kenhktsui/simple_wikipedia_LM_quality_score_v1 huggingface dataset:
Chaonians

The Chaonians () were an ancient Greek tribe that lived in the region of Epirus that is today part of northwestern Greece and southern Albania. It was part of the northwestern group of Greek tribes together with the Molossians and the Thesprotians.
Name
The Greek names "Chaonia" (Khaonia) and "Chaones/Chaonians" (Khaones) both come from "Chaon" (Khaon, *khaw-on) meaning "place with gorges".
History
The Chaonians are first mentioned by the Greek historian Thucydides in the 5th century BC.
The Greek historian Strabo says that the Chaonians and the Molossians were the most famous tribes of Epirus, because they once ruled all of Epirus.
The Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax refers to the Chaonians as separate from the Illyrians.
The Greek historian Polybius says that the Illyrians raided the Chaonian city of Phoenice in 230 BC. Many Italian traders who were at the city when the raid happened were killed or enslaved resulting in the Roman Republic starting the Illyrian Wars the next year.
Politics and culture
The Chaonians were settled Kata Komas (), meaning in a group of villages, and established a tribal state in the 5th century BC.
The Greek historian Thucydides says that their leaders were chosen yearly and names two such leaders: Photius and Nikanor.
They were connected to other Greek tribes in Epirus () such as the Thesprotians and Molossians. The Chaonians joined the Epirote League, a federation of Greek tribes founded in 325/320 BC that ruled Epirus until the Romans conquered the region in 170 BC.
The Chaonians participated in the ancient Olympic games and festivals where only Greeks were allowed to attend.
List of Chaonians
Photius and Nicanor, leaders of the Chaonians in the Peloponnesian War (circa 431-421 BC).
Doropsos , theorodokos in Epidauros (circa 365 BC).
Antanor (son of Euthymides), proxenos in Delphi (325-275 BC).
Peukestos, proxenos in Thyrrheion, Acarnania (3rd century BC) .
Myrtilos, officer who gave proxeny decree to Boeotian Kallimelos (late 3rd century BC).
Boiskos (son of Messaneos), prostates (late 3rd century BC) (the Greek word prostates means "ruler").
Lykidas (son of Hellinos), prostates (circa 232-168 BC).
-tos (son of Lysias), winner in Pale (wrestling) Panathenaic Games (194/193 BC).
Charops, father of Machatas, father of Charops the Younger - philoroman politicians (2nd century BC).
Poses

Poses is an album by Rufus Wainwright.
Track listing
All songs written by Wainwright, unless otherwise noted.
Amyipunga armaticollis

Amyipunga armaticollis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Zajciw in 1964.
Miniatur Wunderland

Miniatur Wunderland (German for 'miniature wonderland') is a model railway and miniature airport museum in Hamburg, Germany. It is the largest model railway in the world.
The railroad consists of about 16 km (9.9 miles) of tracks. The museum is organized by geographical regions. These include the made-up town of Knuffingen, Knufflingen Airport (based on the Hamburg airport), Austria, Hamburg, Central Germany, America, Scandinavia, Switzerland, Italy, and South America. The model occupies 1,545 m2 (16,630 sq ft) space.
The models include the following: 1,300 trains, over 10,000 carriages, over 100,000 vehicles, 500,000 lights, 130,000 trees, and 400,000 human figurines.
There are plans to include other regions such as Central America, the Caribbean, Asia, England, Africa, and The Netherlands.
InterContinental Chicago Magnificent Mile

InterContinental Chicago Magnificent Mile is a hotel in Chicago, Illinois, United States. The hotel currently occupies two multi-story buildings. The historic tower, or "South Tower," is a , 42-story building which was completed in 1929 originally as the home of the Medinah Athletic Club. The new tower, or "North Tower" is a , 28-story addition, completed in 1961.
Condolence book

A condolence book or book of condolence is a book in which people may write their condolences after a death or great tragedy.
After the death of a leading figure or great disaster, condolence books are put in public places for members of the general public to use. When closed, the books are given to the relatives.
After especially notable deaths, official records of the condolences may be reprinted. For example, after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, the Government Printing Office published a leather-bound, gilt-edged collection of official condolences in 1867.
Ksenia Khairova

Ksenia Leonidovna Khairova (, born Talyzina (); March 29, 1969) is a Soviet and Russian stage and movie actress.
Biography
Early life
Ksenia Leonidovna Talyzina was born in Moscow on March 29, 1969. Her parents divorced shortly after her birth.
She went school with in-depth study of languages.
In 1990 she graduated GITIS (Eugeny Lazarev's rate).
Career
Her first role was a small part in the movie Nikolai Vavilov.
She is actress TSATRA.
She now acts mostly in series.
Personal life
She divorced Khairov. They have a daughter, Anastasia Talyzina (born in 1999).
Naples, Idaho

Naples is a small unincorporated community in Boundary County, in the far north of Idaho, United States. It lies south of the city of Bonners Ferry and north of Sandpoint.
The Ruby Ridge standoff of 1992, between federal agencies and the Randy Weaver family, took place about from the city.
It was named after the Italian city.
Silvio Marzolini

Silvio Marzolini (4 October 1940 - 17 July 2020) was an Argentine football player. He was known as the best Argentine left back of all time. He played for the Argentina national football team in the 1962 FIFA World Cup and the 1966 FIFA World Cup. Marzolini played a total of 28 games for Argentina.
Marzolini died on 17 July 2020 in Buenos Aires from problems caused by cancer, heart disease and a stroke, aged 79.
Fernandel

