Explosives Engineers' Guide
Document type: Guide
Categories: Guide

W ho we ar e, w hat we do
 Explosives users in the mining, quarry, construction, pipeline and geophysical exploration
 industries know that Dyno Nobel, a global leader in commercial explosives, delivers Ground-
 breaking Performance through Practical Innovation by focusing on Safety and Continuous
 Improvement.
 Our founder, Alfred Nobel, changed the world with his invention of dynamite and the detonator
 in the 1860s and changed it again when he founded the world famous Nobel Prizes. Dyno
 Nobel’s roots also include William Bickford’s invention of Safety Fuse in 1831. Our corporate
 history is built on this legacy of safety and innovation.
 With Zero Harm as our goal - for our employees, our customers and the environment - our
 safety standards are among the highest in the industry. Because we are all responsible for
 working safely, we rigorously apply internationally recognized safety standards at all our loca-
 tions and in everything we do, from storage and transport to handling and use.
 Together with our owners, Incitec Pivot Limited, we are a global force in nitrogen-based
 chemical manufacturing, holding foremost positions in the commercial explosives and fertilizer
 markets. Incitec Pivot’s explosives business will continue to be identified by the well known
 Dyno Nobel brand as we take care of our customers in the industries we serve.

Dyno Nobel Inc. and its subsidiaries disclaim any warranties with respect to their products,
 the safety or suitability thereof, or the results to be obtained, whether express or implied, IN-
 CLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR
 FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND/OR OTHER WARRANTY. Buyers and users
 assume all risk, responsibility and liability whatsoever from any and all injuries (including death),
 losses, or damages to persons or property arising from the use of their products. Under no
 circumstances shall either Dyno Nobel Inc. or any of its subsidiaries be liable for special, conse-
 quential or incidental damages or for anticipated loss of profits.

• Is anything different?
 • Has anything changed since you last performed
 this task?
 • If so, Take 5! minutes to Take 5! steps

1. Identify the job you are about to do

2.
 Break the job into steps and identify
 hazards involved in each step

3.
 Assess the HAZARDS using the Hazard
 Assessment Tool

4.
 Develop CONTROLS and apply to
 HAZARDS

5. Record the CONTROLS

TAKE 5! Rapid Hazard Assessment

C o nta c t I nfor mation
 Dyno Nobel
 2795 East Cottonwood Parkway, Suite 500, Salt Lake City, Utah 84121 USA
 Phone: 800-732-7534 Fax: 801-321-6706 website: www.dynonobel.com
 e-mail: explosivesengineerguide@am.dynonobel.com

D is cla imer
 We cannot anticipate all conditions under which this information and our products, or the prod-
 ucts of other manufacturers in combination with our products, may be used. We accept no
 responsibility for results obtained by the application of this information or the safety or suitability
 of our products, either alone or in combination with other products. Users are advised to conduct
 their own tests to determine the safety and suitability of each product or product combination
 for their own purposes.

ANFO Augerable Emulsion/ ANFO Blend Pumpable Emulsion/ANFO Blend

TITAN® Emulsion TITAN LD / TITAN SD Emulsion TITAN 7000 RU Emulsion

B u l k E x p l osives
 Percent Average Minimum Energy Energy Velocity Velocity Water Loading Usage
 Emulsion Density Diameter cal/g cal/cc ft/sec m/sec Resistance Method Code
 g/cc in/mm (AWS) (ABS) P=Pump
 A=Auger
 DYNOMIX™ (ANFO)
 • poured 50 lb. bag 0 0.82 2¼ / 57 880 720 11,800 3,597 None - S,U
 • augered 0 0.86 4½ / 115 880 755 12,800 3,901 None A S,U
 • pneumatically placed 0 0.93 1¼ / 32 881 837 10,700 3,261 None - S,U
 FRAGMAX® 0 1.05 4½ / 115 880 925 15,600 4,750 None A S
 TITAN 7000 RU 100 1.20 1¾ / 45 690 830 18,000 5,500 Excellent P R,U
 TITAN 7000 RUS 100 1.22 3 / 75 670 840 17,100 5,200 Excellent P R,U
 TITAN 7000 RUSC 100 1.22 2½ / 65 670 820 17,100 5,200 Excellent P R,S
 TITAN 7000 RU-A 100 1.20 1¾ / 45 690 830 18,000 5,500 Excellent P R,U
 TITAN 7000 RU-SX 100 1.20 1¾ / 45 680 815 18,000 5,500 Excellent P R,U,SO
 The TITAN 7000 RU Series is designed for use only with DynoMiner® delivery systems.

TITAN 1050 50 1.32 8 / 200 780 1,030 16,400 5,000 Good A S
 TITAN 1040 40 1.25 6 / 150 800 1,000 15,800 4,800 Fair A S
 TITAN 1030 30 1.15 5 / 125 820 945 15,300 4,700 Poor A S
 TITAN 1025 25 1.10 4 / 100 830 915 15,000 4,600 Poor A S
 TITAN 1000 G 100 1.20 2½ / 65 680 815 14,800 4,500 Excellent P S,G
 TITAN 1070 G 70 1.20 3 / 75 740 890 14,100 4,300 Excellent P S,G
 TITAN 1060 G 60 1.20 4 / 100 760 910 13,500 4,100 Excellent P S,G
 TITAN 1050 G 50 1.25 6 / 150 780 975 14,100 4,300 Good A S,G
 TITAN 1000 SD 100 1.20 3 / 75 680 815 18,400 5,600 Excellent P S,R
 TITAN 1080 SD 80 1.23 3½ / 90 720 885 17,700 5,400 Excellent P S,R
 TITAN 1070 SD 70 1.24 4 / 100 740 920 15,700 4,800 Excellent P S,R
 TITAN 1050 SD 50 1.27 5 / 125 771 980 15,400 4,700 Good A S
 TITAN 1030 SD 30 1.15 4½ / 115 815 935 14,400 4,400 Fair A S
 TITAN 1020 SD 20 1.05 3½ / 90 835 880 13,800 4,200 Poor A S
 TITAN 1000 LD 100 1.25 3½ / 90 680 850 19,000 5,800 Excellent P S,R
 TITAN 1070 LD 70 1.29 4½ / 115 740 955 18,500 5,600 Excellent P S,R
 TITAN 1050 LD 50 1.30 6 / 150 780 1,015 17,700 5,400 Good A S
 TITAN 1040 LD 40 1.25 5 / 125 800 1000 16,400 5,000 Fair A S
 TITAN 1030 LD 30 1.15 5 / 125 820 945 15,300 4,700 Poor A S
 TITAN XL 1000 100 1.20 2½ / 65 680 815 17,100 5,200 Excellent P S,G
 TITAN SME™ 100 1.20 2½ / 65 680 815 17,100 5,200 Excellent P S,G,SM

Usage Codes S = Surface Blasting U = Underground Blasting R = Repumpable SM = Site Mixed
 G = Gassed or Gassable SO = Sulfide Ore Compatible

Relative Weight Strength (RWS) and Relative Bulk Strength (RBS) can be calculated based on ANFO = 1.00 @ density of 0.82 g/cc
Energy cal/g = Absolute Weight Strength Energy cal/cc = Absolute Bulk Strength

Bulk Explosives

Dynamite in Paper Tube Shell with NG Vapor Barrier Dynamite in Paper Shell

Presplitting Dynamite in Paper Tube Shell with Plastic Coupler

Emulsion in Paper Shell
 Emulsion in Plastic Chub

Emulsion in Plastic Chub Seismic Charge in Plastic Shell

Density Diameter(s) Energy Energy Velocity Velocity Water Usage
D y na mit e g/cc inches cal/g cal/cc ft/sec m/sec Resistance Code
 (AWS) (ABS)

UNIGEL® 1.30 1¼ to 3 955 1,240 14,100 4,300 Good D,G,U
 UNIMAX® 1.51 1 to 3 1,055 1,510 19,700 6,000 Excellent D,G,U
 DYNOMAX™ PRO 1.45 1¼ to 3 1,055 1,510 19,700 6,000 Excellent D,G,RS
 Z POWDER 1.37 1¼ 965 1,351 16,400 5,000 Excellent D,U,P
 STONECUTTER® 1.02 ⅞ to 2 842 859 4,820 1,470 Poor D,PS
 DYNOSPLIT® D 1.40 ¾ to 1 995 1,440 8,900 2,700 Good D,PS,U
 DYNOSPLIT D1 0.95 ⅞ 990 1,230 9,800 3,000 Good D,PS,U

E m u ls io n Density
 g/cc
 Diameter(s)
 inches
 Energy
 cal/g
 Energy
 cal/cc
 Velocity
 ft/sec
 Velocity
 m/sec
 Water
 Resistance
 Usage
 Code
 (AWS) (ABS)

