, the largest pow-wow in North America
Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta, the largest hot air balloon festival in the world
The popular TV show Breaking Bad was set in Albuquerque between 2008 and 2010.
Climate
Albuquerque's climate is semi-arid. During the summer temperatures average highs in the 80s to 100s in degrees Fahrenheit (30s and 40s in degrees Celsius) and lows in the 60s and 70s oF (10s and 20s oC). During the winter temperatures average highs in the 40s and 50s oF (0s and 10s oC) and lows in the 20s and 30s oF (-0s and 0s oC).
Dominican University (Illinois)

Dominican University (DU) is a private Catholic university in River Forest, Illinois. It has a bachelor's and master's degrees, certificate programs. Dominican University offers more than 50 majors in the Rosary College of Arts and Sciences and 20 programs in five graduate academic divisions.
Wankel engine

The Wankel engine is a type of combustion engine. It is sometimes called a rotary engine. The Wankel engine is better than an engine of the reciprocating piston design because it is more compact and simple.
However, so far, nobody has found a good enough solution to the fact that oil (lubricant) has to be burnt along with the fuel. This causes pollution issues, besides wasting oil. This is why most vehicles still use piston engines.
History
Machines
Propulsion
The Wankel engine was first thought of by German engineer Felix Wankel in 1929. He started working on it in the early 1950s along with German car company NSU. Since, it has been used by various other car companies, but mostly in prototype cars. One exception was Mazda, which made several cars that used Wankel engines, with the most well known one being the Mazda RX-7. As of 2021, there are no cars in production that have Wankel engines.
Way it works
The Wankel engine works in a way similar to that of a regular four-stroke engine but instead of a piston going up and down, a triangle-shaped metal rotor revolves around the rod that connects to the wheels. Unfortunately, the way it works causes it to burn oil (lubricant), and this causes emissions to increase, which is why no cars use this kind of engine nowadays.
1480

Events
March 6 - Treaty of Toledo - Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain recognize African conquests of Afonso of Portugal and he cedes the Canary Islands to Spain
Great standing on the Ugra river - Muscovy becomes independent from the Golden Horde and Moscow becomes the capital of Russia.
Ludovico Sforza becomes Regent of Milan (reigns until 1499)
Concorts and co-rulers Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile initiate the Spanish Inquisition (looking for heretics in converted Jews)
Leonardo da Vinci invents the parachute
Mohamed II fails in his attempt to capture Rhodes from the Knights of Rhodes
Magdalen College School, Oxford starts.
The Inca Empire conquers northwest Argentina.
Births
Ferdinand Magellan, Portuguese explorer who was the first to sail around the world.
Pier Gerlofs Donia, a huge pirate who fought for the independence of Friesland.
Pir Sultan Abdal, Turkish poet.
Peter Henlein, German inventor who may have first invented the watch.
Fisheye lens

A fisheye lens (or fish eye lens) is a wide-angle lens, which has an very wide angle of view. Unlike normal wide angle lenses, fisheye lernses use Gnomonic projection, which will distort the image. Straight lines which do not run through the center of the image will be shown as curved ones. Common fisheye lenses have angles of view between 180 and 220 degrees. Prototypes have been built with angles of view as large as 270 and even 310 degrees. Due to their construction, conventional wide angle lenses cannot reach angles of view greater than 180 degrees. Even though they have very wide angles of view, fisheye lenses show less vignetting. Vignetting occurs when the border of the image is much darker than the center.
Because of their wide angle of view, fisheye lenses are often used in cameras used for surveillance.
Hugh Parmer

Hugh Quay Parmer (August 3, 1939 - May 27, 2020) was an American lawyer, businessman and Democratic politician. He was a member of the Texas House of Representatives from 1963 to 1965. He was later a member of the Texas Senate from 1983 to 1991. Between 1977 to 1979, he was Mayor of Fort Worth, Texas.
Parmer died in Fort Worth on May 27, 2020 at the age of 80.
Front 242