Fernand Joseph Desire Contandin was a French actor and singer. He is usually called Fernandel.
He was born on 8 May 1903 in Marseille, France. He acted in comedies for vaudeville and operettas. He was best known for his role in the Don Camillo series of movies. His first Hollywood movie was Around the World in Eighty Days.
Fernandel died 26 February 1971 from lung cancer. He is buried in the Cimetiere de Passy, Paris, France.
Mambéré-Kadéï

Mambere-Kadei is one of the 16 prefectures of the Central African Republic. Its capital is Berberati.
Until 1992, it was named Haute-Sangha.
Zion

Zion is one of the seventy names of Jerusalem, and in the Bible is the second name for Jerusalem after the name "Jerusalem". The name "Zion" originally revolves around a certain area in the city. It is customary to delineate the site in the eastern and southern part of Jerusalem during the Second Temple period, including the City of David, the Ophel and Mount Moriah.
1910 England–Belgium women's fencing competition

The 1910 England-Belgium women's fencing competition was a women's fencing competition of British women from the Bertrands Fencing Academy in London againt a team from Belgium. It took place in London in 1910. It was one of the earliest international women's fencing competitions. The competition was won by the Belgian team.
George L. Banks

George Lovell Banks (October 13, 1839 - August 20, 1924) was an American soldier. He received the Medal of Honor for valor during the American Civil War.
Biography
Banks was born in Lake County, Ohio October 13, 1839. He served in the American Civil War in the 15th Indiana Infantry for the Union Army. He received the Medal of Honor on February 18, 1891 because of his actions at the Battle of Missionary Ridge.
Medal of Honor citation
Citation:
As color bearer, led his regiment in the assault, and, though wounded, carried the nag forward to the enemy's works, where he was again wounded. In a brigade of 8 regiments this flag was the first planted on the parapet.
Stickney Township, Cook County, Illinois

Stickney Township is one of 29 townships in Cook County, Illinois, USA. As of the 2010 census, its population was 40,772.
Jennifer Lawrence

Jennifer Shrader Lawrence (born August 15, 1990) is an American actress. She appeared in Time's list of most influential people in the world in 2013, and has won an Academy Award, a BAFTA Award, three Golden Globe Awards and two Screen Actors Guild Awards, among other accolades.
Lawrence first became known for appearing on The Bill Engvall Show (2007-2009), and had her breakthrough with Winter's Bone (2010). She went on to starring roles in the X-Men film series (2011-2019) and The Hunger Games film series (2012-2015), and is the highest-grossing action heroine. She won the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Actress for her work in Silver Linings Playbook (2012), and earned an additional two Golden Globe Awards for starring in American Hustle (2013) and Joy (2015). She subsequently played roles in Passengers (2016), mother! (2017) and Red Sparrow (2018).
Career
In 2010, Lawrence played Ree Dolly in Winter's Bone. In 2012, she played Katniss Everdeen in The Hunger Games franchise. In 2013, she won an Oscar for Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role. That year, she also won a Golden Globe for Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy.
Personal life
Lawrence is of English, Scottish, Irish and German descent. As of August 2013, Lawrence is dating X-Men: First Class and X-Men: Days of Future Past co-star Nicholas Hoult. The couple started dating in 2011 after filming X-Men: First Class, but ended their relationship in January 2013, after 2 years of dating. They reconnected 6 months later in July 2013, after filming X-Men: Days of Future Past together.
Filmography
Film
Television
Awards and nominations
Lawrence has been the recipient of an Academy Award, two Golden Globe Awards, two Screen Actors Guild Award, four Critic's Choice Movie Awards, a Independent Spirit Award, a Venice Film Festival Award, a Palm Springs International Film Festival Award, a Saturn Award, a Satellite Award and several other awards. She was named the Associated Press' Entertainer of the Year for 2013.
Shin-Soo Choo

Shin-Soo Choo (born July 13, 1982 in Busan, South Korea) is a South Korean baseball player. He is a center fielder for the Texas Rangers of Major League Baseball (MLB). Choo also played for the Seattle Mariners from 2005-2006 and the Cleveland Indians from 2006-2012.
Choo was required to serve 2 years in the South Korea military service before he turns 30 in 2012. However, he was exempted from military service due to his contribution to the Korean National Baseball team winning the Gold Medal in the 2010 Asian Games
He is married and lives near Phoenix, Arizona.
Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution

The Fourth Amendment (Amendment IV) to the United States Constitution prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures and requires any search warrant to be judicially sanctioned and supported by probable cause. It is part of the Bill of Rights. The Fourth amendment was adopted in response to the abuse of the writ of assistance, a type of general search warrant issued by the British government. It was a major source of tension in pre-Revolutionary America. The Fourth Amendment was introduced in Congress in 1789 by James Madison, along with the other amendments in the Bill of Rights. They were proposed in response to Anti-Federalist objections to the new Constitution.
Congress sent 12 amendments to the states in August of 1789. Of these, 10 were approved by the states. The last state, Virginia ratified the amendments (including the fourth amendment) on December 15, 1791. On March 1, 1792, Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson announced the adoption of the amendment.
The Bill of Rights did initially apply to the states. Also, federal criminal investigations were less common in the first century of the nation's history. For these reasons there is little case law for the Fourth Amendment before the 20th century. The amendment was held to apply to the states in Mapp v. Ohio (1961).
Under the Fourth Amendment, search and seizure (including arrest) should be limited in scope to specific information supplied to the issuing court. This is usually by a law enforcement officer who has sworn by it. Fourth Amendment case law deals with three central questions. What government activities constitute "search" and "seizure"? What constitutes probable cause for these actions? How should violations of Fourth Amendment rights be addressed? Early court decisions limited the amendment's scope to a law enforcement officer's physical intrusion onto private property. But with Katz v. United States (1967), the Supreme Court held that its protections, such as the warrant requirement, extend to the privacy of individuals as well as physical locations. Law enforcement officers need a warrant for most search and seizure activities. But the Court has defined a series of exceptions for consent searches, motor vehicle searches, evidence in plain view, exigent circumstances, border searches, and other situations.
The exclusionary rule is one way the amendment is enforced. Established in Weeks v. United States (1914), this rule holds that evidence obtained through a Fourth Amendment violation is generally inadmissible at criminal trials. Evidence discovered as a later result of an illegal search may also be inadmissible as "fruit of the poisonous tree," unless it inevitably would have been discovered by legal means.
Steve Sidwell

