Explosive Engineers Guide
Document type: Guide

Explosives
Engineers’ Guide

DISCLAIMER

The explosive products discussed in this document should only be handled by
persons with the appropriate technical skills, training and licences. While Dyno
Nobel has made every effort to ensure the information in this document is
correct, every user is responsible for understanding the safe and correct use of
the products. If you need specific technical advice or have any questions, you
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® BLASTLITE, BLAST HI-T, DETAPRILL, DIFFERENTIAL ENERGY, DYNO, DYNO NOBEL,
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 strictly prohibited.

DYN592/0125/AZZAUS/1000

Ta k e 5!

Rapid Hazard Assessment
 • Is the task new?
 • Is anything different?
 • Has anything changed since you last
 performed this task?
 • If so, STOP, THINK and apply the
 Take 5 steps!

 1 Describe the task.
 What is the task you are about to do?

 2 List the Hazards.
 What are the main hazards involved in carrying
 out the task?

 3 List the controls.
 What controls will you use to reduce
 the risk?

 4 Assess the risk.
 Use the Hazard Assessment Tool (HAT) to
 determine the risk after controls are applied.

 5 Decide what is next.
 Apply the controls.
 Is it safe to proceed with the task?
 Are additional controls required?

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h el oassar
G dliney
Airblast Airborne shock wave resulting from Damage radius Maximum extent of crack
the detonation of explosives. generation due to detonation of an explosive
 mass in a blasthole.
Back break Rock broken beyond the limits
of the last row. Decoupling The use of explosive products
 having smaller volume than the volume of
Blasthole pressure The pressure which the blasthole it occupies.
the gasses of detonation exert on the
blasthole wall. Delay blasting The use of delay detonators
 or connectors to separate charges by a
Burden The distance between adjacent rows. defined time.

Burn Cut Drilling and charging pattern in Density Mass per unit volume. underground mining that involves drilling
and charging of parallel holes perpendicular Detonation pressure The pressure created in
to the free face of the rock. The burn cut is the reaction zone of a detonating explosive. the initial void created in development tunnel
blasting. Downhole Blastholes drilled below the
 horizontal plane. Cave This refers to an underground mining
 Explosive Any chemical or mixture of
method that undercuts ore bearing material
 chemicals that can react to produce an
by drilling and blasting. This method relies
 explosion. on the weak rock mass to slowly cave into
the excavations and into various drawpoints Footwall In underground mining the part of
where the ore is safely extracted. the orebody or host rock that is below the
 mining shape
Charge weight The amount of explosive
charge in kilograms. Free face A rock surface that provides the
 rock with room to expand when blasted. Column charge A continuous charge of
explosives in a blasthole. Flyrock Rock that is propelled through the
 air from a blast. Critical diameter The minimum diameter for
propagation of a stable detonation. Fragmentation Measure to describe the size
 distribution of broken rock after blasting.

ed through the
 air from a blast. Critical diameter The minimum diameter for
propagation of a stable detonation. Fragmentation Measure to describe the size
 distribution of broken rock after blasting. Cutoffs A portion of an explosive column
that has failed to detonate due to rock Ground vibration Ground movement caused
movement. by the stress waves emanating from a blast.

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h el oassar
G dliney
Hanging wall In underground mining the Slot/Raise/Rise/Winze Initial void created
part of the orebody or the host rock that is for underground production blasting
above the mining shape.
 Smooth blasting Also known as contour or
Initiation The act of detonating explosives perimeter blasting, is a controlled blasting
by any means. technique used in rock excavation using
 a series of closely spaced holes along the
Line drilling A method of overbreak control
 desired final contour of the rock face and
which uses a series of closely spaced holes
that are not charged. then detonating them with lighter charges.

Loading density The weight of explosives Spacing The distance between blastholes
per metre of blasthole. in the same row.

Maximum Instantaneous Charge (MIC) Stemming Inert material used to confine
Mass of explosive detonating in some the gasses generated during detonation.
defined time period, usually 8 milliseconds.
 Stope An excavation made in the earth in
Overbreak Excessive breakage of rock underground mining that contains ore to be
beyond the desired excavation limit. mined or that has been mined.

Particle velocity The speed of movement Swell factor The ratio of the volume of
in a given direction of a rock or soil mass. broken rock to the volume of in-situ rock.

Powder Factor A quantity of rock volume Toe Spacing The distance between the toe
broken by a unit weight of explosives. of nearby blastholes in a single ring.
Pre-split A controlled blast in which
 Uncharged collar The distance between
decoupled charges are fired in holes on
 the drill hole collar and the end of a charge
the perimeter of the excavation prior to
 column in a single blast hole
the main firing.
 Uphole Blastholes drilled above the
Relative Bulk Strength (RBS) The energy
yield per unit volume of an explosive horizontal plane.
compared to ANFO.
 Velocity of Detonation (VoD) The velocity
Relative Weight Strength (RWS) The at which a detonation progresses through
energy yield per unit mass of an explosive an explosive.
compared to ANFO.
 Void Ratio The ratio of existing void volume
Ring Rows of blast holes in underground versus the volume of material to be blasted
drilling and blasting. expressed in percentage.

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Rules of thumb for Surface Blasting

Drilled Burden (B) Drilled Spacing (S)
 Hole Diameter (D)

Backbreak New Crest
 (After Mucking)
 Stem Height (SL)
 Bench Height
 (BH)

Crest
 (C)
 Explosive
 Hole Length (L) Column
 Height
 Free Face Crest Burden

Floor
 Toe Burden Face Angle (FA)

Subdrill (SD) Toe

Hole length (L) = BH + SD
Charge length (C) = L – SL
Blast volume (V) = B x S x BH x N
Blasted tonnes (T) = V x Density of rock in t/m3
Volume of blasthole (Vb) = π x D2/4000 x L
Mass of explosive per hole (kg) = Volume of hole length charged x Explosive density
PF (kg/m3) = Total explosives in the blast/blast volume
PF (kg/t) = Total explosives in the blast/blasted tonnes
RWS = AWS of explosive/AWS of ANFO x 100
RBS = (RWS explosive x explosive density)/(ANFO density)
Energy factor = PF x RWS
Vertical length of angled holes = Measured hole length x cos ϴ
ϴ= Angle subtended from the vertical L= Hole length (m)
 by the inclined hole N= Number of holes in a blast
π= 3.1416 (the ratio of the PF = Powder factor
 circumference of a circle RBS = Relative bulk strength
 to its diameter) RWS = Relative weight strength
AWS = Absolute weight strength S= Drilled spacing (m)
B= Drilled burden (m) SD = Subdrill (m)
BH = Bench height (m) SL = Stemming length (m)
C= Explosive column height or charge T= Blasted tonnes
 length (m) V= Blast volume (m3)
D= Hole diameter in millimetres Vb = Blasthole volume (m3)

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Rules of thumb for Surface Blasting

These rules provide a first estimate in the absence of any better data.
Blasthole diameter in mm ≤ 15 x Bench height (BH) in metres
Bench height (BH) in metres ≥ (Blasthole diameter (D) in mm)/15
Burden (B) = (25 to 40) x (D)
Spacing (S) = 1.15 x B (This gives an equilateral pattern)
Subdrill = (3 to 15) x D
Charge length (C) ≥ 20 D
Stemming ≥ 20 x D or (0.7 – 1.2) x B
Burden stiffness ratio = BH/B : 2 to 3.5 good fragmentation
 : > 3.5 very good fragmentation
Stemming material size = D/10 to D/20 (Angular material with minimum fines)

Presplit blasting
Spacing = Hole diameter x 12
Burden = 0.5 x production blast burden (B)
Uncharged length at top = 10 x D
Powder factor = 0.5kg per square metre of face
Do not stem holes.
Fire all holes on the same delay, or in groups of ≥ 5 holes

Smooth blasting
Spacing = 15 x Hole diameter (hard rock)
 20 x Hole diameter (soft rock)
Burden = 1.25 x Spacing
Fire as many holes as possible on one delay.
Stem holes.

Powder factors
Typical powder factors Typical powder factors
used in mass blasts used in presplit and smooth blasting
Rock type PF (kg/m3) Rock type PF (kg/m2)
Hard 0.7 – 0.8 Hard 0.6 – 0.9
Medium 0.4 – 0.5 Medium 0.4 – 0.5
Soft 0.25 – 0.35 Soft 0.2 – 0.3
Very Soft 0.15 – 0.25

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Rules of thumb for Surface Blasting

Calculating burdens

 Crest Burden (CB)

 Face Angle (FA)

 Vertical
 Stemming
 Length (VSL)

 Hole Angle (HA)
 Toe Burden (TB)

Crest Burden (CB) = Distance blasthole collar is from crest
Vertical Stemming Length (VSL) = (measured stemming length x cos [HA])
Toe Burden (TB) = Burden at floor level
 = ([tan (FA) x bench height] + CB) –
 (tan [HA] x bench height)

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CUBIC METRES OF ROCK PER METRE OF BLASTHOLE
 HOLE BURDEN SPACING
 (Metres)

1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.50 8.00 8.50 9.00 9.50 10.00 11.00 12.00
 (Metres)
 Vo
 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 1.00
 h e laume
 1.25 1.56 1.88 2.19 2.50 2.81 3.13 3.44 3.75 4.38 5.00 5.63 6.25 1.25
 1.50 1.88 2.25 2.63 3.00 3.38 3.75 4.13 4.50 5.25 6.00 6.75 7.50 9.00 1.50
 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 12.00 13.00 2.00
 2.25 2.81 3.38 3.94 4.50 5.06 5.63 6.19 6.75 7.88 9.00 10.13 11.25 13.50 14.63 15.75 2.25
 2.50 3.13 3.75 4.38 5.00 5.63 6.25 6.88 7.50 8.75 10.00 11.25 12.50 15.00 16.25 17.50 18.75 2.50
 2.75 3.44 4.13 4.81 5.50 6.19 6.88 7.56 8.25 9.63 11.00 12.38 13.75 16.50 17.88 19.25 20.63 22.00 2.75
 dlineTable

3.00 3.75 4.50 5.25 6.00 6.75 7.50 8.25 9.00 10.50 12.00 13.50 15.00 18.00 19.50 21.00 22.50 24.00 5.50 3.00
 4.38 5.25 6.13 7.00 7.88 8.75 9.63 10.50 12.25 14.00 15.75 17.50 21.00 22.75 24.50 26.25 28.00 29.75 31.50 3.50
 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00 24.00 26.00 28.00 30.00 32.00 34.00 36.00 38.00 4.00
 5.63 6.75 7.88 9.00 10.13 11.25 12.38 13.50 15.75 18.00 20.25 22.50 27.00 29.25 31.50 33.75 36.00 38.25 40.50 42.75 45.00 4.50
 7.50 8.75 10.00 11.25 12.50 13.75 15.00 17.50 20.00 22.50 25.00 30.00 32.50 35.00 37.50 40.00 42.50 45.00 47.50 50.00 55.00 5.00
 9.00 10.50 12.00 13.50 15.00 16.50 18.00 21.00 24.00 27.00 30.00 36.00 39.00 42.00 45.00 48.00 51.00 54.00 57.00 60.00 66.00 72.00 6.00
 11.38 13.00 14.63 16.25 17.88 19.50 22.75 26.00 29.25 32.50 39.00 42.25 45.50 48.75 52.00 55.25 58.50 61.75 65.00 71.50 78.00 6.50
 12.25 14.00 15.75 17.50 19.25 21.00 24.50 28.00 31.50 35.00 42.00 45.50 49.00 52.50 56.00 59.50 63.00 66.50 70.00 77.00 84.00 7.00
 13.13 15.00 16.88 18.75 20.63 22.50 26.25 30.00 33.75 37.50 45.00 48.75 52.50 56.25 60.00 63.75 67.50 71.25 75.00 82.50 90.00 7.50
 16.00 18.00 20.00 22.00 24.00 28.00 32.00 36.00 40.00 48.00 52.00 56.00 60.00 64.00 68.00 72.00 76.00 80.00 88.00 96.00 8.00
 17.00 19.13 21.25 23.38 25.50 29.75 34.00 38.25 42.50 51.00 55.25 59.50 63.75 68.00 72.25 76.50 80.75 85.00 93.50 102.00 8.50
 18.00 20.25 22.50 24.75 27.00 31.50 36.00 40.50 45.00 54.00 58.50 63.00 67.50 72.00 76.50 81.00 85.50 90.00 99.00 108.00 9.00
 21.38 23.75 26.13 28.50 33.25 38.00 42.75 47.50 57.00 61.75 66.50 71.25 76.00 80.75 85.50 90.25 95.00 104.50 114.00 9.50
 22.50 25.00 27.50 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 60.00 65.00 70.00 75.00 80.00 85.00 90.00 95.00 100.00 110.00 120.00 10.00
 24.75 27.50 30.25 33.00 38.50 44.00 49.50 55.00 66.00 71.50 77.00 82.50 88.00 93.50 99.00 104.50 110.00 121.00 132.00 11.00

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 30.00 33.00 36.00 42.00 48.00 54.00 60.00 72.00 78.00 84.00 90.00 96.00 102.00 108.00 114.00 120.00 132.00 144.00 12.00

Note: Tonnes of rock blasted can be calculated by multiplying the volume of rock by the density of the rock.
 Calculation Cubic metres of rock per metre of blasthole (V) = burden (B) x spacing (S)

10

Hole Diameter Kg of explosive per metre of column for given density (g/cm3)* Hole Diameter
 mm in mm in
 0.60 0.80 0.82 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.30 1.35 1.40
 25 1 0.29 0.39 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.47 0.49 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.59 0.64 0.66 0.69 25 1
 32 1 1/4 0.48 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.72 0.76 0.80 0.84 0.88 0.92 0.97 1.05 1.09 1.13 32 1 1/4
 38 1 1/2 0.68 0.91 0.93 0.96 1.02 1.08 1.13 1.19 1.25 1.30 1.36 1.47 1.53 1.59 38 1 1/2
 45 1 3/4 0.95 1.27 1.30 1.35 1.43 1.51 1.59 1.67 1.75 1.83 1.91 2.07 2.15 2.23 45 1 3/4
 51 2 1.23 1.63 1.68 1.74 1.84 1.94 2.04 2.14 2.25 2.35 2.45 2.66 2.76 2.86 51 2
 57 2 1/4 1.53 2.04 2.09 2.17 2.30 2.42 2.55 2.68 2.81 2.93 3.06 3.32 3.44 3.57 57 2 1/4
 64 2 1/2 1.93 2.57 2.64 2.73 2.90 3.06 3.22 3.38 3.54 3.70 3.86 4.18 4.34 4.50 64 2 1/2
 70 2 3/4 2.31 3.08 3.16 3.27 3.46 3.66 3.85 4.04 4.23 4.43 4.62 5.00 5.20 5.39 70 2 3/4
 76 3 2.72 3.63 3.72 3.86 4.08 4.31 4.54 4.76 4.99 5.22 5.44 5.90 6.12 6.35 76 3
 83 3 1/4 3.25 4.33 4.44 4.60 4.87 5.14 5.41 5.68 5.95 6.22 6.49 7.03 7.30 7.57 83 3 1/4
 89 3 1/2 3.73 4.98 5.10 5.29 5.60 5.91 6.22 6.53 6.84 7.15 7.47 8.09 8.40 8.71 89 3 1/2
 95 3 3/4 4.25 5.67 5.81 6.02 6.38 6.73 7.09 7.44 7.80 8.15 8.51 9.21 9.57 9.92 95 3 3/4
 102 4 4.90 6.54 6.70 6.95 7.35 7.76 8.17 8.58 8.99 9.40 9.81 10.62 11.03 11.44 102 4
 108 4 1/4 5.50 7.33 7.51 7.79 8.24 8.70 9.16 9.62 10.08 10.54 10.99 11.91 12.37 12.83 108 4 1/4
 114 4 1/2 6.12 8.17 8.37 8.68 9.19 9.70 10.21 10.72 11.23 11.74 12.25 13.27 13.78 14.29 114 4 1/2
 121 4 3/4 6.90 9.20 9.43 9.77 10.35 10.92 11.50 12.07 12.65 13.22 13.80 14.95 15.52 16.10 121 4 3/4
 L o a ding Density

