NONEL® & Primacord® Product Manual
Document type: Guide
Categories: Guide

Product Manual

NONEL® and PRIMACORD®

The following names, phrases and logos are trademarks of Dyno Nobel Inc. (or
 its affiliates) in the United States and certain foreign countries:

NONEL® Primacord® Primaline®
 EZ DET® EZ Drifter® Primashear®
 EZTL™ Low Flex™ The Dyno Nobel logo
 Groundbreaking Performance™ Dyno®

Issued: March 2011 (Rev. 1)

© 2007, 2005, 2011 Dyno Nobel Inc.

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™

i
 Disclaimer & Trademarks

General Disclaimer

Dyno Nobel has endeavored to make the information in this Manual accurate and
 educational, but makes no guarantee or warranty of the accuracy or complete-
 ness of the matters addressed herein. This information is intended as a refer-
 ence source only. Any third parties and their employees who receive and use
 this information agree to assume all risk, liability and/or responsibility whatsoever
 from any and all fines, damages or injuries to persons or property arising from
 the use of this information or reliance upon any of the materials or information
 presented herein.

Product Disclaimer

Dyno Nobel Inc. and its subsidiaries disclaim any warranties with respect to these
 products, the safety or suitability thereof, or the results to be obtained, whether
 express or implied, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY IMPLIED WAR-
 RANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
 AND/OR OTHER WARRANTY. Buyers and users assume all risk, responsibil-
 ity and liability whatsoever from any and all injuries (including death), losses, or
 damages to persons or property arising from the use of this product. Under no
 circumstances shall either Dyno Nobel Inc. or any of its subsidiaries be liable for
 special, consequential or incidental damages or for anticipated loss of profits.

Trademarks

............................................................................ 11
 With Shock Tube........................................................................................................ 11
 With Detonating Cord................................................................................................. 12
 NONEL® nonelectric delay detonators........................................... 13
 NONEL EZ DET® . ...............................................................................................13
 Loading Procedures................................................................................................... 13
 Use in Surface Hook-up............................................................................................. 13
 Connection Inspection............................................................................................... 14
 Special Applications - Trench Blasting....................................................................... 15
 NONEL EZ DRIFTER® ........................................................................................16
 Shot Hook-up.............................................................................................................

...........................................................................16
 Shot Hook-up............................................................................................................. 16
 NONEL EZTL™....................................................................................................17
 As a Surface Delay for the EZ DET System.............................................................. 17
 As a Surface Delay for MS or LP Detonators............................................................. 18
 Connection Inspection............................................................................................... 18
 NONEL Lead Line...............................................................................................19
 NONEL LP............................................................................................................21
 Loading with Cartridged High Explosives.................................................................. 21
 Connecting Shock Tube to Detonating Cord Using J-Hooks..................................... 22
 NONEL MS...........................................................................................................23
 Hook-up of MS Detonators with TDs.........................................................................

Table of Contents
 Disclaimer & Trademarks................................................................... i
 General Disclaimer................................................................................................ i
 Product Disclaimer................................................................................................ i
 Trademarks............................................................................................................. i
 Major Explosives Innovations........................................................... 1
 Shock Tube......................................................................................... 2
 NONEL® Detonators........................................................................... 3
 NONEL® Product Line........................................................................ 5
 General Warnings............................................................................... 8
 Connectors and Connections......................................................... 10
 EZ Connector™ Blocks......................................................................................10
 Bunch Block........................................................................................................ 11
 With Shock Tube........................................................................................................

..........................................................................................23
 Hook-up of MS Detonators with TDs......................................................................... 24
 NONEL MS Connector........................................................................................25
 Use as a Surface Delay with Detonating Cord........................................................... 25
 Use as a Surface Delay with PRIMACORD 2 (10 gr/ft)............................................. 26
 NONEL SL............................................................................................................27
 Loading Procedures................................................................................................... 27
 Making NONEL SL/Sliding Delay Primer Assembly................................................... 29
 NONEL TD...........................................................................................................30

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PRIMACORD and PRIMALINE.......................................................50
 To Attach Detonator................................................................................................... 50
 Initiation of Wet Detonating Cord............................................................................... 51
 Using PRIMACORD & PRIMALINE with Bulk Explosives......................................... 52
 Product Troubleshooting................................................................. 53
 NONEL EZ DET - Shot Initiation........................................................................54
 Connection Inspection..................................................................... 55
 NONEL EZ DET & EZTL - Connection...............................................................56
 NONEL EZ DET & EZTL - Connection...............................................................57
 NONEL EZ DET & EZTL - Connection...............................................................58
 NONEL EZ DET & EZTL - Matting......................................................................59
 NONEL EZ DET & EZTL - Matting......................................................................60

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Use with Shock Tube................................................................................................. 30
 Use with Detonating Cord.......................................................................................... 30
 Separate Charge Firing - Same Delay Each Hole..................................................... 32
 PRIMALINE® SMS................................................................................................33
 Loading Procedures................................................................................................... 33
 Hook-up to Trunklines................................................................................................ 34
 NONEL General Application Instructions.........................................................35
 Primer Assemblies..................................................................................................... 35
 Walking the Shot........................................................................................................ 35
 Initiating the Shot....................................................................................................... 36
 Detonating Cord Product Line........................................................

the Shot....................................................................................................... 36
 Detonating Cord Product Line........................................................ 38
 Trunkline..............................................................................................................39
 Downline..............................................................................................................40
 Trunklines/Downlines.........................................................................................40
 Connections & Knots....................................................................... 41
 Detonating Cord to Cord Connections.............................................................41
 Knots.......................................................................................................................... 41
 Detonating Cord to Shock Tube Connections.................................................42
 J-Hooks...................................................................................................................... 42
 Bunch Blasting........................................................................................................... 43
 PRIMACORD & PRIMALINE.............................................................

asting........................................................................................................... 43
 PRIMACORD & PRIMALINE............................................................. 44
 Priming................................................................................................................44
 Cast and Slurry Boosters........................................................................................... 44
 Loading Holes.....................................................................................................44
 Cutting Detonating Cord............................................................................................ 45
 Proper Number of Downlines..................................................................................... 45
 Connecting the Blastholes................................................................................46
 Instant Firing with PRIMACORD and PRIMALINE Trunklines........................47
 Delay Firing With PRIMACORD and PRIMALINE Trunklines..........................47
 Initiation of PRIMACORD and PRIMALINE.......................................................50
 To Attach Detonator...................................................................................................

Connector Block Confinement..........................................................................61
 NONEL TD - Connection....................................................................................62
 NONEL TD - Connection....................................................................................63
 NONEL TD, LP and MS - Shock Tube to Detonating Cord..............................64
 NONEL TD, LP and MS - J-Hook: Shock Tube to Detonating Cord................65
 NONEL TD, LP and MS - J-Hook: Shock Tube to Detonating Cord................66
 NONEL SL - Knot Connection...........................................................................67
 NONEL SL - Knot Connection...........................................................................68
 NONEL MS Connector - Connection.................................................................69
 NONEL MS Connector - Cord Not in Groove...................................................70
 NONEL MS Connector - Detonating Cord Tail Damage..................................71
 Detonating Cord Cut-off.....................................................................................72
 Shock Tube Abrasion.........................................................................................73
 Pinch-Smash Breaks..........................................................................................74
 Pinch-Smash Breaks - Lower, Don’t Drop........................................................75
 Reverse Propagation Testing............................................................................76
 Det

Major Explosives Innovations
 All Part of the New Dyno Nobel

1831 Safety Fuse is invented by William Bickford, the fore-
 runner of The Ensign-Bickford Company, to replace
 pure black powder-filled cord (mining safety increases
 dramatically).

1865
 Alfred Nobel, the founder of companies that laid the
 foundation of Dyno Nobel, invents the first blasting
 cap.

1867 Alfred Nobel invents dynamite, another major step in
 explosives safety and efficiency.

1936
 A reliable, flexible, easy-to-use textile-jacketed deto-
 nating cord -- Primacord® -- is developed by The
 Ensign-Bickford Company.

1956 Slurry explosives are pioneered by Dr. Melvin Cook
 (IRECO, later Dyno Nobel).

1960s
 Dyno Nobel develops revolutionary inert-until-mixed
 site-mixed (SMS™) pump truck systems for slurry
 explosives, as well as small diameter packaged
 products.

1967 Nonelectric initiation system, NONEL®, invented by Per
 Anders Persson (Nitro Nobel, later Dyno Nobel);
 introduced to market in 1972.

Dyno Nobel commercializes packaged and bulk
 emulsions, another type of water-based explosive.
 1980s
1980s Continuing development of nonelectric initiation sys-
 tems by both The Ensign-Bickford Company and Dyno
 Nobel. Continuing development of sophisticated bulk

1990s delivery systems by Dyno Nobel.

1999
 DynoConsult, a specialist consulting division of Dyno
 Nobel, is formed.

2003 Dyno Nobel continues to lead the explosives indus-
 try by combining Dyno Nobel and The Ensign-Bickford
 Company.

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Shock Tube

 Shock tube is a small diameter (3mm outer diameter) laminated plastic tube inter-
 nally coated with approximately 14.86 grams of reactive material per kilometer
 (1 pound per 100,000 feet). This tube transmits a low energy signal from the
 point of initation to the delay cap at approximately 2,100 m/s (6,500 f/s). This
 shock wave phenomenon, which is similar to a dust explosion, will propagate
 through most sharp bends, knots and kinks in the tube. The detonation is sus-
 tained by such a small quantity of reactive material that the outer surface of the
 tube remains intact during and after functioning.

 The tube is extruded in multiple layers, generally three (3), each of which has dif-
 ferent properties. The innermost layer has good adhesive properties for the reac-
 tive material to adhere. The middle layer gives the tube its good tensile strength
 and the radial strength that is necessary to prevent the tube from bursting by the
 strain caused when the shock wave goes through it. The outermost layer has
 good abrasive resistance and is also the layer where the coloring of the tube is
 done. The tube is UV-protected to withstand strong sunlight during extended
 exposure without the ability to initiate being affected.

 Figure 1 - Cross-section of NONEL shock tube.

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NONEL® Detonators

Dyno Nobel’s patented NONEL® nonelectric delay detonator
 technology provides the most reliable nonelectric detonator on
 the market. NONEL detonators are designed from the top down
 to prevent external contamination of the components, and en-
 sure precise, reliable initiation. Aside from the cap shell, the only
 visible component is the rubber bushing, which (in concert with
 the flatland crimp) effectively seals out any external contamina-
 tion, making the detonator water resistant.

Dyno Nobel detonators are designed using patented technology
 featuring components that:
 • control signal transmission, ensuring
 reliable signal pick-up and helping
 prevent any timing or functionality
 problems associated with depressurization
 of the NONEL assembly.
 • clean traces of explosives from the sides
 of the shell to help prevent instantaneous
 detonation, as well as aiding the
 resistance of “reverse propagation” and
 increasing impact resistance.
 • provide a controlled discharge path for
 any static build-up in the tube, as well as
 centralizing alignment of the tube to
 Figure 2 - Down-
 ensure good transfer of the initiation signal hole detonator.
 to the elements below.

Downhole detonators (Figure 2) employ both a primary charge
 and a base charge to provide the strength necessary to deto-
 nate modern explosives. Lead Azide is the primary charge; its
 shape allows it to be fully encapsulated by the base charge,
 which generally consists of PETN or polycoated PETN. Surface
 Figure 3 - Surface detonators (Figure 3), which do not require as much strength,
 detonator. utilize a simple Lead Azide explosive charge.

During the last 50 years, research has been concentrated on better precision
 timing of the detonator. Nevertheless, there is an unavoidable scatter in timing
 between different detonators with the same nominal time. The scatter depends

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on small differences in raw material, packing density of the pyrotechnic composi-
 tion and temperature, along with the age of the detonator.

 With short delay times in the MS series (0.025 sec) the margins are small to
 avoid overlapping. Overlapping occurs if a detonator with higher period number
 detonates before one with a lower period number. Many countries have their
 own regulations regarding cap scatter; however, Dyno Nobel has internally set
 the scatter limits on its detonators tighter to avoid the risk of overlapping.

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NONEL® Product Line

The NONEL® nonelectric delay detonator family consists of the following
 products:

EZ DET® nonelectric blast initiation system

The EZ DET system is suited for use in construc-
 tion, surface and underground blasting. It elimi-
 nates the need to inventory various in-hole delays
 and provides fast, simple hook-up while allowing
 an unlimited number of holes to be shot with in-
 dependent hole initiation. Each unit consists of a
 precise in-hole delay detonator and a surface delay
 detonator housed in a plastic EZ Connector™
 block, linked by a length of shock tube. They are available in various lengths and
 delay times.

EZTL™ trunkline delay detonators

EZTL are precise, reliable millisecond delays,
 with delay times and hardware suited for use as
 trunklines in open pit mining, quarrying, construc-
 tion and underground mining. They consist of a
 surface delay detonator housed in a plastic EZ
 Connector™ block, attached to a length of shock
 tube. EZTL are available in various lengths and
 delay times.