0 1.22 3 to 7 650 800 19,000 5,800 Excellent B,G
 BLASTGEL 1070 1.27 4 to 7 730 935 18,000 5,500 Excellent B,G
 A NF O
 DYNOMIX™ 0.82 50 lb. bag 880 720 12,800 3,900 None B,G,U
 DYNOMIX WR 0.87 50 lb. bag 880 748 11,350 3,460 Limited B,G,U
 S e is m ic Density
 g/cc
 Diameter(s)
 inches
 Calories Gas
 per Gram Volume
 Velocity
 ft/sec
 Velocity
 m/sec
 Detonation
 Pressure Kbars
 Usage
 Code
 ®
 GEOPRIME dBX 1.70 1½ to 2¼ 1,880 20.5 23,950 7,300 227 D,S
 GEOPRIME 1.63 2¼ 1,500 27.9 24,600 7,500 230 D,S
 VIBROGEL® 1.43 1 to 2.4 1,250 26.0 20,000 6,100 133 D,S
 SEISPRO® 1.18 1.4 to 2.4 1,000 35.5 19,350 5,900 103 D,S
 Usage Codes D = Detonator Sensitive B = Booster Sensitive G = General Purpose PS = Presplitting
 P = Permissible U = OK for underground Use RD = Resistant to Dead-Pressing
 RS = Resistant to Sympathetic Detonation SL = Use with Swedish Loader S = Seismic Energy Source

Relative Weight Strength (RWS) and Relative Bulk Strength (RBS) can be calculated based on ANFO = 1.00 @ density of 0.82 g/cc
Energy cal/g = Absolute Weight Strength Energy cal/cc = Absolute Bulk Strength

Packaged Explosives

DYNO® AP 1.15 1 to 3½ 775 890 15,400 4,700 Excellent D,G,U
 DYNO AP PLUS 1.15 1 to 2½ 860 990 15,100 4,600 Excellent D,G,U
 DYNO SL 1.15 1 to 1½ 770 885 15,400 4,700 Excellent D,SL,U
 DYNO SL PLUS 1.15 1 to 1¼ 850 980 15,100 4,600 Excellent D,SL,U
 DYNOSPLIT® AP 1.08 1 to 1½ 775 840 15,400 4,700 Excellent D,PS,U
 DYNOSPLIT C 1.20 ⅞ to 2 800 960 23,000 7,000 Excellent D,PS,U
 DYNOSPLIT RiGHT™ 1.11 1 to 2 775 860 16,100 4,900 Excellent D,PS,U
 DYNO E-5 1.05 1¼ to 1½ 740 777 14,800 4,500 Excellent D,U,P
 DYNO TX (chub) 1.17 1¼ to 3½ 1,000 1,170 16,400 5,000 Excellent D,RD,U
 DYNO TX (paper) 1.10 1½ to 3 985 1,085 16,400 5,000 Excellent D,RD
 BLASTEX® 1.26 2 to 3½ 740 930 16,400 5,000 Excellent B,G,U
 BLASTEX PLUS 1.26 2 to 3½ 800 1,010 16,100 4,900 Excellent B,G,U
 BLASTGEL® 1000 1.22 3 to 7 650 800 19,000 5,800 Excellent B,G
 BLASTGEL 1070 1.27 4 to 7 730 935 18,000 5,500 Excellent B,G
 A NF O
 DYNOMIX™ 0.82 50 lb. bag 880 720 12,800 3,900 None B,G,U
 DYNOMIX WR 0.87 50 lb.

Tr oja n ® Cast Booster s
 Weight Weight Diameter x Length Density Velocity Velocity Detonation Water
 gram oz inches g/cc ft/sec m/sec Pressure Resistance
 Kbars

Spartan® 90g 3.2 1.1 x 4.7 1.65 24,800 7,550 235 Excellent
 150g 5.5 1.5 x 4.7 1.65 24,800 7,550 235 Excellent
 200g 7 1.6 x 4.6 1.65 24,800 7,550 235 Excellent
 350g 12 2.0 x 4.7 1.65 24,800 7,550 235 Excellent
 400g 14 2.1 x 4.7 1.65 24,800 7,550 235 Excellent
 450g 16 2.2 x 4.7 1.65 24,800 7,550 235 Excellent
 900g 32 3.1 x 5.6 1.65 24,800 7,550 235 Excellent
 SuperPrime® NBU 350g 12 2.0 x 4.7 1.60 25,600 7,800 245 Excellent
 450g 16 2.3 x 4.7 1.60 25,600 7,800 245 Excellent
 900g 32 3.1 x 5.1 1.60 25,600 7,800 245 Excellent
 Spartan® SL Slider 450g 16 2.2 x 4.7 1.65 24,800 7,550 235 Excellent
 Spartan® Twinplex 450g 16 2.2 x 4.6 1.60 24,800 7,550 245 Excellent
 Spartan® SR 350g 12 2.0 x 4.7 1.65 24,800 7,550 235 Excellent
 400g 14 2.2 x 4.7 1.65 24,800 7,550 235 Excellent
 450g 16 2.3 x 4.7 1.65 24,800 7,550 235 Excellent
 SuperPrime® Stinger 10g 0.353 0.75 x 2.1 1.60 25,600 7,800 245 Excellent
 20g 0.705 0.65 x 3.5 1.60 25,600 7,800 245 Excellent

PRIMACORD® 1 1.5 7.5 68 150 ü yellow / 5 black T
 PRIMACORD 2.5 2.4 12 27 60 ü ü orange / 4 black T
 PRIMACORD 3 3.2 15 113 250 ü red / 1 black + 1 white T
 PRIMACORD 4Y 3.6 18 68 150 ü ü yellow / 1 black T
 PRIMACORD 4R 3.6 18 68 150 ü ü red T
 PRIMACORD 5 5.3 25 68 150 ü ü red / 1 black T
 PRIMACORD 8 8.5 40 90 200 ü ü red / 2 black T
 PRIMACORD 10 10.8 50 90 200 ü ü yellow / 2 black T
 PRIMALINE® 4D 3.6 18 45 100 ü pink P
 PRIMALINE 4HS 3.6 18 45 100 ü clear / black P
 PRIMALINE 5 5.3 25 50 110 ü orange + wax coating P
 PRIMALINE 5D 5.3 25 45 100 ü orange P
 PRIMALINE 8D 8.5 40 45 100 ü yellow P
 PRIMALINE 8HT 8.5 40 45 100 ü yellow P
 PRIMALINE 21 21.3 100 79 175 ü ü clear P
 PRIMALINE 31 31.5 150 90 200 ü ü clear P
 PRIMALINE 42 42.5 200 90 200 ü ü clear P
 PRIMALINE 85 85.0 400 136 300 ü ü light green P
 PRIMASHEAR® 4 3.6 18 23 50 ü clear P
 PRIMASHEAR 5 5.3 25 45 100 ü clear P
 PRIMASHEAR 8 8.6 40 50 110 ü clear P
 PRIMASHEAR 8C 8.6 40 50 110 ü yellow P
 PRIMALINE SMS is a green self-consuming 0.9 g/m (4 gr/ft) detonating cord connected to a high
 strength detonator. Available in 18 delay periods from 0 to 3800 ms.

* Detonating cord downlines may adversely impact explosives in the borehole.
 Please consult your Dyno Nobel representative
 Additional specialty cords
 are available.

Detonating Cord & Cast Boosters

• Spartan, Spartan SL Slider, Spartan Twinplex and SuperPrime Stingers are detonator sensitive and
have nominal energy of 1,370 cal/g and 2,190 cal/cc.
• SuperPrime NBU boosters are detonating cord sensitive (3.6 g/m and higher), and have nominal energy
of 1,880 cal/g and 3,120 cal/cc.

D e to n at ing Cor d Jacket
 Coreload Tensile (minimum) Application Color / Counter T = Textile
 g/m gr/ft kg lbs Downline* Presplit Trunkline Color / Stripe P = Plastic

SmartShot™
• Wired or Wireless Remote Firing (up to 3.5Km line-of-sight)
• Leaky Feeder Underground Remote Firing
• 4-Wire Daisy-Chain Hookup
• Up to 2400 Detonators per Blaster (dependent on shot layout)
• Delays from 0 to 20,000 msec in 1 msec Increments
• Requires Password, Coded Signal & Blast Key to Fire
 Downline Surface Case Cable SmartShot
 meters feet meters feet quantity Tensile Strength Cable Color
 10 33 7 23 18 >250 N >56 lbs Dark Green
 15 49 10 33 18 >250 N >56 lbs Dark Green
 20 66 0.2 0.66 18 >250 N >56 lbs Dark Green
 30 98 0.2 0.66 18 >250 N >56 lbs Dark Green
 35 115 0.2 0.66 18 >250 N >56 lbs Dark Green
 45 148 0.2 0.66 18 >250 N >56 lbs Dark Green

GeoShot™ DriftShot™
Electronic Detonator for Initiation of Seismic Charges Electronic Detonator for Underground Development
• Wired Firing • Pre-Numbered Periods with Electronic Accuracy
• 2-Wire Direct Hookup • 2-Wire Busline Hookup
• Maximum of 7 Detonators per Array • Fired via Blast Control Unit (BCU)
• Firing Accuracy of <0.1ms Deviation • Remote Firing Available
• Fires Only With encrypted Signal from GeoShot SIU • Easy to Use - All Timing via Preset Templates in BCU
• High Visibility Orange Cable Color • Requires Password, Coded Signal & Blast Key to Fire
 Wire Length Case DriftShot
 meters feet quantity Cable Color

GeoShot is available in lengths from 3.5m (12 ft) to 5 16 N/A* Yellow
 54m (180 ft). See the GeoShot Technical Info Sheet 7 22 80 Yellow
 or consult your Dyno Nobel representative for details.
 10 33 45 Yellow
 * Please consult your Dyno Nobel representative for details.