127 5 7.60 10.13 10.39 10.77 11.40 12.03 12.67 13.30 13.93 14.57 15.20 16.47 17.10 17.73 127 5
 133 5 1/4 8.34 11.11 11.39 11.81 12.50 13.20 13.89 14.59 15.28 15.98 16.67 18.06 18.76 19.45 133 5 1/4
 140 5 1/2 9.24 12.32 12.62 13.08 13.85 14.62 15.39 16.16 16.93 17.70 18.47 20.01 20.78 21.55 140 5 1/2
 146 5 3/4 10.04 13.39 13.73 14.23 15.07 15.90 16.74 17.58 18.42 19.25 20.09 21.76 22.60 23.44 146 5 3/4
 152 6 10.89 14.52 14.88 15.42 16.33 17.24 18.15 19.05 19.96 20.87 21.78 23.59 24.50 25.40 152 6
 159 6 1/4 11.91 15.88 16.28 16.88 17.87 18.86 19.86 20.85 21.84 22.83 23.83 25.81 26.81 27.80 159 6 1/4
 165 6 1/2 12.83 17.11 17.53 18.18 19.24 20.31 21.38 22.45 23.52 24.59 25.66 27.80 28.87 29.94 165 6 1/2
 172 6 3/4 13.94 18.59 19.05 19.75 20.91 22.07 23.24 24.40 25.56 26.72 27.88 30.21 31.37 32.53 172 6 3/4
 178 7 14.93 19.91 20.41 21.15 22.40 23.64 24.88 26.13 27.37 28.62 29.86 32.35 33.59 34.84 178 7
 187 7 1/4 16.48 21.97 22.52 23.34 24.72 26.09 27.46 28.84 30.21 31.58 32.96 35.70 37.08 38.45 187 7 3/8
 200 7 1/2 18.85 25.13 25.76 26.70 28.27 29.85 31.42 32.99 34.56 36.13 37.70 40.84 42.41 43.98 200 7 7/8
 203 8 19.42 25.89 26.54 27.51 29.13 30.75 32.37 33.98 35.60 37.22 38.84 42.08 43.69 45.31 203 8
 216 8 1/2 21.99 29.31 30.05 31.15 32.98 34.81 36.64 38.48 40.31 42.14 43.97 47.64 49.47 51.30 216 8 1/2

open cup density. Please consult the "Gassing density for Titan blends" table for further information.
 229 9 24.71 32.95 33.77 35.01 37.07 39.13 41.19 43.25 45.31 47.37 49.42 53.54 55.60 57.66 229 9
 251 9 1/2 29.69 39.58 40.57 42.06 44.53 47.01 49.48 51.95 54.43 56.90 59.38 64.33 66.80 69.27 251 9 1/2
 254 10 30.40 40.54 41.55 43.07 45.60 48.14 50.67 53.20 55.74 58.27 60.80 65.87 68.41 70.94 254 10
 270 10 1/2 34.35 45.80 46.95 48.67 51.53 54.39 57.26 60.12 62.98 65.84 68.71 74.43 77.29 80.16 270 10 5/8
 279 11 36.68 48.91 50.13 51.97 55.02 58.08 61.14 64.19 67.25 70.31 73.36 79.48 82.53 85.59 279 11
 311 12 1/4 45.58 60.77 62.29 64.57 68.37 72.17 75.96 79.76 83.56 87.36 91.16 98.75 102.55 106.35 311 12 1/4

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 381 15 68.41 91.21 93.49 96.91 102.61 108.31 114.01 119.71 125.41 131.11 136.81 148.21 153.91 159.61 381 15

*For non-gassed products only. The density of gassed products varies according to depth in an explosive column and the
 445 17 1/2 93.32 124.42 127.53 132.20 139.98 147.75 155.53 163.30 171.08 178.86 186.63 202.19 209.96 217.74 445 17 1/2
 Calculation Kg/m = 3.14159 x D2 x P / 4,000 Where D is the hole diameter in mm P is the explosive density in g/cm3
 To determine the loading factor for explosive densities not listed, select the loading factor for the size hole in the 1.00g/cm3 column then multiply it by the required density in g/cm3.

11

C o nv ersi on Tabl e

This unit Multiplied by Converts to This unit Multiplied by Converts to

Length Density
metres (m) 3.280 feet (ft) lbs / ft3 16.02 kg / m3
 39.370 inches (in) 3
 gm / cm 62.43 lbs / ft3
inches (in) 25.400 millimetres (mm)
kilometres (km) 0.621 miles Powder Factor
 kg / m3 1.69 lb / yd3
Mass
kilogram (kg) 2.20 lb Speed
metric tonne (t) 1.10 short tons m / sec 3.28 ft / sec

ounce in / sec 25.4 mm / sec
Avoirdupois (oz) 28.35 grams (g)
 km / hour 0.62 miles / hour
ounce Troy (oz) 31.10 grams (g)
grains 0.06 grams (g) Pressure
 psi 6.89 kPa
Energy
 atmosphere (atm) 14.70 psi
joule 0.24 calorie
 0.74 ft-lb bar 14.50 psi

calorie 3.09 ft-lb bar 100 kPa

kilowatt 1.34 horsepower
 Temperature
Volume fahrenheit -32 0.56 centigrade
cubic centimetres 0.06 in3 centigrade + 17.78 1.8 fahrenheit
(cm3 or cc)
cubic metres (m3) 1.31 yd3 Area
 3
cubic feet (ft ) 0.03 m 3 cm2 0.16 in2
 2
US gallon 3.79 litres (l) m 1550.00 in2

ounces (US fluid) 29.57 cm3 ft2 0.09 m2

Converts to Divided by This unit Converts to Divided by This unit

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Pro perties of Ty pic a l Ro c k Ty p e s

 Solid Unconfined Young’s Poisson’s
 Density Compressive Modulus Ratio
Material (t/m3) Strength (MPa) (GPa)

Basalt 3.00 78 – 412 20 – 100 0.14 – 0.25
Bauxite 2.05 93 – 176 45 – 59 0.20 – 0.30
Clay – dense, wet 1.70 0.05 – 0.5 0.005 – 0.02 0.40 – 0.50
Coal, Anthracite 1.60 8 – 50 5 – 15 0.20 – 0.30
Coal, Bituminous 1.36 20 – 40 2 5 0.25 – 0.35
Dolerite 2.80 290 – 500 53 – 77 0.20 – 0.30
Dolomite 2.96 15 – 118 20 – 84 0.10 – 0.20
Earth, moist 1.80 0.05 – 0.2 0.001 – 0.05 0.30 – 0.45
Gneiss 2.88 78 – 240 25 – 60 0.10 – 0.19
Granite 2.72 100 – 275 25 – 70 0.15 – 0.34
Gypsum 2.80 2 – 20 2 – 10 0.20 – 0.30
Iron ore 4.89 100 – 250 70 – 210 0.20 – 0.30
Limestone 2.64 10 – 245 10 – 80 0.10 – 0.23
Limonite 3.76 20 – 50 10 – 30 0.25 – 0.35
Magnetite 5.05 100 – 250 70 – 210 0.20 – 0.30
Marble 2.48 50 – 200 60 – 90 0.20 – 0.35
Mica-Schist 2.70 50 – 100 20 – 50 0.20 – 0.30
Porphory 2.56 100 –200 50 – 100 0.20 – 0.30
Quartzite 2.50 85 – 350 26 – 100 0.15 – 0.20
Sandstone 2.40 50 – 160 5 – 86 0.10 – 0.30
Shale 2.58 20 – 150 8 – 30 0.10 – 0.30
Silica Sand 2.56 0.05 – 0.2 0.01 – 0.1 0.20 – 0.40
Siltstone 2.25 20 – 100 10 – 50 0.20 – 0.30
Slate 2.72 98 – 196 30 – 90 0.10 – 0.44
Talc 2.64 5 – 20 1 – 10 0.20 – 0.30

© Dyno Nobel Asia Pacific Pty Limited 2025. Reproduction without permission is strictly prohibited. 13

Pe r imeter Control

Perimeter blasting is a technique to reduce the overbreak/backbreak on a blast.
It usually utilises decoupled charges in closely spaced blastholes.

The following formula can be used to estimate the centre to centre distances of
cartridged product for pre-splitting.

 LxS
 PF =
 0.5

PF = Required powder factor (usually 0.3 to 0.6 kg/m2)
L= Length of charged hole
S= Spacing between holes

 L x QL
 D=
 B x S x PF

D= Centre – centre distance between cartridges (mm)
QL = Charge density of the explosive, in kg/m
B= Burden

© Dyno Nobel Asia Pacific Pty Limited 2025. Reproduction without permission is strictly prohibited. 14

A i r blast

An airblast is an airborne shock wave that results from the detonation of explosives. The
severity of an airblast is dependent on explosive charge, distance, and especially the
explosives confinement.

 -1.2
 P=K [ QR ]
 0.33

Where
P= pressure (kPa)
K= state of confinement
Q= maximum instantaneous charge (kg)
R= distance from charge (m)

Typical K factors
Unconfined 185
Fully confined 3.3

Expected damage
kPa
0.3 Windows rattle
0.7 1% of windows break
7 Most windows break, plaster cracks

Sound level calculation

 Lp(dB) = 20 log [ 20 xP10 ] -9

Minimum levels quoted
Human discomfort 120dB(lin)
Onset of structure damage 130dB(lin)
or historic buildings where
no specific limit exists

Please reference AS 2187.2 – 2006 for further information

© Dyno Nobel Asia Pacific Pty Limited 2025. Reproduction without permission is strictly prohibited. 15

G ro und Vibration

When an explosive is detonated in a blasthole, a pressure wave is generated in the surrounding
rock. As this pressure wave moves from the blasthole it forms seismic waves by displacing
particles. The particle movement is measured to determine the magnitude of the blast vibration.
Maximum particle vibration can be estimated using the following formula.

B
 V=K [ QR ]0.5

Where
V= peak particle velocity (mm/s)
K = site and rock factor constant
Q = maximum instantaneous charge (kg)
B = constant related to the rock and site (usually -1.6)
R = distance from charge (m)

Typical K factors
Free face – hard or highly structured rock 500
Free face average rock 1140
Heavily confined 5000

Recommended maximum Peak Particle Velocities (AS 2187.2 – 2006)
Housing and low rise residential buildings, 10 mm/s
Commercial buildings not included below
Commercial and industrial buildings or structures 25 mm/s
of reinforced concrete or steel constructions
For high rise, hospitals, long floor spans, dams 5 mm/s
or historic buildings where no specified limit exists

Please reference AS 2187.2 – 2006 for further information

Expected damage
PPV (mm/s)
13 Lower limit for damage to plaster walls
19 Lower limit for dry wall structures
70 Minor damage
140 >50% chance of minor damage to structures
190 50% chance of major damage

© Dyno Nobel Asia Pacific Pty Limited 2025. Reproduction without permission is strictly prohibited. 16

U n derground Bl ast D es i gn

Development Design

 Perimeter Holes

 Shoulder Holes

 Easer Holes

 Burn cut
 Knee Holes

 Lifter Holes

Shoulder hole These refer to those holes immediately below the back
 perimeter holes.
Burn cut The burn cut consists of a group of blastholes arranged in a
 regular pattern around one or more uncharged relief holes. The
 first firing blasthole breaks both into the void offered by the
 uncharged relief holes and towards the free face provided by the
 tunnel face.
Easer Hole adjacent to cut area.
Lifters The blastholes along the bottom of the developed round.
 Proper performance of the lifters is essential to achieve
 good floor control.
Perimeter blastholes Perimeter blastholes are those along the boundary of the tunnel.
 Explosive loading densities in these holes is generally lower
 than in the remainder of the blast. Their prime objective is to
 minimise back-break and provide a smooth profile
 for the tunnel.

© Dyno Nobel Asia Pacific Pty Limited 2025. Reproduction without permission is strictly prohibited. 17

he
U naderground
 dline Bl ast D es i gn

Alternate Development Burn Cut Design
Using alternate burn cut designs will help to provide additional shielding, increase redundancy
in shot hole selection and improve the critical void ratio of the initial cut area. This will benefit
the larger dimension development drives that have longer drilled rounds.

 Perimeter Holes

 Shoulder Holes

 Easer Holes

 Alternate burn cut design

 Knee Holes

 Lifter Holes

© Dyno Nobel Asia Pacific Pty Limited 2025. Reproduction without permission is strictly prohibited. 18

U n d erground Dev elo pment Bla st D e s ign

Design of cut
The following formulae are used for the geometric design of the cut area:
For multiple reamer holes: ø = d n
Where: d = diameter of empty reamer holes; n = number of reamer holes
The formula is to be used for the minimum distance between holes in the cut area.

The cut:
1st square: a = 1.5ø
 a
 W1 = a 2
ø mm = 76 89 102 127 154
a mm = 110 130 150 190 230 W1
W1 mm = 150 180 210 270 320

2nd square: B1 = W1 B1
 C-C = 1.5W1
 W2 = 1.5W1 2 C-C
 W1
ø mm = 76 89 102 127 154
W1 = 150 180 210 270 320 W2

C-C = 225 270 310 400 480
W2 mm = 320 380 440 560 670
 C-C
3rd square: B2 = W2
 C-C = 1.5W2
 W2
 W3 = 1.5W2 2
 W3 W2
ø mm = 76 89 102 127 154
W2 mm = 320 380 440 560 670
C-C = 480 570 660 840 1000
W3 mm = 670 800 930 1180 1400
 C-C
4th square: B3 = W3
 B3
 C-C = 1.5W3
 W4 = 1.5W3 2
ø mm = 76 89 102 127
 W3
W3 mm = 670 800 930 1180
C-C = 1000 1200 1400 1750
W3 mm = 1400 1700 1980 2400
 W4

© Dyno Nobel Asia Pacific Pty Limited 2025. Reproduction without permission is strictly prohibited. 19

hn
U edaerground
 dline Product ion Bla st De sig n

Slot/Rise/Raise/Winze Blasting
 Max distance from 2.5 – 2.8 x relief hole diameter (≤0.5m)
 shothole to void hole
 in burn cut
 Critical Void Ratio for Area of Empty holes + Area of Blast Holes
 Inner Slot Box X 100%
 Area of Cut – (Area of Empty Holes + Area of Blast Holes)

 Ideal to have ≥15%
 Delay timing (inner box) 20 – 60ms/m of charge length
 Delay timing (outer box) 10 – 20ms/m of charge length

 Example: Boxhole design (left) and Long Hole Rise design (right)

 Ring Burden (B) 20 – 35 x D (blasthole diameter)
 Radial ring toe spacing (S) 1.15 – 1.3 x B

 Parallel ring toe spacing (S) 1.0 – 1.1 x B
 Stemming Length 20 x D or (0.7 – 1.2) x B
 Stemming rock size D ÷ 10 to D ÷ 20 (Angular material with minimal fines)
 Subdrill (3 to 15) x D
 Blast Void ratio calculation Blasting Shape Volume ÷ Existing Void Volume x100%
 (ratio calculated must be ≤95% as a conservative rate)
 Swell Factor 30 – 50 % (must use this to calculate swell of the blast
 design shape when using the formula above)

© Dyno Nobel Asia Pacific Pty Limited 2025. Reproduction without permission is strictly prohibited. 20

hn
U edaerground
 dline Product ion Bla st De sig n

 Primer location 1 Primer per 8 – 10 m of charge.
 Adjust to ground conditions (jointing, discontinuities,
 cavities). Ideal to stagger locations between nearby
 blastholes. 1st primer to be >0.5 m from toe of the hole.

 Spacing timing delay 2 – 8 ms/m of blasthole spacing
 Burden timing delay 10 – 40 ms/m of burden

Narrow Vein Blast Design (>1m and <3m ore body widths)

Dice 5
Example Burden

 VOID
 Easer

Modified Dice
5 Example Burden

 2/3 Burden
 VOID
 Easer 1/3 Burden
 Easer Burden

 VOID

© Dyno Nobel Asia Pacific Pty Limited 2025. Reproduction without permission is strictly prohibited. 21

hn
U edaerground
 dline Product ion Bla st De sig n

Average Design Powder Factors

 Blast type Kg/t
 Rise/Winze PF 1.9 – 4.2 kg/t
 Longitudinal stope rings 0.35 – 0.9 kg/t
 Transverse stope rings 0.30 – 0.45 kg/t

Design Powder Factors listed above are for each specific blast type only. Overall blast
powder factors will vary when combining the different blast type categories.