EZ DRIFTER® nonelectric blast initiation system

The EZ DRIFTER system is used extensively in
 underground mining. An EZ DRIFTER unit con-
 sists of a precise, high strength in-hole delay deto-
 nator and a surface delay detonator housed in a
 plastic EZ Connector™ block, linked by a length of
 shock tube. They are availalbe in various lengths
 and a delay time of 200/5400.

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LP

LP detonators are precise in-hole delay detonators
 used extensively in underground mining, tunneling,
 shaft sinking and special construction applications.
 The LP series consists of a high strength detonator
 crimped to a length of shock tube. LP units are avail-
 able in various lengths, and delay times ranging from
 0 to 8000 milliseconds.

MS

MS detonators consist of a precise, millisecond delay
 detonator crimped to a length of shock tube, and are
 used in open pit mining, quarrying, construction and
 underground mining. MS units are available in vari-
 ous lengths, and delay times ranging from 0 to 1000
 milliseconds.

MSConnector

MSConnectors consist of an 18 inch length of shock
 tube with detonators of the same delay, inside con-
 nector blocks, on each end. MSConnectors are used
 to provide millisecond delay timing between holes of
 detonating cord initiated blasts. They are available in
 delay times ranging from 9 to 200 milliseconds.

TD

TD units provide precise, reliable surface delay times,
 lengths and hardware suited for initiating detonat-
 ing cord or shock tube downlines in various surface
 applications. They consist of a precise surface delay
 detonator housed in a plastic Bunch Block, crimped
 to a length of shock tube. TD units are available in
 various lengths and delay times ranging from 5 to
 200 milliseconds.

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SL

 SL detonators are 76 cm (30 in) lengths of shock
 tube with a precise in-hole delay detonator on one
 end, and a loop of shock tube on the other. SL
 units are designed to be used in conjunction with
 low-energy detonating cord downlines. When used
 in a slider configuration they provide independent
 deck initiation from a single downline. The SL
 series consists of delay periods ranging from 0 to
 1000 milliseconds.

 Starter and Lead Line

 Starter is used as the primary initiator of mining,
 quarrying and construction blasts. It consists of a
 spool of shock tube with a precise surface delay
 detonator crimped to one end, housed in a plastic
 Bunch Block. Starter is available in lengths of 200,
 500 and 1000 feet. Lead Line consists of a 2500
 foot spool of shock tube.

 Primaline® SMS

 SMS units consist of a precise nonelectric detona-
 tor on a 4 grain/foot Primaline® detonating cord
 lead. Because of the self-consuming nature of the
 Primaline detonating cord, it is ideally suited for
 mining situations where ore contamination cannot
 be tolerated, such as salt and chemical limestone
 mines.

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The warnings listed are those that apply to nonelectric detonators and detonating cord. For a com-
 plete list of explosives warnings, please reference the Case Insert, found in each box of product, or
 the Institute of Makers of Explosives (IME) Safety Library Publication (SLP) #4. ®

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a safe dis-
 are: the impact of a falling rock on a cap; abra- tance and do not attempt to extinguish. sion or impact by drilling into a misfired cap
 that has not been recovered and disposed of . . . evacuate personnel to a safe location away
 in accordance with sound practice; the impact from possible detonation or explosion in the
 of a tracked vehicle or other equipment on an event of a lightning storm during surface use
 exposed cap; flame or fire, lightning or other of these products. electric discharge such as contact by electric
 wires. . . . avoid situations where shock tube, deto-
 nating cord, or other initiation system com-
 . . . select and use the NONEL length, delay ponents can be come entangled in machines,
 series and system that is appropriate for your equipment, vehicles or moving parts thereof
 conditions and intended use. and prematurely initiate. . . . read and follow the warnings and instruc- . . . keep explosive materials away from chil-
 tions of the explosives manufacturer and sup- dren, unauthorized persons and livestock. pliers. . . . look for misfires and handle suspected mis-
 . . . retire to a safe place and WARN OTH- fires as you are directed by applicable Local,
 ERS before initiation of explosives. Be sure State and Federal laws and under the stan-
 the blasting location is clear of others, includ- dards promulgated by the IME.

ALWAYS . . . remember that all safe practices required
 for and applicable to explosives generally ap-
 ply to NONEL and detonating cord products. . . . guard, barricade, and post or flag holes Proper storage requires not only security from
 waiting to be fired against unauthorized entry. theft or loss, but it requires that such products
 be kept from flame, heat and open lights such
 . . . protect the explosives from unintended en- as smoking and matches, and heat such as
 ergy. Explosives have to be sensitive to pur- stoves and radiators. It is especially important
 posefully supplied energy when you want to ini- to keep detonating cord, primers and detona-
 tiate them. This sensitivity means they can be tors from unintended initiating energy such as
 initiated when energy is accidentally supplied. open flame. Remember that the shock tube
 Some examples of sources of unintended ini- can burn or that heat may seal it and cause
 tiating energy that users must guard against misfires. If fire occurs, retreat to a safe dis-
 are: the impact of a falling rock on a cap; abra- tance and do not attempt to extinguish. sion or impact by drilling into a misfired cap
 that has not been recovered and disposed of . . .

directed by applicable Local,
 ERS before initiation of explosives. Be sure State and Federal laws and under the stan-
 the blasting location is clear of others, includ- dards promulgated by the IME. ing fellow workers or the general public (where
 applicable). In underground workings be sure . . . wait at least 60 minutes with fuse detona-
 that all entrances to the blast site are guarded tor misfires, at least 30 minutes with electronic
 against unauthorized entry. detonator misfires, and at least 15 minutes
 with electric and other nonelectric detona-
 . . . rotate stocks. Use the oldest units in your tor misfires before returning to the blast area. inventory first. Age affects the integrity of caps Misfires shall be handled under the direction of
 and other explosive devices. the blaster. . . . transport, store and use explosive products . . . unhook surface delay connectors and con-
 in accordance with all Federal, State and Local nections prior to handling a misfire. laws.

. . . dispose of or destroy NONEL products and
 all other explosives in accordance with ap-
 proved methods. Consult the manufacturer or
 follow the IME statement of policy publication.

General Warnings

tied in to the main pattern (shot break prac-
 loaded blasthole. tice) may be initiated from the shock energy of
 an adjacent blast hole(s). This practice may . . . drive any vehicle over shock tube. Tube
 cause damage to explosives and initiation sys- may get tangled in machinery, stretching it to
 tems, which may result in misfires. Misfires, breaking point so that it snaps and recoils, pro-
 unless handled properly, may result in injury or ducing a high velocity whiplash action. If the
 death. exposed core impacts a hard surface during
 this action, initiation may occur. Such firing
 . . . hold shock tube in your hand when initiat-
 may cause serious misfires if the detonator is
 ing it. If you hold the tube in your hand when
 initiated. initiating it you may injure yourself or others
 because: a tube that has been mishandled or . . . fight fires involving explosives materials. abused may rupture when initiated; the open Remove yourself and all other persons to a
 end may be pointed at someone; or, if the cap safe location and guard the area. has not been removed, the cap may initiate
 and kill or injure. . . . attempt to knot shock tube together, shock
 tube will not initiate itself through knot connec-
 . . . pull, stretch, kink or put undue tension on tions. the shock tube. This will affect the ability of
 the shock tube to propagate through damaged . . .

ll not initiate itself through knot connec-
 . . . pull, stretch, kink or put undue tension on tions. the shock tube. This will affect the ability of
 the shock tube to propagate through damaged . . . put undue tension on shock tube leads. sections. The lead may break, creating a “snap, slap &
 shoot” situation which could cause unintended
 . . . extract explosive material from a blasthole initiation of the shock tube lead. that has misfired unless it is impossible or haz-
 ardous to detonate the unexploded explosive
 materials by insertion of an additional primer.

. . . assemble the NONEL product and the cast
 booster until you are ready to deploy it into the
 borehole.

. . . hook-up a surface delay connector before
 you are ready to fire the blast.

The warnings listed are those that apply to nonelectric detonators and detonating cord. For a com-
 plete list of explosives warnings, please reference the Case Insert, found in each box of product, or
® the Institute of Makers of Explosives (IME) Safety Library Publication (SLP) #4.
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. . . attempt to initiate detonating cord with a
 . . . cut or trim shock tube, and never remove or surface delay connector designed for the initia-
 crimp a cap on shock tube. When tube is cut, tion of shock tube only. moisture can enter and cause misfires. If you
 do not have the length or delay you want, DO . . . put explosives materials in pockets of your
 NOT try to manufacture it. Special procedures clothing. pertain to Starter units. . . . use NONEL products in fireworks or pyro-
 . . . attach the primary initiator to the round or technic displays. shot until after all the connections have been
 . . . use explosive materials that appear to be
 made and the blasting area has been cleared. damaged or deteriorated. Before using con-
 . . . load NONEL detonators or detonating cord sult your supervisor or the manufacturer. into a hot hole, or expose them to tempera-
 . . . burn explosive materials packaging in a
 tures above 66° C (150°F). confined space. . . . leave loaded blast holes out of the main
 . . . leave an un-hooked surface delay connec-
 blast pattern tie-in. Loaded blast holes that are
 tor in close proximity to the shock tube of a
 not tied in to the main pattern (shot break prac-
 loaded blasthole. tice) may be initiated from the shock energy of
 an adjacent blast hole(s). This practice may . . . drive any vehicle over shock tube.

NEVER . . . hook-up a surface connector to its own
 shock tube.

Connectors and Connections

 EZ Connector™ Blocks

 1. Insert one shock tube at a time into the connector block to prevent the
 possibility of shock tube crossovers in the connector block. The head of
 the connector block should rise to accept the shock tube and return to a
 closed position with an audible click.
 2. After inserting all the shock tube(s) securely into the surface connector,
 slide the connector to seat the shock tube(s) and
 release any crossovers.
N ever use the EZ Connector
 block with detonating cord.
Misfires may occur. An EZ Connector block can accommodate 1 to 6
 shock tube(s).

 Figure 4 - Correct insertion of shock tube Figure 5 - Six shock tube leads correctly
 into EZ Connector block; one at a time. seated in the EZ Connector block.

 Figure 6 - Incorrect insertion of shock Figure 7 - Shock tube leads incorrectly
 tube in the EZ Connector block; tube not seated. Yellow lead is crossed-over; mis-
 fully inserted. fire may result.

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Bunch Block

 With Shock Tube
 1. Place all downlines and outgoing trunkline leads in the Bunch Block with
 the cap pointing in the direction of initiation and the tails behind the Bunch
 Block (Figure 8).
 2. Snap the lid of the Bunch Block closed. Make
 sure it is closed tightly.
 3. Make sure all outgoing shock tube leads are N
 ever attempt to disassemble
 the delay detonator from the
 plastic connector block or use the
 properly positioned and leave the Bunch cap by itself without the block.
 Block in a straight line for at least 1 m (3 ft).
 Never bend the tubes around the nose of the
 Bunch Block (Figure 11), back over the top of the Bunch Block, or allow
 the outgoing trunkline(s) to loop back near the Bunch Block. Any of these
 may result in a cut-off due to shrapnel from the exploding Bunch Block.

 Figure 8 - Shock tube correctly inserted Figure 9 - Shock tube incorrectly inserted
 into Bunch Block. into Bunch Block; yellow lead not in
 direction of initiation.

 Figure 10 - Shock tube incorrectly inserted Figure 11 - Shock tube bent around nose
 into Bunch Block; under hinge, misfire of Bunch Block. Cut-off may result.
 may occur.

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With Detonating Cord
 1. Place the detonating cord in the Bunch Block parallel to the detonator.
 2. Wrap the detonating cord around the
 bottom of the Bunch Block and then back in the Bunch Block parallel to
 the detonator and snap the lid
 firmly closed.
 3. Trim excess detonating cord tails.
 Any extraneous contact of detonat-
 A
 lways remember surface con-
 nectors contain detonators and
 are subject to detonation caused by
 ing cord and the shock tube con- abuse such as impact, the same as
 nections may result in a cut-off. all detonators.

 Figure 12 - Correct insertion; block open, Figure 13 - Correct insertion; block
 detonating cord laid parallel to detonator closed, detonating cord laid parallel to
 and wrapped around Bunch Block. detonator and wrapped around Bunch
 Block.

 Figure 14 - Incorrect use of Bunch Block.
 Shock tube and detonating cord should
 NEVER be in the same block.

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NONEL® nonelectric delay detonators

 NONEL EZ DET®

 Loading Procedures
 For solid column loaded holes
 1. Lower an EZ DET/primer assembly into
 the borehole and secure the surface re-
 lay at the borehole collar.
 2. Load explosive material into the borehole.
 3. Lower a MS/primer assembly of the ap-
 propriate delay to the top of the explosive
 column. If double trunkline or twin-path
 hook-up is desired, a second EZ DET/
 primer assembly can be used.

 For deck loaded holes
 1. Repeat the procedure for solid column
 holes.
 2. Load stemming material for decking. Figure 15 - Solid column loaded hole.
 3. Repeat these steps until the appropriate
 number of decks are completed.