Steve Sidwell (born 14 December 1982) is an English football player. He plays for Aston Villa.
Brian De Palma

Brian Russell De Palma (born September 11, 1940) is an American movie director, producer and screenwriter. He was born in Newark, New Jersey to Italian American Roman Catholic parents Anthony De Palma (1904-2005) and Vivienne (nee Muti). He was raised in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and in New Hampshire.
De Palma directed Carrie, The Fury, Dressed to Kill, Blow Out, Scarface, Body Double, Wise Guys, The Untouchables, Casualties of War, The Bonfire of the Vanities, Raising Cain, Carlito's Way, Mission: Impossible, Snake Eyes, Mission to Mars, Femme Fatale and The Black Dahlia.
Two Guys from Texas

Two Guys from Texas is a 1948 American musical comedy movie directed by David Butler and starring Dennis Morgan, Jack Carson, Dorothy Malone, Forrest Tucker, Fred Clark, Mel Blanc. It was distributed by Warner Bros. and is the follow up to the 1946 movie Two Guys from Milwaukee.
R. D. Call

Roy Dana Call (February 16, 1950 - February 27, 2020) was an American actor. He appeared in several movies including 48 Hrs. (1982), Brewster's Millions (1985), At Close Range (1986), No Man's Land (1987), Colors (1988), Born on the Fourth of July (1989), Young Guns II (1990), State of Grace (1990), Waterworld (1995), Murder by Numbers (2002), Babel (2006), and Into the Wild (2007).
He was born in Ogden, Utah. Call was of the Mormon faith. He died on February 27, 2020 from back surgery-related problems at the age of 70.
Woodford, Vermont

Woodford is a town in Bennington County, Vermont, United States.
Kimstad

Kimstad is a locality in Norrkoping Municipality in Ostergotland County in Sweden. In 2010, 1,510 people lived there.
Flag of Oklahoma

The flag and banner of the U.S. state of Oklahoma is made up of a Osage Nation buffalo-skin shield with seven eagle feathers on a sky blue background.
Great Neck, New York

Great Neck is a region on Long Island, New York, that covers 9 villages, such as the villages of Great Neck, Great Neck Estates, Great Neck Plaza, and Russell Gardens. The incorporated village of Great Neck had a population of 9,989 at the 2010 census.
Castizo

Castizo (ca-STEE-tzo) is a Spanish term for a person who is around 3/4 Caucasian and 1/4 Indigenous ancestry.
Castizos are mostly found in the Southern cone region of Latin America (especially Chile, Argentina and Brazil), Costa Rica, as well as parts of Northern and Western Mexico, many of the Canadian Metis (those of mixed French-Canadian and First Nations ancestry) and Mixed-Blood Americans (those who mixed of Anglo-American and Native Americans from the United States) are Castizos.
Castizos usually have more Caucasian traits, but many can have light features, but with heavy Native American features, while many can have a dark Native American-like pigmentation, but totally Caucasian features.
Famous Castizos include Johnny Depp, Gael Garcia Bernal, and Enrique Pena Nieto, it's unknown whether they are genetically Castizo, but based on their phenotype, they appear to be.
Melbourne Victory FC

Melbourne Victory F.C. is a soccer club which plays in Australia. This club plays its home matches at both Etihad Stadium and AAMI Park, depending on how many people are expected to watch the game.
Current Team
Players with multiple nationalities
Players can legally represent more than one country, which depends on their citizenship and heritage.
Stacy Martin

Stacy Martin (born 20 March 1990) is a French-English actress. She is best known for her role as the younger version of Charlotte Gainsbourg's character Joe in Nymphomaniac. Martin also appeared as J. Paul Getty's secretary in Ridley Scott's All the Money in the World.
Martin was born in Paris. She lives in London with her partner Daniel Blumberg.
Nikolai Fyodorovich Fyodorov

Nikolai Fyodorovich Fyodorov was a Russian philosopher who wanted to make everyone immortal.
Hampden, Massachusetts

Hampden is a town in Hampden County, Massachusetts, United States.
Stephen Turnbull