© Dyno Nobel Asia Pacific Pty Limited 2025. Reproduction without permission is strictly prohibited. 22

DynoConsult ® Services
 Let our global team of experienced and diversified
 explosives application specialists improve your overall
 profitability through implementing groundbreaking
 blasting solutions. We work in close partnership with
 surface and underground customers from the initiation
 stage through to implementation and results monitoring.
 DynoConsult® are:
 • Dedicated to safety.
 • Leaders with superior technical knowledge and
 practical experience in applications of explosives
 and blast results.
 • Focused on delivering results not just
 consultative recommendations.
 • Ready and willing to partner to increase
 shareholder value using Blast Optimisation teams.
 Contact our team: dynoconsult@ap.dynonobel.com

© Dyno Nobel Asia Pacific Pty Limited 2025. Reproduction without permission is strictly prohibited. 23

hea
Bu l kdline
 Technology

ANFO
ANFO manufactured from porous ammonium nitrate prill (DETAPRILL®), has a wide
variety of applications in non-reactive dry hole blasting conditions. When pneumatically
loaded, ANFO may also be used effectively in underground development and tunnelling
applications. The product is not suitable where reactive ground conditions exist.

TITAN® BLASTLITE®
TITAN® BLASTLITE® blends are comprised of blends of ANFO manufactured using porous
prill (DETAPRILL®), TITAN emulsion and brown fibrous bulking agent. The low-density
products are for use in dry or dewatered holes in non-reactive ground and are delivered
as augered products from a Quad bulk delivery truck. TITAN BlastLite blends are used as a
Heavy ANFO replacement in soft to medium strength rock masses.

TITAN® Heavy ANFO blends
Contain TITAN® emulsion and ANFO manufactured from porous ammonium nitrate prill
(DETAPRILL®). The blend ratios are selected to suit the blasting requirements in either
dry or dewatered blasthole conditions. The product is auger loaded into the blastholes
via a MPU.

TITAN® Gassed blends
Are emulsion rich, water resistant mixtures of TITAN® emulsion and ANFO manufactured
from porous ammonium nitrate prill. Gassed blends are either pumped from an MPU
through a loading hose to the bottom of wet blastholes. Augering of selected gassed blends
into dewatered blastholes may be available.

DIFFERENTIAL ENERGY® (ΔE®)
DIFFERENTIAL ENERGY® (∆E®) is a gassed, bulk emulsion delivery system specifically
designed for open pit mining operations to improve blast performance, safety and
environmental conditions. It allows the user to deliver multiple density segments in the
blast hole in a single pass.

© Dyno Nobel Asia Pacific Pty Limited 2025. Reproduction without permission is strictly prohibited. 24

he
B ua
 l kdline
 Technology

TITAN® 1000
TITAN® 1000 is the premium emulsion of the DIFFERENTIAL ENERGY® (∆E®) system,
formulated to be sensitised during the blasthole loading process. The product is not
suitable where reactive ground conditions exist.

TITAN® 1500
TITAN® 1500 is the premium inhibited emulsion of the DIFFERENTIAL ENERGY® (∆E®)
system, formulated to be sensitised during the blasthole loading process. TITAN 1500 may
be used to minimise risks associated with blasting in reactive ground conditions.

TITAN® 2000
TITAN® 2000 matrix has been specially formulated for use in medium to large diameter
open cut mining applications. TITAN 2000 matrix may be blended with ANFO to make
heavy ANFO or gas sensitised blends. The product is not suitable where reactive ground
conditions exist.

TITAN® 3000
TITAN® 3000 matrix is a specialised explosive precursor providing superior energy and
sensitivity for small to medium diameter open cut hard rock mining applications. The
product is not suitable where reactive ground conditions exist.

TITAN® 5000
Titan 5000 emulsion matrix has been specifically formulated for use in reactive (sulphidic)
ground conditions. Product use is determined by completing reactive ground testing and
developing site procedures in consultation with Dyno Nobel and regulatory authorities.
Gassed blends are pumped from a MPU through a loading hose to ensure the minimum
emulsion content required to retain product inhibition is maintained. Suitability of Heavy
ANFO blends for reactive ground conditions is limited and must be determined in
consultation with Dyno Nobel and regulatory authorities.

© Dyno Nobel Asia Pacific Pty Limited 2025. Reproduction without permission is strictly prohibited. 25

B
heua
 l kdline
 Technology

TITAN® 7000
TITAN® 7000 gassed emulsion is water resistant and designed to be pumped from a bulk
underground delivery truck. The TITAN 7000 system uses the specialised ‘charging vehicle”
for applications in up and down-holes. The truck is equipped with a dedicated boom and
patented hose retraction unit.

TITAN® 7000i
TITAN® 7000i gassed emulsion has been specifically designed for use in underground
mines where mildly reactive ground conditions exist. TITAN 7000i gassed emulsion is a
primer sensitive bulk emulsion designed to be pumped from the DynoMiner™ Uphole
loading truck, which is equipped with a dedicated boom and patented hose retraction unit.
TITAN 7000i has excellent water resistance.

TITAN® 7000sx
TITAN® 7000sx is a booster sensitive, high performance bulk emulsion designed
specifically for use in underground mining operations in which sulphide ore reactivity and
secondary dust explosions are potential hazards.

TITAN® 9000
TITAN® 9000 matrix is a high-performance emulsion specially formulated for use in areas
where there is a risk of post blast fume generation. The product is not suitable where
reactive ground conditions exist.

TITAN® 9000xero®
TITAN® 9000xero® is a blend of ammonium nitrate emulsion (TITAN 9000) and a functional
bulk additive, resulting in a reduced weight strength bulk explosive, designed to assist with
post blast fume management. The product is not suitable where reactive ground conditions
exist.

© Dyno Nobel Asia Pacific Pty Limited 2025. Reproduction without permission is strictly prohibited. 26

B u l k Technology
TITAN® Emulsion % ANFO Density (g/cm3) Energy Range Recommended Min.

Product (%wt) (MJ/kg) Hole Diameter
TITAN 1000G (Gassed) 0 0.80 – 1.25* 2.7 65 mm
TITAN 1500G (Gassed) 0 0.80 – 1.25* 2.7 65 mm
TITAN 2000G (Gassed) 0 0.90 – 1.25* 2.5 102 mm
TITAN 2070G (Gassed) 30 0.90 – 1.25* 2.8 102 mm
TITAN 2060G (Gassed) 40 0.90 – 1.25* 3.0 102 mm
TITAN 2050G (Gassed) 50 1.10 – 1.20* 3.1 102 mm
TITAN 2040 (Heavy ANFO) 60 1.25# 3.2 127 mm
TITAN 2030 (Heavy ANFO) 70 1.10# 3.3 102 mm
TITAN 2020 (Heavy ANFO) 80 0.97# 3.5 102 mm
TITAN 2010 (Heavy ANFO) 90 0.90 3.6 102 mm
TITAN 3000G (Gassed) 0 0.90 – 1.25* 2.6 76 mm
TITAN 3070G (Gassed) 30 0.90 – 1.25* 3.0 76 mm
TITAN 3060G (Gassed) 40 0.90 – 1.25* 3.1 89 mm
TITAN 3050G (Gassed) 50 1.10 – 1.20* 3.2 102 mm
TITAN 3040 (Heavy ANFO) 60 1.26# 3.3 127 mm
TITAN 3030 (Heavy ANFO) 70 1.10# 3.4 102 mm
TITAN 3020 (Heavy ANFO) 80 0.98# 3.5 102 mm
TITAN 3010 (Heavy ANFO) 90 0.91 3.6 102 mm
TITAN 5000G (Gassed) 0 0.90 – 1.25* 2.5 102 mm
TITAN 5070G (Gassed) 30 0.90 – 1.25* 2.8 102 mm
TITAN 5060G (Gassed) 40 0.90 – 1.25* 3.0 102 mm
TITAN 5050G (Gassed) 50 1.10 – 1.20* 3.1 102 mm
TITAN 5040 (Heavy ANFO) 60 1.26# 3.2 127 mm
TITAN 5030 (Heavy ANFO) 70 1.10# 3.3 102 mm
TITAN 5020 (Heavy ANFO) 80 0.98# 3.4 102 mm
TITAN 5010 (Heavy ANFO) 90 0.91 3.6 102 mm
TITAN 7000 (Gassed) 0 0.80 – 1.25* 2.9 35 mm
TITAN 7000i (Gassed) 0 0.80 – 1.25* 2.9 35 mm
TITAN 7000sx (Gassed) 0 0.80 – 1.25* 2.8 38 mm
TITAN 9000G (Gassed) 0 0.90 – 1.25* 2.6 76 mm
TITAN 9070G (Gassed) 30 0.90 – 1.25* 3.0 76 mm
TITAN 9060G (Gassed) 40 0.90 – 1.25* 3.1 89 mm
TITAN 9050G (Gassed) 50 1.10 – 1.20* 3.2 102 mm
TITAN 9040 (Heavy ANFO) 60 1.26# 3.3 127 mm
TITAN 9

B u l k Technology

How to select the right TITAN® matrix product for your needs
The table below is a guide to choosing the right product for the blasthole condition and desired
performance. Please consult your Dyno Nobel representative for further details.

Product selection guide – blasthole condition

Emulsion Content % w /w 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
 Dry 1 Use Yes
 Delivery Method 2 A A A A A A/P A/P A/P A/P A/P
 Dewatered 3 Use No Yes

Blasthole Delivery Method – – – A A A/P A/P A/P A/P A/P
 Conditions Wet 4 Use No Yes
 Delivery Method – – – – – P P P P P
 Dynamic 5 Use No Yes
 Delivery Method – – – – – – P P P P
 Sensitisation Required No Note 6 Yes 7

NOTES:
1. Dry hole is defined as a blast hole containing no water including no wet walls.
2. A = Auger, P = Pumped.
3. A dewatered hole is defined as a wet hole where water has been removed and is not recharging.
4. A wet hole is defined as a blast hole containing static water or has a recharge rate of <1m in
 30 minutes.
5. Dynamic water is defined as a recharge rate of >1m in 30 minutes. If the level of dynamic water
 is such that product damage is suspected or observed, the suggested recommended sleep time
 should be reduced.
6. This product has reduced sensitivity and sensitisation is recommended for all hole. Please consult
 your Dyno Nobel representative to check which delivery options are available at your location.
7. The TITAN Matrix Blend Gassing Table should be used to determine the appropriate open cup
 density for the hole depth.

© Dyno Nobel Asia Pacific Pty Limited 2025. Reproduction without permission is strictly prohibited. 28

G a s sing Density Re f e re n ce

USE OF TABLES
1. The left hand column in all tables (Depth) indicates the height of the product column under dry
 or dewatered hole conditions. Where water is present, the height of water above the explosive
 column should be included to calculate depth. 2. Emulsion explosives behave as liquids when subjected to the gravitational stress in a vertical
 blasthole, and a pressure gradient in the explosive will be established. The higher the explosive
 column in the blasthole, the higher the internal pressure at the bottom of the column, and the
 larger the quantity of gassing chemicals that need to be added to provide sensitisation. 3. The open cup density is a measure of the level of sensitisation of the product. It is necessary
 to choose an open cup density to ensure that the density of the explosive at the bottom of the
 blasthole is less than the critical density. Inappropriate sensitisation may lead to poor detonation
 and fragmentation, and generation of post blast fume. Blacked out areas indicate where critical
 density is reached or exceeded. 4. To determine the required open cup density for an explosive column of 40m (for the
 TITAN® 2050G example), find 40m in the Depth column. Moving to the right, read off the density
 in the unshaded column under the required open cup density (a Toe density of 1.36g/cm3 in the
 1.10g/cm3 open cup density column).

d 40m in the Depth column. Moving to the right, read off the density
 in the unshaded column under the required open cup density (a Toe density of 1.36g/cm3 in the
 1.10g/cm3 open cup density column). This indicates that sufficient gassing chemicals should
 be added to the gassed explosive blend during delivery so that an open cup density of 1.10g/
 cm3 is achieved. This level of gassing chemicals will ensure that the density at the bottom of
 the column will be below the critical density, and the column will detonate at full order upon
 initiation. 5. To determine the approximate average in-hole density in a column of 40m (for the
 TITAN 2050G example), find 40m in the Depth column. Moving to the right, read off the density
 in the shaded column (an Avg. In-Hole density of 1.30g/cm3 in the 1.10 g/cm3 open cup density
 column). For depths that are not listed, Dyno Nobel recommends rounding up to the next highest depth
 e.g. a 25m deep hole should be rounded to 26m and corresponding densities applied. 6. Blast design should be based on average in-hole density whilst blasthole loading requires the
 MPU operator to achieve the associated open cup density. 7. The gassing reaction takes 30-40 minutes to achieve the desired open cup density at 20°C. It is necessary to allow at least this time to elapse following completion of loading and before
 stemming the charged blasthole.

n takes 30-40 minutes to achieve the desired open cup density at 20°C. It is necessary to allow at least this time to elapse following completion of loading and before
 stemming the charged blasthole. A longer period should be allowed at lower temperatures. 8. The density values shown were calculated using a laboratory mathematical model that was
 validated using a specially designed fit-for-purpose pressure-volume apparatus. 9. The low density explosive grade ammonium nitrate used in the model was assigned a bulk
 density of 0.77 g/cm3 and a particle density of 1.58 g/cm3. 10. For the use of bulk products at depths and densities outside of the standard ranges provided,
 contact your Dyno Nobel representative.

© Dyno Nobel Asia Pacific Pty Limited 2025. Reproduction without permission is strictly prohibited. 29

TITAN 1000G
 Charge Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
 L (m) In-Hole Toe In-Hole Toe In-Hole Toe In-Hole Toe In-Hole Toe In-Hole Toe In-Hole Toe In-Hole Toe In-Hole Toe In-Hole Toe
 0 0.80 0.80 0.85 0.85 0.90 0.90 0.95 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.05 1.05 1.10 1.10 1.15 1.15 1.20 1.20 1.25 1.25
 1 0.82 0.84 0.87 0.89 0.92 0.94 0.97 0.98 1.02 1.03 1.06 1.08 1.11 1.12 1.16 1.17 1.21 1.21 1.25 1.26
 2 0.84 0.87 0.89 0.92 0.93 0.97 0.98 1.01 1.03 1.06 1.08 1.10 1.12 1.14 1.17 1.18 1.21 1.23 1.26 1.27
 3 0.85 0.91 0.90 0.95 0.95 0.99 1.00 1.04 1.04 1.08 1.09 1.12 1.13 1.16 1.18 1.20 1.22 1.24 1.26 1.27
 Gassing

4 0.87 0.93 0.92 0.98 0.96 1.02 1.01 1.06 1.05 1.10 1.10 1.14 1.14 1.17 1.18 1.21 1.22 1.25 1.27 1.28
 5 0.89 0.96 0.93 1.00 0.98 1.04 1.02 1.08 1.06 1.12 1.11 1.15 1.15 1.19 1.19 1.22 1.23 1.25 1.27 1.28
 6 0.90 0.98 0.94 1.02 0.99 1.06 1.03 1.10 1.07 1.13 1.11 1.16 1.15 1.20 1.19 1.23 1.23 1.26 1.27 1.29
 7 0.91 1.00 0.96 1.04 1.00 1.08 1.04 1.11 1.08 1.14 1.12 1.17 1.16 1.21 1.20 1.24 1.24 1.26 1.27 1.29
 8 0.93 1.02 0.97 1.06 1.01 1.09 1.05 1.12 1.09 1.16 1.13 1.19 1.17 1.21 1.20 1.24 1.24 1.27 1.28 1.29
 9 0.94 1.04 0.98 1.07 1.02 1.11 1.06 1.14 1.10 1.17 1.14 1.19 1.17 1.22 1.21 1.25 1.24 1.27 1.28 1.30
 10 0.95 1.06 0.99 1.09 1.03 1.12 1.07 1.15 1.10 1.18 1.14 1.20 1.18 1.23 1.21 1.25 1.25 1.28
 11 0.96 1.07 1.00 1.10 1.04 1.13 1.07 1.16 1.11 1.18 1.15 1.21 1.18 1.23 1.22 1.26 1.25 1.28
 for different open cup densities.