 N ever use the EZ DET system
 with detonating cord. Misfires
 may occur.

 Use in Surface Hook-up
 After all boreholes have been loaded with the
 NONEL EZ DET unit(s) and properly stemmed,
 the surface hook-up can be made as follows:
 1. Attach the EZ Connector end of the EZ
 DET detonator coming from the hole to
 be fired first in the blast onto the shock
 tube(s) of the EZ DET detonator from
 the second hole. Be sure the shock
 tube is properly inserted into the surface
 connector (see EZ Connector instruc-
 Figure 16 - Deck loaded hole.
 tions on page 10).

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2. Slide the surface connector along the shock tube(s) to ensure all are fully
 engaged and release any crossovers. Place the blocks consistently to
 one side of the collar.
 3. Repeat the above process until all holes have been connected using the
 surface connectors.

Figure 17 - EZ DET detonator surface connection layout.

To provide a surface delay between rows of EZ DET units, insert the shock
 tube(s) of a NONEL TD or EZTL detonator into the surface connector of the EZ
 DET. When using TD units, attach the incoming TD unit to the EZ DET unit’s
 shock tube leads in both directions following the Bunch Block instructions (page
 11). If EZTL units are used, be sure they are properly attached to the shock
 tube(s).

Once all connections are complete, make a thorough inspection of the hook-ups
 for proper connection. Turn any Bunch Blocks upside down and cover with drill
 cuttings, stemming or other similar material to prevent cut-offs and to control
 noise. The surface connector end of the EZ DET detonator from the last hole of
 each row in the blast is an extra connector and
 should be kept separate to keep the connections If the shot is to be covered with
 blasting mats and/or backfill mate-
 neat and prevent any confusion. rial, cover surface connectors with
 at least 15 cm (6 in) of gravel or drill
 Connection Inspection cuttings. Backfilling and matting of
 shots should be done carefully to
 Double check all connections before moving on avoid any damage to the surface
 to the next hole. Once all holes are connected, connector and EZ DET leads, which
 may result in a misfire or premature
 do a final inspection after all holes are connect- detonation.
 ed by walking the shot looking for:
 • Correct connection of all holes and shock tubes

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• All tubes fully in the block
 • Connecting tubes are neat but not tight and run at right angles to the
 connection and do not loop back.

 When the inspection is complete, secure the blast area and ensure the connec-
 tions are not disturbed. Perform the connection inspection again if the shot sits
 unfired for any length of time or if there is any possibility the connections may
 have been disturbed.

 Special Applications - Trench Blasting
 EZ DET detonators are ideal for various types of trench blasting. EZ DET units
 can accommodate both simple and complex trench blasting design patterns.
 25/350ms EZ DET units provide an unlimited number of constant, precise 25ms
 delay intervals between holes and/or decks in
 trench blasting applications. 350ms in-hole
 detonators minimize the risk of cut-off downlines
 back
 N
 ever wrap tube around top of
 the EZ Connector block and
 into block (double wrap) shock
 or trunklines due to ground movement, since the
 tubes in the connector block.
 actual detonation time of the blast hole is greater
 than the surface detonation time.

 Figure 18 - EZ Det in Trench Blasting

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NONEL EZ DRIFTER®

 Shot Hook-up
 1. Connect the surface connector from the first hole to the shock tube of the
 second hole, following the EZ Connector block instructions on page 10.
 Be sure the shock tube(s) is properly inserted into the connector block.
 2. Slide the surface connector to the collar of the hole.
 3. Repeat the above process; connecting the previous hole’s connector block
 to the next hole’s shock tube - until all holes are connected.

 Once all the holes in the
 pattern are connected,
 check to make sure all
 tubes are properly insert-
 ed in the connector block,
 all holes are tied-in to the
 shot, and that there are
 no more than 6 tubes in
 each surface connector.

 Figure 19 - Drift with burn cut.

 N ever use EZ DRIFTER with
 detonating cord, misfires may
 occur.

 N ever wrap tube around top of
 EZ Connector block and back
 into block (double wrap) shock
 tubes in the connector block.

 Figure 20 - Cut area layout with EZ DRIFTER.

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The surface connector of the EZ DET detonator from the last hole of each
 row in the blast is an extra connector and should be kept separate to keep
 the connections neat and prevent any confusion. 7. Be sure the shock tube(s) line up in a single row and do not cross behind
 or in front of one another when inserting more than one shock tube into
 the surface connector; allowing the shock tube to cross may result in a
 misfire.

N ever wrap tube around top of
 EZ Connector block and back
 into block (double wrap) shock
 tubes in the connector block.

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As a Surface Delay for the EZ DET System
 Once all the boreholes have been loaded
 with the EZ DET system and properly
 stemmed, EZTL units can be used as a
 surface delay with the EZ DET system in the
 following manner:
 1. Follow the instructions for “Use in
 Surface Connections” in the EZ DET
 section to hook-up the EZ Det units. 2. To provide a surface delay between
 rows of EZ DET units, insert the shock
 tube(s) of an EZTL unit into the sur-
 face connector of the EZ DET. 3. Attach the surface connector of the
 incoming EZTL detonator to the shock
 tube(s) of the EZ Det unit at the next
 row. 4. After inserting the shock tube(s) se-
 curely into the surface connector, slide
 the surface connector along the shock
 tube(s) to ensure all are fully engaged
 and release any crossovers. Place
 blocks consistently to one side of the
 hole collar. 5. Thoroughly inspect the hook-ups for Figure 21 - EZTL detonator surface
 connection layout. proper connection after all the blast
 holes are connected. 6. The surface connector of the EZ DET detonator from the last hole of each
 row in the blast is an extra connector and should be kept separate to keep
 the connections neat and prevent any confusion. 7.

NONEL EZTL™

As a Surface Delay for MS or LP Detonators
 Refer to the blast plan to layout the correct EZTL detonator at the collar of each
 blashole. Then, at each hole:
 1. Place all shock tube downlines and
 outgoing trunkline leads into the EZTL
 unit EZ Connector. Be sure the shock
 N
 ever use EZTL detonators with
 detonating cord, misfires may
 occur.
 tube(s) is properly inserted into the
 connector block.
 2. After inserting the shock tube(s) securely into the surface connector, slide
 the surface connector along the shock tube to ensure all are fully engaged
 and release any crossovers. Place all blocks consistently to one side,
 ensuring there are no sharp bends and that the shock tube does not loop
 back across or near the block.
 3. Repeat this process until all the holes have been connected using the
 EZTL surface connectors.
 4. After all of the blast holes
 are connected, thorougly
 inspect the hook-ups for
 proper connection and to
 ensure that hook-up is not
 accidentally disturbed by
 unauthorized personnel or
 traffic.

Connection Inspection
 Double check all connections
 before moving on to the next hole. Figure 22 - Proper hook-up of EZTL unit at the hole
 Once all holes are connected, do a collar.
 final inspection by walking the shot
 to look for: The direction in which EZTL units are
 • Correct connection of all holes and connected to the blast holes, as well
 shock tubes as the in-hole delay time, determines
 • All tubes fully in the block the sequence of blast hole detona-
 tion. The choice of delay times de-
 • Connecting tubes are neat but not tight
 termines the time interval between
 and run at right angles to the connec- detonation.
 tion and do not loop back.

When the inspection is complete, secure the blast area and ensure the connec-
 tions are not disturbed. Perform the connection inspection again if the shot sits
 unfired for any length of time or if there is any possibility the connections may
 have been disturbed.

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NONEL Lead Line

Lead Line is used to extend the initiating unit
 from the shot to a position of safety
 1. Select the appropriate NONEL surface
 delay detonator to initiate your shot.
 2. Use a razor blade or sharp knife to cut
 a minimum of 1 m (3 ft) from the end of
 the NONEL Lead Line spool to mini-
 mize the effect of moisture contamina-
 tion in the shock tube. Make sure the
 cut is square (Figure 23).
 3. Spool out the Lead Line to a predeter- Figure 23 - Correct, square cut on left;
 incorrect cut on right.
 mined place of safety.
 4. Insert the newly cut Lead Line end into the splice. Remove the vinyl end
 protector and insert the cut end of the surface delay detonator into the
 shock tube splice. Both ends should be inserted into the splice a minimum
 of ½ cm (¼ inch) and firmly seated in the splice.

Figure 24 - Proper insertion of shock tube
 into splice. Tubes do not need to be butted
 against each other.

N ever use any device other than
 Lead Line splices to connect
 trunklines together. N ever cut and splice shock tube
 leads unless they are being
 used as the primary initiator of the
 N ever use Lead Line shock tube
 that has been subjected to
 severe moisture conditions.
 shot, and they are spliced to Lead
 Line.

N ever attempt to initiate Lead
 Line shock tube when used
 N ever trim ends until immedi-
 ately prior to use. The end
 seal protects the shock tube from
 as a NONEL Starter with anything
 moisture contamination, which may
 other than a starter for shock tube.
 prevent the proper transmission of
 N ever reuse shock tube splices. the shock tube signal.

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5. Cut the shock tube from the spool and
 cover its end with a vinyl end protec-
 tor. Cover the cut end remaining on the
 spool with a vinyl end protector (Figure 25)
 and remove the spool from the blast site.
 6. When the blaster in charge is ready to fire
 the blast, remove the vinyl end protector
 and insert the Lead Line into the starter of
 choice. Dyno Nobel recommends periodic
 cleaning of the shock tube starter to ensure
 dust, carbon, etc. don’t hinder its safe opera- Figure 25 - Cut end of Lead Line
 covered with vinyl end protector
 tion. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions to prevent moisture contamina-
 to clean and operate the starter. tion.

Figure 26 - Incorrect insertion of shock tube into splice. On
 the left, the splice has been shortened, and on the right the
 splice has been bent. Both situations could lead to a mis-
 fires, which may kill or injure.

A lways keep the vinyl end pro-
 tector on the open end of Lead
 Line shock tube. Moisture in the
 A lways keep the splice and cut
 ends of the shock tube dry and
 free of dirt and other debris when
 tube may cause misfire. splicing Lead Line. Foreign mate-

A lways make a clean, square
 cut with a sharp knife or razor
 blade when trimming shock tube
 rial in the shock tube or splice may
 cause a misfire, which may kill or
 injure.

A
 products for splicing. lways connect shock tube

A lways make sure trunklines are
 firmly inserted into the splice.
 lengths with a clean shock tube
 splice.

A lways store Lead Line in a dry
 place. A lways shield the interior of
 shock tube from rain, wet

A lways trim 1m (3 ft) from the ground, extended exposure to high
 end of the Lead Line spool humidity and other similar condi-
 prior to use. This is to safeguard tions when assembling compo-
 against adverse conditions which nents in the field. The entrance of
 may have affected the shock tube moisture into the tube may cause it
 during shipment or storage. to malfunction.

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NONEL LP

 Loading with Cartridged High Explosives
 LP detonators are ideally suited for use with commercially available dynamites
 or other similar cap sensitive high explosives because the tube will not initiate or
 disrupt these explosives.
 1. Check the hole for obstructions with a tamping pole or loading hose of
 sufficient diameter.
 2. Using an approved powder punch, punch a hole in the primer cartridge
 deep enough to accept the entire cap shell and bushing. Be sure the cap
 is centered axially in the cartridge. The shock tube may be half-hitched
 around the cartridge if necessary.
 3. Place the primer assembly in the hole so the end of the detonator points
 toward the collar of the hole. DO NOT directly tamp on the primer assem-
 bly (Figure 27).
 4. Place two or more cartridges in the hole and tamp.
 5. Repeat until hole is loaded.

 Figure 27 - Methods to insert LP detonator into explosive cartridge.

 Figure 28 - Hole loaded with stick powder and Figure 29 - Hole loaded with ANFO and LP
 LP assembly at bottom. assembly at bottom.

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A lways be sure the shock tube
 leading to the hole is in a
 straight line and is taut. Connec-
 Figure 30 - Correct connection of J-
 Hook to detonating cord trunkline.
 tions must be made so the shock
 tube leading to the collar does not
 come in contact with the detonating
 cord trunkline between the connec-
 tion and borehole collar.

A lways place detonating cord
 trunkline hook-ups in closed
 loops and use with crossties. Two
 paths of initiation will then be avail-
 able for each detonator connection.

Figure 31 - Incorrect connection of J-Hook
 to trunkline; shock tube lead crosses over
 trunkline. Cut-offs or misfires may result.

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Connecting Shock Tube to Detonating Cord Using J-Hooks
 Dyno Nobel recommends Primacord detonating cords specifically designed as
 trunklines for the initiation of shock tube through J-hook connections. All LP
 detonators are supplied with J-hook attachments, which work with drift, stope or
 shaft rounds.
 1. Connect the J-hook of each lead to the detonating cord trunkline.
 2. Be sure the shock tube is connected to the detonating cord at right angles
 and is pulled tight from the drill hole to the detonating cord trunkline. Make
 all J-hook connections at least 20 cm (8 in) from all detonating cord knots.
 Do not allow slack in the shock tube going from the J-hook to the collar
 of the drill hole; if the detonating cord touches the shock tube or is closer
 than 15 cm (6 in), the tube may be severed rather than initiated upon
 detonation.

