AMMONIA
Document type: SDS
Categories: Agriculture, Industrial Chemicals

Safety Data Sheet
 SECTION 1 – IDENTIFICATION
 Name, Address, and Telephone of the Responsible Party
 Dyno Nobel LTD SDS #: 1129
 6440 S. Millrock Drive, Suite 150 Date: 05/01/2025
 Salt Lake City, Utah 84121 Supersedes: 01/01/2025
 Phone: 801-364-4800
 E-Mail: dna.healthsafety@am.dynonobel.com
 www.dynonobel.com
 Product Identifier
 Product Form: Mixture
 Product Name: Ammonia, Anhydrous

Other Means of Identification
 Synonyms: Liquid Ammonia: R-Grade (Refrigeration Grade), Commercial Grade, Agricultural Grade; 82-0-0

Intended Use of the Product
 Industrial use
 Emergency Telephone Number
 FOR 24 HOUR EMERGENCY, CALL CHEMTREC (USA) 800-424-9300
 CANUTEC (CANADA) 613-996-6666

SECTION 2 – HAZARD(S) IDENTIFICATION
Classification of the Substance or Mixture
Classification (GHS-US)
Flam. Gas 2 H221
Liquefied gas H280
Acute Tox. 3 (Inhalation: gas) H331
Skin Corr. 1B H314
STOT SE 3 H335
Label Elements
GHS-US Labeling
Hazard Pictograms (GHS-US) :

GHS04 GHS05 GHS06 GHS09

Signal Word (GHS-US) : Danger
Hazard Statements (GHS-US) : H221 - Flammable gas.
 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated.
 H314 - Causes severe skin burns and eye damage.
 H331 - Toxic if inhaled.
 H335 - May cause respiratory irritation.
 H400 - Very toxic to aquatic life.

Precautionary Statements (GHS-US) : P202 – Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and
 understood

SDS# 1129 Date: 05/01/2025 Page 1 of 10

y. P381 - Eliminate all ignition sources if safe to do so. P403 - Store in a well-ventilated place. P403+P233 - Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep container tightly closed. P405 - Store locked up. P501 - Dispose of contents/container in accordance with local, regional,
 national, territorial, provincial, and international regulations. Other Hazards
Hazards Not Otherwise Classified (HNOC): Exposure may aggravate those with pre-existing eye, skin, or respiratory
conditions. Flammable vapors can accumulate in head space of closed systems. Do not puncture or incinerate container. This product is extremely corrosive to epidermal and mucosal tissue. Other Hazards: Not available

SECTION 3 - COMPOSITION/INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS

Mixture
Name Product identifier % (w/w) Ingredient Classification (GHS-US)
Ammonia (CAS No) 7664-41-7 99.5 Flam. Gas 2, H221
 Liquefied gas, H280
 Acute Tox. 3 (Inhalation: gas), H331
 Skin Corr. 1B, H314
 Eye Dam. 1, H318
 STOT SE 3, H335
 Aquatic Acute 1, H400
Full text of H-phrases: see section 16
 SDS# 1129 Date: 05/01/2025 Page 2 of 10

Safety Data Sheet
 P210 - Keep away from heat, sparks, open flames, hot surfaces. No
 smoking. P260 - Do not breathe vapors, mist, spray, gas. P264 - Wash hands, forearms, and other exposed areas thoroughly after
 handling. P271 - Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area. P273 - Avoid release to the environment. P280 - Wear gloves, protective clothing, eye protection, face protection,
 respiratory protection. P301+P330+P331 - IF SWALLOWED: rinse mouth. Do NOT induce
 vomiting. P303+P361+P353 – IF ON SKIN (or hair): Take off immediately all
 contaminated clothing. Rinse skin with water/shower. P304+P340 - IF INHALED: Remove person to fresh air and keep at rest in a
 position comfortable for breathing. P305+P351+P338 - IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several
 minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing. P310 - Immediately call a poison center or doctor. P321 - Specific treatment (see section 4 on this SDS). P363 - Wash contaminated clothing before reuse. P377 - Leaking gas fire: Do not extinguish, unless leak can be stopped
 safely. P381 - Eliminate all ignition sources if safe to do so. P403 - Store in a well-ventilated place. P403+P233 - Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep container tightly closed. P405 - Store locked up.