12 0.97 1.08 1.01 1.11 1.04 1.14 1.08 1.17 1.12 1.19 1.15 1.22 1.19 1.24 1.22 1.26 1.25 1.28
 13 0.98 1.10 1.02 1.12 1.05 1.15 1.09 1.18 1.12 1.20 1.16 1.22 1.19 1.24 1.22 1.27 1.25 1.29
 14 0.99 1.11 1.02 1.13 1.06 1.16 1.09 1.18 1.13 1.21 1.16 1.23 1.19 1.25 1.23 1.27 1.26 1.29
 15 0.99 1.12 1.03 1.14 1.07 1.17 1.10 1.19 1.13 1.21 1.17 1.23 1.20 1.25 1.23 1.27 1.26 1.29
 16 1.00 1.13 1.04 1.15 1.07 1.17 1.11 1.20 1.14 1.22 1.17 1.24 1.20 1.26 1.23 1.27 1.26 1.29
 17 1.01 1.14 1.04 1.16 1.08 1.18 1.11 1.20 1.14 1.22 1.17 1.24 1.20 1.26 1.23 1.28 1.26 1.29
 18 1.02 1.14 1.05 1.17 1.08 1.19 1.12 1.21 1.15 1.23 1.18 1.25 1.21 1.26 1.24 1.28 1.26 1.30
 19 1.02 1.15 1.06 1.17 1.09 1.19 1.12 1.21 1.15 1.23 1.18 1.25 1.21 1.27 1.24 1.28 1.27 1.30
 20 1.03 1.16 1.06 1.18 1.09 1.20 1.13 1.22 1.16 1.23 1.18 1.25 1.21 1.27 1.24 1.28 1.27 1.30
 22 1.04 1.17 1.07 1.19 1.10 1.21 1.13 1.23 1.16 1.24 1.19 1.26 1.22 1.27 1.24 1.29
 24 1.05 1.18 1.08 1.20 1.11 1.22 1.14 1.23 1.17 1.25 1.20 1.26 1.22 1.28 1.25 1.29
 26 1.06 1.19 1.09 1.21 1.12 1.22 1.15 1.24 1.18 1.25 1.20 1.27 1.23 1.28 1.25 1.29
 28 1.07 1.20 1.10 1.22 1.13 1.23 1.16 1.25 1.18 1.26 1.21 1.27 1.23 1.28 1.25 1.30
 30 1.08 1.21 1.11 1.22 1.14 1.24 1.16 1.25 1.19 1.26 1.21 1.28 1.23 1.29 1.26 1.30
 32 1.09 1.22 1.12 1.23 1.14 1.24 1.17 1.26 1.19 1.27 1.22 1.28 1.24 1.29

© Dyno Nobel Asia Pacific Pty Limited 2025. Reproduction without permission is strictly prohibited.
 34 1.10 1.22 1.12 1.24 1.15 1.25 1.17 1.26 1.20 1.27 1.22 1.28 1.24 1.29
 36 1.10 1.23 1.13 1.24 1.15 1.25 1.18 1.26 1.20 1.27 1.22 1.28 1.24 1.30
 Density of TITAN® 1000G in an explosive column at different depths

38 1.11 1.23 1.14 1.25 1.16 1.26 1.18 1.27 1.20 1.28 1.23 1.29 1.25 1.30
 40 1.12 1.24 1.14 1.25 1.16 1.26 1.19 1.27 1.21 1.28 1.23 1.29 1.25 1.30
 h e a dlineDensity for TITAN ® Emulsion

30

h
 TITAN 1500G
 Charge Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
 L (m) In-Hole Toe In-Hole Toe In-Hole Toe In-Hole Toe In-Hole Toe In-Hole Toe In-Hole Toe In-Hole Toe In-Hole Toe In-Hole Toe
 0 0.80 0.80 0.85 0.85 0.90 0.90 0.95 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.05 1.05 1.10 1.10 1.15 1.15 1.20 1.20 1.25 1.25
 1 0.82 0.84 0.87 0.89 0.92 0.94 0.97 0.98 1.02 1.03 1.06 1.08 1.11 1.13 1.16 1.17 1.21 1.22 1.26 1.26
 2 0.84 0.88 0.89 0.92 0.94 0.97 0.98 1.01 1.03 1.06 1.08 1.10 1.12 1.15 1.17 1.19 1.22 1.23 1.26 1.27
 3 0.86 0.91 0.90 0.95 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.04 1.04 1.08 1.09 1.12 1.13 1.16 1.18 1.20 1.22 1.24 1.27 1.28
 Gassing

4 0.87 0.94 0.92 0.98 0.97 1.02 1.01 1.06 1.06 1.10 1.10 1.14 1.14 1.18 1.19 1.22 1.23 1.25 1.27 1.29
 5 0.89 0.97 0.93 1.01 0.98 1.05 1.02 1.09 1.07 1.12 1.11 1.16 1.15 1.19 1.19 1.23 1.23 1.26 1.27 1.29
 6 0.90 0.99 0.95 1.03 0.99 1.07 1.03 1.10 1.08 1.14 1.12 1.17 1.16 1.20 1.20 1.24 1.24 1.27 1.28 1.30
 7 0.92 1.01 0.96 1.05 1.00 1.09 1.05 1.12 1.09 1.15 1.13 1.18 1.17 1.21 1.20 1.24 1.24 1.27 1.28 1.30
 8 0.93 1.03 0.97 1.07 1.01 1.10 1.06 1.13 1.10 1.16 1.13 1.19 1.17 1.22 1.21 1.25 1.25 1.28 1.28 1.30
 9 0.94 1.05 0.98 1.08 1.02 1.12 1.06 1.15 1.10 1.18 1.14 1.20 1.18 1.23 1.21 1.26 1.25 1.28 1.29 1.31
 10 0.95 1.07 0.99 1.10 1.03 1.13 1.07 1.16 1.11 1.19 1.15 1.21 1.18 1.24 1.22 1.26 1.25 1.29 1.29 1.31
 11 0.96 1.08 1.00 1.11 1.04 1.14 1.08 1.17 1.12 1.20 1.15 1.22 1.19 1.25 1.22 1.27 1.26 1.29 1.29 1.31
 for different open cup densities.

12 0.97 1.10 1.01 1.13 1.05 1.15 1.09 1.18 1.12 1.20 1.16 1.23 1.19 1.25 1.23 1.27 1.26 1.30 1.29 1.32
 13 0.98 1.11 1.02 1.14 1.06 1.16 1.10 1.19 1.13 1.21 1.16 1.23 1.20 1.26 1.23 1.28 1.26 1.30 1.29 1.32
 14 0.99 1.12 1.03 1.15 1.07 1.17 1.10 1.20 1.14 1.22 1.17 1.24 1.20 1.26 1.23 1.28 1.27 1.30
 15 1.00 1.13 1.04 1.16 1.07 1.18 1.11 1.20 1.14 1.22 1.17 1.25 1.21 1.27 1.24 1.28 1.27 1.30
 16 1.01 1.14 1.05 1.16 1.08 1.19 1.11 1.21 1.15 1.23 1.18 1.25 1.21 1.27 1.24 1.29 1.27 1.31
 17 1.02 1.15 1.05 1.17 1.09 1.19 1.12 1.22 1.15 1.24 1.18 1.25 1.21 1.27 1.24 1.29 1.27 1.31
 18 1.03 1.16 1.06 1.18 1.09 1.20 1.13 1.22 1.16 1.24 1.19 1.26 1.22 1.28 1.25 1.29 1.27 1.31
 19 1.03 1.17 1.07 1.19 1.10 1.21 1.13 1.23 1.16 1.25 1.19 1.26 1.22 1.28 1.25 1.30 1.28 1.31
 20 1.04 1.17 1.07 1.19 1.10 1.21 1.14 1.23 1.17 1.25 1.19 1.27 1.22 1.28 1.25 1.30 1.28 1.31
 22 1.05 1.19 1.08 1.21 1.11 1.22 1.14 1.24 1.17 1.26 1.20 1.27 1.23 1.29 1.26 1.30 1.28 1.32
 24 1.06 1.20 1.09 1.22 1.12 1.23 1.15 1.25 1.18 1.26 1.21 1.28 1.23 1.29 1.26 1.31
 26 1.07 1.21 1.10 1.22 1.13 1.24 1.16 1.26 1.19 1.27 1.21 1.28 1.24 1.30 1.26 1.31
 28 1.08 1.22 1.11 1.23 1.14 1.25 1.17 1.26 1.19 1.28 1.22 1.29 1.24 1.30 1.27 1.31
 30 1.09 1.23 1.12 1.24 1.15 1.25 1.17 1.27 1.20 1.28 1.22 1.29 1.25 1.30 1.27 1.32
 32 1.10 1.23 1.13 1.25 1.15 1.26 1.18 1.27 1.20 1.28 1.23 1.30 1.25 1.31 1.27 1.32

© Dyno Nobel Asia Pacific Pty Limited 2025. Reproduction without permission is strictly prohibited.
 34 1.11 1.24 1.13 1.25 1.16 1.26 1.18 1.28 1.21 1.29 1.23 1.30 1.25 1.31
 36 1.12 1.25 1.14 1.26 1.17 1.27 1.19 1.28 1.21 1.29 1.23 1.30 1.26 1.31
 Density of TITAN® 1500G in an explosive column at different depths

38 1.12 1.25 1.15 1.26 1.17 1.27 1.19 1.28 1.22 1.29 1.24 1.30 1.26 1.31
 40 1.13 1.26 1.15 1.27 1.18 1.28 1.20 1.29 1.22 1.30 1.24 1.31 1.26 1.32
 e a dlineDensity for TITAN ® Emulsion

31

TITAN 2050G
 Charge L (m) Avg. In-Hole Toe Avg. In-Hole Toe Avg. In-Hole Toe Avg. In-Hole Toe Avg. In-Hole Toe

0 1.10 1.10 1.15 1.15 1.20 1.20 1.25 1.25 1.30 1.30
 1 1.12 1.13 1.16 1.18 1.21 1.22 1.26 1.27 1.31 1.31
 2 1.13 1.16 1.18 1.20 1.22 1.24 1.27 1.28 1.31 1.32
 3 1.14 1.18 1.19 1.22 1.23 1.26 1.27 1.29 1.32 1.33
 4 1.15 1.20 1.20 1.23 1.24 1.27 1.28 1.30 1.32 1.34
 5 1.16 1.21 1.20 1.25 1.24 1.28 1.29 1.31 1.33 1.34
 6 1.17 1.23 1.21 1.26 1.25 1.29 1.29 1.32 1.33 1.35
 7 1.18 1.24 1.22 1.27 1.26 1.30 1.29 1.33 1.33 1.35
 8 1.19 1.25 1.23 1.28 1.26 1.31 1.30 1.33 1.33 1.36
 9 1.19 1.26 1.23 1.29 1.27 1.31 1.30 1.34 1.34 1.36
 10 1.20 1.27 1.24 1.29 1.27 1.32 1.31 1.34 1.34 1.36
 11 1.21 1.28 1.24 1.30 1.28 1.32 1.31 1.35 1.34 1.37
 12 1.21 1.28 1.25 1.31 1.28 1.33 1.31 1.35 1.34 1.37
 13 1.22 1.29 1.25 1.31 1.28 1.33 1.32 1.35
 14 1.22 1.30 1.26 1.32 1.29 1.34 1.32 1.35
 15 1.23 1.30 1.26 1.32 1.29 1.34 1.32 1.36
 16 1.23 1.31 1.26 1.32 1.29 1.34 1.32 1.36
 depths for different open cup densities.

17 1.24 1.31 1.27 1.33 1.30 1.35 1.32 1.36
 18 1.24 1.31 1.27 1.33 1.30 1.35 1.33 1.36
 19 1.25 1.32 1.27 1.33 1.30 1.35 1.33 1.37
 20 1.25 1.32 1.28 1.34 1.30 1.35 1.33 1.37
 22 1.26 1.33 1.28 1.34 1.31 1.36 1.33 1.37
 24 1.26 1.33 1.29 1.35 1.31 1.36
 26 1.27 1.34 1.29 1.35 1.32 1.36
 28 1.27 1.34 1.30 1.36 1.32 1.37
 30 1.28 1.35 1.30 1.36 1.32 1.37
 32 1.28 1.35 1.30 1.36
 34 1.29 1.35 1.31 1.36

© Dyno Nobel Asia Pacific Pty Limited 2025. Reproduction without permission is strictly prohibited.
 36 1.29 1.36 1.31 1.37
 38 1.29 1.36 1.31 1.37
 40 1.30 1.36 1.32 1.37
 Density of TITAN® 2050G blends in an explosive column at different

45 1.30 1.37
 G a s sing Density fo r TI TA N ® Bl e n d s

50 1.31 1.37

32

TITAN 2060G
 Charge Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.

Toe Toe Toe Toe Toe Toe Toe Toe
 L (m) In-Hole In-Hole In-Hole In-Hole In-Hole In-Hole In-Hole In-Hole
 0 0.90 0.90 0.95 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.05 1.05 1.10 1.10 1.15 1.15 1.20 1.20 1.25 1.25
 1 0.92 0.94 0.97 0.99 1.02 1.04 1.07 1.08 1.11 1.13 1.16 1.17 1.21 1.22 1.26 1.27
 2 0.94 0.98 0.99 1.02 1.03 1.07 1.08 1.11 1.13 1.15 1.17 1.20 1.22 1.24 1.26 1.28
 3 0.96 1.01 1.00 1.05 1.05 1.09 1.09 1.13 1.14 1.17 1.18 1.21 1.23 1.25 1.27 1.29
 4 0.97 1.03 1.02 1.08 1.06 1.11 1.11 1.15 1.15 1.19 1.19 1.23 1.23 1.26 1.28 1.30
 5 0.99 1.06 1.03 1.10 1.07 1.14 1.12 1.17 1.16 1.21 1.20 1.24 1.24 1.27 1.28 1.31
 6 1.00 1.08 1.04 1.12 1.09 1.15 1.13 1.19 1.17 1.22 1.21 1.25 1.25 1.28 1.29 1.31
 7 1.01 1.10 1.05 1.14 1.10 1.17 1.14 1.20 1.18 1.23 1.21 1.26 1.25 1.29 1.29 1.32
 8 1.02 1.12 1.07 1.15 1.11 1.18 1.14 1.21 1.18 1.24 1.22 1.27 1.26 1.30 1.29 1.32
 9 1.04 1.13 1.08 1.17 1.11 1.20 1.15 1.22 1.19 1.25 1.23 1.28 1.26 1.30 1.30 1.33
 10 1.05 1.15 1.08 1.18 1.12 1.21 1.16 1.23 1.20 1.26 1.23 1.28 1.27 1.31 1.30 1.33
 11 1.06 1.16 1.09 1.19 1.13 1.22 1.17 1.24 1.20 1.27 1.24 1.29 1.27 1.31 1.30 1.34
 12 1.06 1.17 1.10 1.20 1.14 1.23 1.17 1.25 1.21 1.27 1.24 1.30 1.27 1.32 1.31 1.34
 13 1.07 1.18 1.11 1.21 1.14 1.23 1.18 1.26 1.21 1.28 1.25 1.30 1.28 1.32 1.31 1.34
 14 1.08 1.19 1.12 1.22 1.15 1.24 1.18 1.26 1.22 1.28 1.25 1.31 1.28 1.32 1.31 1.34
 15 1.09 1.20 1.12 1.23 1.16 1.25 1.19 1.27 1.22 1.29 1.25 1.31 1.28 1.33 1.31 1.35
 16 1.10 1.21 1.13 1.23 1.16 1.26 1.19 1.28 1.23 1.29 1.26 1.31 1.29 1.33 1.32 1.35
 depths for different open cup densities.