A lways cut a “V” slot in the load-
 ing hose to prevent abrasion of
 shock tube during loading.

A lways be sure NONEL connec-
 tions are at right angles (90°)
 to the detonating cord trunklines to
 prevent angle cut-offs.

NONEL MS

 For solid column loaded holes
 1. Lower an MS/primer assembly into the borehole and secure the end of the
 shock tube at the collar.
 2. Load explosive material into the borehole.
 3. Lower a second MS/primer assembly to the
 top of the explosive column and finish loading A
 lways attend downlines during
 loading of explosives and/or
 the hole, ensuring the primer is at a depth of at stemming materials.
 least 60 cm (2 ft) in the explosive column.

 For deck loaded holes
 1. Lower an MS/primer assembly into the borehole and secure the end of the
 shock tube at the coller.
 2. Load explosive material into the borehole.
 3. If the bottom charge is to be double primed, lower a second MS/primer
 assembly of the same delay to the top of the explosive charge, and finish
 loading the hole, ensuring the primer is at a depth of at least 60 cm (2 ft) in
 the explosive column.
 4. Load stemming material for decking.
 5. Repeat the above procedure until the appropriate amount of decks are
 completed.

 Figure 32 - MS primer assemblies in Figure 33 - MS primer assemblies in
 solid column loaded hole. deck loaded hole.

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A lways be sure the shock tube
 leading to the hole is in a
straight line and is taut.

A lways place detonating cord
 trunkline hook-ups in closed
loops and use with crossties. Two
paths of initiation will then be avail-
able for each detonator connection. Figure 36 - MS downlines and TD
 trunklines correctly in TD bunch Block.

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Connecting MS Detonators to Detonating Cord Trunkline Using J-Hooks

1. Dyno Nobel recommends Primacord
 detonating cords specifically designed
 as trunklines for the initiation of shock
 tube through J-hook connections.
 2. Using the J-hook provided, connect
 each lead to the detonating cord
 trunkline.
 3. Make sure shock tube is at right an-
 gles to detonating cord trunkline. If
 shock tube touches or is closer than
 15 cm (6 in) to the detonating cord it
 Figure 34 - Correct J-Hook connection.
 may be severed rather than initiated
 upon detonation.
 4. From the J-hook pull the sealed end
 of the MS lead tight and directly in
 line with the borehole. DO NOT allow
 slack in the shock tube going from the
 J-hook to the collar of the borehole.

Hook-up of MS Detonators with TDs
 Figure 35 - Incorrect J-hook connection.
 1. Follow the Bunch Block connection Crossover may cause cut-offs or misfires.
 instructions on page 11.
 2. After all blast holes are connected, make a thorough inspection of hook-
 ups for proper connection; ensuring all tubes leave the block in a straight
 line for at least 1 m (3 ft).
 3. Turn each Bunch Block upside down and cover with drill cuttings, stem-
 ming or other similar material to prevent cut-offs and control noise.

A lways be sure shock tube
 connections are at right an-
gles (90°) to the detonating cord
trunklines to prevent angle cut-offs.

NONEL MS Connector

Use as a Surface Delay with Detonating Cord
 These instructions apply to detonating cord with a coreload of 3.6 g/m (18 gr/ft)
 and higher.

First, select the location in the detonating cord N ever cut detonating cord with
 devices that produce metal-
 to-metal contact, such as scissors,
 trunkline to insert the MS Connector and cut the wire cutters, crimpers or similar
 detonating cord. Then wrap the cord around the instruments.
 cleats in the following manner:
 1. Place the detonating cord in the groove of the
 connector block, with about 23 cm (9 in) protruding out the same end of
 the connector block as the shock tube lead.
 2. Wrap the tail of the detonating cord around both cleats of the connector
 block so that the detonating cord snaps into the securing feature of the
 connector block.
 3. Wrap the tail of the detonating cord around both cleats again, so the cord
 snaps into the securing feature of the connector block, locking the cord in
 place.

Repeat the above steps to connect the other end of the detonating cord trunkline
 to the second connector block. Once both connections are made, cut the deto-
 nating cord tails to ensure they do not come in contact with or come near the
 shock tube lead.

Figure 37 - Step 1, cord in center Figure 38 - Step 2, cord wrapped
 groove. around one cleat.

Figure 39 - Step 3, cord wrapped Figure 40 - Incorrect MSConnec-
 around both cleats. tor connection. Cord not in center
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Use as a Surface Delay with PRIMACORD 2 (10 gr/ft)
 Select the location in the PRIMACORD 2 detonating cord trunkline to insert the
 MS Connector and cut the trunkline. Then make the connections in the following
 manner:
 1. Place the PRIMACORD 2 in the cen-
 ter groove of the connector block, with
 about 23 cm (9 in) protruding out the
 A
 lways remember connector
 blocks contain detonators, and
 are subject to detonation caused by
 same end of the connector block as the abuse, such as impact, the same as
 shock tube lead (Figure 41). all detonators.
 2. Wrap the PRIMACORD 2 around one
 cleat of the MSConnector and back up A
 lways place MS Connectors
 close to the hole being delayed
 to eliminate ground movement cut-
 the center groove (Figure 42). offs from the preceding hole.
 3. Wrap the PRIMACORD 2 around the
 other cleat of the MSConnector and A
 lways ensure the detonating
 cord is properly inserted and
 back up the center groove (Figure 43). secured in the MS Connector.
 4. To complete the connection, wrap the
 PRIMACORD 2 around both cleats and secure it in the locking device at
 the end of both cleats (Figure 44); the finished connection should resem-
 ble a Figure 8.

Repeat the above steps to connect the other end of the PRIMACORD 2 trunkline
 to the second connector block. Once both connections are made, cut the deto-
 nating cord tails to ensure they do not come in contact with or come near the
 shock tube lead.

Figure 41 - Step 1, cord in center Figure 42 - Step 2, cord around one
 groove. cleat and back in center groove.

Figure 43 - Step 3, cord around sec- Figure 44 - Step 4, cord around both
 ond cleat and back in center groove. cleats and secured.
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NONEL SL

Loading Procedures
 Dyno Nobel recommends Primacord 1 (7.5 gr/ft), Primacord 3 (15 gr/ft) and/or
 Primacord 4R (18 gr/ft) for use as downlines to NONEL SL detonators.

For solid column loaded holes
 1. Insert a SL detonator of the appropriate delay into a booster.
 2. Attach detonating cord to the SL loop
 with a double-wrap clove hitch.
 3. Lower the SL/primer assembly into the
 hole and cut the detonating cord from the
 spool at the hole collar.
 4. Load the explosive material charge (in-
 sensitive to Primacord 1, Primacord 3 or
 Primacord 4R) into the hole.
 5. Repeat this process for the remaining
 holes of the shot.

For deck loaded holes
 1. Insert a SL detonator of the appropriate
 delay into a booster.
 2. Attach detonating cord to the SL loop
 with a double-wrap clove hitch.
 3. Lower the SL/primer assembly into the
 hole and cut the detonating cord from
 Figure 45 - SL units in solid column
 the spool at the collar of the hole. loaded hole.
 4. Load the explosive material charge
 (insensitive to Primacord 3, Primacord 4Y, Primacord 4R or Primacord 5)
 into the hole. If the bottom charge will be double primed, lower a second
 SL/primer assembly of the same delay to the top of the explosive charge,
 ensuring the primer is at a depth of at least 60 cm (2 ft) in the explosive
 column.

A lways cut the detonating cord
 from its spool as soon as the
 primer assembly is in place.
 A lways use a pigtail of Prima-
 cord 4R, Primacord 4Y or Pri-
 macord 5 to initiate outgoing shock

A lways use a minimum of two tubes. Primacord 1 is not a reliable
 primers, one at the bottom initiator of NONEL TD units.
 and one at the top of the column,
 in holes larger than 23 cm (9 in) in
 diameter, or in explosive material
 A lways use only continuous
 lengths of detonating cord to
 connect the SL detonator. Splices
 columns longer than 9 m (30 ft). must not be put in the hole.

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5. Load the stemming material for the deck.
 6. For the second deck, make up another SL/
 primer assembly of the correct delay and lower
 it into the borehole on a separate detonating
 cord downline. Cut the cord at the hole collar.
 7. Load the explosive material, and stem the
 deck.
 8. Repeat these steps for the desired number
 of decks.

For deck loaded holes with sliding delay
 primers
 1. Insert a SL detonator of the appropriate de-
 lay into a booster.
 2. Attach detonating cord to the SL unit loop
 with a double-wrap clove hitch.
 Figure 46 - SL units in deck loaded
 3. Lower the SL/primer assembly into the hole
 hole. and cut the detonating cord from the spool at
 the collar of the hole.
 4. Load the explosive material charge (insensi-
 tive to Primacord 3, Primacord 4Y, Primacord 4R or Primacord 5) into the
 hole. If the bottom charge will be double primed, make up a second SL/
 sliding delay primer and slide it down the detonating cord downline, ensur-
 ing the primer is at a depth of at least 60 cm (2 ft) in the explosive column.
 5. Load the stemming material for the deck.
 6. For the second deck, make up another SL/sliding delay primer assembly
 of the correct delay and slide it down
 the detonating cord downline.
 7. Load the explosive material, and stem
 the deck.
 8. Repeat these steps for the desired
 number of decks.

A lways be sure to use a sepa-
 rate Primacord 1 downline for
 each primer assembly.

A lways use ANFO or blasting
 agents with similar properties
 (i.e. slurries or water gels) with
 Primacord 1, Primacord 3, and
 Primacord 4R. Certain cap sensi-
 tive explosive materials such as
 nitroglycerin-based explosives are
 sensitive to, and may be initiated
 by, these cords. Figure 47 - SL units in deck loaded
 hole, using sliding delay primers.

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Making NONEL SL/Sliding Delay Primer Assembly

 1. Pass the cap down through the slider
 tunnel.
 A lways use Primacord 1,
 Primacord 3, Primacord 4R,
 Primacord 4Y, or Primacord 5 as
 2. Reverse back through the center cord the downline. These coreloads are
 tunnel. high enough for optimum initia-
 3. Bend 180° again and insert the cap to tion of SL units and low enough to
 minimize disturbance of non cap-
 full depth into the cap well. sensitive explosive materials in the
 4. Pass the end of the detonating cord column, ensuring point initation.
 downline into the lower end of the
 slider tunnel and out the upper end so A lways be sure to separate det-
 onating cord downlines during
 loading and stemming procedures
 that the primer will slide freely down the
 to prevent cut-offs. Do not allow
 borehole into position.
 excessive slack to fall back down
 into the hole.

 Figure 48 - Making the SL / sliding delay primer assembly.

 When using SL detonators in the
 slider configuration, a 3.2 to 5.3 g/m
 (15 to 25 gr/ft) detonating cord down-
 line is required; Dyno Nobel recom-
 mends Primacord 3, Primacord 4R,
 Primacord 4Y or Primacord 5.

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NONEL TD

The NONEL TD system is best suited for ap-
 NONEL TD units can be used with
 plications that require more delay intervals due either shock tube or detonating cord.
 to vibration limitations, but cannot have deto- In both applications, the cap MUST
 nating cord trunklines because of overpressure be pointed in the intended direction
 (air blast) restrictions. Large blasts that re- of initiation.
 quire multiple delay intervals can be achieved
 by combining NONEL MS detonators with TD units.

Use with Shock Tube
 When used with shock tube, the NONEL TD system, in its simplest form, has one
 or two NONEL MS detonators down the hole and one incoming and one or two
 outgoing TD units.

1. Make the Bunch Block with shock tube
 connection, as detailed on page 11.
 2. Once all holes are connected, thor-
 oughly inspect all hook-ups for proper
 connection.
 3. Turn the Bunch Block upside down and
 cover it with drill cuttings, stemming or
 another suitable material to help pre-
 vent cut-offs and control noise. Figure 50 - TD unit block with shock tube.

A lways make sure shock tube
 downline connections are at
right angles to the trunkline to avoid
the possibility of cut-offs.

A lways consult the manufacturer
 for detonating cord compatibil-
ity with NONEL TD units.

Figure 49 - Simplest form of shot layout using MS detonators down
 the hole and TD units on the surface.

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Use with Detonating Cord
 If you plan to use TD units with detonating Detonating cord with coreloads less
 than 2.1 g/m (10 gr/ft) are NOT reli-
 cord, Dyno Nobel recommends PRIMACORD
 able initiators of TD units. A pigtail of
 detonating cords specifically designed for the 3.6 g/m (18 gr/ft) or higher coreload
 initiation of shock tube through J-hook connec- cord must be used to initiate outgo-
 tions. ing shock tubes.

Know that detonating cord may tie to detonating cord and initiate through knots,
 but shock tube cannot. In extending a trunkline or downline, tie separate lengths
 of the proper cord with a square knot. Make sure the knot is tight. Also, the knot
 should be several inches from the cut ends of the cord to avoid parting of the
 knot.