Safety Data Sheet
SECTION 4 - FIRST AID MEASURES
Description of First Aid Measures
General: The gas is extremely irritating to mucous membranes and lung tissue. Coughing, chest pain, and difficulty in
breathing may result. Prolonged exposure may result in bronchitis, pulmonary edema, and chemical pneumonitis.
Breathing high concentrations may result in death.
Inhalation: When symptoms occur: go into open air and ventilate suspected area. IF INHALED: Remove to fresh air and
keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing. Get medical attention immediately.
Skin Contact: If contact with gas is prolonged for more than a few minutes, severe burning pain and corrosive damage will
occur. Contact with liquid will cause severe tissue damage. Get medical attention immediately.
Eye Contact: Immediately flush with large amounts of water, including under the eyelids. Seek medical attention
immediately. Speed and thoroughness in rinsing eyes are important to avoid permanent injury.
Ingestion: Do not induce vomiting. Rinse mouth out with water. Drink large amounts of water or milk. Seek medical
attention immediately.

Advice for Firefighters
 Water fog is best. (Ammonia will react with Carbon Dioxide to form a dense white cloud)
 Special Fire Fighting Procedures: Use water spray or fog to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Do not completely
 extinguish flame unless gas flow is shut off! Ammonia burns to form oxides of nitrogen. Firefighters should wear
 self-contained breathing apparatus and full protective clothing.
 Unusual Fire and Explosion Hazards: Although classified nonflammable, Ammonia does have an explosive range.
 Ammonia can be a dangerous fire and explosion hazard when mixed with air.

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Most Important Symptoms and Effects Both Acute and Delayed
General: Remove promptly to fresh air. If breathing has stopped, apply artificial respiration. Apply oxygen as soon as
possible. Seek medical attention immediately.
Inhalation: The gas is extremely irritating to mucous membranes and lung tissue. Coughing, chest pain, and difficulty in
breathing may result. Prolonged exposure may result in bronchitis, pulmonary edema, and chemical pneumonitis.
Breathing high concentrations may result in death.

Indication of Any Immediate Medical Attention and Special Treatment Needed
If exposed or concerned, get medical attention immediately.

SECTION 5 - FIRE-FIGHTING MEASURES
 Extinguishing Media
 Suitable Extinguishing Media: Use extinguishing media appropriate for surrounding fire. Water fog is preferred.
 Unsuitable Extinguishing Media: Do not use a heavy water stream. Use of heavy stream of water may spread fire. Do
 not use water directly on liquid ammonia. Do not use carbon dioxide, ammonia will react with carbon dioxide to form a
 dense white cloud.
 Special Hazards Arising from the Substance or Mixture
 Fire Hazard: Not considered flammable but escaping ammonia gas can burn in the range of 16-25% in air.
 Explosion Hazard: May form flammable/explosive vapor-air mixture.
 Reactivity: May be corrosive to metals.

Personnel
Protective Equipment: Equip cleanup crew with proper protection. Emergency Procedures: Ventilate area. Eliminate ignition sources. Evacuate unnecessary personnel. Stop leak if safe
to do so. Environmental Precautions
Prevent entry to sewers and public waters. Avoid release to the environment. Methods and Material for Containment and Cleaning Up
For Containment: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions. Stop the flow of
material, if this is without risk. Use only non-sparking tools. Notify authorities if liquid enters sewers or public waters. Reference to Other Sections
See heading 8, Exposure Controls and Personal Protection