Front 242 is a Belgian electronic music group. They were famous during the 1980s. They are known for being a pioneer of electronic body music, and as an influence on the electronic and industrial music genres.
Front 242 was formed in 1981 in Aarschot, Belgium, by Daniel Bressanutti and Dirk Bergen. Patrick Codenys and Jean-Luc De Meyer had also formed a group called Under Viewer at around the same time. The two duos joined together in 1982. In 1983, Dirk Bergen left the band and Richard Jonckheere, called Richard 23, joined as vocalist.
In 1987, Front 242 signed with Wax Trax! Records in the U.S. and Red Rhino in Europe.
Band members
Jean-Luc De Meyer - vocals
Daniel Bressanutti - keyboards, programming, live mixing
Patrick Codenys - keyboards, programming, guitars, samplers
Richard Jonckheere, often credited as "Richard 23" - electronic percussion, vocals
Tim Kroker - electronic drums
Occasional band members and collaborators
Dirk Bergen - credited as keyboardist on Geography
Jean-Marc Pauly - credited for writing and composing vocals on 06:21:03:11 Up Evil
Pierre Pauly - credited for writing and composing vocals on 06:21:03:11 Up Evil
Kristin Kowalski - credited as writer, composer and vocalist on 05:22:09:12 Off, Animal, and Angels Versus Animals
Eran Westwood - credited as writer, composer and vocalist on 05:22:09:12 Off, Animal, and Angels Versus Animals
John Dubs - credited as writer and composer on Animal and Angels Versus Animals
Jean-Marc Lederman - credited as remixer on Angels Versus Animals.
2003 invasion of Iraq

The 2003 invasion of Iraq (March 20, 2003 - May 1, 2003) was the war fought by the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, Poland and some other countries against Iraq, to end the rule of Saddam Hussein. The main reason that the war started was said to be because the British and American Governments believed that Iraq had dangerous weapons of mass destruction (such as chemical or nuclear weapons) that could be used against other countries. This turned out after the invasion to not be true.
Another reason for the start of the war was that many people thought that Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, one of the leaders of al-Qaeda, was hiding in Iraq after the September 11, 2001 attacks. Though Saddam Hussein was not involved in the planning of the September 11 attacks, many people accused him of giving al-Qaeda a safe place to hide from the United States. The war was extremely controversial. Many British and American people blamed British Prime Minister Tony Blair and the American President, George W. Bush.
Paratroopers landed in the far north of Iraq and a few soldiers attacked from the sea, but most invaded from Kuwait in the south. 4,734 NATO soldiers were killed in Iraq war including 4,600 U.S. servicemen, 179 UK servicemen and 139 Other NATO soldiers with a total of 4900 casualties. 31,882 U.S. servicemen and over 3,600 UK servicemen were wounded in Iraq. More than 180,000 Iraqi civilians who were not soldiers were also killed.
Aftermath
On December 30 2008, US soldier Christopher Lotter was killed in Tikrit as retaliation for Saddam's execution on December 30 2006 Army Pfc. Christopher W. Lotter| Military Times.
On April 18 2010, ISIS leaders Abu Ayyub al-Masri and Abu Abdullah al-Rashid al-Baghdadi were killed in a raid of Tikrit in a safe house.
Antony, Hauts-de-Seine

Antony () is a French commune in the southern suburbs of Paris, France. It is from the centre of Paris.
Antony is a subprefecture of the Hauts-de-Seine department and the seat of the arrondissement of Antony.
Watered by the Bievre, a tributary of the Seine, Antony is located at the crossroads of very important transport routes, especially the main north-south axis which has existed for 2,000 years. Little urbanized until the early 20th century, the city grew considerably between the two wars, under Senator-Mayor Auguste Mounie, from 4,000 to 20,000 inhabitants. In the early 1960s the population quickly increased from 25,000 to 50,000 to accommodate the repatriated people from Algeria.
Michael Henderson

Michael Henderson (July 7, 1951 - July 19, 2022) was an American bass guitarist and singer-songwriter. He was known for his work with Miles Davis in the early 1970s. He was also known for his fusion albums such as Jack Johnson, Live-Evil, and Agharta.
Henderson died on July 19, 2022 in Atlanta, Georgia, two weeks after his 71st birthday.
Ranoidea exophthalmia