Self-to-Self Reliable Downlines
 1. Make the Bunch Block connection
 with the detonating cord downline as
 detailed on page 12.
 2. Snap the J-hooks of the outgoing TD
 unit(s) onto the detonating cord down-
 line between the Bunch Block and the
 collar of the hole.
 3. If you are using more than one
 Figure 51 - Proper use of TD detonator
 downline, place one in the Bunch
 Bunch Block with self-to-self reliable
 Block and tie the other to it at the detonating cord downline(s).
 collar of the hole.
 4. Make sure the J-hook(s) are at least 15 cm (6 in) from the Bunch Block
 and 5 to 7.5 cm (2 to 3 in) from any knots.
 5. Trim any excessive detonating cord tails. Extraneous contact of detonat-
 ing cord and shock tube connections may result in cut-offs.
 6. Once all the blastholes are connected, make a visual inspection of all
 hook-ups for proper connections. After verifying proper hook-up, turn each
 Bunch Block connection upside down and cover with drill cuttings, stem-
 ming, or other similar material to help prevent cut-offs and control noise.

N ever place detonating cord
 products and shock tube in the
 A lways snap the J-hook to the
 detonating cord downline a
 minimum of 15 cm (6 in) from the
 same Bunch Block. Bunch Block, and protect the shock
 tube from sharpnel damage.

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Non Self-to-Self Reliable Downlines
 1. Place a pigtail of 3.6 g/m (18 gr/ft) detonating cord in the Bunch Block par-
 allel to the detonator.
 2. Tie the detonating cord downlines to the pigtail with a clove hitch knot.
 Make sure the knots are at least 15 cm (6 in) from the Bunch Block, and
 that there is at least 5 to 7.5 cm (2 to 3 in) between knots.
 3. Attach the J-hook(s) of the outgoing shock tube lead to the pigtail 5 to 7.5
 cm (2 to 3 inches) from any knot and
 at least 15 cm (6 in) from the Bunch
 Block. Make sure all your connections
 are at right angles, and that the shock
 tube leads do not come in contact with
 the detonating cord after the J-hook
 connection.
 4. Make sure the J-hook(s) are at least
 15 cm (6 in) from the Bunch Block and
 5 to 7.5 cm (2 to 3 in) from any knots.
 5. Trim any excessive detonating cord
 Figure 52 - Proper use of TD detonator
 tails. Extraneous contact of detonat- Bunch Block with non self-to-self reliable
 ing cord and shock tube connections detonating cord downline(s).
 may result in cut-offs.
 6. Once all the blastholes are connected, make a visual inspection of all
 hook-ups for proper connections. After verifying proper hook-up, turn each
 Bunch Block connection upside down and cover with drill cuttings, stem-
 ming, or other similar material to help prevent cut-offs and control noise.

Separate Charge Firing - Same Delay Each Hole
 A blast consisting of a single charge per hole normally has the same NONEL MS
 detonator in every hole. In some cases, the next higher delay period may be
 placed at the top of the column charge. Surface delay combinations of 42ms or
 25ms and 17ms TD units provide for two important functions:
 1. The actual detonation time of the blast-
 hole is greater than the surface Shock tube propagates at approxi-
 activation time. Therefore, the risk of mately 2000 m/s (6,500 f/s) and deto-
 nating cord propagates around 7000
 cut-off downlines or trunklines due to m/s (23,000 f/s). Detonating cord
 ground movement is minimized. detonates like a cap along its entire
 2. Blastholes detonate with a minimum of length, therefore the shock tube can
 an 8 millisecond interval. An unlimited be cut when the lines of connection
 number of delays are available with the between the initiating cord and the
 shock tube are not at right angles
 proper selection of surface delay times or the ties are sloppy. Cut-offs may
 and patterns; consult your local Dyno cause misfires.
 Nobel representative.

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PRIMALINE® SMS

PRIMALINE SMS detonators are initiated by a detonating cord trunkline with a
 coreload of at least 5 g/m (25 gr/ft). Dyno Nobel recommends its PRIMALINE
 5 detonating cord for use as a trunkline, since its tacky surface ensures good
 contact throughout the knot connection. The
 detonation signal from the trunkline is trans-
 mitted to the PRIMALINE lead down the N
 ever use cap-sensitive explo-
 sives, such as nitroglycerin or
 nitrostarch based explosives with
 blastholes and initiates the detonator. The
 SMS detonators.
 trunkline and PRIMALINE leads detonate at
 7000 m/s (23,000 ft/s) so that, for all practical
 purposes, all delay elements are initiated at
 N
 ever splice PRIMALINE leads
 with PRIMALINE detonating
 cord, such a connection will not
 the same time. shoot reliably.

Loading Procedures N ever kink or injure the PRIMA-
 LINE leads, misfires may occur.

1. Check the holes for obstructions with
 a tamping pole or loading hose of sufficient diameter.
 2. Insert the SMS unit into the end of the loading hose so that the detonator
 points toward the collar of the hole.
 3. Push the loading hose, detonator and primer to the bottom of the blast
 hole.
 4. Withdraw the loading hose approximately 15 to 20 cm (6 to 8 in) and turn
 the loader on, then continue to withdraw the hose as the ANFO is loaded.

If ANFO cannot be used (due to the presence of water, for example) a non cap-
 sensitive primer or slip-on
 type booster should be
 used.

Conventional nitroglycerin
 or nitro-starch based explo-
 sives MUST NOT be used
 with SMS units. PRIMA-
 LINE detonating cord will
 initiate some cap-sensitive
 explosives, initiating the ex-
 plosive column and bypass-
 ing the delay.

Figure 53 - Blasthole loaded with SMS detonator and ANFO.

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A lways use a closed loop
 trunkline to provide two paths
 of initiation to each PRIMALINE
 The round is fired by attaching a NONEL
 Starter detonator, a cap and fuse as-
 lead.
 sembly, or an electric blasting cap to a
 A lways use non cap-sensitive
 explosives only. The PRIMA-
 LINE lead may initiate cap-sensitive
 short detonating cord pigtail. This pig-
 tail is then tied at a right angle onto the
 explosives, initiating the explosive trunkline. The round is then ready to fire.
 column and bypassing the delay.

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Hook-up to Trunklines
 The PRIMALINE detonating cord lead is
 connected to the trunkline by a double-wrap
 A lways be sure all knot connec-
 tions between the PRIMALINE
 lead and PRIMALINE 5 trunklines
 clove hitch (Figure 54). Always keep the are at right angles to prevent cut-
 connections neat and square, with a minimum offs.
 of slack, and trim all loose ends to prevent
 PRIMALINE detonating cord to trunkline A lways tie the PRIMALINE lead
 to the PRIMALINE 5 trunkline
 using a double-wrap clove hitch.
 crossovers, which could result in cut-offs. This particular knot is necessary
 Always make a final inspection of the hook-up due to the minimum coreload in
 to be sure all holes are connected. the PRIMALINE leads. Adequate
 surface area contact to the donor is
 A typical Room and Pillar heading is shown needed for reliable initiation.
 in Figure 55. A trunkline of PRIMALINE 5 or
 PRIMACORD 5 is used to initiate the PRIMALINE leads from each blast hole.
 The trunkline is arranged in a closed loop with cross-ties connected at both ends

Figure 54 - Double-wrap
 clove hitch; recommended
 knot to connect PRIMALINE
 SMS units to trunkline.

A lways use factory-assembled
 units only. DO NOT attempt
 to field splice SMS leads or knot
 Figure 55 - Typical Room and Pillar heading.

lengths of PRIMALINE lead to- to provide two paths of initiation to each
 gether. connection.

NONEL General Application Instructions

 Primer Assemblies
 NONEL products can be used with all cast boosters, dynamites and cap-sensitive
 explosives.

 For cast boosters, thread the NONEL unit
 (of appropriate length) through the cord well
 of the cap primer and insert detonator fully
 into the cap well (Figure 56).

 A lways be sure that the base
 charge of the detonator is cen-
 tered in the primer.
 Figure 56 - NONEL / booster assembly.

 For soft package primers, use a nonsparking powder punch to punch a hole in
 the primer deep enough for the entire detonator. Fully insert the detonator into
 the cartridge, then half-hitch or tape the lead around the cartridge (Figure 57).

 For dynamite (and other paper cartridge
 primers), either tape the shock tube lead
 to the primer or punch a hole, using a non-
 sparking tool, diagonally starting at the top
 and exiting the side. Thread the detonator
 through this hole and insert fully into the car-
 tridge (Figure 58).

 Figure 57 - NONEL assembly with water
 gel or emulsion.

 A lways lower boosters into the
 blasthole to prevent tumbling,
 which could pinch shock tube be-
 tween booster and borehole wall.

 Figure 58- NONEL / dynamite primer assembly.

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Walking the Shot
 Dyno Nobel strongly recommends walking the shot pattern after completion of
 tie-in to ensure proper path and connections. Phsycially check all connectors
 for complete insertion into the clip. This does not requre the units to be picked
 up from the ground; if the units were properly hooked and pinned, the inspecting
 person can easily see them.

In situations where it will be difficult for the blaster to get back in on the shot to
 verify all holes have fired, Dyno Nobel recommends an additional number of
 surface units be tied to the last holes in the blast to help ensure all surface units
 have fired. Surface units with lead-in-lines may be used to get the units in a safe
 location for a post-blast examination.

Initiating the Shot
 1. Attach the primary initiating cap to the opening hole once all the proper
 connections have been made and the blast area has been cleared. Rec-
 ommended primary initiating devices are (1) NONEL Starter unit, (2) an
 electric blasting cap, or (3) NONEL Lead Line unit with EZTL detonator.
 2. Attach the primary initiator to the
 shock tube lead of the opening hole
 so it is in position to initiate the lead in
 both directions. (Figure 59 and Figure
 61). If using NONEL Starter or Lead
 Line units, follow the Bunch Block
 connection instructions on page 11. If
 using an electric detonator, create a
 loop in the shock tube lead, and se-
 curely tape the detonator in the loop.
 3. Extend the outgoing leads in a Figure 59 - Shot initiation using NONEL
 straight line for at least 30 cm (12 in) Starter unit. Note shock tube lead posi-
 tion so it will be initiated in both direc-
 after the primary initiator has been tions.

When using an electric detonator to
 fire a NONEL unit, check to make
 sure there are no overhead power
 lines present that might endanger
 the shot-firer. The use of two-way ra-
 dios is restricted within 34 m (110 ft)
 of the detonator. Any unit that emits
 RF is restricted from use with electric
 detonators. Refer to IME SLP #22
 for further information.

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attached. NEVER bend the leads around the nose of the Bunch Block,
 back over the top of the connection or allow the outgoing leads to loop
 back near the connection (Figure 60). Any of these may result in a cut-off
 due to shrapnel from the exploding detonator.
 4. Cover the connection with drill cuttings, stemming or other similar material
 to prevent cut-offs and control noise.

 Figure 60 - Incorrect hook-up; shock tube
 lead is bent around the nose of the Bunch
 Block.

 Figure 61 (right) - Shot initiation using
 electric detonator. Electric detonator is
 securely taped to lead. Note that shock
 tube lead is looped, assuring initiation in
 both directions.

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Detonating Cord Product Line

 PRIMACORD® detonating cord

 PRIMACORD detonating cords are flex-
 ible linear explosives with a core of PETN
 explosive encased in a textile outer jacket.
 They are designed for use in various min-
 ing quarrying and construction applica-
 tions.

 Coreload Application Tensile (min)
 g/m gr/ft Downline Trunkline kg lbs
 PRIMACORD 1 1.5 7.5 X 68 150
 PRIMACORD 2 2.13 10.0 X X 45 100
 PRIMACORD 2.5 2.4 12.5 X X 27 60
 PRIMACORD 3 3.2 15.0 X 113 250
 PRIMACORD 4Y 3.6 18.0 X X 68 150
 PRIMACORD 4R 3.6 18.0 X X 68 150
 PRIMACORD 5 5.3 25.0 X X 68 150
 PRIMACORD 8 8.5 40.0 X X 90 200
 PRIMACORD 10 10.8 50.0 X X 90 200

 PRIMALINE® detonating cord

 PRIMALINE detonating cords are flexible linear explosives with a core of PETN
 explosive encased in a plastic outer jacket. They are best suited for use in abra-
 sive mining, quarrying and construction applications.

 Coreload Application Tensile (min)
 g/m gr/ft Downline Trunkline kg lbs
 PRIMALINE 4D 3.6 18.0 X 45 100
 PRIMALINE 5 5.3 25.0 X 50 110
 PRIMALINE 21 21.3 100.0 X X 90 200
 PRIMALINE 31 31.5 150.0 X X 90 200
 PRIMALINE 42 42.5 200.0 X X 90 200
 PRIMALINE 85 85.0 400.0 X X 136 300

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When selecting a detonating cord trunkline, consider what the trunkline must initi-
 ate and what must initiate the cord using the following guidelines:
 • Detonating cords between 3.6 and 10.6 grams/meter (18 and 50 grains/
 foot) initiate each other and themselves through all recommended knots,
 unless otherwise specified. Normally cords with a coreload less than 3.6
 g/m (18 gr/ft) do not initiate themselves, however, Primacord 2 (10 gr/ft),
 will initiate itself and other cords.
 • Surface delays, such as MSConnectors, used to delay blasts initiated with
 detonating cord trunklines must be compatible with the detonating cord
 used as the trunkline.