Stephen Richard Turnbull (born 6 February 1948) is a British academic, historian and writer. He is a specialist in Far Eastern military history. He is best known for his writing about the samurai of Japan.
Early life
Turnbull earned a degree at Cambridge University.
Further studies led to his earning an MA in Theology and an MA in Military History. He was awarded a PhD from the University of Leeds.
Career
Turnbull is a lecturer in Far Eastern Religions at Leeds.
Selected works
In an overview of writings by and about Louis-Frederic, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 100+ works in 400+ publications in 15 languages and 15,000+ library holdings.
This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.
Samurai armies, 1550-1615, 1979
The Mongols, 1980
The Book of the Samurai, 1982
The Book of the Medieval Knight, 1985
Samurai Warriors, 1987
Samurai Warlords: The Book of the Daimyo, 1989
Ninja: The True Story of Japan's Secret Warrior Cult, 1991
The Samurai: A Military History, 1996
Samurai Warfare, 1997
The Samurai Sourcebook, 1998
Nagashino 1575: Slaughter at the Barricades, 2000
Ashigaru 1467-1649: Weapons, Armour, Tactics, 2001
The Knight Triumphant: The High Middle Ages, 1314-1485, 2001
Samurai Heraldry, 2002
Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War, 1592-1598, 2002
War in Japan: 1467-1615, 2002
Genghis Khan & the Mongol Conquests 1190-1400, 2003
Japanese castles, 1540-1640, 2003
Japanese Warrior Monks AD 949-1603, 2003
Kawanakajima 1553-1564: Samurai Power Struggle, 2003
Ninja AD 1460-1650, 2003
Tannenberg 1410: Disaster for the Teutonic Knights, 2003
The Walls of Constantinople: AD 324-1453, 2004
Warriors of Medieval Japan, 2005
Samurai Commanders, 2005
Samurai: the world of the warrior, 2006
The Samurai Swordsman: Master of War, 2008
Honors
British Association for Japanese Studies, Cannon Prize.
Jewett City, Connecticut

Jewett City is a borough in northern New London County, Connecticut. It is in the eastern part of the state near the Rhode Island state line. Jewett City is part of the town of Griswold. At the 2020 United States Census, the borough's population was 3,328.
Jewett City was named for Eliezer Jewett. He founded a settlement in this region in 1771.
Marcel Duchamp

Marcel Duchamp (28 July 1887 - 2 October 1968) was a French artist whose work is most often associated with the Dadaist and Surrealist movements. Duchamp's output influenced the development of post-World War I Western art. He advised modern art collectors, such as Peggy Guggenheim and other prominent figures, thereby helping to shape the tastes of Western art during this period.
A playful man, Duchamp challenged conventional thought about artistic processes and art marketing, not so much by writing, but through subversive actions such as dubbing a urinal art and naming it Fountain. This approach would 50 years later be called conceptual art, though he himself used the term 'ready-mades' for this idea. He produced relatively few artworks, while moving quickly through the avant-garde circles of his time.
The creative act is not performed by the artist alone; the spectator brings the work in contact with the external world by deciphering and interpreting its inner qualifications and thus adds his contribution to the creative act.
Duchamp and chess
Upon his return to Paris in 1923, Duchamp was, in essence, no longer a practicing artist. Instead, he played chess, which he studied for the rest of his life to the exclusion of most other activities.
Duchamp can be seen, very briefly, playing chess with Man Ray in the short film Entr'acte (1924) by Rene Clair. During this period his fascination with chess so distressed his first wife that she glued his pieces to the board. Duchamp continued to play in the French Championships and also in the Chess Olympiads from 1928-1933, favoring hypermodern openings such as the Nimzo-Indian.
Henry V of England

Henry V (16 September 1386 - 31 August 1422), was the King of England from 1413 to 1422. He was born at Monmouth, Wales. It is not known whether he was born on 9 August 1386 or 16 September 1387.
Henry V was the son of Henry Bolingbroke, later Henry IV, and Mary de Bohun, who died before Bolingbroke became king.
During his reign, Henry increased his power as King of England and also took the title of King of France, over which English kings had been fighting for decades. He defeated the French at the famous Battle of Agincourt in 1415. Shakespeare wrote a play about that and made him important in other plays.
Caroline Aigle

Caroline Aigle (12 September 1974 - 21 August 2007) was a French fighter jet pilot. She was born in Montauban. She was the first in France trained to fly a Mirage 2000. She died of a withering melanoma. She was mother of two boys. President of the French Republic Nicolas Sarkozy awarded her the Medal of Aeronautics by posthumous recognition.
A few weeks before her death, she was selected by the European Space Agency for training to be an astronaut.
Caroline Aigle graduates Ecole Polytechnique and Ecole de l'Air.
Kid Icarus (video game)

Kid Icarus is a platform game developed by Nintendo and Tose, and publised by Nintendo R&D1, for the Famicom Computer Disk System in Japan Nintendo Entertainment System worldwide. It was released in Japan in 1986, in Europe released in February 1987, and also in North America in July 1, 1987. It is the first part of the first Kid Icarus series.
The plot of Kid Icarus revolves around portagonist Pit's quest for the three sacred treasures, which hemust equip to rescue the Greek-inspired fantasy world Angel Land and its ruler, the goddess Palutena. Player controls Pit through platform areas while fighting some monsters and collecting all items. The objectives is to reach the end of the levels, and find Boss monsters and defeat them that guard the three treasures. It was designed by Yoshio Sakamoto, directed by Satoru Okada, and produced by Gunpei Yokoi.
Kid Icarus had a mixed critical reception but became a cult classic. Reviewers praised its music and its mixture of gameplay elements from different genres, but criticized its graphics and high difficulty level. It was included too in several lists of the best games compiled by IGN and Nintendo Power magazine.
Sequels
Kid Icarus has followed by two sequels called Kid Icarus: Of Myts and Monsters released in 1991 and also Kid Icarus: Uprising released in 2012.
Midden-Delfland

Midden-Delfland is a municipality in the Dutch province of South Holland. In 2019, 19,391 people lived there.
It was created on 1 January 2004 from the former municipalities of Maasland and Schipluiden.
Pellio Intelvi