This article is about the frog from New Guinea. For the frog from Tanzania, see Leptopelis vermiculatus.
Ranoidea exophthalmia (also known as the big-eyed tree frog) is a tree frog from New Guinea. Scientists found it between 730 and 850 meters above sea level.
Voiceless alveolar trill

The voiceless alveolar trill differs from the voiced alveolar trill in its phonation (whether or not the vocal chords are vibrating while pronouncing the sound). It is used in a few languages. In languages that also have the voiced alveolar trill, it can be a similar sound or an allophone (another way a certain sound can be pronounced).
In Proto-Indo-European, the sound *sr became a sound spelled , with the letter for and the diacritic for , in Ancient Greek. This sound was probably a voiceless alveolar trill. It became the regular word-initial (meaning "at the start of a word") allophone of in standard Attic Greek. This sound has disappeared in Modern Greek.
Features
Features of the voiceless alveolar trill:
Examples
Alveolar
Voiceless alveolar fricative trill
The voiceless alveolar fricative trill is not known to be a sound in any language, except maybe the East Sakhalin dialect of Nivkh. However, it is an allophone (another way of pronouncing a specific sound) in Czech.
Features
Features of the voiceless alveolar fricative trill:
Its manner of articulation (how the sound is pronounced) is fricative trill, which means it is a non-sibilant fricative and a trill pronounced at the same time.
General Zod

General Zod (full name Dru-Zod) is a fictional Superman character who appears in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character, who first appeared in Adventure Comics #283 (April 1961), was created by Robert Bernstein and initially designed by George Papp. He is a super-villain from Superman's planet. He has the same powers and strength that he has. He was sent to Earth to kill Superman.
He was played by Terence Stamp in Superman and in Superman II. He was also played by Michael Shannon in Man of Steel and The Flash.
Total Film ranked Zod #32 on their "Top 50 Greatest Villains of All Time" list in 2007. Pop-culture website IGN.com ranked General Zod as #30 on their list of the "Top 100 Comic Book Villains", asserting that "Stamp is Zod.
Anouk Haars

Anouk Haars (born 28 December 1994) is a Dutch korfball player. She is a member of KZ/Hiltex and the Netherlands national korfball team.
She is a member of the national team since 2020. With the national team she won the gold medal at the 2022 World Games in Birmingham, Alabama.
Roosevelt Corollary

The Roosevelt Corollary was an addition to the Monroe Doctrine articulated by President Theodore Roosevelt in his State of the Union address in 1904 after the Venezuela Crisis of 1902-03.
Cave nebula

The Cave nebula is an emission nebula in the constellation of Cepheus. It is about 2,400 light-years away from Earth.
Brooke Astor

Brooke Astor (born Roberta Brooke Russell; March 30, 1902 - August 13, 2007) was an American philanthropist, socialite and author. She was the chairwoman for the Vincent Astor Foundation. The VAF was founded by her third husband, Vincent Astor, son of RMS Titanic passenger John Jacob Astor IV. Brooke Astor wrote two novels.
Astor was born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. She died in Briarcliff Manor, New York at age 105 from pneumonia.
Eurovision Song Contest 1957

The Eurovision Song Contest 1957 was the second edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. The contest was held on Sunday 3 March 1957 and was hosted in Frankfurt, West Germany by Anaid Iplicjian. All countries from the previous contest returned while the United Kingdom, Austria and Denmark made their debut.
Dying Light

Dying Light is a first person survival horror video game that was developed by Techland and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment. The game was released on 27th January 2015. The game is available on Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. It was revealed on May 23, 2013.
The game started to be developed in early 2012.
Paracel Islands

Paracel Islands is the name for a number of uninhabited atolls and reefs in the South China Sea. They are about from Hainan and about from Vietnam. Currently they are under the control of the People's Republic of China, but Taiwan and Vietnam also claim them. The islands are uninhabited.
The islands are located in the South China Sea consisting of over 30 islets, sandbanks and reefs with about of the ocean surface. The archipelago is approximately equidistant from the coastlines of Vietnam and China, southeast of Hainan Island, and about one-third of the way from central Vietnam to the northern Philippines. Turtles live on the islands, and seabirds have left nests and guano deposits, but there are no permanent human residents except military personnel and fishermen.
The islands are divided into two main groups. The Amphitrite group is in the northeast and the Crescent group is in the southwest, and they are located about from one another. Subject to hot and humid climate, with abundant rainfall and frequent typhoons, the archipelago is surrounded by productive fishing grounds and potential oil and gas reserves.
Cost of living