17 1.10 1.22 1.14 1.24 1.17 1.26 1.20 1.28 1.23 1.30 1.26 1.32 1.29 1.33 1.32 1.35
 18 1.11 1.23 1.14 1.25 1.17 1.27 1.20 1.28 1.23 1.30 1.26 1.32 1.29 1.34 1.32 1.35
 19 1.12 1.23 1.15 1.25 1.18 1.27 1.21 1.29 1.24 1.31 1.27 1.32 1.29 1.34 1.32 1.35
 20 1.12 1.24 1.15 1.26 1.18 1.28 1.21 1.29 1.24 1.31 1.27 1.33 1.30 1.34
 22 1.13 1.25 1.16 1.27 1.19 1.28 1.22 1.30 1.25 1.32 1.27 1.33 1.30 1.34
 24 1.14 1.26 1.17 1.28 1.20 1.29 1.23 1.31 1.25 1.32 1.28 1.33 1.30 1.35
 26 1.15 1.27 1.18 1.28 1.21 1.30 1.23 1.31 1.26 1.33 1.28 1.34 1.31 1.35
 28 1.16 1.28 1.19 1.29 1.21 1.30 1.24 1.32 1.26 1.33 1.29 1.34 1.31 1.35
 30 1.17 1.28 1.19 1.30 1.22 1.31 1.24 1.32 1.27 1.33 1.29 1.35
 32 1.18 1.29 1.20 1.30 1.23 1.31 1.25 1.33 1.27 1.34 1.29 1.35
 34 1.18 1.30 1.21 1.31 1.23 1.32 1.25 1.33 1.28 1.34 1.30 1.35

© Dyno Nobel Asia Pacific Pty Limited 2025. Reproduction without permission is strictly prohibited.
 36 1.19 1.30 1.21 1.31 1.24 1.32 1.26 1.33 1.28 1.34 1.30 1.35
 38 1.19 1.30 1.22 1.32 1.24 1.33 1.26 1.34 1.28 1.35 1.30 1.35
 40 1.20 1.31 1.22 1.32 1.24 1.33 1.27 1.34 1.29 1.35
 Density of TITAN® 2060G blends in an explosive column at different

45 1.21 1.32 1.23 1.33 1.25 1.34 1.27 1.34 1.29 1.35
 G a s sing Density fo r TI TA N ® Bl e n d s

50 1.22 1.33 1.24 1.33 1.26 1.34 1.28 1.35

33

TITAN 2070G
 Charge Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.

Toe Toe Toe Toe Toe Toe Toe Toe
 L (m) In-Hole In-Hole In-Hole In-Hole In-Hole In-Hole In-Hole In-Hole
 0 0.90 0.90 0.95 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.05 1.05 1.10 1.10 1.15 1.15 1.20 1.20 1.25 1.25
 1 0.92 0.94 0.97 0.99 1.02 1.03 1.07 1.08 1.11 1.13 1.16 1.17 1.21 1.22 1.26 1.26
 2 0.94 0.97 0.98 1.02 1.03 1.06 1.08 1.11 1.13 1.15 1.17 1.19 1.22 1.23 1.26 1.28
 3 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.05 1.05 1.09 1.09 1.13 1.14 1.17 1.18 1.21 1.23 1.25 1.27 1.29
 4 0.97 1.03 1.01 1.07 1.06 1.11 1.10 1.15 1.15 1.19 1.19 1.22 1.23 1.26 1.27 1.29
 5 0.98 1.05 1.03 1.09 1.07 1.13 1.11 1.17 1.16 1.20 1.20 1.23 1.24 1.27 1.28 1.30
 6 1.00 1.07 1.04 1.11 1.08 1.15 1.12 1.18 1.16 1.21 1.20 1.24 1.24 1.28 1.28 1.31
 7 1.01 1.09 1.05 1.13 1.09 1.16 1.13 1.19 1.17 1.22 1.21 1.25 1.25 1.28 1.29 1.31
 8 1.02 1.11 1.06 1.14 1.10 1.17 1.14 1.20 1.18 1.23 1.22 1.26 1.25 1.29 1.29 1.32
 9 1.03 1.13 1.07 1.16 1.11 1.19 1.15 1.21 1.18 1.24 1.22 1.27 1.26 1.29 1.29 1.32
 10 1.04 1.14 1.08 1.17 1.12 1.20 1.15 1.22 1.19 1.25 1.23 1.27 1.26 1.30 1.29 1.32
 11 1.05 1.15 1.09 1.18 1.12 1.21 1.16 1.23 1.20 1.26 1.23 1.28 1.26 1.30 1.30 1.33
 12 1.06 1.16 1.10 1.19 1.13 1.22 1.17 1.24 1.20 1.26 1.23 1.29 1.27 1.31 1.30 1.33
 13 1.07 1.17 1.10 1.20 1.14 1.22 1.17 1.25 1.21 1.27 1.24 1.29 1.27 1.31 1.30 1.33
 14 1.07 1.18 1.11 1.21 1.14 1.23 1.18 1.25 1.21 1.27 1.24 1.29 1.27 1.31 1.30 1.33
 15 1.08 1.19 1.12 1.22 1.15 1.24 1.18 1.26 1.21 1.28 1.25 1.30 1.28 1.32 1.31 1.34
 depths for different open cup densities.

16 1.09 1.20 1.12 1.22 1.16 1.24 1.19 1.26 1.22 1.28 1.25 1.30 1.28 1.32 1.31 1.34
 17 1.10 1.21 1.13 1.23 1.16 1.25 1.19 1.27 1.22 1.29 1.25 1.31 1.28 1.32
 18 1.10 1.22 1.13 1.24 1.17 1.25 1.20 1.27 1.23 1.29 1.26 1.31 1.28 1.32
 19 1.11 1.22 1.14 1.24 1.17 1.26 1.20 1.28 1.23 1.29 1.26 1.31 1.29 1.33
 20 1.11 1.23 1.14 1.25 1.18 1.26 1.20 1.28 1.23 1.30 1.26 1.31 1.29 1.33
 22 1.12 1.24 1.15 1.26 1.18 1.27 1.21 1.29 1.24 1.30 1.27 1.32 1.29 1.33
 24 1.13 1.25 1.16 1.26 1.19 1.28 1.22 1.29 1.24 1.31 1.27 1.32 1.29 1.34
 26 1.14 1.26 1.17 1.27 1.20 1.29 1.22 1.30 1.25 1.31 1.27 1.33 1.30 1.34
 28 1.15 1.26 1.18 1.28 1.20 1.29 1.23 1.30 1.25 1.32 1.28 1.33
 30 1.16 1.27 1.18 1.28 1.21 1.30 1.23 1.31 1.26 1.32 1.28 1.33
 32 1.17 1.28 1.19 1.29 1.22 1.30 1.24 1.31 1.26 1.32 1.28 1.33
 34 1.17 1.28 1.20 1.29 1.22 1.30 1.24 1.32 1.27 1.33 1.29 1.34

© Dyno Nobel Asia Pacific Pty Limited 2025. Reproduction without permission is strictly prohibited.
 36 1.18 1.29 1.20 1.30 1.23 1.31 1.25 1.32 1.27 1.33 1.29 1.34
 38 1.18 1.29 1.21 1.30 1.23 1.31 1.25 1.32 1.27 1.33
 Density of TITAN® 2070G blends in an explosive column at different

40 1.19 1.29 1.21 1.30 1.23 1.31 1.25 1.32 1.28 1.33
 45 1.20 1.30 1.22 1.31 1.24 1.32 1.26 1.33 1.28 1.34
 G a s sing Density fo r TI TA N ® Bl e n d s

34
 50 1.21 1.31 1.23 1.32 1.25 1.33 1.27 1.33

TITAN 3050G, 5050G, 9050G
 Charge L (m) Avg. In-Hole Toe Avg. In-Hole Toe Avg. In-Hole Toe Avg. In-Hole Toe Avg. In-Hole Toe

0 1.10 1.10 1.15 1.15 1.20 1.20 1.25 1.25 1.30 1.30
 1 1.12 1.13 1.16 1.18 1.21 1.22 1.26 1.27 1.31 1.31
 2 1.13 1.16 1.18 1.20 1.22 1.24 1.27 1.28 1.31 1.33
 3 1.14 1.18 1.19 1.22 1.23 1.26 1.27 1.30 1.32 1.33
 4 1.15 1.20 1.20 1.24 1.24 1.27 1.28 1.31 1.32 1.34
 5 1.16 1.22 1.21 1.25 1.25 1.28 1.29 1.32 1.33 1.35
 6 1.17 1.23 1.21 1.26 1.25 1.29 1.29 1.32 1.33 1.35
 7 1.18 1.24 1.22 1.27 1.26 1.30 1.30 1.33 1.33 1.36
 8 1.19 1.25 1.23 1.28 1.27 1.31 1.30 1.34 1.34 1.36
 9 1.20 1.27 1.23 1.29 1.27 1.32 1.31 1.34 1.34 1.37
 10 1.20 1.27 1.24 1.30 1.28 1.32 1.31 1.35 1.34 1.37
 11 1.21 1.28 1.25 1.31 1.28 1.33 1.31 1.35 1.35 1.37
 12 1.22 1.29 1.25 1.31 1.28 1.33 1.32 1.36 1.35 1.38
 13 1.22 1.30 1.26 1.32 1.29 1.34 1.32 1.36 1.35 1.38
 14 1.23 1.30 1.26 1.32 1.29 1.34 1.32 1.36 1.35 1.38
 15 1.23 1.31 1.26 1.33 1.29 1.35 1.32 1.36
 16 1.24 1.31 1.27 1.33 1.30 1.35 1.33 1.37
 17 1.24 1.32 1.27 1.34 1.30 1.35 1.33 1.37
 18 1.25 1.32 1.28 1.34 1.30 1.36 1.33 1.37
 19 1.25 1.33 1.28 1.34 1.31 1.36 1.33 1.37
 20 1.25 1.33 1.28 1.35 1.31 1.36 1.34 1.38
 22 1.26 1.34 1.29 1.35 1.31 1.36 1.34 1.38
 24 1.27 1.34 1.29 1.36 1.32 1.37
 26 1.27 1.35 1.30 1.36 1.32 1.37
 28 1.28 1.35 1.30 1.36 1.33 1.38
 30 1.28 1.36 1.31 1.37 1.33 1.38
 Density of gas sensitised and ungassed blends containing

32
 column at different depths for different open cup densities.

1.29 1.36 1.31 1.37 1.33 1.38
 34 1.29 1.36 1.31 1.37
 50% TITAN® 3000, TITAN® 5000 or TITAN® 9000 in an explosive

© Dyno Nobel Asia Pacific Pty Limited 2025. Reproduction without permission is strictly prohibited.
 36 1.30 1.37 1.32 1.37
 38 1.30 1.37 1.32 1.38
 40 1.30 1.37 1.32 1.38
 45 1.31 1.38
 G a ssing Density fo r TI TA N ® Bl e n d s

35
 50 1.32 1.38

TITAN 3060G, 5060G, 9060G
 Charge L Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.

Toe Toe Toe Toe Toe Toe Toe Toe
 (m) In-Hole In-Hole In-Hole In-Hole In-Hole In-Hole In-Hole In-Hole
 0 0.90 0.90 0.95 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.05 1.05 1.10 1.10 1.15 1.15 1.20 1.20 1.25 1.25
 1 0.92 0.94 0.97 0.99 1.02 1.04 1.07 1.08 1.11 1.13 1.16 1.18 1.21 1.22 1.26 1.27
 2 0.94 0.98 0.99 1.02 1.03 1.07 1.08 1.11 1.13 1.16 1.17 1.20 1.22 1.24 1.27 1.28
 3 0.96 1.01 1.00 1.05 1.05 1.09 1.10 1.14 1.14 1.18 1.18 1.22 1.23 1.25 1.27 1.29
 4 0.97 1.04 1.02 1.08 1.06 1.12 1.11 1.16 1.15 1.19 1.19 1.23 1.24 1.27 1.28 1.30
 5 0.99 1.06 1.03 1.10 1.08 1.14 1.12 1.18 1.16 1.21 1.20 1.25 1.24 1.28 1.28 1.31
 6 1.00 1.09 1.05 1.12 1.09 1.16 1.13 1.19 1.17 1.22 1.21 1.26 1.25 1.29 1.29 1.32
 7 1.02 1.11 1.06 1.14 1.10 1.17 1.14 1.21 1.18 1.24 1.22 1.27 1.26 1.30 1.29 1.32
 8 1.03 1.12 1.07 1.16 1.11 1.19 1.15 1.22 1.19 1.25 1.22 1.28 1.26 1.30 1.30 1.33
 9 1.04 1.14 1.08 1.17 1.12 1.20 1.16 1.23 1.19 1.26 1.23 1.28 1.27 1.31 1.30 1.33
 10 1.05 1.16 1.09 1.18 1.13 1.21 1.16 1.24 1.20 1.27 1.24 1.29 1.27 1.32 1.30 1.34
 11 1.06 1.17 1.10 1.20 1.13 1.22 1.17 1.25 1.21 1.27 1.24 1.30 1.27 1.32 1.31 1.34
 12 1.07 1.18 1.11 1.21 1.14 1.23 1.18 1.26 1.21 1.28 1.25 1.30 1.28 1.32 1.31 1.35
 13 1.08 1.19 1.11 1.22 1.15 1.24 1.18 1.26 1.22 1.29 1.25 1.31 1.28 1.33 1.31 1.35
 14 1.09 1.20 1.12 1.23 1.16 1.25 1.19 1.27 1.22 1.29 1.25 1.31 1.29 1.33 1.32 1.35
 15 1.09 1.21 1.13 1.23 1.16 1.26 1.19 1.28 1.23 1.30 1.26 1.32 1.29 1.34 1.32 1.35
 16 1.10 1.22 1.14 1.24 1.17 1.26 1.20 1.28 1.23 1.30 1.26 1.32 1.29 1.34 1.32 1.36
 depths for different open cup densities.