SECTION 6 - ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES
Personal Precautions, Protective Equipment and Emergency Procedures
General Measures: Remove sources of heat or ignition, including internal combustion engines and power tools. Keep
people away. Stay upwind and warn people downwind of possible exposure. Wear self-contained breathing apparatus if
condition warrants. Provide adequate general and local exhaust ventilation to attain occupational exposure limits, to prevent
the formation of explosive atmospheres; and to prevent the formation of an oxygen deficient atmosphere, particularly in a
confined space area. Ammonia is severely corrosive to epidermal tissue. Wearing nonporous clothing: pants, sleeves,
footwear, and gloves are recommended for protection against skin contact. Ammonia is severely corrosive to mucosal
membranes (eyes, nose, throat). Remove contact lenses and wear chemical goggles. A face shield is also advised for
additional skin protection where contact with liquid or vapor may occur. For Non-Emergency Personnel
Protective Equipment: Use appropriate personal protection equipment (PPE). Emergency Procedures: Evacuate unnecessary personnel. For Emergency Personnel
Protective Equipment: Equip cleanup crew with proper protection. Emergency Procedures: Ventilate area. Eliminate ignition sources. Evacuate unnecessary personnel. Stop leak if safe
to do so.

Safety Data Sheet
 Precautionary Measures Fire: Exercise caution when fighting any chemical fire.
 Firefighting Instructions: In case of leaking gas fire, eliminate all ignition sources if safe to do so. Leaking gas fire: Do
 not extinguish, unless leak can be stopped safely. Use water spray or fog for cooling exposed containers. In case of major
 fire and large quantities: Evacuate area. Fight fire remotely due to the risk of explosion. Do not allow run-off from
 firefighting to enter drains or water courses. Do not breathe fumes from fires or vapors from decomposition.
 Protection During Firefighting: Do not enter fire area without proper protective equipment, including respiratory
 protection.
 Hazardous Combustion Products: Ammonia and oxides of Nitrogen (Nitrogen Dioxide, Nitric Oxide).

Reference to Other Sections: Refer to section 9 for flammability properties.

SECTION 7 - HANDLING AND STORAGE
 Precautions for Safe Handling
 Additional Hazards When Processed: Handle empty containers with care because residual vapors are flammable.
 Flammable gas. Do not pressurize, cut, or weld containers. When heated to decomposition, emits toxic fumes. Corrosive
 vapors are released. Copper, silver, cadmium, zinc, alloys, and other reactive metals must not be used in ammonia
 systems as they can be rapidly corroded. Use only non-sparking tools. Contact with the liquefied gas may cause frostbite.
 Hygiene Measures: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety procedures. Wash hands and other
 exposed areas with mild soap and water before eating, drinking, or smoking and again when leaving work. Do not eat,

SDS# 1129 Date: 05/01/2025 Page 4 of 10

SECTION 8 - EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION
Control Parameters
For substances listed in section 3 that are not listed here, there are no established exposure limits from the manufacturer,
supplier, importer, or the appropriate advisory agency including: ACGIH (TLV), NIOSH (REL), or OSHA (PEL).
 Ammonia (7664-41-7)
USA ACGIH ACGIH TWA (ppm) 25 ppm
USA ACGIH ACGIH STEL (ppm) 35 ppm
USA OSHA OSHA PEL (TWA) (mg/m³) 35 mg/m³
USA OSHA OSHA PEL (TWA) (ppm) 50 ppm
USA NIOSH NIOSH REL (TWA) (mg/m³) 18 mg/m³
USA NIOSH NIOSH REL (TWA) (ppm) 25 ppm
USA NIOSH NIOSH REL (STEL) (mg/m³) 27 mg/m³
USA NIOSH NIOSH REL (STEL) (ppm) 35 ppm
USA IDLH US IDLH (ppm) 300 ppm
Exposure Controls
Appropriate Engineering Controls: Gas detectors should be used when flammable gases/vapors may be released.
Emergency eye wash fountains and safety showers should be available in the immediate vicinity of any potential
exposure. Use explosion-proof equipment. Ensure adequate ventilation, especially in confined areas. Ensure all
national/local regulations are observed. Ground/bond container and receiving equipment.
Personal Protective Equipment: Insufficient ventilation: wear respiratory protection. Protective goggles. Gloves.
Protective clothing.

Materials for Protective Clothing: Chemically, corrosion, and fire resistant materials and fabrics.
Hand Protection: Wear chemically resistant protective gloves. Insulated gloves.
Eye Protection: Chemical safety goggles and face shield.
Skin and Body Protection: Wear suitable protective clothing.