Cost of living is the amount of money it costs just to live in a certain place. It includes food, housing, etc.
Tim Means (environmentalist)

Timothy "Timoteo" Irwin Means Heinemann (March 18, 1944 - August 13, 2019) was an American-Mexican ecotourism and environmentalist. He was born in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania. He was known for his works for the protection and preservation of the Baja California peninsula and its wildlife. He played an important role in the Federal government of Mexico's designation of Isla Espiritu Santo as an area of ecological and national protected area in 1994. His works were acknowledged by the UNESCO.
Means died in San Diego, California on August 13, 2019 from problems caused by diabetes, aged 75.
Heber Springs, Arkansas

Heber Springs is a city in the US state of Arkansas.
Discovery Channel Pro Cycling Team

The Discovery Channel Pro Cycling Team was a professional bicycle racing team.
The US Postal Service stopped was the sponsor of the team until 2004. The Discovery Channel took over sponsorship in June 2004 in time for the new UCI ProTour
On February 10 2007 Discovery Channel ended its sponsorship of the team at the end of the 2007 season. The decision to end its sponsorship is believed to be related to the firing of Discovery Networks president Billy Campbell by David Zaslav, Zaslav became the new president of Discovery Communications that same day.
On 10 August 2007, the team's licence holders, Tailwind Sports, said that the team would stop racing at the end of the year. They could not find a new sponsor and blamed that on bad publicity about doping in the 2007 Tour de France.
Members
The most well known member of the Discovery Channel team was Lance Armstrong. He won the Tours de France seven times before he retired in 2005.
Caldbeck

Caldbeck is a village and civil parish in Allerdale, Cumbria, England. In 2001 there were 714 people living in Caldbeck.
Extinct language

An extinct language is a language that no longer is the first language or the second language of anyone. The opposite of a modern language, an extinct language is not spoken anymore and so no longer develops or changes. The first recorded example in human history is Sumerian.
It is not to be confused with a dead language, such as Latin, which is still spoken as a second language.
Recently-extinct languages
With last known speaker and/or date of death.
Adai: (late 19th century)
Akkala Sami: Marja Sergina (2003)
entire Alsean family
Alsea: John Albert (1942)
Yaquina: (1884)
Apalachee: (early 18th century)
Atakapa: (early 20th century)
Atsugewi: (1988)
Beothuk: Shanawdithit (a.k.a. "Nancy April") (1829)
entire Catawban family:
Catawba: before 1960
Woccon
Cayuse: (ca. 1930s)
Chemakum: (ca. 1940s)
Chicomuceltec: (late 20th century)
Chimariko: (ca. 1930s)
Chitimacha: Benjamin Paul (1934) & Delphine Ducloux (1940)
entire Chumashan family: Barbareno language was last to become extinct.
Barbareno: Mary Yee (1965)
Ineseno
Island Chumash
Obispeno
Purisimeno
Ventureno
Coahuilteco: (18th century)
Cochimi (a Yuman-Cochimi language): (early 19th century)
entire Comecrudan family
Comecrudo: recorded from children (Andrade, Emiterio, Joaquin, & others) of last speakers in 1886
Garza: last recorded in 1828
Mamulique: last recorded in 1828
entire Coosan family
Hanis: Martha Johnson (1972)
Miluk: Annie Miner Peterson (1939)
Cornish: (Dolly Pentreath, last fluent speaker, died 1777) (undergoing attempts at revival)
all Costanoan languages (which make up a subfamily of the Utian language family): (ca. 1940s)
Karkin
Mutsun
Northern Costanoan:
Ramaytush
Chochenyo
Tamyen
Awaswas
Rumsen: last recorded speaker died 1939 in Monterey, California.
Chalon
Cotoname: last recorded from Santos Cavazos and Emiterio in 1886
Esselen: report of few speakers left in 1833, extinct before end 19th century
Gabrielino (an Uto-Aztecan language): elderly speakers last recorded in 1933
Galice-Applegate (an Athabaskan language):
Galice dialect: Hoxie Simmons (1963)
Juaneno (an Uto-Aztecan language): last recorded in 1934
Kakadu (Gagadju): Big Bill Neidjie (July 2002)
entire Kalapuyan family:
Central Kalapuya:
Ahantchuyuk, Luckimute, Mary's River, and Lower McKenzie River dialects: last speakers were about 6 persons who were all over 60 in 1937
Santiam dialect: (ca. 1950s)
Northern Kalapuya:
Tualatin dialect: Louis Kenoyer (1937)
Yamhill dialect: Louisa Selky (1915)
Yonkalla: last recorded in 1937 from Laura Blackery Albertson who only partly remembered it.
Scoring (cricket)