Pellio Intelvi was a comune in the Province of Como in the Lombardy region in Italy. It has two distinct centers Pellio Inferiore (Pelsotto) and Pellio Superiore (Pelsopra). On 1 January 2017, the former municipalities of Lanzo d'Intelvi, Pellio Intelvi and Ramponio Verna merged to form the new municipality of Alta Valle Intelvi.
This Is the New Shit

"This Is the New Shit" is a 2003 industrial metal song by Marilyn Manson off their fifth album The Golden Age of Grotesque. The bassist, Tim Skold added some industrial beats to the song when he joined the band in 2002.
Many movies, TV shows and video games have used the song including:
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation episode "Suckers"
Hatchet
Unreal Tournament 2004
ECW Wrestling (radio edit)
Altai languages

The Altai language is the native language Altai people and also the official language of the Altai Republic, one of the Republican Federations of Russia located in Siberia. This language is from the Turkic languages sub-group.
The Wrestler and the Clown

The Wrestler and the Clown () is a 1957 Soviet drama movie directed by Boris Barnet and Konstantin Yudin. It stars Stanislav Chekan, Aleksandr Mikhaylov, and Yuriy Medvedev.
Dorothea Warren O'Hara

Dorothea Warren O'Hara (August 31, 1873 - May 1972) was an American ceramic artist who won the Lifetime Membership Prize from the National Arts Club and a gold medal at the Panama-Pacific International Exposition. She was president of the Keramic Society of Greater New York and president of the New York National Society of Craftsmen.
Biography
She was born as Dorothea Warren on August 31, 1873 in Kansas City, Missouri. In 1915 she won the Lifetime Membership Prize from the National Arts Club and a gold medal at the Panama-Pacific International Exposition. In 1923 she published The Art of Enameling on Porcelain. She died in May 1972 in Delray Beach, Florida.
Legacy
He works are on display at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City and the Ueno Royal Museum in Tokyo.
Romanian hamster

The Romanian hamster (Mesocricetus newtoni) is a species of rodent in the Cricetidae family. It is found in Bulgaria and Romania.
Mamming

Mamming is a municipality in the district of Dingolfing-Landau in Bavaria in Germany.
Baldwin Street

Baldwin Street, in Dunedin, New Zealand was the steepest street in the world. In 1987, Guinness World Records said it was the steepest. It is in the suburb of North East Valley. It is northeast of Dunedin's central business district.
On 16 July 2019, Ffordd Pen Llech in Wales, became the world's steepest street. Baldwin Street's gradient is 35%, and Ffordd Pen Llech's gradient is 37.45%.
Snells Beach

Snells Beach is a small coastal town in the north of Auckland Region, New Zealand. It is 8 kilometers east of Warkworth. It has two primary schools.
Alchemy

Alchemy is the very old study and philosophy of how to change basic substances (such as metals) into other substances. It also studied how substances (and how they are changed into other substances) were related to magic and astrology. People who studied alchemy were called alchemists. Some things alchemists tried to do were change lead or mercury into gold, make the philosopher's stone, and make the "elixir of life," which they thought could cure (make better) any disease and make someone young again.
Alchemists believed that substances, mind, philosophies, religion, magic and astrology were related to each other. They tried to find connections between them. They tried to understand one by understanding the other. Some alchemists used metals (like gold or silver) to represent spiritual or occult ideas. People in many different countries studied alchemy.
In the 1600s and 1700s, people started to study only the properties of substances without trying to relate them to secret, old knowledge. They did experiments and wrote down what they discovered so other people could learn from them. One of the important people who did these experiments was Robert Boyle. People called the new study of substances chemistry.
Scientists have since discovered how to change one kind of element (the simplest kind of chemical substance) into another. In 1980, an American scientist named Glenn Seaborg discovered how to change a very tiny amount of bismuth into gold with a nuclear reactor. Making gold this way is much more difficult and expensive (costs a lot of money) than mining or recycling it.
Orivesi

Orivesi is a town and municipality in Finland. It is in Pirkanmaa. The municipality was founded in 1865. It has been classed as a town since 1986.
Nearby municipalities include Juupajoki, Jamsa, Kangasala, Kuhmoinen, Ruovesi and Tampere.
There were more than 9,600 people in Orivesi (as of January, 2014). The name Orivesi means "stallion water".
2021 Cuban protests

The 2021 Cuban protests are a series of ongoing protests against the government of Cuba. It began on July 11, 2021 and were caused by the government's violation of its citizens' human rights (in particular the right of expression), shortages of food and medicine as well as the government's response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Cuba.
Cuban president and Communist Party first secretary Miguel Diaz-Canel blamed the United States and the United States embargo against Cuba and economic sanctions for the situation leading to the unrest.
Princess Sofia, Duchess of Värmland

Princess Sofia of Sweden, Duchess of Varmland (born Sofia Kristina Hellqvist on 6 December 1984) is the wife of Prince Carl Philip, Duke of Varmland. She began dating Prince Carl Philip in 2010. She has also been a glamour model and reality television contestant. Hellqvist has appeared on the reality show Paradise Hotel.
Early Life
Princess Sofia was born as Sofia Kirstina Hellqvist at Danderyd Hospital in Danderyd Municipality, She is daughter of Erik Hellqvist and Marie Rotman.
Marriage and motherhood
She married Prince Carl Philip at Slottskyrkan in Stockholm on 13 June 2015. After the marriage she got the title Princess of Sweden, Duchess of Varmland. Their first child Prince Alexander Erik Hubertus Bertil, was born on 19 April 2016. In March 2017, it was announced that the couple's second child is expected in September 2017. Their second son Prince Gabriel Carl Walther was born on 31 August 2017.
Thunder Road (song)