SDS# 1129 Date: 05/01/2025 Page 5 of 10

Safety Data Sheet
drink or smoke when using this product. Wash hands and forearms thoroughly after handling. Wash contaminated
clothing before reuse.
Conditions for Safe Storage, Including Any Incompatibilities
Technical Measures: Proper grounding procedures to avoid static electricity should be followed. Comply with applicable
regulations. Use explosion-proof electrical, ventilating, and lighting equipment. Copper, silver, cadmium, zinc, alloys, and
other reactive metals must not be used in ammonia systems as they can be rapidly corroded.
Storage Conditions: Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep container tightly closed. Keep in fireproof place. Store locked
up. Keep/Store away from extremely high or low temperatures, direct sunlight, heat, ignition sources, incompatible
materials.
Incompatible Materials: Gold, silver, mercury, Oxidizing agents, Halogens, Halogenated compounds, Acids, Copper,
Zinc, Copper/Zinc alloys (Brass), Chlorates.
Specific End Use(s)
Industrial use.

SECTION 10 - STABILITY AND REACTIVITY
Reactivity: May be corrosive to metals.
Chemical Stability: Stable under normal conditions.
Possibility of Hazardous Reactions: Hazardous polymerization will not occur.
Conditions to Avoid: Avoid exposing containers to heat or flame. Keep separated from incompatible materials.
Incompatible Materials: Gold, silver, mercury, Oxidizing agents, Halogens, Halogenated compounds, Acids, Copper,
Zinc, Copper/Zinc alloys (Brass), Chlorates.
Hazardous Decomposition Products: Ammonia and oxides of Nitrogen (Nitrogen Dioxide, Nitric Oxide).

SDS# 1129 Date: 05/01/2025 Page 6 of 10

Safety Data Sheet
Respiratory Protection: Use a NIOSH-approved self-contained breathing apparatus whenever exposure may exceed
established Occupational Exposure Limits.
Thermal Hazard Protection: Wear suitable protective clothing.
Other Information: When using, do not eat, drink or smoke.

SECTION 9 - PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Information on Basic Physical and Chemical Properties
Physical State : Gas
Appearance : Colorless liquefied gas
Odor : Pungent and extremely irritating odor.
Odor Threshold : 5 ppm
pH : Not available
Evaporation Rate : 11.7 approximate (1% Aqueous Solution)
Melting Point : Not available
Freezing Point : Not available
Boiling Point : -33 °C (-27.4 °F)
Flash Point : Not available
Auto-ignition Temperature : Not available
Decomposition Temperature : Not available
Flammability (solid, gas) : Not available
Lower Flammable Limit : 16 %
Upper Flammable Limit : 25 %
Vapor Pressure : 124 psia @ 20°C (68°F)
Relative Vapor Density at 20 °C : 0.6 (air = 1)
Relative Density : Not available
Specific Gravity : 0.62 g/cm³ (5.15 lb/gal)
Solubility : Water: 51 g/100ml @ 20°C (68°F)
Partition Coefficient: N-Octanol/Water : Not available
Viscosity : Not available
Explosion Data – Sensitivity to Mechanical : Not expected to present an explosion hazard due to mechanical
Impact impact.
Explosion Data – Sensitivity to Static : Not expected to present an explosion hazard due to static discharge.
Discharge

result in death. Symptoms/Injuries After Skin Contact: Corrosive. Causes burns. Contact with the liquid may cause cold
 burns/frostbite. Symptoms/Injuries After Eye Contact: Causes serious eye damage. Contact with the liquefied gas causes frostbite. Can cause blindness. Symptoms/Injuries After Ingestion: Contact may cause immediate severe irritation progressing quickly to chemical
 burns. Ingestion is likely to be harmful or have adverse effects. Chronic Symptoms: None known. Information on Toxicological Effects - Ingredient(s)
 LD50 and LC50 Data:
 Ammonia (7664-41-7)
 LC50 Inhalation Rat 5.1 mg/l (Exposure time: 1 h)
 LC50 Inhalation Rat 2000 ppm/4h (Exposure time: 4 h)

SECTION 12: ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION
Toxicity
Ecology - General: Very toxic to aquatic life. Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects.