Scoring in cricket is a way of showing how well each team did during the game; it shows which team had more runs (points), as well as sometimes showing how well each of their players did during the game.
Winning scores
A game of cricket is won by the team with more runs at the end of the game, so long as the team with fewer runs has completed all of its innings. In games of cricket with time limits, there can be a "draw" result, which means no team wins if not enough innings are completed on time (the follow-on is one way that teams try to stop this from happening). When a game of cricket is played with multiple innings per team, the winning team can sometimes win while batting fewer times than its opponent; how many fewer times they batted is sometimes shown in their score.
Although a team's victory is based only on runs and innings (and sometimes the time limit of the game), team scores can also show, sometimes during different innings, the number of wickets lost by (batters who are out on) a team, as well as the number of balls/deliveries (which can also be shown as overs) batted by the team. These last two things can be useful to know because in most forms of cricket, a team's innings will almost always end either when almost all players on the team are out, or in games of cricket where each team had limits on the number of legal deliveries that could be bowled to them, they have batted a certain number of legal deliveries.
Dohnsen

Dohnsen is a village administered by the Lower Saxon town of Bergen in northern Celle on the Luneburg Heath in North Germany. It is east of Bergen.
AfriMusic Song Contest

The AfriMusic Song Contest is a pan-African song contest based in the ESC. Different singers representing an African country celebreted since 2018 to present.
Kirby's Pinball Land

Kirby's Pinball Land is a pinball video game that was developed by HAL Laboratory and published by Nintendo in 1993. It is for the Game Boy game console. It is the first spin-off game in the Kirby series. It was later released for the Virtual Console service on the Nintendo 3DS in 2012.
The game features three pinball tables. Each table has three floors. The player earns points by bouncing off of walls and bumpers, and by defeating enemies. Players can also earn Maxim Tomatoes, which stops the player from losing a ball for a short amount of time. On the middle and top floors is a Warp Star. If the player takes the Warp Star on the middle floor, the player can play a minigame to earn extra points and multipliers. The Warp Star on the top floor takes the player to the boss of the table. After defeating a boss, the player can earn another life by spelling out the word "Extra" with the letters that appear on the table selection screen. After the player plays all three tables, they face against King Dedede. Defeating King Dedede allows the player to play the tables again for a higher score.
Irgenhausen

Irgenhausen is a village of the municipality of Pfaffikon in the Swiss canton of Zurich.
Visací zámek

Visaci zamek () is a Czech punk rock band. The band was formed in 1982. This band is thought to be the oldest Czech punk band. Its early work influenced the sound of an entire generation of bands. The early works of Visaci zamek are strongly influenced by early nihilism and post-modernism.
Gary Brooker

Gary Brooker, (29 May 1945 - 19 February 2022) was an English singer-songwriter and pianist. He was the founder and lead singer of the rock band Procol Harum. His genres included hard rock, progressive rock and jazz. His career began in 1962. Brooker was born in London, England.
In June 2003, he was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE).
Brooker died from cancer at his London home on 19 February 2022, at the age of 76.
Hanalei, Hawaii