17 1.11 1.23 1.14 1.25 1.17 1.27 1.21 1.29 1.24 1.31 1.27 1.32 1.29 1.34 1.32 1.36
 18 1.11 1.24 1.15 1.26 1.18 1.27 1.21 1.29 1.24 1.31 1.27 1.33 1.30 1.34 1.32 1.36
 19 1.12 1.24 1.15 1.26 1.18 1.28 1.21 1.30 1.24 1.31 1.27 1.33 1.30 1.35 1.33 1.36
 20 1.13 1.25 1.16 1.27 1.19 1.29 1.22 1.30 1.25 1.32 1.27 1.33 1.30 1.35 1.33 1.36
 22 1.14 1.26 1.17 1.28 1.20 1.29 1.23 1.31 1.25 1.32 1.28 1.34 1.31 1.35
 24 1.15 1.27 1.18 1.29 1.21 1.30 1.23 1.32 1.26 1.33 1.29 1.34 1.31 1.36
 26 1.16 1.28 1.19 1.29 1.21 1.31 1.24 1.32 1.27 1.34 1.29 1.35 1.31 1.36
 28 1.17 1.29 1.19 1.30 1.22 1.31 1.25 1.33 1.27 1.34 1.29 1.35 1.32 1.36
 30 1.18 1.29 1.20 1.31 1.23 1.32 1.25 1.33 1.27 1.34 1.30 1.35 1.32 1.37
 32 1.18 1.30 1.21 1.31 1.23 1.32 1.26 1.34 1.28 1.35 1.30 1.36
 34 1.19 1.31 1.21 1.32 1.24 1.33 1.26 1.34 1.28 1.35 1.30 1.36
 Density of gas sensitised blends containing 60% TITAN® 3000,

© Dyno Nobel Asia Pacific Pty Limited 2025. Reproduction without permission is strictly prohibited.
 36 1.20 1.31 1.22 1.32 1.24 1.33 1.27 1.34 1.29 1.35 1.31 1.36
 TITAN® 5000 or TITAN® 9000 in an explosive column at different

38 1.20 1.32 1.23 1.33 1.25 1.34 1.27 1.35 1.29 1.36 1.31 1.36
 40 1.21 1.32 1.23 1.33 1.25 1.34 1.27 1.35 1.29 1.36 1.31 1.37
 45 1.22 1.33 1.24 1.34 1.26 1.35 1.28 1.35 1.30 1.36
 G a s sing Density fo r TI TA N ® Bl e n d s

36
 50 1.23 1.34 1.25 1.34 1.27 1.35 1.29 1.36

TITAN 3070G, 5070G, 9070G
 Charge L Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
 Toe Toe Toe Toe Toe Toe Toe Toe
 (m) In-Hole In-Hole In-Hole In-Hole In-Hole In-Hole In-Hole In-Hole
 0 0.90 0.90 0.95 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.05 1.05 1.10 1.10 1.15 1.15 1.20 1.20 1.25 1.25
 1 0.92 0.94 0.97 0.99 1.02 1.03 1.07 1.08 1.11 1.13 1.16 1.17 1.21 1.22 1.26 1.27
 2 0.94 0.97 0.99 1.02 1.03 1.07 1.08 1.11 1.13 1.15 1.17 1.19 1.22 1.24 1.26 1.28
 3 0.96 1.01 1.00 1.05 1.05 1.09 1.09 1.13 1.14 1.17 1.18 1.21 1.23 1.25 1.27 1.29
 4 0.97 1.03 1.02 1.07 1.06 1.11 1.11 1.15 1.15 1.19 1.19 1.23 1.23 1.26 1.28 1.30
 hGeaassing

5 0.99 1.06 1.03 1.10 1.07 1.13 1.12 1.17 1.16 1.21 1.20 1.24 1.24 1.27 1.28 1.31
 6 1.00 1.08 1.04 1.12 1.08 1.15 1.13 1.19 1.17 1.22 1.21 1.25 1.25 1.28 1.29 1.31
 7 1.01 1.10 1.05 1.13 1.09 1.17 1.14 1.20 1.17 1.23 1.21 1.26 1.25 1.29 1.29 1.32
 8 1.02 1.12 1.06 1.15 1.10 1.18 1.14 1.21 1.18 1.24 1.22 1.27 1.26 1.30 1.29 1.32
 9 1.03 1.13 1.07 1.16 1.11 1.19 1.15 1.22 1.19 1.25 1.23 1.28 1.26 1.30 1.30 1.33
 10 1.04 1.15 1.08 1.18 1.12 1.20 1.16 1.23 1.20 1.26 1.23 1.28 1.27 1.31 1.30 1.33
 11 1.05 1.16 1.09 1.19 1.13 1.21 1.17 1.24 1.20 1.26 1.24 1.29 1.27 1.31 1.30 1.33
 12 1.06 1.17 1.10 1.20 1.14 1.22 1.17 1.25 1.21 1.27 1.24 1.29 1.27 1.32 1.30 1.34
 13 1.07 1.18 1.11 1.21 1.14 1.23 1.18 1.26 1.21 1.28 1.24 1.30 1.28 1.32 1.31 1.34
 14 1.08 1.19 1.12 1.22 1.15 1.24 1.18 1.26 1.22 1.28 1.25 1.30 1.28 1.32 1.31 1.34
 15 1.09 1.20 1.12 1.23 1.16 1.25 1.19 1.27 1.22 1.29 1.25 1.31 1.28 1.33 1.31 1.34
 16 1.09 1.21 1.13 1.23 1.16 1.25 1.19 1.27 1.22 1.29 1.26 1.31 1.28 1.33 1.31 1.35
 depths for different open cup densities.

17 1.10 1.22 1.13 1.24 1.17 1.26 1.20 1.28 1.23 1.30 1.26 1.31 1.29 1.33 1.32 1.35
 18 1.11 1.23 1.14 1.25 1.17 1.26 1.20 1.28 1.23 1.30 1.26 1.32 1.29 1.33 1.32 1.35
 19 1.11 1.23 1.15 1.25 1.18 1.27 1.21 1.29 1.24 1.30 1.26 1.32 1.29 1.34 1.32 1.35
 20 1.12 1.24 1.15 1.26 1.18 1.27 1.21 1.29 1.24 1.31 1.27 1.32 1.29 1.34
 22 1.13 1.25 1.16 1.27 1.19 1.28 1.22 1.30 1.25 1.31 1.27 1.33 1.30 1.34
 24 1.14 1.26 1.17 1.27 1.20 1.29 1.23 1.30 1.25 1.32 1.28 1.33 1.30 1.35
 26 1.15 1.27 1.18 1.28 1.21 1.30 1.23 1.31 1.26 1.32 1.28 1.34 1.31 1.35
 28 1.16 1.27 1.19 1.29 1.21 1.30 1.24 1.32 1.26 1.33 1.29 1.34 1.31 1.35
 30 1.17 1.28 1.19 1.29 1.22 1.31 1.24 1.32 1.27 1.33 1.29 1.34
 32 1.17 1.29 1.20 1.30 1.22 1.31 1.25 1.32 1.27 1.33 1.29 1.35
 34 1.18 1.29 1.21 1.30 1.23 1.32 1.25 1.33 1.27 1.34 1.30 1.35
 Density of gas sensitised blends containing 70% TITAN® 3000,

© Dyno Nobel Asia Pacific Pty Limited 2025. Reproduction without permission is strictly prohibited.
 36 1.19 1.30 1.21 1.31 1.23 1.32 1.26 1.33 1.28 1.34 1.30 1.35
 TITAN® 5000 or TITAN® 9000 in an explosive column at different

38 1.19 1.30 1.22 1.31 1.24 1.32 1.26 1.33 1.28 1.34 1.30 1.35
 40 1.20 1.31 1.22 1.32 1.24 1.33 1.26 1.34 1.28 1.35
 45 1.21 1.32 1.23 1.32 1.25 1.33 1.27 1.34 1.29 1.35

37
 50 1.22 1.32 1.24 1.33 1.26 1.34 1.28 1.35
 dline Density fo r TI TA N ® Bl e n d s

TITAN 7000iG

h
 Charge L Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
 (m) In-Hole Toe In-Hole Toe In-Hole Toe In-Hole Toe In-Hole Toe In-Hole Toe In-Hole Toe In-Hole Toe In-Hole Toe
 0 0.80 0.80 0.85 0.85 0.90 0.90 0.95 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.05 1.05 1.10 1.10 1.15 1.15 1.20 1.20
 1 0.82 0.84 0.87 0.89 0.92 0.94 0.97 0.99 1.02 1.04 1.07 1.08 1.11 1.13 1.16 1.18 1.21 1.22
 2 0.84 0.88 0.89 0.93 0.94 0.98 0.99 1.02 1.03 1.07 1.08 1.11 1.13 1.15 1.17 1.20 1.22 1.24
 Gassing
 3 0.86 0.92 0.91 0.96 0.96 1.01 1.00 1.05 1.05 1.09 1.09 1.13 1.14 1.17 1.18 1.21 1.23 1.25
 4 0.88 0.95 0.93 0.99 0.97 1.04 1.02 1.08 1.06 1.12 1.11 1.15 1.15 1.19 1.19 1.23 1.24 1.26
 e a dline

5 0.90 0.98 0.94 1.02 0.99 1.06 1.03 1.10 1.07 1.14 1.12 1.17 1.16 1.21 1.20 1.24 1.24 1.27
 6 0.91 1.01 0.96 1.04 1.00 1.08 1.04 1.12 1.09 1.15 1.13 1.19 1.17 1.22 1.21 1.25 1.25 1.28
 7 0.93 1.03 0.97 1.07 1.01 1.10 1.06 1.14 1.10 1.17 1.14 1.20 1.18 1.23 1.22 1.26 1.25 1.29
 8 0.94 1.05 0.98 1.09 1.02 1.12 1.07 1.15 1.11 1.18 1.15 1.21 1.18 1.24 1.22 1.27 1.26 1.30
 9 0.95 1.07 1.00 1.10 1.04 1.14 1.08 1.17 1.12 1.20 1.15 1.23 1.19 1.25 1.23 1.28 1.26 1.30
 10 0.97 1.09 1.01 1.12 1.05 1.15 1.09 1.18 1.12 1.21 1.16 1.23 1.20 1.26 1.23 1.29 1.27 1.31
 11 0.98 1.10 1.02 1.13 1.06 1.16 1.09 1.19 1.13 1.22 1.17 1.24 1.20 1.27 1.24 1.29 1.27 1.32
 for different open cup densities.

12 0.99 1.12 1.03 1.15 1.07 1.18 1.10 1.20 1.14 1.23 1.17 1.25 1.21 1.28 1.24 1.30 1.27 1.32
 13 1.00 1.13 1.04 1.16 1.07 1.19 1.11 1.21 1.15 1.24 1.18 1.26 1.21 1.28 1.25 1.30 1.28 1.32
 14 1.01 1.15 1.05 1.17 1.08 1.20 1.12 1.22 1.15 1.24 1.19 1.27 1.22 1.29 1.25 1.31 1.28 1.33
 15 1.02 1.16 1.05 1.18 1.09 1.21 1.12 1.23 1.16 1.25 1.19 1.27 1.22 1.29 1.25 1.31 1.28 1.33
 16 1.03 1.17 1.06 1.19 1.10 1.21 1.13 1.24 1.16 1.26 1.20 1.28 1.23 1.30 1.26 1.32 1.29 1.33
 17 1.03 1.18 1.07 1.20 1.10 1.22 1.14 1.24 1.17 1.26 1.20 1.28 1.23 1.30 1.26 1.32 1.29 1.34

NEW TABLE TO COME
 18 1.04 1.19 1.08 1.21 1.11 1.23 1.14 1.25 1.17 1.27 1.21 1.29 1.24 1.30 1.26 1.32 1.29 1.34
 19 1.05 1.19 1.08 1.22 1.12 1.24 1.15 1.26 1.18 1.27 1.21 1.29 1.24 1.31 1.27 1.33 1.30 1.34
 20 1.06 1.20 1.09 1.22 1.12 1.24 1.15 1.26 1.18 1.28 1.21 1.30 1.24 1.31 1.27 1.33 1.30 1.34
 22 1.07 1.22 1.10 1.24 1.13 1.25 1.16 1.27 1.19 1.29 1.22 1.30 1.25 1.32 1.28 1.33 1.30 1.35
 24 1.08 1.23 1.11 1.25 1.14 1.26 1.17 1.28 1.20 1.29 1.23 1.31 1.25 1.32 1.28 1.34 1.31 1.35
 26 1.09 1.24 1.12 1.26 1.15 1.27 1.18 1.29 1.21 1.30 1.23 1.31 1.26 1.33 1.28 1.34 1.31 1.35
 28 1.11 1.25 1.13 1.26 1.16 1.28 1.19 1.29 1.22 1.31 1.24 1.32 1.27 1.33 1.29 1.34 1.31 1.36
 30 1.12 1.26 1.14 1.27 1.17 1.29 1.20 1.30 1.22 1.31 1.25 1.32 1.27 1.34 1.29 1.35
 32 1.12 1.27 1.15 1.28 1.18 1.29 1.20 1.30 1.23 1.32 1.25 1.33 1.27 1.34 1.30 1.35

© Dyno Nobel Asia Pacific Pty Limited 2025. Reproduction without permission is strictly prohibited.
 34 1.13 1.27 1.16 1.29 1.18 1.30 1.21 1.31 1.23 1.32 1.26 1.33 1.28 1.34 1.30 1.35
 36 1.14 1.28 1.17 1.29 1.19 1.30 1.21 1.31 1.24 1.32 1.26 1.34 1.28 1.35 1.30 1.35
 Density of TITAN® 7000iG in an explosive column at different depths

38 1.15 1.29 1.17 1.30 1.20 1.31 1.22 1.32 1.24 1.33 1.26 1.34 1.28 1.35 1.31 1.36
 Density for TITAN® 7000i Emulsion

40 1.15 1.29 1.18 1.30 1.20 1.31 1.22 1.32 1.25 1.33 1.27 1.34 1.29 1.35

38

TITAN 7000sxG

h
 Charge L Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
 (m) In-Hole Toe In-Hole Toe In-Hole Toe In-Hole Toe In-Hole Toe In-Hole Toe In-Hole Toe In-Hole Toe In-Hole Toe
 0 0.80 0.80 0.85 0.85 0.90 0.90 0.95 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.05 1.05 1.10 1.10 1.15 1.15 1.20 1.20
 1 0.82 0.84 0.87 0.89 0.92 0.94 0.97 0.99 1.02 1.04 1.07 1.08 1.11 1.13 1.16 1.18 1.21 1.22
 2 0.84 0.88 0.89 0.93 0.94 0.98 0.99 1.02 1.03 1.07 1.08 1.11 1.13 1.16 1.17 1.20 1.22 1.24
 Gassing
 3 0.86 0.92 0.91 0.97 0.96 1.01 1.00 1.05 1.05 1.09 1.10 1.14 1.14 1.18 1.19 1.22 1.23 1.26
 4 0.88 0.95 0.93 1.00 0.97 1.04 1.02 1.08 1.06 1.12 1.11 1.16 1.15 1.20 1.19 1.23 1.24 1.27
 e a dline

5 0.90 0.98 0.94 1.02 0.99 1.06 1.03 1.10 1.08 1.14 1.12 1.18 1.16 1.21 1.20 1.25 1.24 1.28
 6 0.91 1.01 0.96 1.05 1.00 1.09 1.05 1.12 1.09 1.16 1.13 1.19 1.17 1.23 1.21 1.26 1.25 1.29
 7 0.93 1.03 0.97 1.07 1.02 1.11 1.06 1.14 1.10 1.17 1.14 1.21 1.18 1.24 1.22 1.27 1.26 1.30
 8 0.94 1.06 0.99 1.09 1.03 1.12 1.07 1.16 1.11 1.19 1.15 1.22 1.19 1.25 1.22 1.28 1.26 1.30
 9 0.96 1.08 1.00 1.11 1.04 1.14 1.08 1.17 1.12 1.20 1.16 1.23 1.19 1.26 1.23 1.28 1.27 1.31
 10 0.97 1.09 1.01 1.13 1.05 1.16 1.09 1.19 1.13 1.21 1.16 1.24 1.20 1.27 1.24 1.29 1.27 1.32
 11 0.98 1.11 1.02 1.14 1.06 1.17 1.10 1.20 1.13 1.22 1.17 1.25 1.21 1.27 1.24 1.30 1.27 1.32
 for different open cup densities.