"Thunder Road" is a 1975 song by Bruce Springsteen and is the opening track to his third studio album Born to Run. It is one of the artist's popular songs and gets regular airplay on classic rock stations around the world.
1975 songs
Rock songs
Bruce Springsteen songs
National Assembly (Afghanistan)

The National Assembly (, ), also known as the Parliament of Afghanistan or simply as the Afghan Parliament is the legislature of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.
In August 2021, activity (or business) had stopped at the National Assembyl.
While the legislature de jure still exists, de facto it was dissolved on 15 August 2021 after the fall of Kabul and after almost all government officials fled the country.
Tournans

Tournans is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comte in the Doubs department in east France.
Calldetenes

Calldetenes is a municipality of 2,513 people (2020). It is in the province of Barcelona in the autonomous community of Catalonia in Spain.
Tan (color)

Tan is a color that is a pale tone of brown or green tone of orange.
The first written use of tan as a color name in English was in the year 1590.
The name comes from tannum, (oak bark) used in the tanning of leather.
Meaning of tan
Tan is the color of the United States Army Rangers beret as well as Canada's CSOR Canadian Special Operations Regiment and JTF2 Joint Task Force 2
When a person sunbathes to make his or her skin darker, he or she is said to be getting a tan.
Bill Owens (Colorado politician)

William Forrester Owens (born October 22, 1950) is an American former politician. He was the 40th Governor of Colorado from 1999 to 2007. He is a member of the Republican Party. He was re-elected in 2002 by the largest majority in state history. He was known for making transportation, education and tax cuts during his time as governor.
Nuss Procedure

The Nuss Procedure is a surgical procedure to correct Pectus excavatum, as a birth defect also known as sunken chest syndrome. The procedure inserts a metal bar into the chest.
Alternative noninvasive treatment
The vacuum bell has been improved as a nonsurgical method to finally treat pectus excavatum.
Bob Boyd (basketball)

William Robert "Bob" Boyd (June 7, 1930 - January 14, 2015) was an American former collegiate man's basketball coach. He was head coach at Seattle University, the University of Southern California (USC) and Mississippi State University.
Boyd died of natural causes in Palm Desert, California, aged 84.
Erkkilä

Erkkila is a Finnish surname. Some people with this surname are:
Mika Erkkila, Finnish icehockey player
Eeli Erkkila, Finnish politician
Minna-Leena Erkkila, Finnish writer
Surnames
Mamamusic

Mamamusic is a Ukrainian record label. Yurii Nikitin privately owned and operated the company. Now Mamamusic supports Verka Serdyuchka, Olha Horbachova, KAZKA band, Roxolana.
Margaret Theresa of Spain

Margaret Theresa of Spain (, ; 12 July 1651 - 12 March 1673), was by marriage, Holy Roman Empress, Queen of Germany, Archduchess of Austria and Queen of Hungary and Bohemia.
Biography
She was the daughter of King Felipe IV of Spain and the older full-sister of King Carlos II of Spain, the last of the Spanish Habsburgs. She is the central figure in the famous Las Meninas by Diego Velazquez. She was the subject of many of his later paintings.
She was also a half-sister of Maria Theresa of Austria (the wife of Louis XIV of France) In Austria she was known as Margarete Theresia.
She is her father's favourite child. He called her "my joy" . She was an Archduchess of Austria by birth as well as by marriage and an Infanta of Spain. She was Margarita Teresa of Austria, but not "of Spain" due to being a member of the House of Habsburg.
Marriage
She married her uncle, Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor an on 5 December 1666, the solemn entry of the Infanta in Vienna took place and the official marriage ceremony was celebrated seven days later, on 12 December. Throughout their marriage Margarita Teresa called her husband uncle.
Avery Dulles

Avery Robert Dulles, S.J. (; August 24, 1918 - December 12, 2008) was a Jesuit priest, theologian, and Cardinal of the Catholic Church. Dulles was on the faculty of Woodstock College from 1960 to 1974, of The Catholic University of America from 1974 to 1988, and as the Laurence J. McGinley Professor of Religion and Society at Fordham University from 1988 to 2008. He was born in Auburn, New York.
Dulles died in The Bronx, New York from complications of polio on December 12, 2008, aged 90.
Paul Keating

Paul John Keating (born 18 January 1944) was the 24th Prime Minister of Australia. He was from the Labor Party. He grew up in the city of Sydney and the suburb of Bankstown. He left De La Salle College at Bankstown at 14 years of age and worked as a clerk with the Sydney County Council doing this while juggling with studies and managed a rock band called The Ramrods. Annita van Iersel married Paul Keating in 1975. In 1998, the Keatings separated.
Keating was Treasurer from 1983 to 1991 and Deputy Prime Minister from 1990 to 1991. He challenged and beat Bob Hawke for the job of prime minister in 1991. He won one election in 1993 but was beaten by John Howard in 1996. As treasurer with Bob Hawke, he made lots of changes to the Australian economy and made it more modern. In the early 1990s, Australia had a really bad recession while he was treasurer, and when he became Prime Minister. As Prime Minister he tried to make Australia better friends with Asian countries and liked things like APEC. He also wanted Australia to become a republic and wanted the government to say it was "sorry" to Aboriginal people for the things that white Australians did not long ago.
Greenhouse effect