Hanalei is a census-designated place in Kauai County, Hawaii, United States. The population was 450 at the 2010 census. Hanalei means "lei making" in Hawaiian. Hanalei also means "crescent bay," coming from the shape of Hanalei Bay.
Geography
Hanalei is located next to Hanalei River on the north shore of the island of Kauai.
According to the United States Census Bureau, Hanalei has a total area of 0.8 square miles (2.1 km2), of which 0.6 square miles (1.6 km2) is land and 0.2 square miles (0.52 km2) is water. The total area is 20.73% water.
History
Imperial Russia
People from the Russian Empire lived here in the 19th century. In 1815 the German physician Georg Anton Schaffer, who worked with the Russian-American Company, came to Hanalei to get goods taken by Kaumualii. Schaffer got involved in Hawaiian politics and heard of Kaumuali`i's plan to take back his kingdom of Kauai from Kamehameha I with the help of the Russian Empire. Kaumuali`i later signed a "treaty" granting Tsar Alexander I protectorate over Kauai. An area near Hanalei used to be part of Russian America.
Demographics
At the 2000 census, there were 478 people, 193 households and 115 families residing in Hanalei. The population density was 736.7 per square mile (283.9/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 57% White, 18% Asian, 3% Pacific Islander, <1% from other races, and 21% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.81% of the population.
There were 193 households of which 25% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40% were married couples living together, 10% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40% were non-families.
The median household income was $34,375, and the median family income was $55,750. About 22% of families and 25% of the population were below the poverty line, including 33% of those under the age of 18 and none of those 65 and older.
Climate
The climate of Hanalei is mild.
Natural Bridge, Alabama

Natural Bridge is a town of Winston County in the state of Alabama, in the United States. It is near the intersection of U.S. Highway 278, Alabama Highway 13, and Alabama State Route 5.
Peter Varghese

Peter Joseph Noozhumurry Varghese (born 1956) is an Australian diplomat and public servant. He has been the Secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade since 3 December 2012.
Varghese was born in Kenya to Nasrani parents from Kerala, India. He moved to Australia as a child in 1964. He studied history and graduated from the University of Queensland. He is married and has a son.
Alfred Pfaff

Alfred Pfaff (born 16 July, 1926) is a former German football player. He has played for West Germany national team.
Reeva Steenkamp

Reeva Rebecca Steenkamp (19 August 1983 - 14 February 2013) was a South African model and television personality. At the time of her death, she had been filming her part for the reality television show Tropika Island of Treasure. The series was filmed in Jamaica. As a model, she had a contract with Capacity Relations. She was also a presenter for FashionTV.
Steenkamp was born in Cape Town and raised in Port Elizabeth. Her parents are Barry Steenkamp, a horse trainer, and his second wife June. She was of Dutch and German ancestry. During her early twenties, she broke her back in a horse riding fall, and had to learn how to walk again. She was a paralegal. She dated rugby union player Francois Hougaard. At the time of her death, Steenkamp was dating Paralympic and Olympic athlete Oscar Pistorius.
Steenkamp was shot dead by her boyfriend Oscar Pistorius on 14 February 2013 in Pretoria. She was 29. Pistorius was arrested and charged with murder. He claims he thought she was an intruder. After a very public trial, Pistorius was charged with culpable homicide on 12 September 2014.
Electoral district of Hawkesbury

Hawkesbury is an electoral district of New South Wales. It was created in 1859, abolished in 1920 and recreated in 1927.
It is a conservative electorate. Hawkesbury contains a variety of places, including the far northern outskirts of Sydney, a small part of the Central Coast, and some rural towns.
Arauca, Arauca

Arauca is a city in Colombia. It is the capital of Arauca Department.
Doğan Akhanlı

Dogan Akhanli (; 18 March 1957 - 31 October 2021) was a Turkish-born German writer. His works focused on genocides of the 20th century, such as those affecting Armenians and the Jews. His works criticized Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan and often got him arrested.
Akhanli died from cancer on 31 October 2021 at the age of 64 in Berlin.
Khamnung Kikoi Louonbi

Khamnung Kikoi Louonbi () is a primordial goddess in Meitei mythology and religion. She is the divine feminine personification of the death. She carries off the souls of people to the underworld () when the time allotted to them to live had expired. If any soul is not willing to accompany her, then she will either serve it a false magical fruit to agree with her conducts or transform herself into the looks of a person, who is the dearest to the soul, especially that of mother, and persuade it (the soul). By any means, she will bring the souls of the dead people to the netherworld. She is the consort of Thongalel, the God of the death and the ruler of the underworld. She is said to be created from the very body of Salailen Sidaba, the Supreme Being.
Knock it down!