Ammonia (7664-41-7)
LC50 Fish 1 0.44 mg/l (Exposure time: 96 h - Species: Cyprinus carpio)
EC50 Daphnia 1 25.4 mg/l (Exposure time: 48 h - Species: Daphnia magna)
LC 50 Fish 2 0.26 - 4.6 mg/l (Exposure time: 96 h - Species: Lepomis macrochirus)
Persistence and Degradability
 Ammonia, Anhydrous
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Safety Data Sheet
 SECTION 11 - TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION
 Information on Toxicological Effects - Product
 Acute Toxicity: Inhalation:gas: Toxic if inhaled. LD50 and LC50 Data:
 Ammonia, Anhydrous
 ATE US (gases) 2,010.05 ppmV/4h
 Skin Corrosion/Irritation: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage. Serious Eye Damage/Irritation: Causes serious eye damage. Respiratory or Skin Sensitization: Not classified
 Germ Cell Mutagenicity: Not classified
 Teratogenicity: Not classified
 Carcinogenicity: Not classified
 Specific Target Organ Toxicity (Repeated Exposure): Not classified
 Reproductive Toxicity: Not classified
 Specific Target Organ Toxicity (Single Exposure): May cause respiratory irritation. Aspiration Hazard: Not classified
 Potential Adverse Human Health Effects and Symptoms: Toxic if inhaled. Symptoms/Injuries After Inhalation: Toxic if inhaled. May cause respiratory irritation. Inhalation may cause immediate
 severe irritation progressing quickly to chemical burns. Coughing, chest pain, and difficulty in breathing may result. Prolonged exposure may result in bronchitis, pulmonary edema, and chemical pneumonitis. Breathing high
 concentrations may result in death. Symptoms/Injuries After Skin Contact: Corrosive. Causes burns. Contact with the liquid may cause cold
 burns/frostbite. Symptoms/Injuries After Eye Contact: Causes serious eye damage.

Safety Data Sheet
Persistence and Degradability May cause long-term adverse effects in the environment.
Bioaccumulative Potential
 Ammonia, Anhydrous
Bioaccumulative Potential Not established.
 Ammonia (7664-41-7)
Log Pow -1.14 (at 25 °C)
Mobility in Soil Not available
Other Adverse Effects
Other Information: Avoid release to the environment.

SECTION 13 - DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS
Waste Disposal Recommendations: Dispose of waste material in accordance with all local, regional, national,
provincial, territorial and international regulations.
Additional Information: Handle empty containers with care because residual vapors are flammable.

SECTION 14 - TRANSPORT INFORMATION
In Accordance with DOT
Proper Shipping Name : AMMONIA, ANHYDROUS
Hazard Class : 2.2
Identification Number : UN1005
Label Codes : 2.2
Marine Pollutant : Marine pollutant
ERG Number : 125
In Accordance with IMDG
Proper Shipping Name : AMMONIA, ANHYDROUS
Hazard Class : 2
Identification Number : UN1005
Label Codes : 2.3,8
EmS-No. (Fire) : F-C
EmS-No. (Spillage) : S-U
Marine pollutant : Marine pollutant
In Accordance with IATA
Proper Shipping Name : AMMONIA, ANHYDROUS
Identification Number : UN1005
Hazard Class : 2
Label Codes : 2.3,8
 : 2CP

ERG Code (IATA)
In Accordance with TDG
Proper Shipping Name : ANHYDROUS AMMONIA
Hazard Class : 2.3
Identification Number : UN1005
Label Codes : 2.3,8

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Safety Data Sheet
Marine Pollutant (TDG) : Marine pollutant