Electronic Initi

D y no No bel Electr onic I ni t i at i on Syst em s

DigiShot® DigiShot® Plus
• Wired Firing • Wired or Wireless* Remote Firing
• 2-Wire Busline Hookup • 2-Wire Busline Hookup
• Up to 300 Detonators per Blaster • Up to 1800 Detonators per Blaster (7,200 per blast)
• Fully Programmable with Auto-Programmability • Fully Programmable with Auto-Programmability
• Delays from 0 to 20,000 msec in 1 msec Increments • Delays from 0 to 20,000 msec in 1 msec Increments
• Requires Password, Coded Signal & Blast Key to Fire • Requires Password, Coded Signal & Blast Key to Fire

Wire Length Case Cable Tensile Strength DigiShot DigiShot Plus
 meters feet quantity Cable Color Cable Color

2** 6.5 90 374 N 84 lbs N/A Green
 9 30 84 374 N 84 lbs Red Green
 15 50 60 374 N 84 lbs Red Green
 18 60 50 374 N 84 lbs Red Green
 24 80 40 374 N 84 lbs Red Green
 30 100 32 374 N 84 lbs Red Green
 37 120 24 374 N 84 lbs Red Green
 46 150 24 374 N 84 lbs Red Green
 55 180 18 374 N 84 lbs Red Green
 75 245 18 374 N 84 lbs Red Green
* up to 3.5 Km line-of-sight
** 2m units are manufactured with bunch block
Additional length configurations are available, please consult your Dyno Nobel representative for details.

DigiShot®, DigiShot® Plus, GeoShot®, DriftShot® and SmartShot™ are registered trademarks of DetNet South Africa (Proprietary) Limited

E le c tr ic Super ™ Average Resistance (ohms)
The SP series features 26 precise “short period”
millisecond delays. The LP series features 19 “long Legwire Electric Electric Electric Electric
period” delays. Length Super Super Super Super
 (feet) (meters) SP & LP Coal Seismic Starter
 Delay SP Series LP Series
 Periods Nominal Firing Time Nominal Firing Time 8 2.4 - - - -
 (msec) (msec) 12 3.6 1.92 - 1.20 1.92
 0 5 - 14 4.2 - 4.30 - -
 1 25 25 16 4.8 2.03 - - -
 2 50 200 20 6.1 2.14 - - -
 3 75 400 24 7.3 2.25 - 1.40 -
 4 100 600 30 9.1 2.40 - - -
 5 125 800 35 10.7 - - 1.65 -
 6 150 1,000 40 12.2 2.66 - - -
 7 175 1,200 45 13.7 - - 1.85 -
 8 200 1,400 55 16.8 - - 2.05 -
 9 225 1,600 60 18.3 3.19 - - -
 10 250 1,900 65 19.8 - - 2.25 -
 11 275 2,200 75 22.8 - - 2.50 -
 12 300 2,500 85 25.9 3.85 - 2.70 -
 13 325 2,900 100 30.2 - - 3.00 -
 14 350 3,300 120 36.6 - - 3.40 -
 15 375 3,800 160 48.8 - - 4.25 -
 16 400 4,400
 17 425 5,100
 18 450 -
 19 475 -
 Resistance (ohms)
 20 500 - Copper Wire
 22 550 - 1000 ft
 Average Wire Gauge
 24 600 -
 12 1.59
 26 650 -
 14 2.52
 28 700 -
 16 4.02
 30 750 -
 18 6.38
Legwire Color - SP & LP Series: 20 10.15
SP copper wire (single) = yellow & turquoise 21 13.26
SP copper wire (duplex) = turquoise 22 16.14
SP copper clad iron (single) = orange & orange 23 21.09
LP copper wire (single) = red & yellow 24 25.67

Electric Initiation

Electric Super Seismic

Electric Super SP Electric Super Coal Electric Super LP Electric Super Starter

Electric Super ™ Seismic El ect r i c Super ™ C oa l
A high strength detonator designed to initiate seismic Designed to meet MSHA requirements in under-
explosives used in geophysical exploration. ground coal mining.
 Delay Legwire Color Delay Coal Series Legwire Color
 Periods Nominal Firing Time
 Instant Copper wire (msec)
 (single) Yellow & Yellow
 (duplex) Yellow 1 25 both white
 2 100 both pink
 3 175 both light blue
 4 250 both orange
 5 325 white & dark green
Electric Super ™ Star ter 6 400 both gold
An instant electric detonator in a plastic bunch block for 7 500 both red
easy connection to both shock tube and detonating cord. 8 600 both light green
 Delay Legwire Color 9 700 light blue & white
 Instant Copper wire 10 800 pink & orange
 (single) yellow & turquoise 11 900 light blue & orange
 12 1,000 light blue & pink

NONE L ® EZ DRI FTER ® N O N EL ® TD
EZ DRIFTER units consist of a 200 ms out-of-hole TD nonelectric surface trunkline delay detonators
detonator housed in a white plastic EZ Connector consist of a precise surface delay detonator housed
block on one end of a length of yellow shock tube in a plastic Bunch Block assembled to a sealed
with a 5400 ms in-hole detonator on the other end. length of yellow shock tube with a white plastic
 EZ Connector Color
 J-hook attached to the opposite end.
 Nominal Time (msec)
 Nominal EZ Nominal EZ
 200 / 5400 White Time Connector Time Connector
 (msec) Block Color (msec) Block Color

EZ DET EZ Drifter EZ TL

SL

MS Connector TD LP MS

NONE L ® EZ DET ® N O N EL ® M S
EZ DET units consist of a precise in-hole delay MS (millisecond) units consist of a precise millisecond
detonator and a surface delay detonator housed in a delay detonator assembled to a length of sealed
plastic EZ Connector™ block and linked by a length orange shock tube with a white plastic J-hook at the
of orange shock tube. opposite end.
 Nominal Nominal Nominal EZ Nominal Tag Nominal Tag
 Time Time Time Connector Time Color Time Color
 msec msec msec Color msec msec

17 / 350 17 / 500 17 / 700 Yellow 0 Orange 325 White
25 / 350 25 / 500 25 / 700 Red 25 Red 350 Green
42 / 350 42 / 500 42 / 700 White 50 Tan 375 White
25 / 375 Red 75 Green 400 Blue
 100 Blue 425 White
NONE L ® EZTL ™ 125 Orange 450 Orange
EZTL trunkline delay detonators consist of a length 150 Purple 475 White
of yellow shock tube attached to a low strength 175 Gray 500 Purple
millisecond delay detonator housed in a plastic EZ 200 Lt Blue 525 White
Connector™ block on one end and sealed with a
plastic J-hook attached to the other end. 225 White 600 Gray
 Nominal EZ Nominal EZ
 250 Red 700 Lt Blue
 Time Connector Time Connector 275 White 800 Red
 msec Color msec Color
 300 Tan 900 Tan
 9 Green 42 White 1,000 Green
 17 Yellow 67 Blue
 25 Red 100 Black
 33 Green 109 Black

NONE L ® LP 9 Green 42 White
LP nonelectric long period delay units consist of a 17 Yellow 67 Blue
long period delay detonator assembled to a length of 25 Red 100 Black
sealed yellow shock tube with a blue plastic J-hook at
the opposite end. 33 Green 109 Black
Delay Delay Nominal Delay Delay Nominal
Period Tag Time Period Tag Time
 Color (msec) Color (msec) N O N EL ® M S C onnect o r
 0 Pink 0 10 Green 3500 MS nonelectric bi-directional trunkline delay connec-
 tors consist of an 18-inch (46 cm) length of shock
 1 White 500 11 Yellow 3900 tube with millisecond detonators of the same delay,
 2 Blue 800 12 Red 4400 inside connector blocks, on each end. 3 Orange 1100 13 White 4900 Nominal Time MS Connector
 (msec) Block Color
 4 Green 1400 14 Blue 5400
 5 Yellow 1700 15 Orange 5900 9 Green
 6 Red 2000 16 Green 6500 17 Yellow
 7 White 2300 17 Yellow 7200 25 Red
 8 Blue 2700 18 Red 8000 35 Black
 9 Orange 3100 42 White
 50 Orange
NONE L ® SL 65 Purple
SL nonelectric short lead millisecond delay units
 67 Blue
consist of a precise millisecond delay detonator as- 109 Black
sembled to a 30 inch (76 cm) length of sealed orange
shock tube with a looped end. Nominal Time Tag Nominal Time Tag St ar t er & Lead Li ne
 (msec) Color (msec) Color
 NONEL® Starter is a spool of shock tube that is fac-
 0 Orange 325 White tory-assembled to a nonelectric detonator.