The greenhouse effect occurs when certain gases in the Earth's atmosphere (the air around the Earth) trap infrared radiation. This makes the planet become warmer, similar to the way a greenhouse becomes warmer.
The most important greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are: water vapor, carbon dioxide(CO2), and methane. When there is more greenhouse gas in the air, the air holds more heat. This is why more greenhouse gases cause climate change and global warming.
The greenhouse effect is natural. It is important for life on Earth. Without the greenhouse effect, the Earth's average temperature would be around 18 or -19 degrees Celsius (0 or 1 degree Fahrenheit). Earth would be locked in an ice age. Because of the greenhouse effect, the Earth's actual average temperature is 14 degrees Celsius (57 degrees Fahrenheit).
The problem is that recently, the greenhouse effect has become stronger. This is because humans have been burning large amounts of fossil fuels, which releases carbon dioxide. Since carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, it has caused the planet to warm over the past 150 years.
About 10,000 years ago, before people started burning large amounts of fossil fuels, there were 260 to 280 parts per million (ppm) of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere, but now there is over 400 ppm. Most scientists say that having 350 ppm or less is safe for the environment and that species on the planet can adapt to this level. Higher levels can make severe problems for animal and marine life that are already being seen today, such as ocean acidification.
The greenhouse effect was first proposed by Joseph Fourier in 1824. Mars, Venus and other planets with atmospheres also have greenhouse effects. The effect on Venus is especially strong because Venus has so much CO2. This is why Venus is hotter than Mercury, even though Mercury is closer to the sun. The first person to predict that carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels (and other combustion processes) could cause global warming was Nobel Prize winner Svante Arrhenius.
Glastenbury, Vermont

Glastenbury is a town in Bennington County, Vermont, United States.
Japanese squirrel

The Japanese squirrel (Sciurus lis) is a mammal that only lives in Japan.
Japanese squirrels live on the main island of Honshu, Japan. They are locally extinct in Hokkaido.
Japanese squirrels' enemies are such as snakes, owls, eagles and fox.
They were food for humans before. They were hunted for their fur. They are now on the red list of Wildlife protection and Hunting, so they cannot be a pet.
Behavior
The Japanese Squirrel likes to jump from a Tree to another tree next to it, to jump, they use their tail, which helps it to steer. Their two back feet (also called the Hind Legs) can move 180 degrees to help it when it is climbing down a tree.
Diet
Japanese squirrels eat Japanese walnuts. They eat vegetable matter except seeds during spring.
Reproduction
They reproduce from spring to summer about 2 to 6 children. It has offspring every one to two years.
Thermomicrobia

The Thermomicrobia is a group of thermophilic green non-sulfur bacteria.
The group is based on the type species Thermomicrobium roseum and on Sphaerobacter thermophilus. They are aerobic and chemoorganotrophic (a term which means their metabolism is rather like most fungi).
Obersiggenthal

Obersiggenthal is a municipality of the district of Baden, in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.
Petko Petkov

Petko Petkov may refer to:
Petko Petkov (footballer) (1946-2020), Bulgarian football player and manager
Petko Petkov (football manager) (born 1968), Bulgarian football manager and former player
Petko Petkov (volleyball) (born 1958), Bulgarian volleyball player
Democrats Abroad

Democrats Abroad is the official organization of the Democratic Party for United States citizens living permanently or temporarily abroad. The organization is given state-level recognition by the Democratic National Committee.
Democrats Abroad currently has members in more than 190 countries, with more than 41 organized country committees. There are committees in Europe, Asia, Africa, the Americas, and Oceania.
Guilty by Suspicion

Guilty by Suspicion is a 1991 legal drama movie. It is about the 1950s in Hollywood, in particular, the blacklist in Hollywood. Annette Bening plays Ruth. Robert De Niro plays David. Martin Scorsese plays Joe Lesser.
This movie was released on March 15, 1991. The reviews were good.
Bellancourt

Bellancourt is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France.
Plain text

Plain text is textual data. It represents characters of readable material. Plain text is fairly limited because it cannot contain any typesetting commands. It is often stored in a plain text file.
Elizabeth Garrett

Helen Elizabeth Garrett, commonly known as Elizabeth Garrett, (1963 - March 6, 2016), was an American professor of law and an academic administrator. In 2010, she became Provost and Senior Vice President for Academic Affairs at the University of Southern California. On July 1, 2015, she became the 13th president of Cornell University.
Garrett died on March 6, 2016 from colon cancer at her New York City home. She was aged 52.
Geoff Emerick

Geoffrey Emerick (5 December 1945 - 2 October 2018) was an English recording studio audio engineer. He worked with the Beatles on their albums Revolver, Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, The Beatles and Abbey Road. Emerick won four Grammy Awards for his work. Emerick was born in London.
Emerick died on 2 October 2018 in Los Angeles, California from a heart attack, aged 72.
Henrik Ibsen

Henrik Johan Ibsen (born 20 March 1828 - 23 May 1906) was a Norwegian playwright. He is often called the "father of modern drama."
Ibsen is held to be the greatest of Norwegian authors and one of the most important playwrights of all time, celebrated as a national symbol by Norwegians. His greatest works can be said to be "A Doll's House" or "Enemy of the People."
Curran, Wisconsin

Curran is a town in Jackson County, Wisconsin, USA. As of the 2010 census the population was 343.
Adelaide