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Specialty PRIMALINE detonating cord

Specialty PRIMALINE detonating cords are PRIMALINE detonating cords de-
 signed for a specific blasting application. PRIMASHEAR® linear explosive is
 designed for presplitting applications, where a low velocity explosive is required
 to reduce radial cracking. Low Flex™ detonating cord is designed for cleaning
 and deslagging boilers.

Coreload Application Tensile (min)
 g/m gr/ft Downline Trunkline kg lbs
 PRIMASHEAR 4 3.6 18.0 X 45 100
 PRIMASHEAR 5 5.3 25.0 X 45 100
 PRIMASHEAR 8 8.6 40.0 X 45 100
 Low Flex 11 11.6 55.0 X 50 110
 Low Flex 17 17.0 80.0 X 50 110

Trunkline

When designated as a trunkline, the purpose of detonating cord is to initiate all
 surface units, including NONEL MSConnector and TD units, as well as all deto-
 nating cord downlines and all in-hole NONEL detonators. All trunklines possess
 self-to-self reliability.

Whether selecting a detonating cord product for use as a trunkline or downline,
 the conditions of use must be considered in order to determine which jacket con-
 struction and coreload to use. Generally, blasthole conditions affecting the down-
 line will determine the degree of ruggedness required. The following guidelines
 apply:
 • PRIMACORD1, PRIMACORD 4Y, PRIMACORD 5, PRIMACORD 8, and
 PRIMACORD 10 all have similar jacket constructions; the inner plastic
 jacket is designed to resist oil and water penetration of the core. The
 outer textiles and wax protect this jacket from abrasion and friction, giving
 the cord its superior knot tying characteristics and contribute to its tensile
 strength.
 • The larger coreload cords will generally withstand slightly more abrasion,
 such as that found in ragged (rough) blastholes.
 • PRIMACORD 3 has a significantly more rugged jacket construction than
 the other low coreload detonating cords, giving it significantly higher ten-
 sile strength and abrasion resistance, but DOES NOT possess self-to-self
 reliability.
 • PRIMACORD 2 and PRIMALINE 4D are lighter duty detonating cords
 designed for blasting conditions with little risk of abrasion damage. These
 cords should NOT be used in ragged blastholes.

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Downline

Detonating cord downlines are commonly used to initiate cord sensitive boost-
 ers or NONEL SL units. When selecting a detonating cord product for use as a
 downline, consider what explosive the cord must initiate and what must initiate
 the cord, using the following guidelines:
 • PRIMACORD 1 and PRIMACORD 3 are initiated by all cords above 3.6
 grams/meter (18 grains/foot ) but WILL NOT reliably initiate any of these
 cords or themselves; they are NOT self-to-self reliable.
 • All boosters vary in their sensitivity to initiation from the different types
 of detonating cords. Practically none are sensitive to PRIMACORD 1,
 whereas nearly all are sensitive to PRIMACORD 10. The manufacturer of
 the booster will recommend the minimum coreload detonating cord for reli-
 able initiation.

Trunklines/Downlines

Connections & Knots

Detonating Cord to Cord Connections

Knots
 Knots are a simple, dependable and convenient method of connection in field use
 of PRIMACORD and PRIMALINE detonating cords. Dyno Nobel recommends
 the use of the following knot connections:

• The square knot (Figure 62) is recommended
 for extending a trunkline system or splicing
 lengths of the same cord. The square knot
 should be made several inches back from the
 cut ends and tightened. It should only be used
 with self-to-self reliable cords. Figure 62 - Square knot.

Detonating cord downlines that are • Either the single-wrap clove hitch (Figure 63)
not self-to-self reliable (generally
 or double-wrap clove hitch (Figure 64) are
those lower than 3.6 g/m [18 gr/ft])
require the double-wrap clove hitch recommended for connecting trunkline cross-ties
knot to ensure initiation. or downlines to trunklines.

Knot connections in detonating cord should be pulled
 tight to create positive contact between the two lines.
 Detonating cord connections must be kept at right
 angles to prevent angle cut-off, which occurs when
 the downlines slant back toward the point of initiation
 at an acute angle (one less than 90°).

Figure 63 - Single-wrap clove
 hitch knot.

Figure 64 - Double-wrap clove
 hitch knot.
 Figure 65 - Acute angle (less than 90°); cut-offs
 may occur.

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Detonating Cord to Shock Tube Connections

J-Hooks
 The J-Hook attachment works with NONEL surface and in-hole assemblies.
 Connect each J-Hook to the detonating cord trunkline. Do not allow slack in the
 shock tube lead to cross-over the trunkline. Detonating cord detonates like a det-
 onator along its entire length, at a velocity four (4) times faster than shock tube.
 If the detonating cord touches the shock tube lead, or is closer than 15 cm (6 in),
 other than at the J-Hook, the shock tube may be severed rather than initiated
 upon detonation of the trunkline. Be sure the shock tube leads are connected at
 right (90°) angles and that the shock tube is pulled through the J-Hook to form a
 tight line from the collar of the hole to the trunkline.

Figure 66 - Proper J-Hook connection. Figure 67 - Incorrect J-Hook connection;
 not connected at right angle. Cut-off or
 misfires may result.

Shock tube propagates at approxi-
mately 2000 m/s (6500 f/ts) and
detonating cord propagates around
7000 m/s (23000 ft/s). Detonating
cord detonates like a cap along its
entire length, therefore shock tube
can be cut when the lines of connec-
tion between the initiating cord and
the shock tube are not at right (90°)
angles or the ties are sloppy. Cut-
offs may cause misfires.

Figure 68 - Incorrect J-Hook connection; tube crosses
 over trunkline. Cut-off or misfires may result.

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Bunch Blasting
 Bunch blasting is used when shock tube in-hole units are used with a detonating
 cord trunkline. When the round is loaded, gather the leads (check to be sure you
 have them all) in a bunch or bunches that can fit comfortably in your hand. More
 than 20 shock tube leads per bunch may cause a
 misfire in one or more shock tubes. Tie each bunch
 or tape each bunch once near the place where the
 N
 ever place more than 20 shock
 tube leads in a bunch when
 bunch blasting. One or more the
 bunch is gathered, and a second time about 30 cm leads may not intiate, which may
 (1 ft) further out. Tie the detonating cord to each cause a misfire.
 bunch of shock tube leads, making a standard
 clove-hitch knot between the two taped sections of shock tube. The probability
 of a shock wave cutting off the shock tube leads, rather than initiating them, is
 increased if you just wrap the cord around the bunch, or tie a hangman’s type of
 knot. This is also a problem when the ties are too close together, or when the
 cord is tied too close to where the shock tube spreads toward the face. When
 bunch blasting, always use detonating cord with a coreload of at least 5.3 grams/
 meter (25 grains/foot).

Dyno Nobel recommends the use of
 the J-Hook connection in preference
 to bunch blasting due to improved
 reliability under a full range of condi-
 tions.

Figure 69 - Properly bunched leads.

Figure 70 - Bunch blasting, properly
 connected trunkline.

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PRIMACORD & PRIMALINE

Priming

Correct primer make-up is highly important in
 the successful performance of a blast. This is A lways check with the booster/
 explosives manufacturer for
 compatibility and specific proce-
 particularly true when assembling primers for
 dures for using detonating cord
 main charges of non cap-sensitive explosives products in your applications, in-
 or blasting agents. Regardless of what types cluding minimum coreload require-
 of explosives are used, the detonating cord ments and proper threading and
 should be properly and securely attached to tying techniques. Their recommen-
 the cartridge or booster to be loaded. dations should be strictly followed.

Cast and Slurry Boosters
 Explosives manufacturers have developed a variety of boosters designed to
 initiate non cap-sensitive explosives such as ANFO and other blasting agents.
 These boosters may be packed in flexible or rigid plastic containers; they may
 also be in the form of pressed or cast materials requiring no container what-
 soever for loading in the borehole. Usually, these specially designed boosters
 are adaptable to PRIMACORD or PRIMALINE detonating cords; check with the
 booster manufacturer for proper initiation techniques.

Loading Holes

It is general practice to attach the detonating cord to the first cartridge or booster
 loaded in the hole. For ease of deployment, a rod can be inserted through the
 hole in the center of the detonating cord spool. The spool can then be held by
 the rod, or mounted in the open top of a wooden box or other type of holder.

While loading and stemming blastholes, take care to
A lways construct any detonating
 cord spool holder from non-
sparking materials.
 prevent damage to the detonating cord downline. If
 a cartridge becomes “bridged” or other difficulty is
 experienced in loading, and there is a chance that
 the detonating cord downline has been damaged, a new booster and downline
 should be inserted immediately after the trouble has been corrected. The dis-
 carded downline should be kept taut and not allowed to fall into the hole where it
 could interfere with subsequent loading operations.

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Cutting Detonating Cord
 After the primer is in position, but before loading operations continue, the deto-
 nating cord downline should be cut from the spool. Allow for sufficient length to
 extend above the collar of the hole to provide for the possible settling (slumping)
 of the load, and to make connections to trunkline(s). The end of the detonat-
 ing cord downline should be secured snugly at the top to keep it fairly taut. One
 method is to tie it to a wooden stake or box weighed down with a stone. This will
 prevent the downline from being lost in the hole during loading, but still allows
 some movement in case the charge subsides. When not in use, the detonating
 cord spool should be removed from the area of the loaded hole(s).

A lways use a clean, sharp knife,
 razor blade or instrument spe- N ever cut detonating cord with
 devices such as scissors, plier-
 type cutters, cap crimpers, wire
 cifically designed for cutting deto-
 nating cord. cutters, or similar instruments that
 produce metal-to-metal contact.

Proper Number of Downlines
 One downline is usually adequate for
 small, medium or large diameter holes
 (Figure 71). However, it is recommended
 that two downlines be used for deep,
 large diameter holes loaded with multiple
 boosters that are separated by blasting
 agents or other types of non cap-sensi-
 tive explosives in the blasthole (Figure
 72). Two downlines are also recom-

A lways cut detonating cord from
 its spool immediately after the
 charge is in place to help minimize
 the destructive effect of a prema-
 ture detonation of the charge, which
 could initiate the cord attached to
 the charge and the entire spool of
 detonating cord.

A lways avoid situations where
 detonating cord or initiation
 system components can become
 entangled in machines, equipment, Figure 71 - A single downline at-
 vehicles or moving parts thereof tached to the first cartridge loaded.
 and prematurely initiate.

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Connecting the Blastholes N ever extend a detonating
 cord downline in the borehole.
 Spools are marked with splice loca-
 tions to manage this.
 After the holes have been loaded and stemmed,
 clear the blast site of all loading equipment, empty
 boxes and other extra material before starting to hook-up the blast. Allow enough
 time for this operation in advance of blast time so that it can proceed in a careful
 and orderly manner. Once the work has been started, only necessary personnel
 should be allowed to remain on the blast pattern. The downline-to-trunkline con-
 nections should be as close to the hole collar (stemming) as possible.

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mended when blastholes are deck loaded, i.e. when the charges are separated
 by inert stemming material (Figure 73).

The purpose of the second downline is to provide
When using multiple downlines, keep
them separated in the borehole, and
 positive contact with the explosives and to guard
free of slack to help prevent cut-offs. against the malfunctioning of an element in the
 charge. The second downline is usually introduced
 with the second
 booster unit, just
 prior to deck load-
 ing; or, depending on
 the blast design, just
 before stemming the
 hole. When loading
 heavy units of blast-
 ing agents packaged
 in rigid fiber contain-
 ers, two downlines
 are advisable in all
 cases. When us-
 ing two downlines,
 always keep them
 separated in the
 borehole, and free
 of slack when mak-
 ing connections to
 the trunkline, to help
 prevent cut-offs.
 Figure 72 (right)- Two downlines in decked hole. All explosives must
 be cap-sensitive, otherwise each deck must include a primer.
 Figure 73 (left) - Two downlines in a large diameter hole using several
 boosters.

Instant Firing with PRIMACORD and PRIMALINE Trunklines

Today, very few detonat-
 ing cord blasts are fired
 instantaneously. Should
 instant firing be required,
 unreel the detonating
 cord trunkline so that
 it lies across the tops
 of the holes to be fired.
 The trunkline layout
 should be designed so
 the detonation can reach
 each hole from two
 directions; this is espe-
 cially important when Figure 74 - Three rows of staggered holes hooked up for instant shoot-
 delay techniques are ing using a three-trunkline system. Note the three trunkline crossties.

employed.