ominal Time Tag Nominal Time Tag St ar t er & Lead Li ne
 (msec) Color (msec) Color
 NONEL® Starter is a spool of shock tube that is fac-
 0 Orange 325 White tory-assembled to a nonelectric detonator. Available
 25 Red 350 Green in 200, 500 or 1,000 foot lengths. 50 Tan 375 White NONEL® Lead Line consists of a 2,500 foot spooled
 length of shock tube without a detonator. When initi-
 75 Green 400 Blue ated, the shock tube propagates a low energy signal
 100 Blue 425 White to the detonator at a rate of 6,500 ft/second. 125 Orange 450 Orange
 150 Purple 475 White
 175 Gray 500 Purple
 200 Lt Blue 525 White
 225 White 600 Gray
 250 Red 700 Lt Blue
 275 White 800 Red
 300 Tan 900 Tan
 1,000 Green Starter

NONEL® Nonelectric Initiation

Loading Density (kg) & Rock Volume (m3)
 Cubic Meters of Rock per Meter of Blasthole = 52.50 55.13 57.75 60.38 63.00 65.63 68.25 70.88 73.50 78.75 84.00 89.25 94.50 99.75 105.00 110.25 10.50
 Kilograms of Explosive Per Meter of Blasthole = 0.0007854 x Explosive Diameter 2 x Loading Density 55.00 57.75 60.50 63.25 66.00 68.75 71.50 74.25 77.00 82.50 88.00 93.50 99.00 104.50110.00 115.50 11.00
 Burden x Spacing x 1 Meter 63.00 66.00 69.00 72.00 75.00 78.00 81.00 84.00 90.00 96.00 102.00108.00114.00120.00 126.00 12.00

Explosive Kilograms of Explosive per Meter of Blasthole Cubic Meters of Rock per Meter of Blasthole Spacing
 Diameter Loading Density (g/cc) Burden (meters) (meters)
 mm inches 0.50 0.75 0.82 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30 1.35 1.40 1.45 1.50 1.54 1.00 1.25 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00 3.25 3.50 3.75 4.00 4.25 4.50 4.75 5.00 5.25 5.50 5.75 6.00 6.25 6.50 6.75 7.00 7.50 8.00 8.50 9.00 9.50 10.0 10.5
 19.0 0.75 0.14 0.21 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.27 0.28 0.30 0.31 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.37 0.38 0.40 0.41 0.42 0.44 1.00 1.25 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00 1.00
 22.0 0.87 0.36 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.57 1.25 1.56 2.19 2.50 2.81 3.13 3.44 3.75 4.06 4.38 1.25
 0.19 0.28 0.31 0.32 0.34 0.38 0.46 0.47 0.49 0.51 0.53 0.55 0.58 1.75 2.19 3.06 3.50 3.94 4.38 4.81 5.25 5.69 6.13 6.56 7.00 1.75
 25.0 0.98 0.25 0.37 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.47 0.49 0.51 0.54 0.56 0.59 0.61 0.64 0.66 0.69 0.71 0.74 0.76 2.00 2.50 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.50 8.00 8.50 9.00 2.00
 32.0 1.26 0.40 0.60 0.66 0.68 0.72 0.76 0.80 0.84 0.88 0.92 0.96 1.00 1.04 1.08 1.12 1.16 1.20 1.24
 35.0 1.38 0.91 1.01 1.06 1.11 1.44 2.81 3.94 4.50 5.06 5.63 6.19 6.75 7.31 7.88 8.44 9.00 9.56 10.13 10.69 11.25 2.25
 0.48 0.72 0.79 0.82 0.86 0.96 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30 1.35 1.39 1.48 3.13 4.38 5.00 5.63 6.25 6.88 7.50 8.13 8.75 9.38 10.00 10.63 11.25 11.88 12.50 13.13 13.75 2.50
 38.0 1.50 0.57 0.85 0.93 0.96 1.02 1.08 1.13 1.19 1.25 1.30 1.36 1.42 1.47 1.53 1.59 1.64 1.70 1.74 3.44 4.81 5.50 6.19 6.88 7.56 8.25 8.94 9.63 10.31 11.00 11.69 12.38 13.06 13.75 14.44 15.13 15.81 16.50 2.75
 41.0 1.61 0.66 0.98 1.08 1.11 1.18 1.25 1.31 1.38 1.44 1.51 1.57 1.64 1.70 1.77 1.84 1.90 1.97 2.02 3.75 5.25 6.00 6.75 7.50 8.25 9.00 9.75 10.50 11.25 12.00 12.75 13.50 14.25 15.00 15.75 16.50 17.25 18.00 18.75 19.50 3.00
 45.0 1.77 0.79 1.19 1.30 1.35 1.43 1.51 1.59 1.67 1.75 1.83 1.91 1.99 2.07 2.14 2.22 2.30 2.38 2.45 4.06 5.69 6.50 7.31 8.13 8.94 9.75 10.56 11.38 12.19 13.00 13.81 14.63 15.44 16.25 17.06 17.88 18.69 19.50 20.31 21.13 21.95 22.75 3.25
 48.0 1.89 0.90 1.36 1.48 1.54 1.63 1.72 1.81 1.90 1.99 2.08 2.17 2.26 2.35 2.44 2.53 2.62 2.71 2.78 4.38 6.13 7.00 7.88 8.75 9.63 10.50 11.38 12.25 13.13 14.00 14.88 15.75 16.63 17.50 18.38 19.25 20.13 21.00 21.88 22.75 23.63 24.50 26.25 28.00 3.50
 50.0 1.97 0.98 1.47 1.61 1.67 1.77 1.86 1.96 2.06 2.16 2.26 2.35 2.45 2.55 2.65 2.75 2.84 2.94 3.02 6.56 7.50 8.44 9.38 10.31 11.25 12.19 13.13 14.06 15.00 15.94 16.88 17.81 18.75 19.69 20.63 21.56 22.50 23.44 24.38 25.31 26.25 28.13 30.00 31.88 33.75 3.75
 57.0 2.24 2.42 2.68 2.80 2.93 3.82 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00 21.00 22.00 23.00 24.00 25.00 26.00 27.00 28.00 30.00 32.00 34.00 36.00 38.00 40.00 4.00
 1.27 1.91 2.09 2.17 2.29 2.55 3.06 3.19 3.31 3.44 3.57 3.70 3.93
 65.0 2.56 1.66 2.49 2.72 2.82 2.98 3.15 3.31 3.48 3.65 3.81 3.98 4.14 4.31 4.47 4.64 4.81 4.97 5.10 8.50 9.56 10.63 11.69 12.75 13.18 14.88 15.94 17.00 18.06 19.13 20.19 21.25 22.31 23.38 24.44 25.50 26.56 27.63 28.69 29.75 31.88 34.00 36.13 38.25 40.38 42.50 44.63 4.25
 70.0 2.76 1.92 2.88 3.15 3.27 3.46 3.65 3.84 4.04 4.23 4.42 4.61 4.81 5.00 5.19 5.38 5.57 5.77 5.92 9.00 10.13 11.25 12.38 13.50 14.63 15.75 16.88 18.00 19.13 20.25 21.38 22.50 23.63 24.75 25.88 27.00 28.13 29.25 30.38 31.59 33.75 36.00 38.25 40.50 42.75 45.00 47.25 4.50
 75.0 2.95 4.19 4.63 4.85 5.07 6.62 10.69 11.88 13.06 14.25 15.44 16.63 17.81 19.00 20.19 21.38 22.56 23.75 24.94 26.13 27.31 28.50 29.69 30.88 32.06 33.25 35.63 38.00 40.38 42.75 45.13 47.50 49.88 4.75