12 0.99 1.13 1.03 1.15 1.07 1.18 1.11 1.21 1.14 1.23 1.18 1.26 1.21 1.28 1.25 1.30 1.28 1.33
 13 1.00 1.14 1.04 1.17 1.08 1.19 1.11 1.22 1.15 1.24 1.18 1.27 1.22 1.29 1.25 1.31 1.28 1.33
 14 1.01 1.15 1.05 1.18 1.09 1.20 1.12 1.23 1.16 1.25 1.19 1.27 1.22 1.29 1.25 1.31 1.29 1.33
 15 1.02 1.16 1.06 1.19 1.09 1.21 1.13 1.24 1.16 1.26 1.20 1.28 1.23 1.30 1.26 1.32 1.29 1.34
 16 1.03 1.17 1.07 1.20 1.10 1.22 1.14 1.24 1.17 1.26 1.20 1.28 1.23 1.30 1.26 1.32 1.29 1.34
 17 1.04 1.18 1.07 1.21 1.11 1.23 1.14 1.25 1.17 1.27 1.21 1.29 1.24 1.31 1.27 1.33 1.29 1.34

NEW TABLE TO COME
 18 1.05 1.19 1.08 1.22 1.12 1.24 1.15 1.26 1.18 1.28 1.21 1.29 1.24 1.31 1.27 1.33 1.30 1.35
 19 1.05 1.20 1.09 1.22 1.12 1.24 1.15 1.26 1.18 1.28 1.21 1.30 1.24 1.32 1.27 1.33 1.30 1.35
 20 1.06 1.21 1.10 1.23 1.13 1.25 1.16 1.27 1.19 1.29 1.22 1.30 1.25 1.32 1.28 1.34 1.30 1.35
 22 1.08 1.22 1.11 1.24 1.14 1.26 1.17 1.28 1.20 1.29 1.23 1.31 1.25 1.33 1.28 1.34 1.31 1.35
 24 1.09 1.24 1.12 1.25 1.15 1.27 1.18 1.29 1.21 1.30 1.23 1.32 1.26 1.33 1.29 1.34 1.31 1.36
 26 1.10 1.25 1.13 1.26 1.16 1.28 1.19 1.29 1.21 1.31 1.24 1.32 1.27 1.34 1.29 1.35 1.31 1.36
 28 1.11 1.26 1.14 1.27 1.17 1.29 1.19 1.30 1.22 1.31 1.25 1.33 1.27 1.34 1.29 1.35 1.32 1.36
 30 1.12 1.27 1.15 1.28 1.18 1.29 1.20 1.31 1.23 1.32 1.25 1.33 1.28 1.34 1.30 1.36 1.32 1.37
 32 1.13 1.27 1.16 1.29 1.18 1.30 1.21 1.31 1.23 1.32 1.26 1.34 1.28 1.35 1.30 1.36

© Dyno Nobel Asia Pacific Pty Limited 2025. Reproduction without permission is strictly prohibited.
 34 1.14 1.28 1.16 1.29 1.19 1.31 1.21 1.32 1.24 1.33 1.26 1.34 1.28 1.35 1.31 1.36
 36 1.15 1.29 1.17 1.30 1.20 1.31 1.22 1.32 1.24 1.33 1.27 1.34 1.29 1.35 1.31 1.36
 38 1.15 1.29 1.18 1.31 1.20 1.32 1.23 1.33 1.25 1.34 1.27 1.35 1.29 1.36 1.31 1.37
 Density of TITAN® 7000sxG in an explosive column at different depths

40 1.16 1.30 1.19 1.31 1.21 1.32 1.23 1.33 1.25 1.34 1.27 1.35 1.29 1.36 1.31 1.37

39
 Density for TITAN® 7000sx Emulsion

h
 TITAN 9000xero
 Charge Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
 Toe Toe Toe Toe Toe Toe Toe
 L (m) In-Hole In-Hole In-Hole In-Hole In-Hole In-Hole In-Hole
 0 0.90 0.90 0.95 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.05 1.05 1.10 1.10 1.15 1.15 1.20 1.20
 1 0.92 0.94 0.97 0.98 1.02 1.03 1.06 1.08 1.11 1.12 1.16 1.17 1.21 1.22
 2 0.93 0.97 0.98 1.01 1.03 1.06 1.08 1.10 1.12 1.14 1.17 1.19 1.21 1.23
 3 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.04 1.04 1.08 1.09 1.12 1.13 1.16 1.18 1.20 1.22 1.24
 Gassing

4 0.96 1.02 1.01 1.06 1.05 1.10 1.10 1.14 1.14 1.18 1.18 1.21 1.23 1.25
 5 0.98 1.04 1.02 1.08 1.06 1.12 1.11 1.15 1.15 1.19 1.19 1.22 1.23 1.25
 6 0.99 1.06 1.03 1.10 1.07 1.13 1.12 1.17 1.16 1.20 1.20 1.23 1.23 1.26
 7 1.00 1.08 1.04 1.11 1.08 1.15 1.12 1.18 1.16 1.21 1.20 1.24 1.24 1.27
 8 1.01 1.10 1.05 1.13 1.09 1.16 1.13 1.19 1.17 1.22 1.21 1.24 1.24 1.27
 9 1.02 1.11 1.06 1.14 1.10 1.17 1.14 1.20 1.17 1.22 1.21 1.25 1.25 1.28
 10 1.03 1.12 1.07 1.15 1.11 1.18 1.14 1.21 1.18 1.23 1.21 1.26 1.25 1.28
 11 1.04 1.13 1.08 1.16 1.11 1.19 1.15 1.21 1.18 1.24 1.22 1.26 1.25 1.28
 12 1.05 1.14 1.08 1.17 1.12 1.20 1.15 1.22 1.19 1.24 1.22 1.27 1.25 1.29
 13 1.05 1.15 1.09 1.18 1.13 1.20 1.16 1.23 1.19 1.25 1.23 1.27 1.26 1.29
 14 1.06 1.16 1.10 1.19 1.13 1.21 1.16 1.23 1.20 1.25 1.23 1.27 1.26 1.29
 15 1.07 1.17 1.10 1.19 1.14 1.22 1.17 1.24 1.20 1.26 1.23 1.28 1.26 1.29
 16 1.07 1.18 1.11 1.20 1.14 1.22 1.17 1.24 1.20 1.26 1.23 1.28 1.26 1.30
 17 1.08 1.19 1.11 1.21 1.15 1.23 1.18 1.25 1.21 1.26 1.24 1.28 1.27 1.30
 18 1.09 1.19 1.12 1.21 1.15 1.23 1.18 1.25 1.21 1.27 1.24 1.28 1.27 1.30
 19 1.09 1.20 1.12 1.22 1.15 1.24 1.18 1.25 1.21 1.27 1.24 1.29 1.27 1.30
 different depths for different open cup densities.

20 1.10 1.20 1.13 1.22 1.16 1.24 1.19 1.26 1.22 1.27 1.24 1.29 1.27 1.30
 22 1.11 1.21 1.14 1.23 1.17 1.25 1.19 1.26 1.22 1.28 1.25 1.29
 24 1.12 1.22 1.15 1.24 1.17 1.25 1.20 1.27 1.23 1.28 1.25 1.30
 26 1.12 1.23 1.15 1.24 1.18 1.26 1.21 1.27 1.23 1.29 1.26 1.30
 28 1.13 1.24 1.16 1.25 1.18 1.26 1.21 1.28 1.23 1.29 1.26 1.30
 30 1.14 1.24 1.17 1.26 1.19 1.27 1.21 1.28 1.24 1.29 1.26 1.30
 32 1.15 1.25 1.17 1.26 1.20 1.27 1.22 1.28 1.24 1.30

© Dyno Nobel Asia Pacific Pty Limited 2025. Reproduction without permission is strictly prohibited.
 34 1.15 1.25 1.18 1.26 1.20 1.28 1.22 1.29 1.24 1.30
 36 1.16 1.26 1.18 1.27 1.20 1.28 1.23 1.29 1.25 1.30
 38 1.16 1.26 1.19 1.27 1.21 1.28 1.23 1.29 1.25 1.30
 Density of gas sensitised TITAN® 9000xero® in an explosive column at
 e a dlineDensity for TITAN ® Emulsion

40
 40 1.17 1.27 1.19 1.28 1.21 1.29 1.23 1.29 1.25 1.30

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 multi-media presentations, global case studies, workshops, Q&A
 sessions and networking events.
 To learn more about surface or underground drill and
 blast courses, please follow link or scan the QR code.
 https://www.dynonobel.com.au/products-services/
 services/drill-and-blast-academies/

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CE4™ Commander®

The main function of the CE4™ Commander® is to supply the required voltage to detonators
via harness wire and issue a software encoded fire command to initiate detonators in surface
or underground blasting. It also preforms continuous testing of a blast installation and will
display any faults or errors.

The CE4 Commander is a 4-channel multi-functional device. It has a simple user interface
consisting of a screen and two buttons (Power, Next buttons)
 • Surface and Underground application
 • Connect and go – Limited user interface with detonators
 • 4 Channels per Commander: 400 detonators per channel
 • Tagger connects wirelessly to Bench Commander
 • Red card for local blasting
 • Yellow card for remote blasting on surface application

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CE4™ Tagger™
The CE4™ Tagger™ is an inherently safe
device that is used on the blast front to test
detonators and assign delays.

High Accuracy DGPS (Differential
Global Positioning System)
The DGPS is a high accuracy (sub one
meter) addition to DigiShot Plus.4G’s
CE4 Commander blasting system. This
market leading electronic initiation system
utilises DGPS technology to accurately
detect blasthole positions. High accuracy
Differential GPS revolutionises the
deployment and tagging of detonators for
surface mining. Potential human error from
incorrect blasthole identification or incorrect
delay assignment is practically eliminated.

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DigiShot® Plus.4G
DigiShot® Plus.4G electronic initiation system offers accurate timing benefits, quick
deployment with robust downline wire and all-weather surface connectors. DigiShot
Plus.4G is truly flexible, user friendly and fully programmable.
Properties
Detonator Shell Copper
Cable Colour Black with green stripe
Detonator Operating Temperature (range) -40°C to +80°C
Detonator Strength #12
Net Explosive Quantity (per 100 units) 0.1 kg
Tensile Strength 410 (N)
Maximum Delay 20,000 ms
Maximum Detonators per Blaster 16,000 (synchronised 10 x Bench
 Commanders)
Maximum Surface Wire Length 2.5 km

Packaging
Length (m) Units per case
6 108 coils
12 80 coils
15 60 coils
18 52 coils
24 40 coils
30 32 coils
37 24 coils
46 20 coils
55 16 coils
65 16 coils
75 16 coils

Surface Wire
Description Length (m) Units per case
DSPWIRE300M 300 3
DSPWIRE500M 500 2

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DigiShot® Plus XR & XRS
DigiShot® Plus XR & XRS is an electronic initiation system providing accurate timing
benefits and multiple quick deployment methods with a robust downline wire and all-
weather surface connector. The new generation XR & XRS detonator is fully programmable
and tailored to fit all types of blasting operations.
Properties
Detonator Shell DigiShot Plus XR – Copper
 DigiShot Plus XRS – Copper Alloy
Cable Colour Black with green stripe
Detonator Strength #12
Net Explosive Quantity (per 100 units) 0.1 kg
Tensile Strength 410 (N)
Maximum Delay 26,000 ms
Maximum Detonators per Blaster 16,000 (synchronised 10 x Bench
 Commanders)
Maximum Surface Wire Length 2.5 km

Packaging
Length (m) Units per case
6 108 coils
12 80 coils
15 60 coils
18 52 coils
24 40 coils
30 32 coils
36 24 coils
46 20 coils
55 16 coils
65 16 coils
75 16 coils

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BlastWeb® Electronic Initiation System
Blast Control Unit II

BlastWeb® II is Dyno Nobel’s next generation digital electronic initiation system,
enabling easy, safe, and reliable underground blasting from the surface. The advanced
digital technology enables integrated web-based network capabilities with limited user
interaction to provide the best solution for an underground blasting operation. The
BlastWeb II system has the ability to communicate with all Dyno Nobel initiation systems,
allowing for seamless integration with existing products. The BlastWeb II system has 6
channels and the ability to initiate up to 400 detonators per channel.

Properties
Temperature Limits -10 C to +45 C
Power Supply 110Vac, 240Vac, 525Vac
Battery: Managed 16Vdc 12Ah
Weight 32 Kg
Dimensions L = 405 mm;
 W = 461 mm;
 H = 616 mm
Rating IP64

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BlastWeb® Electronic Initiation System

Portable Blast Control Unit (Portable BCU™)

The Portable BCU™ can be used in areas where the infrastructure has not yet been
setup for centralised blasting. The Portable BCU II has 6 channels and it provides the
user with the ability to initiate up to 400 detonators per channel .

Properties
Temperature Limits -10 C to +45 C
Power Supply 240Vac
Battery: Managed 16Vdc 12Ah
Weight 11 Kg
Dimensions L = 472 mm;
 W = 366 mm;
 H = 161 mm
Rating IP55

BlastWeb® Electronic Initiation System
BlastWeb® Initiation System is a Centralised
Blasting System specifically designed for
underground blasting operations.

The BlastWeb system can be used to fire
DigiShot Plus & DriftShot Starter electronic
detonators.

Properties
Temperature Limits -10°C to +50°C
Power Supply 110V; 220V; 525V
Battery User replaceable/
 rechargeable 12V 7.2Ah
 sealed lead acid battery
Weight ±50 Kg
Dimensions L = 539-541 mm;
 W = 480-482 mm;
 H = 731-733 mm
External Connectors SmartKey; USB;
 (RS-232 & RS-485 for
 expansion – rear of unit)
Water Resistance Splash proof (IP64)

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DriftShot® Starter™ Electronic Initiation System

The DriftShot® Starter™ is an electronically
initiated detonator intended for the remote
firing of detonating cord, generally from the
BlastWeb Centralised Blasting System.
Packaging
Length 2m
Unit/Case 100 (2 x 1 to 50)

Properties
Tensile Strength 410 (N)
System Operating -20°C to +80°C
Temperature (range)
Detonator Strength #12

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NONEL® MS Series Delay J-Hook
 period (ms) colour
 Nominal firing
 time (ms)
 Time between
 delays (ms)
NONEL® nonelectric delay detonator MS 1 Red 25 25
 2 Blue 50 25
units consist of a length of red shock
 3 Brown 75 25
tube sealed at one end and having a 4 Orange 100 25
 5 Aqua 125 25
High Strength detonator attached to the
 6 Gold 150 25
other. Provides in-hole delay timing for 7 Lime Green 175 25
 8 Pink 200 25
underground and surface blast applications
 9 Black 225 25
in the mining, quarry and construction 10 Purple 250 25
 11 Light Blue 275 25
industries and can be used in combination
 12 Dark Green 300 25
with a detonating cord trunkline, NONEL 13 Mauve 325 25
 14 Mustard 350 25
MS CONNECTORS™ and NONEL EZTL™ 15 Crimson 375 25
detonators for maximum timing flexibility. 16 Yellow 400 25
 17 Dark Blue 425 25
 18 Green 450 25
 19 Orange 475 25
 20 White 500 25
 21 Dark Red 550 50
 22 Grey 600 50
 23 Black 650 50
 24 Dark Brown 700 50
NONEL® MS HD Series 25 Red 750 50
NONEL® nonelectric delay detonator MS 26 Blue 800 50
 27 Brown 900 100
HD units consist of a length of heavy-duty 28 Orange 1000 100
orange shock tube with a high strength
 Length Packaging Winding Configuration
detonator attached to one end and the other (m) Units per case MS HD
 3.6 250 Figure 80 n/a
end sealed.

8 Orange 1000 100
orange shock tube with a high strength
 Length Packaging Winding Configuration
detonator attached to one end and the other (m) Units per case MS HD
 3.6 250 Figure 80 n/a
end sealed. Provides in-hole delay time for 4.8 180 Figure 80 n/a
underground (non-coal) and surface blasting 6.0 180 Figure 80 n/a
 7.2 180 Figure 80 Figure 80
applications in demanding environments 9.0 120 Figure 80 Figure 80
in the mining, quarry and construction 12.0 90 Figure 80 Figure 80
 15.0 75 Figure 80 Figure 80
industries and can be used in combination 18.0 60 Figure 80 Figure 80
with a detonating cord trunkline, NONEL MS 24.0 40 n/a Figure 80
 30.0 30 n/a Spooled
CONNECTORS and NONEL EZTL detonators 36.0 30 n/a Spooled
for maximum timing flexibility. 45.0 30 n/a Spooled
 60.0 30 n/a Spooled
 80.0 30 n/a Spooled
 NONEL tube: Standard Heavy Duty
 Colour Red Orange
 Diameter 3.0mm
 Detonator strength # 12

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NONEL® LP Series
NONEL® nonelectric delay detonator LP units consist of a length of yellow shock tube sealed
at one end and having a high strength detonator crimped to the other. Provides in-hole delays
for underground (noncoal) or special construction blasting applications that require long
period delay times and are typically used with detonating cord.