In multiple-row blasts, at least three sets of crossties should be provided, one
 at each end and one near the center of the row (Figure 74). In very long blasts,
 more crossties should be used. Care should be taken to see that the entire
 trunkline is free of loops or kinks, which could cause cut-offs. After laying out the
 trunkline, connect the downlines to it, using the appropriate knot connection (see
 page 41). Ensure the downline is at a 90° angle with the trunkline at each hole

Delay Firing With PRIMACORD and PRIMALINE Trunklines

Short-interval delay firing
 techniques are those
 in which hole firing is
 delayed a fraction of a
 second. This method of-
 ten offers several advan-
 tages over instantaneous
 firing, such as reduced
 ground vibration, noise
 control, improved frag-
 mentation, and less post-
 blast back-break. In
 delay firing, it is Figure 75 - Three rows hooked up with a multiple trunkline system us-
 ing delays (indicated by Xs). The end hole in the row fires instantly and
 the subsequent holes are delayed in an echelon fashion as shown.

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important to design the trunkline so detonation can reach each hole from two
 directions.

Delay Firing Without In-Hole Delays
 Though short interval-delay firing is a widely accepted practice used in surface
 mines, quarries and construction projects, delay blasting techniques may in-
 crease the possibility of cut-off holes or misfires, especially where no in-hole de-
 lay is used. A cut-off involves the offsetting or disturbance of the charge in a hole
 before the detonation of the trunkline has had time to reach the next hole or the
 downline has had time to reach the priming charge. Generally, this disturbance
 is the result of ground movement from holes that fire
 earlier in the delay system. Cut-offs may involve
A good rule of thumb, where no
in-hole delay is provided, is not to certain hazards when using cap sensitive explosives.
exceed one millisecond per 30 cm Hazards from cut-offs can be greatly reduced by
(1ms/ft) of spacing between holes. applying the proper delay technique to suit the condi-
 tions of the blasts (Figure 78).

The selection of the proper short interval delay arrangement is very important;
 especially when using delay devices located on the surface only. Hole size,
 burdens, spacings, type and structure of material being blasted, and general shot
 layout are all factors that have to be considered. A good rule of thumb, where
 no in-hole delay is provided, is not to exceed one millisecond per 30 centimeters
 (1 ms/ft) of spacing between holes. The surface delay should always be located
 closer to the hole or row being delayed, to give ground movement less opportuni-
 ty to affect surface delay performance. As an example, holes spaced on 3 meter
 (10 ft) centers would indicate a delay of 10 ms or less. Holes with 6 meter (20 ft)
 spacing would indicate a delay of 20ms or less, etc.

The timing sequence for detonating cord initiated blasts may be provided by:
 • detonating delays in the trunkline hook-up (MSConnector).
 • nonelectric delay detonators in place of the detonating cord
 trunkline (TD).
 • delay electric caps for initiation of downlines at the collar of
 each blasthole.

The choice of delay product for individual blasts will
N ever introduce detonating
 delays into the trunkline system depend on numerous local conditions and the blaster
until just prior to blast time. in charge.

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NONEL MS Connector
 NONEL MS Connector units are used in hook-ups to provide delay intervals in
 detonating cord trunklines. The MS Connector accepts detonation from one end,
 and initiates the cord at the other end at a predetermined time. The assembly is
 bi-directional; it will function in either direction.

When using MS Connector units it is advisable to design detonating cord
 trunkline systems so the detonation can reach each hole from an alternate direc-
 tion in case of a break in the line. The two-way functioning of the MS Connector
 makes it easy to provide two paths of initiation to each row of holes through a
 closed-loop type of trunkline hook-up. In single row blasts involving sequence
 firing, a double trunkline is also recommended.

NONEL MS and LP
 In some applications, it may be desirable to use detonating cord as a trunkline on
 the surface, but to eliminate the detonating cord downline system. This can be
 done by using NONEL MS or LP units in the hole, and attaching the shock tube
 unit to the detonating cord trunkline via the J-Hook at the collar of each hole.

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NONEL TD
 Occasionally, it is desirable to use detonating
 cord downlines in the hole, but eliminate the
 surface detonating cord system; this can be
 A lways snap the J-Hook to the
 detonating cord downline a
 minimum of 15 cm (6 in) from the
 done by attaching NONEL TD detonators to Bunch Block, and protect the shock
 the respective downlines at each blasthole. tube from shrapnel damage.
 TD units are preassembled units whose delay
 elements cause the assembly to operate at
 the nominal firing times when the shock tube
 lead is properly initiated. TD detonators are
 designed for use as surface delays with deto-
 N ever place detonating cord
 products and shock tube in the
 same Bunch Block.
 nating cord and/or shock tube downlines.

Delay Firing With In-Hole Delays
 Exposure to downline cut-offs may be further reduced by using properly selected
 in-hole delay detonators, such as MS or LP products. With the use of in-hole
 delays, the previously stated rule of thumb of 1 ms per 30 centimeters (1 ms/ft)
 of burden may be extended. In-hole delays provide many options for additional
 delay time, drastically reducing the chance of trunkline cut-off due to ground
 movement.

To Attach Detonator
 Be sure the loaded, or business, end of the
 detonator is pointed in the direction you want
 the detonating cord to detonate; initiation can
 only be assured in the direction the detonator
 is pointing.
 Figure 77 - Electric detonator taped to
 If using an Electric Detonator pigtail for initiation of trunkline.
 1. Wrap the cord and detonator securely
 together with electrician’s tape at the desired initiation point, at least 20 cm
 (8 in) from the cut end of the cord (Figure 77).
 2. Tie the pigtail assembly to the detonating cord downline at the intended
 point of initiation using one of the recommended knot connections. Bury
 the detonator connection to help protect against cut-offs. If the detonating
 cord is wet at the point of initiation, follow the instructions for Wet Detonat-
 ing Cord Initiation found below.

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NONEL SL
 NONEL SL units are designed to provide
 an in-hole delay when using low-energy
 detonating cord downlines, such as PRIMA-
 CORD 1 and PRIMACORD 3. The detonat-
 ing cord downline is connected to the SL
 loop using a double-wrap square knot
 (Figure 76).

SL units can be used in a slider configuration
 for decking or double priming applications.
 For detailed instructions, see the NONEL Figure 76 - Front (left) and back (right)
 SL instruction section on pages 27-29 of this views of double-wrap square knot con-
 book. necting SL unit and PRIMACORD 3.

Initiation of PRIMACORD and PRIMALINE

Modern detonators are very dependable. However, two detonators are recom-
 mended at the point of initiation, especially when delay detonators are used for
 surface initiation of multiple hole shots. For optimal safety and reliability, detona-
 tors should be attached to a short length of detonating cord - a pigtail - that will
 be tied into the detonating cord system just before blast time, using a recom-
 mended knot connection. PRIMACORD and PRIMALINE detonating cords are
 reliably initiated with an electric detonator or NONEL Starter unit.

If using NONEL Starter
 1. Place the detonating cord pigtail in the
 Bunch Block parallel to the detonator,
 wrap the detonating cord around the
 bottom of the Bunch Block and then
 back in the Bunch Block parallel to
 the detonator and snap the lid firmly
 closed (Figure 78).
 2. Tie the pigtail assembly to the detonat-
 ing cord downline at the intended point
 Figure 78 - NONEL Starter detonator
 of initiation using one of the recom-
 connected to detonating cord.
 mended knot connections. Bury the
 detonator connection to help protect
 against cut-offs. If the detonating cord is wet at the point of initiation, fol-
 low the instructions for Wet Detonating Cord Initiation found below.

Initiation of Wet Detonating Cord
 PRIMACORD and PRIMALINE detonating cords are much less sensitive when
 they are wet. Once initiated, however, straight (unknotted) lengths of these
 products will continue to detonate reliably, wet or dry. A detonating cord product
 cannot be reliably initiated through side priming if it becomes wet as a result of
 damage to outside jacketing, or from end penetration of water; cut ends of deto-
 nating cord sitting in water will pick up moisture through capillary action. Knot
 connections of wet PRIMACORD or PRIMALINE products also compromise ini-
 tiation. For any spool of cord that has been in storage, cut a few inches from the
 cord to ensure a dry train of explosives. The only recommended methods of wet
 end initiation are:
 1) end priming with a #8 strength (or higher) detonator.
 2) use of a high velocity booster, such as a cast booster or 80% gelatin
 dynamite.

End Priming
 1. Squarely cut the wet detonating cord.
 2. Be sure the business end of the deto-
 nator is squarely against the exposed
 PETN core.
 3. Tape the detonator and detonating
 cord securely together (Figure 79).
 Figure 79 - End priming. The detonator is
 securely taped to the end of the detonat-
 ing cord.

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Booster-Type Connections
 Booster-type connections are normally used for preloaded (sleeper) charges,
 where the end of the detonating cord downline would be exposed to water for an
 extended period of time. To make a booster-type connection:
 1. Place the downline and trunkline through the booster. The trunkline
 initiates the booster, which, in turn, initiates the wet downline.
 2. If holes will stand loaded for a long period of time, the visible end of the
 downline should be supported well off the ground on a stake or box, where
 it cannot be submerged in standing water.

Using PRIMACORD & PRIMALINE with Bulk Explosives

Bulk explosives, such as ANFO (ammonium nitrate and fuel oil), emulsions,
 emulsion blends, and slurry products, are widely used commercial blasting
 agents. The effect of oil contamination on the PETN core of detonating cord
 products due to prolonged exposure to bulk explosives is essentially the same
 as that of water. Side initiation using a blasting cap, knots and other connections
 must be made at points that are, and will stay, dry. The previously described end
 priming and booster type connections must be used if the explosive (PETN) core
 is contaminated with oil. Once initiated, straight (unknotted) lengths of PRIMA-
 CORD or PRIMALINE detonating cord will continue to detonate dependably even
 if the explosive core is contaminated.

N ever drop surplus detona-
 tors or detonating cord down
 boreholes in blasting service or
 other applications, except in situ-
 ations where the ends of the cord
 are cut from either the in-hole line
 or the surface cord. These small
 pieces should never be longer than
 one-half the borehole diameter and
 should be dropped into the bore-
 hole and followed by a bulk product
 (i.e. ANFO) or bulk blend. Keep
 in mind that these cord fragments
 actually add energy to the borehole.

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Product Troubleshooting

 The Product Troubleshooting class was designed with the customer and techni-
 cal sales personnel in mind to provide training in identifying the results of prod-
 uct application errors, and to develop a basic understanding of the technology
 behind the ISVS products. With a hands-on approach focused on reviewing
 proper product deployment/connection, and close visual inspection of the results
 of incorrect product hook-up, the customers and sales personnel learn to spot
 characteristics that can help identify common application errors. In addition, the
 attendees increase their overall knowledge of initiation systems products.

 The information presented here is intended as a reference only. To arrange a
 Dyno Nobel Product Troubleshooting course at your site, please contact your
 local Dyno Nobel representative.

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NONEL EZ DET - Shot Initiation

 Figure 80 - Initiation with an electric Figure 81 - Initiation using a Bunch
 detonator. Block.

 A lways attach the Starter cap to
 the EZ DET lead at the opening
 hole so it is in position to initiate the
 EZ DET shock tube leads in both
 directions.

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Connection Inspection

 Double check all connections before moving on to the next hole. Once all holes
 are connected, do a final inspection after all holes are connected by walking the
 shot looking for:
 • Correct connection of all holes and shock tubes
 • All tubes fully in the block
 • Connecting tubes are neat but not tight and run at right angles to the con-
 nection and do not loop back.

 When the inspection is complete, secure the blast area and ensure the connec-
 tions are not disturbed. Perform the connection inspection again if the shot sits
 unfired for any length of time or if there is any possibility the connections may
 have been disturbed.

 A
 up.
 lways make a CONNECTION
 INSPECTION after each hook-

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NONEL EZ DET & EZTL - Connection

 • Be sure the shock tube(s) is properly inserted into the connector block.
 • A surface connector can accommodate 1 to 6 shock tubes.
 • Insert one shock tube at a time to prevent improper connections in the
 connector block. Slide the connector to the collar of the hole.
 • Grip it, Clip it, Slide it, Shoot it.

 Figure 82 - All six shock tubes in the Figure 83 - Good “hit” marks on shock
 correct position. tube properly positioned in connector
 block.

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NONEL EZ DET & EZTL - Connection

 • Be sure the shock tube(s) is properly inserted into the connector block.
 • After inserting the shock tube(s) securely into the surface connector, slide the
 surface connector. This will help orientate the shock tube into the block.
 • Grip it, Clip it, Slide it, Shoot it.

 Figure 84 - Shock tube not fully inserted Figure 85 - Shock tube after functioning
 in connector block. the EZ DET at left; the tube shows
 carbon/Al residue with no penetration
 marks into the jacket of the shock tube.

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NONEL EZ DET & EZTL - Connection

 • Be sure the shock tube(s) is properly inserted into the connector block. Insert
 one shock tube at a time to prevent crossovers in the connector block.
 • After inserting the shock tube(s) securely into the surface connector, slide the
 surface connector. This will help orientate the shock tube into the block
 correctly.
 • Grip it, Clip it, Slide it, Shoot it.