 2.21 3.31 3.62 3.75 3.97 4.41 5.30 5.52 5.74 5.96 6.18 6.40 6.80 11.25 12.50 13.75 15.00 16.25 17.50 18.75 20.00 21.25 22.50 23.75 25.00 26.25 27.50 28.75 30.00 31.25 32.50 33.75 35.00 37.50 40.00 42.50 45.00 47.50 50.00 52.50 5.00
 90.0 3.54 3.18 4.77 5.21 5.40 5.72 6.04 6.35 6.67 6.99 7.31 7.63 7.94 8.26 8.58 8.90 9.21 9.53 9.79
 100.0 3.94 3.92 5.88 6.43 6.67 7.06 7.45 7.85 8.24 8.63 9.02 9.41 9.81 10.20 10.59 10.98 11.38 11.77 12.08 13.13 14.44 15.75 17.06 18.38 19.69 21.00 22.31 23.63 24.94 26.25 27.56 28.88 30.19 31.50 32.81 34.13 35.44 36.75 39.38 42.00 44.63 47.25 49.88 52.50 55.13 5.25
 110.0 4.33 9.02 9.97 10.44 10.92 14.24 13.75 15.13 16.50 17.88 19.25 20.63 22.00 23.38 24.75 26.13 27.50 28.88 30.25 31.63 33.00 34.38 35.75 37.13 38.50 41.25 44.00 46.75 49.50 52.25 55.00 57.75 5.50
 4.75 7.12 7.78 8.07 8.54 9.49 11.39 11.87 12.34 12.81 13.29 13.76 14.62 15.81 17.25 18.69 20.13 21.56 23.00 24.44 25.88 27.31 28.75 30.19 31.63 33.06 34.50 35.94 37.38 38.81 40.25 43.13 46.00 48.88 51.75 54.63 57.50 60.38 5.75
 115.0 4.53 5.19 7.78 8.51 8.82 9.34 9.86 10.38 10.89 11.41 11.93 12.45 12.97 13.49 14.01 14.53 15.04 15.56 15.98 16.50 18.00 19.50 21.00 22.50 24.00 25.50 27.00 28.50 30.00 31.50 33.99 34.50 36.00 37.50 39.00 40.50 42.00 45.00 48.00 51.00 54.00 57.00 60.00 63.00 6.00
 125.0 4.92 6.13 9.19 10.05 10.42 11.03 11.64 12.26 12.87 13.48 14.10 14.71 15.32 15.94 16.55 17.16 17.77 18.39 18.88
 140.0 5.51 14.61 16.15 16.91 17.68 23.06 18.75 20.31 21.88 23.44 25.00 26.56 28.13 29.69 31.25 32.81 34.38 35.94 37.50 39.06 40.63 42.19 43.75 46.88 50.00 53.13 56.25 59.38 62.50 65.63 6.25
 7.69 11.53 12.61 13.07 13.84 15.38 18.45 19.22 19.99 20.76 21.53 22.30 23.68 19.50 21.13 22.75 24.38 26.00 27.63 29.25 30.88 32.50 34.13 35.75 37.38 39.00 40.63 42.25 43.88 45.50 48.75 52.00 55.25 58.50 61.75 65.00 68.25 6.50
 145.0 5.71 8.25 12.37 13.53 14.02 14.84 15.67 16.49 17.32 18.14 18.97 19.79 20.62 21.44 22.27 23.09 23.92 24.74 25.40 21.94 23.63 25.31 27.00 28.69 30.38 32.06 33.75 35.44 37.13 38.81 40.50 42.19 43.88 45.56 47.25 50.63 54.00 57.38 60.75 64.13 67.50 70.88 6.75
 150.0 5.91 8.83 13.24 14.47 15.00 15.89 16.77 17.65 18.53 19.42 20.30 21.18 22.06 22.95 23.83 24.71 25.59 26.48 27.18 22.75 24.50 26.25 28.00 29.75 31.50 33.25 35.00 36.75 38.50 40.25 42.00 43.75 45.50 47.25 49.00 52.50 56.00 59.59 63.00 66.50 70.00 73.50 7.00
 160.0 6.30 10.04 15.06 16.47 17.07 18.07 19.08 20.08 21.09 22.09 23.10 24.10 25.10 26.11 27.11 28.12 29.12 30.12 30.93 25.38 27.19 29.00 30.81 32.63 34.44 36.25 38.06 39.88 41.69 43.50 45.31 47.13 48.94 50.75 54.38 58.00 61.63 65.25 68.88 72.50 76.13 7.25
 165.0 6.50 10.68 16.02 17.51 18.15 19.22 20.29 21.36 22.43 23.49 24.56 25.63 26.70 27.77 28.83 29.90 30.97 32.04 32.89 26.25 28.13 30.00 31.88 33.75 35.63 37.50 39.38 41.25 43.13 45.00 46.88 48.75 50.63 52.50 56.25 60.00 63.75 67.50 71.25 75.00 78.75 7.50
 170.0 6.69 11.34 17.00 18.59 19.27 20.40 21.54 22.67 23.81 24.94 26.07 27.21 28.34 29.47 30.61 31.74 32.87 34.01 34.91 29.06 31.00 32.94 34.88 36.81 38.75 40.69 42.63 44.56 46.50 48.44 50.38 52.31 54.25 58.13 62.00 65.88 69.75 73.63 77.50 81.38 7.75
 187.0 7.36 26.06 28.80 30.18 31.55 41.15 30.00 32.00 34.00 36.00 38.00 40.00 42.00 44.00 46.00 48.00 50.00 52.00 54.00 56.00 60.00 64.00 68.00 72.00 76.00 80.00 84.00 8.00
 13.72 20.57 22.50 23.32 24.69 27.43 32.92 34.29 35.66 37.03 38.41 39.78 42.25
 200.0 7.87 15.69 23.54 25.73 26.67 28.24 29.81 31.38 32.95 34.52 36.09 37.66 39.23 40.79 42.36 43.93 45.50 47.07 48.33 33.00 35.06 37.13 39.19 41.25 43.31 45.38 47.44 49.50 51.56 53.63 55.69 57.75 61.88 66.00 70.13 74.25 78.38 82.50 86.63 8.25
 203.0 7.99 16.16 24.25 26.51 27.48 29.10 30.71 32.33 33.94 35.56 37.18 38.79 40.41 42.03 43.64 45.26 46.88 48.49 49.79 34.00 36.13 38.25 40.38 42.50 44.63 46.75 48.88 51.00 53.13 55.25 57.38 59.50 63.75 68.00 72.25 76.50 80.75 85.00 89.25 8.50
 230.0 9.06 39.43 43.58 45.65 47.73 62.25 37.19 39.38 41.56 43.75 45.94 48.13 50.31 52.50 54.69 56.88 59.06 61.25 65.63 70.00 74.38 78.75 83.13 87.50 91.88 8.75
 20.75 31.13 34.03 35.28 37.35 41.50 49.80 51.88 53.95 56.03 58.10 60.18 63.91 38.25 40.50 42.75 45.00 47.25 49.50 51.75 54.00 56.25 58.50 60.75 63.00 67.50 72.00 76.50 81.00 85.50 90.00 94.50 9.00
 250.0 9.84 24.52 36.77 40.21 41.68 44.13 46.58 49.03 51.48 53.93 56.39 58.84 61.29 63.74 66.19 68.64 71.10 73.55 75.51
 270.0 10.63 28.60 42.89 46.90 48.61 51.47 54.33 57.19 60.05 62.91 65.77 68.63 71.49 74.35 77.21 80.07 82.93 85.79 88.07 41.63 43.94 46.25 48.56 50.88 53.19 55.50 57.81 60.13 62.44 64.75 69.38 74.00 78.63 83.25 87.88 92.50 97.13 9.25
 311.0 12.24 72.08 79.67 83.47 87.26 113.82 42.75 45.13 47.50 49.88 52.25 54.63 57.00 59.38 61.75 64.23 66.50 71.25 76.00 80.75 85.50 90.25 95.00 99.75 9.50
 37.94 56.91 62.22 64.50 68.29 75.88 91.05 94.85 98.64 102.43 106.23 110.02 116.85 46.31 48.75 51.19 53.63 56.06 58.50 60.94 63.38 65.81 68.25 73.13 78.00 82.88 87.75 92.63 97.50 102.38 9.75
 380.0 14.96 56.64 84.96 92.89 96.29 101.95 107.62 113.28 118.95 124.61 130.27 135.94 141.60 147.27 152.93 158.59 164.26 169.92 174.45 47.50 50.00 52.50 55.00 57.50 60.00 62.50 65.00 67.50 70.00 75.00 80.00 85.00 90.00 95.00 100.00 105.00 10.00