Delay J-Hook Nominal firing Time between
period (ms) colour time (ms) delays (ms)
0 White 25 25
1 Red 500 475
2 Blue 800 300
3 Brown 1100 300
4 Orange 1400 300
5 Aqua 1700 300
6 Gold 2000 300
7 Lime Green 2300 300
8 Pink 2700 400
9 Black 3100 400
10 Purple 3500 400
11 Light Blue 3900 400
12 Dark Green 4400 500
13 Mauve 4900 500
14 Mustard 5400 500
15 Crimson 5900 500
16 Yellow 6500 600
17 Dark Blue 7200 700
18 Green 8000 800

Packaging
Length (m) Units per case Winding configuration
3.6 250 Figure 80
4.8 200 Figure 80
5.4 180 Figure 80
6.0 150 Figure 80
7.2 150 Figure 80
9 120 Figure 80
12 90 Figure 80
15 75 Figure 80
24 40 Figure 80

NONEL tube: Standard
Colour Yellow
Diameter 3.0mm
Detonator Strength # 12

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NONEL® EZTL™ Series
NONEL® nonelectric delay detonator EZTL™ units consist of a length of yellow shock tube,
with a surface detonator (low strength) attached to one end and the other end sealed. Used
with NONEL MS / NONEL MS HD units to provide effective and accurate surface timing
between blast holes

Delay period (ms) Clip colour
9 Purple
17 Yellow
25 Red
42 White
67 Blue
109 Black
176 Orange

Packaging
Length (m) Units per case Winding configuration
4.8 150 Figure 80
6.0 140 Figure 80
7.2 125 Figure 80
9.0 100 Figure 80
12.0 80 Figure 80
15.0 70 Figure 80

Tube colour Yellow
Detonator Low strength
Capacity 6 tubes

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NONEL® MS CONNECTORS
NONEL® MS CONNECTOR units are bi-directional units that consist of a 46cm length of
shock tube with a detonator crimped to each end used to provide surface delay time
between individual or multiple blastholes for blasting applications in which detonating cord
is used as the primary initiation system.
 Delay period (ms) Clip colour
 17 Yellow
 25 Red
 42 White
 67 Blue
 109 Black
 176 Orange

 Packaging
 Units per case 200

 Tube
 Standard Yellow

NONEL® LEAD LINE 1000
NONEL® Lead Line 1000 is a reel-off NONEL tube system
used as a lead-in line for blast initiation and is joined to a
standard NONEL EZTL™ or a similar detonator unit.
Reel-off initiation system (no detonator)
Length 1000m (two per case)
VOD 2100m/sec (+/- 300)
Tube Standard Yellow / Red

NONEL® STARTER™
NONEL® STARTER™ consists of a length of NONEL tube
sealed at one end and a NONEL detonator and connector
block attached at the other end. NONEL STARTER can
be used to initiate blasts with NONEL detonators or
detonating cord.
Packaging
Length (m) Units per case Winding configuration
100 16 Spooled
300 4 Spooled
500 4 Spooled

Tube
Standard Yellow / Red

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ELECTRIC SUPER STARTER™
Description
Delay time (ms) 0
Nominal resistance (ohm) 1.6
Firing Current Minimum recommended (A)
Series wiring 3 amps AC or 1.5 amps DC
Parallel wiring 1 amp AC or DC per detonator
Series-in-parallel wiring 2 amps AC or DC per series
Leg wires (m) 4.9
Strength (#) 8
The maximum recommended continuous firing current is
10 amps per detonator.

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Cast Boosters

TROJAN SPARTAN TROJAN STINGER TROJAN NBU TROJAN RINGPRIME

 Nominal Diameter Length Units per Priming
 weight (g) (mm) (mm) case
TROJAN® SHIELD™ 480 580 119 18 Detonator sensitive
TROJAN® SPARTAN™ 150 150 36 119 48 Detonator sensitive
TROJAN® SPARTAN™ 400 400 55 119 20 Detonator sensitive
TROJAN® STINGER™ 20 17 89 576 Detonator sensitive
TROJAN® NB UNIVERSAL™ 400 400 55 119 20 Primacord 5
TROJAN® RINGPRIME® 250 37 175 42 Detonator sensitive
NB: Spiders for RINGPRIME® have 125mm diameter and come in separate 70 unit lots.

Detonating Cords

PRIMACORD 5 PRIMALINE 10 PRIMALINE 8HT FIRELINE 8/40 RDX

 Core load Diameter Minimum Packaging
 (g/m) (mm) strength (kg)
PRIMACORD® 4 3.6 3.6 68 2 x 500 m rolls
PRIMACORD® 5 5.3 4 68 2 x 500 m rolls
PRIMALINE® 10 10 5 68 2 x 350 m rolls
PRIMALINE® 8HT 8.5 3.2 45 2 x 305 m rolls
FIRELINE® 8/40 RDX 8.6 4.3 68 2 x 305 m rolls

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Pa c kaged Products

ANFO
ANFO has zero water resistance and has a wide variety of
applications in dry hole blasting conditions.

 Typical density Theoretical energy comparison Recomm
 g/cm3 (MJ/kg) RWS RBS min hole (mm)
Poured 0.8 – 0.85 3.7 100 100 75
Blow loaded 0.85 – 0.95 3.7 100 116 25

BLAST HI-T®
Blast Hi-T® has zero water resistance and has a wide variety of applications for small,
medium and large diameter, dry hole blasting in conditions where elevated ground
temperatures up to 100°C are encountered when used in conjunction with appropriate site-
specific procedures.

 Typical density Theoretical energy comparison Recomm
 g/cm3 (MJ/kg) RWS RBS min hole (mm)
Poured 0.8 – 0.85 3.7 100 100 75
Blow loaded 0.85 – 0.95 3.7 100 116 25

© Dyno Nobel Asia Pacific Pty Limited 2025. Reproduction without permission is strictly prohibited. 55

Pa c kaged Products

SANFOLD®
SANFOLD® is a low-density explosive formulated for use in underground blasting. It provides
a range of explosive strengths for applications that require lower strength explosives such as
in perimeter blasting.

 Typical density Theoretical energy comparison Recomm
 g/cm3 (MJ/kg) RWS RBS min hole (mm)
Poured 0.55 3.54 96 64 50
Blow loaded 0.67 3.54 96 78 32

© Dyno Nobel Asia Pacific Pty Limited 2025. Reproduction without permission is strictly prohibited. 56

Pa c kaged Products

DYNOSPLIT® PRO
DYNOSPLIT® PRO is a high strength emulsion explosive produced in a continuous cartridged
form for perimeter control blasting where a continuous length of decoupled charge is
required. It is detonator sensitive and is internally traced having 10 g/m detonating cord
running internally down the length of the product.

Density (g/cm3) 1 Velocity of Detonation (m/s) 2 Maximum Temperature (°C)
1.15 – 1.21 Min 6500 55
1 Values are indicative average densities only, determined under laboratory conditions.
 Observed may differ or vary under field conditions. Normal in hole density only.
2 VOD of product is dependent on VOD of detonating cord.

Packaging
Diameter (mm) Charge (kg/cart) Quantity (m/case) Case Weight (kg)
26 0.225 27.0 17
32 0.355 20.0 17

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DYNOSPLIT® PRO RiGHT®
DYNOSPLIT® PRO RiGHT® is an inhibited high strength emulsion based explosive produced in
a continuous cartridged form for perimeter control blasting where hot and/or reactive ground
conditions exist and a continuous length of decoupled charge is required. It is detonator
sensitive and is internally traced having 10g/m detonating cord running internally down the
length of the product. The detonating cord is rated for the higher temperature use (100°C/8
hours) required for this application.

Density (g/cm3) 1 Velocity of Detonation (m/s) 2 Maximum Temperature (°C)
 and sleep time 3
1.08 – 1.12 Min 6500 100°C for 8 hours
1 Values are indicative average densities only, determined under laboratory conditions. Observed densities may differ or
 vary under field conditions. Nominal in hole density only.
2 VOD of product is dependent on VOD of detonating cord.
3 In hot and/or reactive ground the maximum sleep time available will vary according to the reactivity of the ground and
 temperature of use. Please consult your Dyno Nobel representative to determine the testing required to ascertain the
 available sleep time. In hole temperature monitoring, and testing of representative rock samples for the specific site
 will need to be performed to confirm the maximum sleep time able to be achieved for the specific customer site.

Packaging
Diameter (mm) Charge (kg/cart) Quantity (m/case) Case Weight (kg)
26 0.225 27.0 17
32 0.355 30.0 25

© Dyno Nobel Asia Pacific Pty Limited 2025. Reproduction without permission is strictly prohibited.

Pa c kaged Products

Z-BAR®
Z-BAR® is a contour product, designed to deliver precision floor and perimeter blasting in
wet or dry underground developments. It is a high strength packaged explosive produced
in a continuous tube form to be used as a decoupled perimeter product. It is detonator
sensitive and is internally traced having 10 g/m detonating cord running internally down
the length of the product.

Diameter Charge VoD Maximum case
(mm) (kg/m) weight (kg)
29 0.50 6500 25
Packaging
Length Quantity per case Length per case
3.0 m 12 36
3.5 m 10 35

© Dyno Nobel Asia Pacific Pty Limited 2025. Reproduction without permission is strictly prohibited. 59

Pa c kaged Products
POWERMITE® PRO
POWERMITE® PRO is a detonator sensitive emulsion cartridge explosive, for use in
blasting rock and initiating columns of bulk explosives in surface and underground
mining and general blasting. It can be used as a primer of ANFO, Heavy ANFO and
ANFO PS in small-diameter blastholes.

Density (g/cm) 1 Velocity of Detonation (m/s) 2 Maximum Temperature (°C)
1.15 – 1.12 3400 55°C
1 Values are indicative average densities only, determined under laboratory conditions. Observed densities may differ
 or vary under field conditions. Nominal in hole density only.
2 VOD of product is dependent on VOD of detonating cord.

Packaging Cart Nominal cartridges
 weight (kg) per case
25 mm x 700mm 25 60
32 mm x 200 mm 25 135
32 mm x 700 mm 25 38
55 mm x 400 mm 25 23
65 mm x 400 mm 25 17
80 mm x 400 mm 25 11

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Pa c kaged Products

POWERMITE THERMO®
POWERMITE THERMO® is an emulsion based, high detonation pressure explosive booster
designed for blasting in elevated temperature and reactive ground conditions. In hot and
non-reactive ground, POWERMITE THERMO is rated to 130°C for 48 hours. In reactive ground,
POWERMITE THERMO should be used in accordance with procedures developed on a site-by-
site basis, in consultation with Dyno Nobel and the regulatory authorities.

Density (g/cm3) 1 Velocity of Detonation (m/s) 2 Maximum Temperature (°C)
 and sleep time 3
1.12 – 1.12 5000 130°C for 48 hours
1 Values are indicative average densities only, determined under laboratory conditions. Observed densities may differ or
 vary under field conditions. Nominal in hole density only.
2 VOD of product is dependent on VOD of detonating cord.
3 In hot and/or reactive ground the maximum sleep time available will vary according to the reactivity of the ground and
 temperature of use. Please consult your Dyno Nobel representative to determine the testing required to ascertain the
 available sleep time. In hole temperature monitoring, and testing of representative rock samples for the specific site
 will need to be performed to confirm the maximum sleep time able to be achieved for the specific customer site.

Packaging Quantity Average cartridge Case)
 per case weight (g) weight (kg
65 mm x 170 mm 37 600 22.7
65 mm x 175 mm 33 600 20
65 mm x 200 mm 34 700 25

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B l a sting A ccessori e s

DYNOSTART™ (DS2)

DYNOSTART™ is a battery powered electronic blasting
machine for initiation of NONEL® tube. Electrical energy is
converted into a strong shock wave of high temperature
that, when applied inside a NONEL tube by the means
of an electrode, initiates the tube. DYNOSTART uses a
common 9V battery and a durable electrode. Both battery
and electrode are easy to change. The electrode can be
removed from the blasting machine at any time to prevent
unauthorised usage. DYNOSTART is designed to require
the use of both hands when initiating the blast. This is to
avoid unintentional firing of a blast.

STINGER SB10

The SB10 is a compact capacitive discharge exploder. The
unit is powered by 1.5V AA batteries. A removable magnetic
key controls security of the firing mechanism and a push
button operates the firing circuit. A ready light illuminates
when the firing capacitor is fully charged.

STINGER SB100

The Stinger SB100 can be used as a capacitor discharge
initiator and a circuit ohmmeter. It can safely initiate 1 to 100
standard detonators that are connected in series. Powered by
a rechargeable lithium-ion battery it has a magnetic key that
provides physical security of the firing mechanism. A READY light
will illuminate when the firing capacitor has reached the maximum
charge. A push button is used to operate the firing circuit.

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B l a sting A ccessori e s

NONEL® STARTER™ GUN

The NONEL® STARTER™ GUN is a simple and highly
effective hand held blasting machine, robustly
constructed from metal alloys and stainless steel. It has
an integral safety device and uses Shot Shell Primers No.
20 as primer caps. It is a complete blasting machine, no
other equipment being needed to initiate a NONEL tube.

DYNOTRACKER™

The DYNOTRACKER™ is a device that attaches to the
end of a standard charging hose used for loading ANFO.
This device allows the use of ANFO as a perimeter
charge in tunnelling applications, hereby eliminating the
need for more expensive cartridged explosives.

Lo-Stat ANFO Hose

The Lo-Stat ANFO Hose is a conductive thermoplastic tube
used for delivery of explosives in underground applications.

Description Product specification
 20 mm hose 25 mm hose
Internal Diameter 18.4 mm – 19.6 mm 24.6 mm – 25.4 mm
Outside Diameter 26.4 mm – 27.6 mm 29.8 mm – 30.2 mm
Wall Thickness 3.7 mm – 4.4 mm 2.3 mm – 2.7 mm
Resistance/m metre 15 – 25 KΩ 15 – 25 KΩ
Total Resistance (whole coil) <1.6 MΩ <1.6 MΩ
Nominal Weight 330-370 g/m 210-230 g/m

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B l a sting A ccessori e s

STEMPAC

The STEMPAC is a stemming device constructed using Stemtite blast control plugs and
crushed aggregate in a sealed plastic package. The STEMPAC enables blastholes that have
been drilled horizontal or at an angle above horizontal to be stemmed. It is designed to be
placed in a blasthole after the loading has been completed and be located 80cm below the
explosive column. STEMPAC is available in three (3) different diameter sizes – 76mm, 89mm
and 102mm.

Twin Twist Bell Wire

Description Product specification
Insulation colour Red and White Twist
Roll size 500 metres
Number of cores 2
Current rating (A) 1.8
Electrical Resistance @ 20°C(mΩ/m) per core 62

© Dyno Nobel Asia Pacific Pty Limited 2025. Reproduction without permission is strictly prohibited. 64

The idea of DIFFERENTIAL ENERGY®
 has been discussed for decades…
Differential Energy Practical Innovations by Dyno Nobel Finally Made it Possible

 What is DIFFERENTIAL ENERGY?
 • Fast and accurate placement of up to six explosive
 densities with a single pass.

 • Advancements in emulsion, mobile processing units and
 measure-while-drilling data that may result in greater
 downstream efficiencies.

 • A safer alternative to typical blast hole loading techniques.

 • Improved control that maximises Velocity of Detonation
 (VoD) and results in zero NOx events.

 To learn how DIFFERENTIAL ENERGY can improve your blasting
 results contact: dnap.marketing@ap.dynonobel.com

 Dyno Nobel Asia Pacific Pty Limited (ACN 003 269 010) is a subsidiary of Incitec Pivot Limited (ACN 004 080 264).
 Level 8, 28 Freshwater Place, Southbank Vic 3006 ® DYNO and DIFFERENTIAL ENERGY are registered trademarks of the
 Dyno Nobel / Incitec Pivot Group. © Dyno Nobel Asia Pacific Pty Limited 2019. Reproduction without permission is strictly prohibited.
 65

Dy no Nobel A sia P ac i f i c

Queensland Western Australia
Principal Place of Business Perth Office
282 Paringa Road Suite 3, Level 2
Gibson Island Eastpoint Plaza
Murarrie Qld 4172 233 Adelaide Terrace
Australia Perth WA 6000
PO Box 3559 Australia
Tingalpa DC Qld 4173 Telephone: +61 8 6188 3000
Australia Fax: +61 8 9325 4910
Telephone: +61 7 3026 3900
Fax: +61 7 3026 3999

New South Wales Indonesia
Mt Thorley Technical Centre Jakarta Office
5 Woodland Road PT. dnx Indonesia
Mt Thorley NSW 2330 Park View Plaza, 5
Australia Jl. Taman Kemang 2 No. 27
PMB 17 Jakarta
Singleton NSW 2330 Indonesia 12730
Australia Telephone: +62 21 7179 4791
Telephone: +61 2 6574 2500 Fax: +62 21 7179 4794
Fax: +61 2 6574 6849

Papua New Guinea
For PNG enquiries, contact the Gibson Island, Brisbane office.

 www.dynonobel.com.au