SECTION 15 - REGULATORY INFORMATION
 US Federal Regulations
 Ammonia, Anhydrous
 SARA Section 311/312 Hazard Classes Fire hazard
 Immediate (acute) health hazard
 Sudden release of pressure hazard
 Ammonia (7664-41-7)
 Listed on the United States TSCA (Toxic Substances Control Act) inventory
 Listed on the United States SARA Section 302
 Listed on United States SARA Section 313
 SARA Section 302 Threshold Planning Quantity 500
 (TPQ)
 SARA Section 311/312 Hazard Classes Fire hazard
 Immediate (acute) health hazard
 Sudden release of pressure hazard
 SARA Section 313 - Emission Reporting 1.0 % (includes anhydrous Ammonia and aqueous Ammonia
 from water dissociable Ammonium salts and other sources,
 10% of total aqueous Ammonia is reportable under this
 listing)
 US State Regulations
 Ammonia (7664-41-7)
 U.S. - Massachusetts - Right To Know List
 U.S. - New Jersey - Right to Know Hazardous Substance List
 U.S. - Pennsylvania - RTK (Right to Know) - Environmental Hazard List
 U.S. - Pennsylvania - RTK (Right to Know) List

Canadian Regulations
 Ammonia
 Ammonia,(7664-41-7)
 Anhydrous
 Listed
 WHMISonClassification
 the Canadian DSL Class
 (Domestic Substances
 B Division List)
 1 - Flammable Gas
 Listed on the Canadian IDL (Ingredient Disclosure
 Class A - Compressed GasList)
 IDL Concentration 1 % Class D Division 1 Subdivision A - Very toxic material causing immediate and serious toxic
 WHMIS Classification Class A - Compressed Gas
 effects
 ClassEB- Division
 Class Corrosive1 -Material
 Flammable Gas
 Class D Division 1 Subdivision A - Very toxic material causing immediate and serious toxic
 effects
 Class E - Corrosive Material

This product has been classified in accordance with the hazard criteria of the Controlled Products Regulations (CPR) and
 the SDS contains all of the information required by CPR.

SDS# 1129 Date: 05/01/2025 Page 9 of 10

Party Responsible for the Preparation of This Document
Dyno Nobel LTD
6440 S. Millrock Drive, Suite 150
Salt Lake City, Utah 84121
Phone: 801-364-4800
Disclaimer
Dyno Nobel LTD and its subsidiaries disclaim any warranties with respect to this product, the safety or suitability thereof, the information contained
herein, or the results to be obtained, whether express or implied, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND/OR OTHER WARRANTY. The information contained herein is provided for
reference purposes only and is intended only for persons having relevant technical skills. Because conditions and manner of use are outside of our
control, the user is responsible for determining the conditions of safe use of the product. Buyers and users assume all risk, responsibility and liability
whatsoever from any and all injuries (including death), losses, or damages to persons or property arising from the use of this product or information.
Under no circumstances shall either Dyno Nobel Inc. or any of its subsidiaries be liable for special, consequential or incidental damages or for
anticipated loss of profits.

Dyno Nobel SDS

SDS# 1129 Date: 05/01/2025 Page 10 of 10

Safety Data Sheet

SECTION 16: OTHER INFORMATION, INCLUDING DATE OF PREPARATION OR LAST REVISION
Revision Date : 05/01/2025
Other Information : This document has been prepared in accordance with the SDS requirements of the
 OSHA Hazard Communication Standard 29 CFR 1910.1200.
GHS Full Text Phrases:
 Acute Tox. 3 (Inhalation:gas) Acute toxicity (inhalation:gas) Category 3
 Aquatic Acute 1 Hazardous to the aquatic environment - Acute Hazard Category 1
 Aquatic Chronic 2 Hazardous to the aquatic environment - Chronic Hazard Category 2
 Eye Dam. 1 Serious eye damage/eye irritation Category 1
 Flam. Gas 2 Flammable gases Category 2
 Liquefied gas Gases under pressure Liquefied gas
 Skin Corr. 1B Skin corrosion/irritation Category 1B
 STOT SE 3 Specific target organ toxicity (single exposure) Category 3
 H221 Flammable gas
 H280 Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated
 H314 Causes severe skin burns and eye damage
 H318 Causes serious eye damage
 H331 Toxic if inhaled
 H335 May cause respiratory irritation
 H400 Very toxic to aquatic life
NFPA Health Hazard : 3 - Short exposure could cause serious temporary or
 residual injury even though prompt medical attention
 was given.
NFPA Fire Hazard : 1 - Must be preheated before ignition can occur.
NFPA Reactivity : 0 - Normally stable, even under fire exposure
 conditions, and are not reactive with water.