Explosive Pounds of Explosive per Foot of Blasthole
 Diameter Loading Density (g/cc) Cubic Yards of Rock per Foot of Blasthole Spacing
 inches mm 0.50 0.75 0.82 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30 1.35 1.40 1.45 1.50 1.54 Burden (feet) (feet)
 0.750 19.1 0.10 0.14 0.16 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.29 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 32 34
 0.875 22.2 0.13 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.29 0.30 0.31 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.38 0.39 0.40 0.15 0.22 0.30 0.37 0.44 0.52 0.59 0.67 0.74 2
 1.000 25.4 0.17 0.26 0.28 0.29 0.31 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.37 0.39 0.41 0.43 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.49 0.51 0.52 0.22 0.33 0.44 0.56 0.67 0.78 0.89 1.00 1.11 1.22 1.33 3
 1.125 28.6 0.22 0.32 0.35 0.37 0.39 0.41 0.43 0.45 0.47 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.58 0.60 0.62 0.65 0.66 0.30 0.44 0.59 0.74 0.89 1.04 1.19 1.33 1.48 1.63 1.78 1.93 4
 1.250 31.8 0.37 0.55 0.74 0.93 1.11 1.30 1.48 1.67 1.85 2.04 2.22 2.41 2.59 5
 0.27 0.40 0.44 0.45 0.48 0.51 0.53 0.56 0.59 0.61 0.64 0.67 0.69 0.72 0.74 0.77 0.80 0.82 0.44 0.67 0.89 1.11 1.33 1.56 1.78 2.00 2.22 2.44 2.67 2.89 3.11 3.33 6
 1.375 34.9 0.32 0.48 0.53 0.55 0.58 0.61 0.64 0.68 0.71 0.74 0.77 0.80 0.84 0.87 0.90 0.93 0.97 0.99
 1.500 38.1 0.38 0.57 0.63 0.65 0.69 0.73 0.77 0.80 0.84 0.88 0.92 0.96 1.00 1.03 1.07 1.11 1.15 1.18 0.52 0.78 1.04 1.30 1.56 1.81 2.07 2.33 2.59 2.85 3.11 3.37 3.63 3.89 4.15 7
 1.625 41.3 0.45 0.67 0.74 0.76 0.81 0.85 0.90 0.94 0.99 1.03 1.08 1.12 1.17 1.21 1.26 1.30 1.35 1.38 0.59 0.89 1.19 1.48 1.78 2.07 2.37 2.67 2.96 3.26 3.56 3.85 4.15 4.44 4.74 5.04 8
 0.67 1.00 1.33 1.67 2.00 2.33 2.67 3.00 3.33 3.67 4.00 4.33 4.67 5.00 5.33 5.67 9
 1.750 44.5 0.52 0.78 0.86 0.89 0.94 0.99 1.04 1.09 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30 1.36 1.41 1.46 1.51 1.56 1.61 0.74 1.11 1.48 1.85 2.22 2.59 2.96 3.33 3.70 4.07 4.44 4.81 5.19 5.56 5.93 6.30 6.67 10
 1.875 47.6 0.60 0.90 0.98 1.02 1.08 1.14 1.20 1.26 1.32 1.38 1.44 1.50 1.56 1.62 1.68 1.74 1.80 1.84 1.22 1.63 2.04 2.44 2.85 3.26 3.67 4.07 4.48 4.89 5.30 5.70 6.11 6.52 6.93 7.33 7.74 11
 2.000 50.8 0.68 1.02 1.12 1.16 1.23 1.29 1.36 1.43 1.50 1.57 1.63 1.70 1.77 1.84 1.91 1.97 2.04 2.10
 1.33 1.78 2.22 2.67 3.11 3.56 4.00 4.44 4.89 5.33 5.78 6.22 6.67 7.11 7.56 8.00 8.44 8.89 9.33 9.78 10.22 12
 2.250 57.2 0.86 1.29 1.41 1.47 1.55 1.64 1.72 1.81 1.90 1.98 2.07 2.15 2.24 2.33 2.41 2.50 2.59 2.65 1.93 2.41 2.89 3.37 3.85 4.33 4.81 5.30 5.78 6.26 6.74 7.22 7.70 8.19 8.67 9.15 9.63 10.11 10.59 11.07 11.56 12.04 13
 2.500 63.5 1.06 1.60 1.75 1.81 1.92 2.02 2.13 2.23 2.34 2.45 2.55 2.66 2.77 2.87 2.98 3.09 3.19 3.28 2.07 2.59 3.11 3.63 4.15 4.67 5.19 5.70 6.22 6.74 7.26 7.78 8.30 8.81 9.33 9.85 10.37 10.89 11.41 11.93 12.44 12.96 13.48 14.00 14
 2.750 69.9 1.29 1.93 2.11 2.19 2.32 2.45 2.58 2.70 2.83 2.96 3.09 3.22 3.35 3.48 3.61 3.73 3.86 3.97 2.78 3.33 3.89 4.44 5.00 5.56 6.11 6.67 7.22 7.78 8.33 8.89 9.44 10.00 10.56 11.11 11.67 12.22 12.78 13.33 13.89 14.44 15.00 15.56 16.11 15
 3.000 76.2 1.53 2.30 2.51 2.60 2.76 2.91 3.06 3.22 3.37 3.52 3.68 3.83 3.98 4.14 4.29 4.44 4.60 4.72 2.96 3.56 4.15 4.74 5.33 5.93 6.52 7.11 7.70 8.30 8.89 9.48 10.07 10.67 11.26 11.85 12.44 13.04 13.63 14.22 14.81 15.41 16.00 16.59 17.19 17.78 18.96 16
 3.500 88.9 2.09 3.13 3.42 3.55 3.75 3.96 4.17 4.38 4.59 4.80 5.01 5.21 5.42 5.63 5.84 6.05 6.26 6.42 3.78 4.41 5.04 5.67 6.30 6.93 7.56 8.19 8.81 9.44 10.07 10.70 11.33 11.96 12.59 13.22 13.85 14.48 15.11 15.74 16.37 17.00 17.63 18.26 18.89 20.15 21.41 17
 4.000 101.6 2.72 4.09 4.47 4.63 4.90 5.18 5.45 5.72 5.99 6.27 6.54 6.81 7.08 7.35 7.63 7.90 8.17 8.39 4.00 4.67 5.33 6.00 6.67 7.33 8.00 8.67 9.33 10.00 10.67 11.33 12.00 12.67 13.33 14.00 14.67 15.33 16.00 16.67 17.33 18.00 18.67 19.33 20.00 21.33 22.67 18
 4.250 108.0 3.08 4.61 5.04 5.23 5.54 5.84 6.15 6.46 6.77 7.07 7.38 7.69 8.00 8.30 8.61 8.92 9.23 9.47 4.93 5.63 6.33 7.04 7.74 8.44 9.15 9.85 10.56 11.26 11.96 12.67 13.37 14.07 14.78 15.48 16.19 16.89 17.59 18.30 19.00 19.70 20.41 21.11 22.52 23.93 19
 5.19 5.93 6.67 7.41 8.15 8.89 9.63 10.37 11.11 11.85 12.59 13.33 14.07 14.81 15.56 16.30 17.04 17.78 18.52 19.26 20.00 20.74 21.48 22.22 23.70 25.19 20
 4.500 114.3 3.45 5.17 5.65 5.86 6.21 6.55 6.90 7.24 7.58 7.93 8.27 8.62 8.96 9.31 9.65 10.00 10.30 10.60 6.22 7.00 7.78 8.56 9.33 10.11 10.89 11.67 12.44 13.22 14.00 14.78 15.56 16.33 17.11 17.89 18.67 19.44 20.22 21.00 21.78 22.56 23.33 24.89 26.44 21
 5.000 127.0 4.26 6.38 6.98 7.24 7.66 8.09 8.51 8.94 9.36 9.79 10.20 10.60 11.10 11.50 11.90 12.30 12.80 13.10
 5.500 139.7 5.15 7.73 8.45 8.76 9.27 9.79 10.30 10.80 11.30 11.80 12.40 12.90 13.40 13.90 14.40 14.90 15.50 15.90 6.52 7.33 8.15 8.96 9.78 10.59 11.41 12.22 13.04 13.85 14.67 15.48 16.30 17.11 17.93 18.74 19.56 20.37 21.19 22.00 22.81 23.63 24.44 26.07 27.70 22
 5.625 142.9 5.39 8.08 8.83 9.16 9.70 10.20 10.80 11.30 11.90 12.40 12.90 13.50 14.00 14.50 15.10 15.60 16.20 16.60 7.67 8.52 9.37 10.22 11.07 11.93 12.78 13.63 14.48 15.33 16.19 17.04 17.89 18.74 19.59 20.44 21.30 22.15 23.00 23.85 24.70 25.56 27.26 28.96 23
 8.00 8.89 9.78 10.67 11.56 12.44 13.33 14.22 15.11 16.00 16.89 17.78 18.67 19.56 20.44 21.33 22.22 23.11 24.00 24.89 25.78 26.67 28.44 30.22 24
 6.000 152.4 6.13 9.19 10.10 10.4 11.00 11.60 12.30 12.90 13.50 14.10 14.70 15.30 15.90 16.50 17.20 17.80 18.40 18.90 9.26 10.19 11.11 12.04 12.96 13.89 14.81 15.74 16.67 17.59 18.52 19.44 20.37 21.30 22.22 23.15 24.07 25.00 25.93 26.85 27.78 29.63 31.48 25
 6.250 158.8 6.65 9.98 10.90 11.3 12.00 12.60 13.30 14.00 14.60 15.30 16.00 16.60 17.30 18.00 18.60 19.30 20.00 20.50 9.63 10.59 11.56 12.52 13.48 14.44 15.41 16.37 17.33 18.30 19.26 20.22 21.19 22.15 23.11 24.07 25.04 26.00 26.96 27.93 28.89 30.81 32.74 26
 6.500 165.1 7.19 10.80 11.80 12.2 12.90 13.70 14.40 15.10 15.80 16.50 17.30 18.00 18.70 19.40 20.10 20.90 21.60 22.20
 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00 21.00 22.00 23.00 24.00 25.00 26.00 27.00 28.00 29.00 30.00 32.00 34.00 27
 6.750 171.5 7.76 11.60 12.70 13.2 14.00 14.70 15.50 16.30 17.10 17.80 18.60 19.40 20.20 20.90 21.70 22.50 23.30 23.90 11.41 12.44 13.48 14.52 15.56 16.59 17.63 18.67 19.70 20.74 21.78 22.81 23.85 24.89 25.93 26.96 28.00 29.04 30.07 31.11 33.19 35.26 28
 7.375 187.3 9.26 13.90 15.20 15.7 16.70 17.60 18.50 19.40 20.40 21.30 22.20 23.20 24.10 25.00 25.90 26.90 27.80 28.50 12.89 13.96 15.04 16.11 17.19 18.26 19.33 20.41 21.48 22.56 23.63 24.70 25.78 26.85 27.93 29.00 30.07 31.15 32.22 34.37 36.52 29
 7.875 200.0 10.60 15.80 17.30 17.9 19.00 20.10 21.10 22.20 23.20 24.30 25.30 26.40 27.50 28.50 29.60 30.60 31.70 32.50 13.33 14.44 15.56 16.67 17.78 18.89 20.00 21.11 22.22 23.33 24.44 25.56 26.67 27.78 28.89 30.00 31.11 32.22 33.33 35.56 37.78 30
 8.000 203.2 10.90 16.30 17.90 18.5 19.60 20.70 21.80 22.90 24.00 25.10 26.20 27.20 28.30 29.40 30.50 31.60 32.70 33.60 14.93 16.07 17.22 18.37 19.52 20.67 21.81 22.96 24.11 25.26 26.41 27.56 28.70 29.85 31.00 32.15 33.30 34.44 36.74 39.04 31
 9.000 228.6 13.80 20.70 22.60 23.4 24.80 26.2 27.60 29.00 30.30 31.70 33.10 34.50 35.90 37.20 38.60 40.00 41.40 42.50 15.41 16.59 17.78 18.96 20.15 21.33 22.52 23.70 24.89 26.07 27.26 28.44 29.63 30.81 32.00 33.19 34.37 35.56 37.93 40.30 32
 9.875 250.8 16.60 24.90 27.20 28.2 29.90 31.50 33.20 34.90 36.50 38.20 39.80 41.50 43.20 44.80 46.50 48.10 49.80 51.10 17.11 18.33 19.56 20.78 22.00 23.22 24.44 25.67 26.89 28.11 29.33 30.56 31.78 33.00 34.22 35.44 36.67 39.11 41.56 33
 10.625 269.9 19.20 28.80 31.50 32.7 34.60 36.50 38.40 40.40 42.30 44.20 46.10 48.00 50.00 51.90 53.80 55.70 57.70 59.20 17.63 18.89 20.15 21.41 22.67 23.93 25.19 26.44 27.70 28.96 30.22 31.48 32.74 34.00 35.26 36.52 37.78 40.30 42.81 34
 19.44 20.74 22.04 23.33 24.63 25.93 27.22 28.52 29.81 31.11 32.41 33.70 35.00 36.30 37.59 38.89 41.48 44.07 35
 12.250 311.2 25.50 38.30 41.90 43.4 46.00 48.50 51.10 53.70 56.20 58.80 61.30 63.90 66.40 69.00 71.50 74.10 76.60 78.70 20.00 21.33 22.67 24.00 25.33 26.67 28.00 29.33 30.67 32.00 33.33 34.67 36.00 37.33 38.67 40.00 42.67 45.33 36
 15.000 381.0 38.30 57.50 62.80 65.1 69.00 72.80 76.60 80.40 84.30 88.10 91.90 95.80 99.60 103.00 107.00 111.00 115.00 118.00
 21.93 23.30 24.67 26.04 27.41 28.78 30.15 31.52 32.89 34.26 35.63 37.00 38.37 39.74 41.11 43.85 46.59 37
 Cubic Yards of Rock per Foot of Blasthole = 22.52 23.93 25.33 26.74 28.15 29.56 30.96 32.37 33.78 35.19 36.59 38.00 39.41 40.81 42.22 45.04 47.85 38