Knock it down! is a 1991 Hungarian comedy movie directed by Peter Timar and starring Pap Vera, Sandor Gaspar, Karoly Eperjas, Eszenyi Eniko, Robert Koltai, Mari Torocsik, Jeno Kiss.
Zinc finger

Zinc finger nucleases (or ZFN) was a tool used to target genes and change DNA. It was one of three methods of changing the genome with engineered nucleases. It is now superseded.
Zinc fingers are man-made molecules made of a protein and zinc. Each binds to a specific DNA. Zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) are enzymes got by fusing a zinc finger to a DNA cleavage enzyme called a Fokl. So the ZFN binds onto a specific DNA sequence, then snips it in two places. Regular cell enzymes stick the ends together, minus the bit snipped out (DNA repair).
Each ZFN is made to use on a single gene which is called a "target gene" or "target DNA". They can be designed to work on specific parts of genes to create a desired change. The two types of DNA changes are mutations such as deletions and insertions. Genetics research looks at the mutated subjects (animals, plants, bacteria) to find out what the particular gene does.
Zinc finger structure
'Zinc finger' is the name of many protein structures. The zinc atom binds the proteins and makes them more stable. ZFNs bind to DNA base pairs. One zinc finger can bind about 3 base pairs by itself.
ZFN function
Zinc finger nucleases are made with 3-6 zinc fingers. ZFNs have two important domains: a DNA-binding domain and a DNA-cleavage domain. The DNA-cleavage domain uses an enzyme called Fokl that breaks DNA.
ZFN's can only change DNA sequences they are designed for. The DNA-binding domain binds to a specific DNA sequence. Two ZFN's designed for the same DNA sequence are needed change one gene. The DNA-binding domains bind to both strands on the DNA double helix. DNA-cleaving domains break the DNA strand and cut the gene base pairs out. Cells fix broken DNA strands on their own using DNA repair. Deletion mutations result from missing base pairs after DNA repair.
The length of target gene sequence can also be specified. A minimum of 9 base pairs can be changed using 3 zinc fingers. This is useful for removing and inserting very short DNA sequences and determining their effect on the target gene. Also large sequences can be changed using more than one ZFN.
Use of ZFNs
ZFNs were used to discover gene functions in many genetics studies. ZFNs could be used to change DNA on any species. Another feature of ZFNs is that they can be used in vivo (in living organisms). They were used on model organisms: plants, insects, and fish.
Problems using ZFNs
The biggest issue with ZFNs was accidentally altering genes besides the target gene. A ZFN must be made to find the right base pairs on the target gene. These base pairs are chosen so only the target gene will have them. DNA-cleavage domains work on any DNA sequence so binding to a wrong gene sequence will change it instead. ZFNs that knock out base pairs for more than one gene are not considered accurate.
Superseded
ZFNs have now been superseded by techniques called CRISPR. Crisper techniques are easier to use, less costly and have a much wider range of uses.
Freak

"Freak" is a song by the Australian rock band Silverchair. It was released in January 1997 as a single, and was later released the next month on their second album, Freak Show. It reached number-one on the charts in Australia, becoming their second of three number-one singles there.
It was written by the group's lead singer and guitarist Daniel Johns, as well as the group's drummer, Ben Gillies.
FHM

FHM or For Him Magazine is an international monthly magazine. The magazine began publication in 1985 in the United Kingdom under the name For Him and changed its title to FHM in 1994, although the full For Him Magazine continues to be printed on the spine of each issue. Founded by Chris Astridge, the magazine was a predominantly fashion-based publication distributed through high street men's fashion outlets. Circulation expanded to newsagents as a quarterly by the spring of 1987. FHM was sold from EMAP to Bauer in December 2007.