Adelaide () is a city in Australia. It is the capital city of the state of South Australia, and it has an approximate population of 1.2 million people.
It is the fifth biggest city in Australia, behind Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane and Perth. Adelaide was founded in 1836 by Colonel William Light, who named it after Queen Adelaide.
Adelaide is near the Southern Ocean and is north of the Fleurieu Peninsula. It has a river going through it called the River Torrens. Many festivals are held there. Adelaide has a hot-summer and cool-wet-winter Mediterranean climate. Grapes for wine production are grown in the Barossa Valley about 50 kilometres (30 miles) northeast of Adelaide, in the McLaren Vale about 30 kilometres south of Adelaide and parts of the Mt Lofty Ranges to the east.
Hurricane Michael

Hurricane Michael was an Atlantic tropical cyclone. The storm threatened Cuba, northwestern Florida, Georgia and southern Alabama. It was the 13th named storm, seventh hurricane, and the second major hurricane of the 2018 Atlantic hurricane season. It was the first Category 5 hurricane and the strongest on record to impact the Florida Panhandle, and was the fourth-strongest landfalling hurricane in the United States in terms of wind speed. As Michael became a Category 5 hurricane, the 2018 Atlantic hurricane season became a third consecutive season to feature at least one Category 5 hurricane since Matthew in 2016 and Irma in 2017; this also makes Michael the third straight "M" name to feature as a Category 5 hurricane since Matthew in 2016 and Maria in 2017 as well.
The storm passed near western Cuba on October 7-8.
The storm led to six deaths in Honduras, four in Nicaragua and three in El Salvador.
Michael became a major hurricane on Tuesday, October 9, 2018.
The storm struck near Mexico Beach, Florida in the Florida Panhandle as a borderline Category 5 hurricane, which makes it the first tropical cyclone to make landfall in the United States as a Category 5 hurricane since Hurricane Andrew in 1992. It had a wind speed of 160 mph and a central pressure of 919 millibars. It was originally designated as a high-end Category 4 hurricane with wind speed of 155 mph, but from post-analysis, it was indeed a Category 5 hurricane as originally thought. It was said to be the strongest hurricane to hit Florida since Andrew in 1992 in terms of pressure which it had a central pressure of 922 millibars. It was also the strongest hurricane to hit the United States in terms of pressure since Hurricane Camille in 1969, which had a pressure of 900 millibars.
Retirement
On March 20, 2019, the World Meteorological Organization retired the name Michael due to extreme and very expensive damage it caused along its track, particularly in the Florida Panhandle and southwest Georgia, and it will never again be used for another Atlantic hurricane. It will be replaced with Milton for the 2024 season.
Mombar

Mombar, known as sheep fawaregh (in Arabic: fwrG) is a delicious dish brought in the Arab countries, it is made from sheep intestines stuffed with a rice mixture and deep fried in oil. Mombar preparation takes some time and is considered a creamy dish.
Ingredients
sheep intestines
rice
tomatoes
onion
garlic
coriander
oil
tomato sauce
spices
A piece of Mombar (about 100 grams) contains about 149 calories. Some people make it in a healthy way for people with special dietary needs, such as people who are have Diabetes mellitus.
A serving of about 300 grams contains:
Calories:501
Fat: 14
Saturated fat: 1
Cholesterol: 0
Carbohydrates:85
Proteins: 8
Naming
The Mombar in Egypt is what is known in Syria as qabwat , which are lambs or sheeps small intestines stuffed with rice. Filling varies and rice remains the main ingredient for filling.
Common (rapper)

Lonnie Rashid Lynn (born March 13, 1972), better known by his stage name Common, is an American rapper and actor. He was born in Chicago, Illinois. His music has been compared to the likes of Kanye West.
He graduated from Luther High School South. Later, he graduated from Florida A&M University.
He released his first album Can I Borrow a Dollar? using the stage name Common Sense. He started becoming more popular when he was forced to change his stage name. A reggae band from Orange County, California with the same name sued him.
He won an Oscar for co-writing the song "Glory" for the 2014 movie Selma. In 2018, Common was nominated for an Oscar. It was for the song Stand Up for Something from the 2017 movie Marshall.
Common appeared in many movies. These include Smokin' Aces, American Gangster, The Kitchen, Wanted, Terminator Salvation and Just Wright.
Boana icamiaba

Boana icamiaba is a frog that lives in Brazil.
Roentgen (unit)

The roentgen or rontgen is a unit of measurement for the exposure of X-rays and gamma rays. It is defined as the electric charge freed by such radiation in a specified volume of air divided by the mass of that air. It is named after the German physicist Wilhelm Rontgen, who discovered X-rays.
Two Fyodors

Two Fyodors () is a 1958 Soviet drama movie directed by Marlen Khutsiev. It stars Vasily Shukshin, Nikolai Chursin, and Tamara Syomina.
501 (number)

Five hundred one (501) is the natural number after 500 and before 502. In Roman numerals, 501 is written as DI.
Gurnard, Isle of Wight

Gurnard is a village and civil parish on the Isle of Wight, two miles to the west of Cowes. Gurnard sits on the edge of Gurnard Bay, used by the Gurnard Sailing Club.
Gurnard's main street features a pub (Portland Inn), Doughty Newnham Chartered Surveyors office (a company of measurers and mapmakers), a few shops, and a few houses. The west end of the beach is called Gurnard Marsh and there is a stream called "The Luck" flows into the Solent.
A fort known as Gurnard Fort was built on a coastal high point west of Gurnard Marsh about 1600. The land washed away into the ocean, however, and the remains of the fort were lost and forgotten until a nearby Roman home was dug up in 1864, when the fort was found.
Transport is provided by the former Wightbus route 32 to and from Cowes, now run by Southern Vectis. There is no longer a direct service to Newport, Isle of Wight.