 Figure 87 - Shock tube after functioning
 Figure 86 - Shock tube crossed over in the
 the EZ DET at left; one shock tube has
 connector block.
 a small carbon/Al mark and the shock
 tube that was located closer to the cap is
 twisted and received a good “Hit Mark.”

 Figure 88 - Shock tube not clipped in at all. Figure 89 - “Hit Marks” left on shock tube
 that is not clipped in but is under the con-
 nector block.

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NONEL EZ DET & EZTL - Matting

 • If a shot is to be covered with blasting mats and/or backfill material.
 • Cover the surface connectors with a least 15 cm (6 inches) of gravel or drill
 cuttings.
 • Avoid any sharp kinks under the backfill or matting material.

 A lways backfill or mat carefully
 to avoid any damage to the
 surface connections and shock
 tube.

 Unfunctioned
 Shock Tube

 Functioned
 Shock Tube

 Figure 90 - Tube bent by backfilling or
 matting. Block shown was NOT used to
 fire the shock tube shown.

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NONEL EZ DET & EZTL - Matting

 • Hit mark appears normal with penetration into the sub tube.
 • The shock tube functioned in the direction of the unbent end.
 • The hit mark looked good.

 Note: Velocity profiles of NONEL
 shock tube shows that it can take up
 to 20cm (8 in) to reach the steady
 state VOD.

 Figure 91 - Note the permanent bend in Figure 92 - The carbon under the perma-
 the shock tube. nent bend shows that the tube was bent
 during the functioning of the cap.

 Unfunctioned
 Shock Tube

 Functioned
 Shock Tube

 Figure 93 - Shock tube bent by backfilling
 or matting. Block shown was NOT used to
 fire tube shown.

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Connector Block Confinement

 • Connector Block Deformation is NOT an accurate indicator of detonator
 output/energy yield.
 • Deformation is related to, but not the biggest influence on, output/energy
 yield.

 Note: The biggest influence on de-
 formation and appearance of EZ Con-
 nector blocks after functioning is con-
 finement.

Figure 94 (above) Figure 96 (above) Top
No Confinement; Open Confinement; Top
Air Function against metal plate.
Figure 95 (right) Com- Figure 97 (left)
plete Confinement; Partial Confienement;
Head in sand Flat in sand

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NONEL TD - Connection

 • Place all down lines and out-going trunkline leads in the Bunch Block in the
 desired direction of initiation and tails behind the Bunch Block.
 • Make sure all outgoing leads are properly positioned and leave the Bunch
 Block in a straight line. Any of these may result in a cut-off due to
 shrapnel from the exploding Bunch Block.
 • Make sure all J-Hooks are at least 15 cm (6 in) from the Bunch Block and
 5 - 7 cm (2 - 3 in) from any knots.
 • NONEL TD will initiate up to 8 properly connected shock tube leads or one
 detonating cord lead.

 N ever bend the tube around the
 nose of the Bunch Block, back
 over the top of the Bunch Block, or

 A lways cover Bunch Block with
 drill cuttings, stemming or other
 similar material.
 allow the outgoing trunklines to loop
 back near the Bunch Block.

 N ever place detonating cord and
 shock tube in the samr Bunch
 Block.

 Figure 98 - The shock tube should not loop Figure 99 - Shrapnel damage from looping
 back near the Bunch Block. shock tube too close to Bunch Block.

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NONEL TD - Connection

 • When snapping the lid of the Bunch Block closed, Make sure all outgoing
 leads are properly positioned and leave the block in a straight line for at least
 30 cm (1 ft).

 A lways make sure the lid is
 closed toghtly and that shock
 tube is not pinched under the lid.

 Figure 100 - Shock tube incorrectly placed
 in Bunch Block.

 Figure 102 - Shock tube on the left failed to
 initiate because it was positioned between
 the Bunch Block lid and hinge. (unit
 returned from customer)
 Shock tube on the right also failed to initi-
 ate because it was positioned between the
 Bunch Block lid and hinge. This position
 creates a pinch point that will shut down
 the shock tube. (created in the laboratory)
 Figure 101 - Shock tube shut in Bunch
 Block hinge. Misfire may occur.

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NONEL TD, LP and MS - Shock Tube to Detonating Cord

 • Make sure all outgoing leads are properly positioned and leave the J-Hook
 in a straight line.

 Shock tube propagates at approximately 2,000 m/s (6,500 ft/s) and detonating
 cord propagates around 7,000 m/s (23,000 ft/s). Detonating cord detonates like
 a cap along its entire length, therefore shock tube
 downlines can be cut when the line of connection
N ever bend the shock tube
 around and contact the deto-
nating cord. This will result in a
 between the initiation cord and the shock tube are
 not at right angles or the ties are sloppy. Cut-offs
shock tube cut-off. may cause misfires.

 Figure 103 - Shock tube should never contact cord
 except at the initiation point.

 Figure 104 - Left shock tube damaged by
 detonating cord as shown in Figure 111.
 Right shock tube damage is due to extended
 linear contact with detonating cord.

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NONEL TD, LP and MS - J-Hook: Shock Tube to Detonating Cord

 • Make sure all outgoing leads are properly positioned and leave the J-Hook in
 a straight line.

 Shock tube propagates at approximately 2,000 m/s (6,500 ft/s) and detonating
 cord propagates around 7,000 m/s (23,000 ft/s). Detonating cord detonates like a
 cap along its entire length, therefore shock tube downlines can be cut when the
 line of connection between the initiation cord and the shock tube are not at right
 angles or the ties are sloppy. Cut-offs may cause misfires.

 Figure 105 - Shock tube should leave Figure 106 - Shock tube damaged by deto-
 J-Hook in a straight line. The above image nating cord
 shows an “Angle Cut-off”.

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NONEL TD, LP and MS - J-Hook: Shock Tube to Detonating Cord

 • Make sure all outgoing leads are properly positioned with the J-Hook securely
 clipped onto the detonating cord trunkline.

 Figure 107 - J-Hook improperly connected to the Figure 108 - Result of the hook-up at left; can
 trunkline result in an initiation failure

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NONEL SL - Knot Connection

 • Attach detonating cord to the loop of the NONEL SL nonelectric delay
 detonator with a double-wrap square knot.

 Figure 109 - Good knot. Figure 110 - Bad knot, not tight.

 Figure 111 - Result of bad knot.
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NONEL SL - Knot Connection

 • Attach detonating cord to the loop of the NONEL SL detonator with a
 double-wrap square knot.
 • Trim excess detonating cord from double wrap square knot.

 N ever let the detonating cord
 wrap around and contact the
 shock tube. This may result in a
 shock tube cut-off.

 Figure 112 - Detonating cord tail is too long, shock
 tube cut-off likely.

 Figure 113 - Shock tube damaged by cord tail. The
 shock tube can also be severed.

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NONEL MS Connector - Connection

 • Place the detonating cord in the groove of the connector block, with about
 23 cm (9 in) of detonating cord tail protruding out the same end of the
 connector block as the shock tube.
 • Wrap the tail of the detonating cord around the end of the connector block
 cleat of the connector block so that the detonating cord snaps into the
 securing feature of the block, locking the cord in place.
 • Cut the tail of the detonating cord so that it does not come in contact with the
 shock tube.

 Figure 114 - Detonating cord correctly Figure 115 - Detonating cord not in groove.
 wrapped and in groove of MS Connector.

 Figure 116 - When the detonating cord is
 not in the groove of the connector it may
 not initiate the detonator base charge.

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NONEL MS Connector - Cord Not in Groove

 • Detonator suspected not to have had detonating cord in groove of the
 connector. After the detonating cord functioned, a gap was created between
 the shock tube and the detonator. The delay was initiated - not the base
 charge - and functioned the detonator after this gap was created.

 A lways place the detonating
 cord in the groove of the con-
 nector block.

 Figure 117 - Gap between detonator and Figure 118 - Gap between detonator and
 shock tube. shock tube.

 Figure 119 - Detonator after functioning with Figure 120 - Detonator after functioning
 detonating cord NOT in groove of the with detonating cord in groove of the con-
 connector. nector.

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NONEL MS Connector - Detonating Cord Tail Damage

 • Cut the tail of the detonating cord so that it does not come in contact with the
 shock tube.

 Figure 121 - Detonating cord tail should be Figure 122 - Make certain that the detonat-
 cut after connection is complete. ing cord does not come in contact with or
 come near the shock tube lead.

 Figures 123 & 124 - Failures may result if shock tube
 contacts cord.

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Detonating Cord Cut-off

 • All detonating cord connections must be pulled tight, so that the two lines will
 be in positive contact. Also, it is import to keep right angles at each
 detonating cord connection.
 • “Angle” cut-off failures are caused by the explosive force (or fragment) of the
 detonating cord severing the receptor cord before the detonation wave has
 initiated the receptor cord at the point of connection.
 • Make sure all detonating cord lines are not looped or kinked. Avoid crossing
 over detonating cord. If a detonating cord does not have adequate surface
 area contact it may sever the other cord not initiate it.

 A lways make sure there are no
 loops or kinks in any detonating
 cord lines to avoid cut-offs. Cut-offs
 may cause misfires.

 A lways make shock tube and
 detonating cord connections at
 right angles to avoid the possibil-
 ity of cut-offs. Cut-offs may cause
 misfires.

 Figure 125 - Center cord was returned by a customer and shows the typical signs
 associated with an “Angle” or “Cross Talk” cut-off.
 Right and left samples were manufactured with a void in the explosive core to
 create an in-line failure. This test was designed to show the physical differences
 between an in-line failure and cord cut-off.

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Shock Tube Abrasion

 • The shock tube has function completely to the damaged section of
 shock tube.

 A lways put the “V” cut in your
 new underground loading hose!
 This will help prevent the abrasion
 of the shock tube lead.

 Figure 126 - The cap (removed from this unit) did
 not function because of the damage shown, which
 occurred during loading.

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Pinch-Smash Breaks

 • Pinch-Smash breaks occur when deploying the boosters; the shock tube
 breaks when it is pinched between the booster and the borehole wall.

 Figure 127 - Bottom tube was broken Figure 128 - Shock tube position that
 by pinching between borehole wall and may result in a pinch smash break.
 booster.

 Figure 129 & 130 - Shock tube that has been cut by a pinch-smash break.

 Figure 131 (right) - Shows a green line at
 3.15 joules/cm2. This is the energy that will
 result in the impact of a booster dropped
 from ten feet on shock tube at a 45-degree
 angle. If impacted correctly all shock tube
 currently available will have some amount
 of “Pinch smash breaks”. Bars represent
 six of the different shock tubes available in
 the market today.

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Pinch-Smash Breaks - Lower, Don’t Drop

 • Pinch-Smash breaks occur when deploying the boosters; the shock tube
 breaks when it is pinched between the booster and the borehole wall.

 A lways center the primer as-
 sembly over the borehole
 and ease the assembly down the
 borehole to help prevent shock tube
 breaks.

 Figure 132 - Primer assemblies awaiting
 Figure 133 - Any booster tumbling in bore-
 loading.
 hole is likely to break these shock tube
 leads.

 Figure 134 - Primer assembly with shock
 tube lead broken due to pinch smash.

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Reverse Propagation Testing

 • NONEL EZ DET did not reverse propagate, whereas some competitor’s
 product will.
 • Testing conducted using 0.9 g/m (4 gr/ft) detonating cord.

 N ever use EZTL or EZ DET
 products with detonating cord.
 Misfires may result.

 Figure 135 - NONEL EZ DET set up for
 Figure 136 - NONEL EZ DET after test. Unit
 test. Note green 0.9 g/m detonating cord
 did not reverse propagate.
 inserted in connector block (circled).

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Detonating Cord - Connection Inspection

 • Photo shows underground hook-up where two J-Hooks are incorrectly hooked
 up to the detonating cord trunkline.
 • Walk the shot after before firing the blast to ensure all connections are
 made.

 Figure 137 - Top arrow points to J-Hook only partially connected to
 trunkline.
 Bottom arrow points to J-Hook not connected to trunkline at all.

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Check Tubes - Connection Inspection

 • Walk the shot after before firing the blast to ensure all connections are
 made.

 A lways walk your shot before
 initiation.

 Figure 138 - Tubes out of connector block. Figure 139 - Tube partially out of connector block.

 Figure 140 - Tube has been chewed.

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Lead Line - Powder Migration Prevention

 • If a NONEL Lead Line spool is in a spool holder with shock tube windings
 oriented vertically, powder migration may occur. This may produce shock
 tube blow outs if the shock tube is held in this orientation and transported
 over mining roads for a length of time.

 A lways transport NONEL Lead
 Line positioned upright and
 sitting on the hub face, NOT on its
 side on the edges of the spool hub,
 to help prevent powder migration,
 which may result in shock tube blow
 outs.

 Figure 141 - Correct orientation for tranportation. Figure 142 - Incorrect orientation for tranporta-
 tion. Powder migration may occur.

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Dyno Nobel
2795 East Cottonwood Parkway
 Suite 500
 Salt Lake City, UT 84121
 (801) 364-4800