Loading Density (lbs) & Rock Volume (yd3)
 Pounds of Explosive Per Foot of Blasthole = 0.3405 x Explosive Diameter 2 x Loading Density 24.56 26.00 27.44 28.89 30.33 31.78 33.22 34.67 36.11 37.56 39.00 40.44 41.89 43.33 46.22 49.11 39
 Burden x Spacing ÷ 27 25.19 26.67 28.15 29.63 31.11 32.59 34.07 35.56 37.04 38.52 40.00 41.48 42.96 44.44 47.41 50.37 40

Material Specific Weight Weight Percent Swell Loose Weight
 Gravity Lbs / Cubic Ft Tons / Cubic Yd of Swell Factor Tons / Cubic Yd

Ashes, soft coal, ordinary .64 - .72 40 - 45 0.539 - 0.607 8 0.93 0.501 - 0.564
 Basalt 2.8 - 3.0 175 - 187 2.359 - 2.527 - - -
 Bauxite 1.6 - 2.5 100 - 156 1.348 - 2.106 33 0.75 1.011 - 1.580
 Clay, dense, wet 1.7 106 1.432 33 0.75 1.074
 Coal, anthracite 1.3 81 1.095 35 0.74 0.810
 Coal, bituminous 1.1 69 0.927 35 0.74 0.686
 Copper Ore 2.0 125 1.685 35 0.74 1.247
 Diabase 2.6 - 3.0 162 - 187 2.190 - 2.527 - - -
 Diorite 2.8 - 3.0 175 - 187 2.359 - 2.527 - - -
 Dolomite 2.8 - 2.9 175 - 181 2.359 - 2.443 - - -
 Earth, dry 1.6 100 1.348 25 0.8 1.078
 Earth, wet 2.0 125 1.685 25 0.8 1.348
 Earth, with sand & gravel 1.8 112 1.516 18 0.85 1.289
 Earth and rock mixture 1.4 - 1.7 87 - 106 1.179 - 1.432 30 0.77 0.908 - 1.103
 Gneiss 2.6 - 2.9 162 - 181 2.190 - 2.443 - - -
 Granite 2.7 169 2.274 65 0.62 1.410
 Gravel, dry 1.9 119 1.601 12 0.89 1.424
 Gravel, wet 2.1 131 1.769 14 0.88 1.557
 Gypsum 2.3 - 3.3 144 - 206 1.938 - 2.780 - - -
 Iron ore, hematite 4.5 - 5.3 281 - 331 3.791 - 4.465 - - -
 Iron ore, limonite 3.6 - 4.0 225 - 250 3.033 - 3.370 - - -
 Iron ore, magnetite 4.9 - 5.2 306 - 325 4.128 - 4.380 - - -
 Lead ore, galena 7.5 468 6.318 - - -
 Limestone, Florida 2.5 155 2.089 15 0.65 1.358
 Limestone, blasted 2.6 162 2.190 71 0.60 1.314
 Limestone, marble 2.7 169 2.274 71 0.60 1.365
 Loam 1.6 100 1.348 20 0.83 1.119
 Mica, schist 2.5 - 2.9 156 - 181 2.106 - 2.443 - - -
 Phosphate rock 3.2 200 2.696 - - -
 Quartzite 2.0 - 2.8 125 - 175 1.685 - 2.359 - - -
 Rock, hard, well blasted 2.4 150 2.022 50 0.67 1.355
 Rock and stone, crushed 1.9 - 2.1 119 - 131 1.601 - 1.769 35 0.74 1.184 - 1.309
 Salt, rock 2.1 - 2.6 131 - 162 1.769 - 2.190 - - -
 Sand, dry 1.9 119 1.601 12 0.89 1.424
 Sand, wet 2.2 137 1.853 - - -
 Sandstone 2.5 156 2.106 50 0.79 1.664
 Shale, riprap 2.4 - 2.8 150 - 175 2.022 - 2.359 33 0.75 1.516 - 1.769
 Slate 2.7 - 2.8 169 - 175 2.274 - 2.359 30 0.77 1.751 - 1.816
 Talc 2.6 - 2.8 162 - 175 2.190 - 2.359 50 0.67 1.467 - 1.580
 Traprock 3.0 187 2.527 - - -

Vo l u me Loadi ng Fact or
cm3 (cc) (cubic cm) 0.061 in3 lb / ft 1.4882 kg / m
in3 (cubic inches) 16.39 cc g / m (grams / meter) 4.7 grains / ft
m3 (cubic meters) 1.31 yd3 grains / ft 0.212 g/m
ft3 (cubic feet) 0.028 m3
yd3 (cubic yards) 0.7646 m3 Speed / Vel oci t y / R ate
Imperial gallon 3.785 liter
Imperial gallon 0.1337 ft3 m / s (meters / sec) 3.281 ft / s
Imperial fluid ounces 29.57 cc ft / s (feet / sec) 0.3048 m/s
 in / s (inches / sec) 2.54 cm / s
 km / hour 0.62 miles / hr
D e ns ity
lb / cu ft (pound / ft3) 16 kg / m3 Pr essur e
lb / cu ft (pound / ft3) 0.01602 g / cm3
g/cc (gram / cm3) psi (pound / in2) 0.0703 kg / cm2
 62.43 lb / ft3
 atm (atmospheres) 14.696 psi
g/cc 0.8428 tons / yd3
 one ft of H2O @ 15ºC 0.4335 psi
 KBar 14,504 psi
E n er g y
 KBar 105 kPa
joule 0.24 calorie
calorie 4.184 joule A r ea
kilowatt 1.34 horse-
 power cm2 (square cm) 0.155 in2
 m2 (square meter) 1550 in2
 Equals ← Divided by ← This Unit in2 (square inch) 6.45 cm2
 ft2 (square feet) 0.0929 m2
 acre 43560 ft2
Te m p e r atur e square mile 640 acre
ºF (degrees Fahrenheit) -32º x 0.556 ºC
ºC (degrees Celcius) x 1.8 + 32º ºF Equals ← Divided by ← This Unit

