Task: Ranking methods
C++: #include <algorithm>
#include <iomanip>
#include <iostream>
#include <map>
#include <ostream>
#include <set>
#include <vector>

template<typename T>
std::ostream& print(std::ostream& os, const T& src) {
    auto it = src.cbegin();
    auto end = src.cend();

    os << "[";
    if (it != end) {
        os << *it;
        it = std::next(it);
    }
    while (it != end) {
        os << ", " << *it;
        it = std::next(it);
    }

    return os << "]";
}

typedef std::map<std::string, int> Map;
typedef Map::value_type MapEntry;

void standardRank(const Map& scores) {
    std::cout << "Standard Rank" << std::endl;

    std::vector<int> list;
    for (auto& elem : scores) {
        list.push_back(elem.second);
    }
    std::sort(list.begin(), list.end(), std::greater<int>{});
    list.erase(std::unique(list.begin(), list.end()), list.end());

    int rank = 1;
    for (auto value : list) {
        int temp = rank;
        for (auto& e : scores) {
            if (e.second == value) {
                std::cout << temp << " " << value << " " << e.first.c_str() << std::endl;
                rank++;
            }
        }
    }

    std::cout << std::endl;
}

void modifiedRank(const Map& scores) {
    std::cout << "Modified Rank" << std::endl;

    std::vector<int> list;
    for (auto& elem : scores) {
        list.push_back(elem.second);
    }
    std::sort(list.begin(), list.end(), std::greater<int>{});
    list.erase(std::unique(list.begin(), list.end()), list.end());

    int rank = 0;
    for (auto value : list) {
        rank += std::count_if(scores.begin(), scores.end(), [value](const MapEntry& e) { return e.second == value; });
        for (auto& e : scores) {
            if (e.second == value) {
                std::cout << rank << " " << value << " " << e.first.c_str() << std::endl;
            }
        }
    }

    std::cout << std::endl;
}

void denseRank(const Map& scores) {
    std::cout << "Dense Rank" << std::endl;

    std::vector<int> list;
    for (auto& elem : scores) {
        list.push_back(elem.second);
    }
    std::sort(list.begin(), list.end(), std::greater<int>{});
    list.erase(std::unique(list.begin(), list.end()), list.end());

    int rank = 1;
    for (auto value : list) {
        for (auto& e : scores) {
            if (e.second == value) {
                std::cout << rank << " " << value << " " << e.first.c_str() << std::endl;
            }
        }
        rank++;
    }

    std::cout << std::endl;
}

void ordinalRank(const Map& scores) {
    std::cout << "Ordinal Rank" << std::endl;

    std::vector<int> list;
    for (auto& elem : scores) {
        list.push_back(elem.second);
    }
    std::sort(list.begin(), list.end(), std::greater<int>{});
    list.erase(std::unique(list.begin(), list.end()), list.end());

    int rank = 1;
    for (auto value : list) {
        for (auto& e : scores) {
            if (e.second == value) {
                std::cout << rank++ << " " << value << " " << e.first.c_str() << std::endl;
            }
        }
    }

    std::cout << std::endl;
}

void fractionalRank(const Map& scores) {
    std::cout << "Ordinal Rank" << std::endl;

    std::vector<int> list;
    for (auto& elem : scores) {
        list.push_back(elem.second);
    }
    std::sort(list.begin(), list.end(), std::greater<int>{});
    list.erase(std::unique(list.begin(), list.end()), list.end());

    int rank = 0;
    for (auto value : list) {
        double avg = 0.0;
        int cnt = 0;

        for (auto& e : scores) {
            if (e.second == value) {
                rank++;
                cnt++;
                avg += rank;
            }
        }
        avg /= cnt;

        for (auto& e : scores) {
            if (e.second == value) {
                std::cout << std::setprecision(1) << std::fixed << avg << " " << value << " " << e.first.c_str() << std::endl;
            }
        }
    }

    std::cout << std::endl;
}

int main() {
    using namespace std;

    map<string, int> scores{
        {"Solomon", 44},
        {"Jason", 42},
        {"Errol", 42},
        {"Gary", 41},
        {"Bernard", 41},
        {"Barry", 41},
        {"Stephen", 39}
    };

    standardRank(scores);
    modifiedRank(scores);
    denseRank(scores);
    ordinalRank(scores);
    fractionalRank(scores);

    return 0;
}

Java: import java.util.*;

public class RankingMethods {

    final static String[] input = {"44 Solomon", "42 Jason", "42 Errol",
        "41 Garry", "41 Bernard", "41 Barry", "39 Stephen"};

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int len = input.length;

        Map<String, int[]> map = new TreeMap<>((a, b) -> b.compareTo(a));
        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
            String key = input[i].split("\\s+")[0];
            int[] arr;
            if ((arr = map.get(key)) == null)
                arr = new int[]{i, 0};
            arr[1]++;
            map.put(key, arr);
        }
        int[][] groups = map.values().toArray(new int[map.size()][]);

        standardRanking(len, groups);
        modifiedRanking(len, groups);
        denseRanking(len, groups);
        ordinalRanking(len);
        fractionalRanking(len, groups);
    }

    private static void standardRanking(int len, int[][] groups) {
        System.out.println("\nStandard ranking");
        for (int i = 0, rank = 0, group = 0; i < len; i++) {
            if (group < groups.length && i == groups[group][0]) {
                rank = i + 1;
                group++;
            }
            System.out.printf("%d %s%n", rank, input[i]);
        }
    }

    private static void modifiedRanking(int len, int[][] groups) {
        System.out.println("\nModified ranking");
        for (int i = 0, rank = 0, group = 0; i < len; i++) {
            if (group < groups.length && i == groups[group][0])
                rank += groups[group++][1];
            System.out.printf("%d %s%n", rank, input[i]);
        }
    }

    private static void denseRanking(int len, int[][] groups) {
        System.out.println("\nDense ranking");
        for (int i = 0, rank = 0; i < len; i++) {
            if (rank < groups.length && i == groups[rank][0])
                rank++;
            System.out.printf("%d %s%n", rank, input[i]);
        }
    }

    private static void ordinalRanking(int len) {
        System.out.println("\nOrdinal ranking");
        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
            System.out.printf("%d %s%n", i + 1, input[i]);
    }

    private static void fractionalRanking(int len, int[][] groups) {
        System.out.println("\nFractional ranking");
        float rank = 0;
        for (int i = 0, tmp = 0, group = 0; i < len; i++) {
            if (group < groups.length && i == groups[group][0]) {
                tmp += groups[group++][1];
                rank = (i + 1 + tmp) / 2.0F;
            }
            System.out.printf("%2.1f %s%n", rank, input[i]);
        }
    }
}