Unit of Measure Conversions

Weight of Various Solid Materials

This Unit → Multiplied by → Equals This Unit → Multiplied by → Equals

L en g th M ass / Wei ght
m (meters) 39.37 in kg (kilograms) 2.2 lb
m (meters) 3.281 ft grains 0.0648 g (gram)
mm (millimeters) 0.001 m grains 0.000143 lb
mm (millimeters) 39.37 mils g (grams) 15.43 grains
cm (centimeters) 0.3937 in oz (ounce) 28.35 g
in (inches) 25.40 mm lb (pound) 0.4536 kg
ft (feet) 0.305 m tonne (metric ton) 1.1023 short tons
mi (miles statute) 1609 m
mi (miles statute) 5280 ft Powder Fact or
nm (miles nautical) 1.15 mi kg / m3
 lb / yd3 0.593
km (kilometers) 0.62 mi lb / yd3
 kg / m3 1.686

ds or sensitizing agents. Explosive Density The mass of an explosive per unit of volume, expressed in g/cc or lbs/ft3. Free Face A rock surface that provides the rock with room to expand when blasted. Flyrock Rocks propelled from the blast area by the force of an explosion. Fumes The gaseous products of an explosion. To determine fume classification of explosive
materials, only poisonous or toxic gases are considered. Gap Sensitivity The gap across which a detonation will travel to initiate a second charge. Ground Vibration Shaking of the ground by elastic waves emanating from a blast; usually
measured in inches per second of particle velocity. Hangfire The detonation of an explosive charge some time after its expected firing time. Highwall A nearly vertical face at the edge of the bench, bluff or ledge on a surface excavation. Initiation The start of deflagration or detonation in an explosive by any means. Misfire A blast, explosive charge or specific blastholes that failed to detonate as planned. Nonelectric Detonator A detonator that does not require the use of electric energy to function. Overbreak Rock broken beyond the limits of the last row of holes. Same as backbreak. Permissible Explosives approved for use in gassy and dusty atmospheres, usually underground. Preblast Survey Documentation of the existing condition of structures near an area to be blasted.

es of detonation exert on the borehole wall. Burden The linear dimension between the blasthole and the nearest free face. Critical Diameter The minimum diameter for propagation of a stable detonation. Cutoff A break in the path of detonation or initiation caused by extraneous interference. Date-Shift Code A code required by the BATF on explosives packaging to aid in identification. Decoupling The use of explosives having a smaller volume than the volume of the blasthole. Deflagration An explosive reaction that moves at a velocity less than the speed of sound. Delay Blasting Use of delay detonators or connectors to separate charges by a defined time.

tances. Shelf Life The maximum storage period during which an explosive retains adequate performance. Shunt The shorting together of the free ends of electric detonator legwires or a blasting circuit. Steady State Velocity The final velocity of detonation achieved by a specific explosive at a
given diameter, density and degree of confinement. Stemming Inert material (crushed rock) used to confine the gasses generated during detonation. Swell Factor The ratio of the volume of broken rock to the volume of in-situ rock. Watergel Explosive A thickened (and optionally crosslinked) aqueous oxidizer solution contain-
ing dissolved and/or dispersed fuels, which is sensitized by air voids or sensitizing additives.

Blast Design Terminology & Formulas

ackbreak. Permissible Explosives approved for use in gassy and dusty atmospheres, usually underground. Preblast Survey Documentation of the existing condition of structures near an area to be blasted. Repumpable Emulsion A previously manufactured bulk emulsion with sufficient shelf life and flu-
idity to be pumped, with reasonable pressures, through a hose without deterioration in performance. RF Energy The energy radiated as electromagnetic waves in the radio frequency spectrum. Primer A unit of explosives containing a detonator used to initiate other explosives. Presplit A controlled blast in which decoupled charges are fired in blastholes on the perimeter of
the excavation prior to firing the main charge to prevent backbreak (overbreak). Relative Bulk Strength (RBS) The energy per unit volume of an explosive compared to
ANFO when ANFO = 1.00 at a density of 0.82 g/cc. Relative Weight Strength (RWS) The energy per unit mass of an explosive compared to
ANFO when ANFO = 1.00 at a density of 0.82 g/cc. Scaled Distance A factor relating blast effects from explosive charges at various distances. Shelf Life The maximum storage period during which an explosive retains adequate performance. Shunt The shorting together of the free ends of electric detonator legwires or a blasting circuit.

Detonation An explosive reaction that moves at a velocity greater than the speed of sound. Detonation Pressure The pressure produced in the reaction zone of a detonating explosive. Detonation Velocity The speed at which a detonation progresses through an explosive. Detonator Sensitive Explosive An explosive that detonates with a No. 8 detonator when
unconfined. Same as Cap Sensitive Explosive. Effective Burden The distance between a blasthole and the position of the nearest free face at
the time of detonation of the blasthole, taking into consideration the direction of initiation. Effective Spacing The linear dimension between successively detonating blastholes, taking
into consideration the direction of initiation. Electric Detonator A detonator that is initiated by electric current. Electronic Detonator A detonator that utilizes stored electrical energy to power an electronic
timing element and to fire the base charge. Emulsion Explosive A stabilized dispersion of small droplets of an aqueous oxidizer solution
(the internal phase) surrounded by a continuous oil and/or wax external phase, which is sensitized
by air voids or sensitizing agents. Explosive Density The mass of an explosive per unit of volume, expressed in g/cc or lbs/ft3. Free Face A rock surface that provides the rock with room to expand when blasted.

B la s t De sign Ter minol og y

A Hole - to - Crest G Crest M Explosive Column Height
 B Apparent Burden* H Crest Burden N Subdrilling
 C Apparent Spacing* I Bank Angle P Toe Burden
 D Hole Diameter J Toe Q Stemming
 E Back Break K Bench Height R Drill Hole Collar
 F Side Break L Hole Depth
 * True Burden and True Spacing may be different than Apparent Burden and Apparent Spacing due to delay pattern.

D e f in itio ns
Airblast The airborne shock wave or acoustic transient generated by an explosion. Backbreak Rock broken beyond the limits of the last row of blastholes. Same as overbreak. Blast Area The area of the blast within the influence of flying rock, gases, and concussion. Blaster-In-Charge The blaster who is in charge of and responsible for the design, loading and
firing of a blast at a specific job site. Blast Site The area where explosive material is handled during loading of blastholes including 50
feet in all directions from the perimeter formed by loaded blastholes. Blasting Agent A mixture intended for blasting that cannot be detonated with a No. 8 detonator
when unconfined and has very little probability of detonation under normal conditions in transport. Blasting Log A written record of information about a specific blast as may be required by law. Bootleg The end of a blasthole remaining when the explosion does not break the rock completely. Booster An explosive charge in the initiation sequence between the initiator and main charge. Borehole Pressure The pressure which the gasses of detonation exert on the borehole wall. Burden The linear dimension between the blasthole and the nearest free face. Critical Diameter The minimum diameter for propagation of a stable detonation.

E x pe c t e d Gr ound V ibr at i on
When an explosive is detonated in the ground, three types of seismic waves are generated; com-
pressive, shear and surface. These waves can result in structure response and on rare occasions,
structure damage. Extensive research has provided for safe blasting criteria based on peak particle
velocity measured from the wave event. Peak particle velocity (PPV) values can be estimated using
the following formulas.

Imperial Metric

PPV = ( feet to seismograph ) PPV = ( meters to seismograph )
 √pounds per delay 1.6 √kilograms per delay 1.6
 xH xH

Where: Where:
 PPV = Peak particle velocity (in/sec) PPV = Peak particle velocity (mm/sec)
 H = Ground response factor H = Ground response factor

“H” Factors “H” Factors
 Lower limit, little or no confinement 24.2 Lower limit, little or no confinement 172
 Average value, typical confinement 160 Average value, typical confinement 1140
 Upper limit, heavy confinement 242 Upper limit, heavy confinement 1725

S c ale d Distance Distance DS = 50
 (0 - 300 ft)
 DS = 55
 (301 - 5,000 ft)
 DS = 65
 (5,001 ft +)

25 0.25
 DS = D 50 1.00
 √W 75 2.25
 or 100 4.00
 150 9.00
 200 16.00
 D = DS x √ W 250 25.00
 300 36.00
 or
 301 29
 350 40
 W = ( D )2 400 52
 DS
 500 82
 600 119
Where DS = Scaled Distance 700 161
 D = Distance (ft) to nearest structure 800 211
 W = Weight of explosives (lbs)
 900 267
 maximum per delay
 1,000 330
The adjoining table provides the maximum 2,000 1,322
pounds of explosives that can be detonated 3,000 2,975
within an 8 millisecond delay at the given dis- 4,000 5,289
tances, without monitoring, according to the Of- 5,000 8,264
fice of Surface Mining (OSM) recommendations.
 5,001 5,919
 6,000 8,520
 10,000 23,668

S a fe L evel Blasting Cr i t er i a

Wet Ho le Calculations

1. To determine the final height of water 2. To determine the number of cartridges
 in the borehole when the top of the last needed to build out of borehole water
 cartridge is at water level

HO x DB2 FH x 12
 FH = NE =
 DB2 - DE2 LE

FH = Final height of water in feet NE = Number of cartridges needed
 HO = Original height of water in feet FH = Final height of borehole water rise
 DB = Diameter of borehole in inches (from equation 1)
 DE = Diameter of explosive package in inches LE = Length of cartridge in inches

Blast Design Terminology & Formulas

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