Task: Huffman coding
C#: using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace Huffman_Encoding
{
    public class PriorityQueue<T> where T : IComparable
    {
        protected List<T> LstHeap = new List<T>();

        public virtual int Count
        {
            get { return LstHeap.Count; }
        }

        public virtual void Add(T val)
        {
            LstHeap.Add(val);
            SetAt(LstHeap.Count - 1, val);
            UpHeap(LstHeap.Count - 1);
        }

        public virtual T Peek()
        {
            if (LstHeap.Count == 0)
            {
                throw new IndexOutOfRangeException("Peeking at an empty priority queue");
            }

            return LstHeap[0];
        }

        public virtual T Pop()
        {
            if (LstHeap.Count == 0)
            {
                throw new IndexOutOfRangeException("Popping an empty priority queue");
            }

            T valRet = LstHeap[0];

            SetAt(0, LstHeap[LstHeap.Count - 1]);
            LstHeap.RemoveAt(LstHeap.Count - 1);
            DownHeap(0);
            return valRet;
        }

        protected virtual void SetAt(int i, T val)
        {
            LstHeap[i] = val;
        }

        protected bool RightSonExists(int i)
        {
            return RightChildIndex(i) < LstHeap.Count;
        }

        protected bool LeftSonExists(int i)
        {
            return LeftChildIndex(i) < LstHeap.Count;
        }

        protected int ParentIndex(int i)
        {
            return (i - 1) / 2;
        }

        protected int LeftChildIndex(int i)
        {
            return 2 * i + 1;
        }

        protected int RightChildIndex(int i)
        {
            return 2 * (i + 1);
        }

        protected T ArrayVal(int i)
        {
            return LstHeap[i];
        }

        protected T Parent(int i)
        {
            return LstHeap[ParentIndex(i)];
        }

        protected T Left(int i)
        {
            return LstHeap[LeftChildIndex(i)];
        }

        protected T Right(int i)
        {
            return LstHeap[RightChildIndex(i)];
        }

        protected void Swap(int i, int j)
        {
            T valHold = ArrayVal(i);
            SetAt(i, LstHeap[j]);
            SetAt(j, valHold);
        }

        protected void UpHeap(int i)
        {
            while (i > 0 && ArrayVal(i).CompareTo(Parent(i)) > 0)
            {
                Swap(i, ParentIndex(i));
                i = ParentIndex(i);
            }
        }

        protected void DownHeap(int i)
        {
            while (i >= 0)
            {
                int iContinue = -1;

                if (RightSonExists(i) && Right(i).CompareTo(ArrayVal(i)) > 0)
                {
                    iContinue = Left(i).CompareTo(Right(i)) < 0 ? RightChildIndex(i) : LeftChildIndex(i);
                }
                else if (LeftSonExists(i) && Left(i).CompareTo(ArrayVal(i)) > 0)
                {
                    iContinue = LeftChildIndex(i);
                }

                if (iContinue >= 0 && iContinue < LstHeap.Count)
                {
                    Swap(i, iContinue);
                }

                i = iContinue;
            }
        }
    }

    internal class HuffmanNode<T> : IComparable
    {
        internal HuffmanNode(double probability, T value)
        {
            Probability = probability;
            LeftSon = RightSon = Parent = null;
            Value = value;
            IsLeaf = true;
        }

        internal HuffmanNode(HuffmanNode<T> leftSon, HuffmanNode<T> rightSon)
        {
            LeftSon = leftSon;
            RightSon = rightSon;
            Probability = leftSon.Probability + rightSon.Probability;
            leftSon.IsZero = true;
            rightSon.IsZero = false;
            leftSon.Parent = rightSon.Parent = this;
            IsLeaf = false;
        }

        internal HuffmanNode<T> LeftSon { get; set; }
        internal HuffmanNode<T> RightSon { get; set; }
        internal HuffmanNode<T> Parent { get; set; }
        internal T Value { get; set; }
        internal bool IsLeaf { get; set; }

        internal bool IsZero { get; set; }

        internal int Bit
        {
            get { return IsZero ? 0 : 1; }
        }

        internal bool IsRoot
        {
            get { return Parent == null; }
        }

        internal double Probability { get; set; }

        public int CompareTo(object obj)
        {
            return -Probability.CompareTo(((HuffmanNode<T>) obj).Probability);
        }
    }

    public class Huffman<T> where T : IComparable
    {
        private readonly Dictionary<T, HuffmanNode<T>> _leafDictionary = new Dictionary<T, HuffmanNode<T>>();
        private readonly HuffmanNode<T> _root;

        public Huffman(IEnumerable<T> values)
        {
            var counts = new Dictionary<T, int>();
            var priorityQueue = new PriorityQueue<HuffmanNode<T>>();
            int valueCount = 0;

            foreach (T value in values)
            {
                if (!counts.ContainsKey(value))
                {
                    counts[value] = 0;
                }
                counts[value]++;
                valueCount++;
            }

            foreach (T value in counts.Keys)
            {
                var node = new HuffmanNode<T>((double) counts[value] / valueCount, value);
                priorityQueue.Add(node);
                _leafDictionary[value] = node;
            }

            while (priorityQueue.Count > 1)
            {
                HuffmanNode<T> leftSon = priorityQueue.Pop();
                HuffmanNode<T> rightSon = priorityQueue.Pop();
                var parent = new HuffmanNode<T>(leftSon, rightSon);
                priorityQueue.Add(parent);
            }

            _root = priorityQueue.Pop();
            _root.IsZero = false;
        }

        public List<int> Encode(T value)
        {
            var returnValue = new List<int>();
            Encode(value, returnValue);
            return returnValue;
        }

        public void Encode(T value, List<int> encoding)
        {
            if (!_leafDictionary.ContainsKey(value))
            {
                throw new ArgumentException("Invalid value in Encode");
            }
            HuffmanNode<T> nodeCur = _leafDictionary[value];
            var reverseEncoding = new List<int>();
            while (!nodeCur.IsRoot)
            {
                reverseEncoding.Add(nodeCur.Bit);
                nodeCur = nodeCur.Parent;
            }

            reverseEncoding.Reverse();
            encoding.AddRange(reverseEncoding);
        }

        public List<int> Encode(IEnumerable<T> values)
        {
            var returnValue = new List<int>();

            foreach (T value in values)
            {
                Encode(value, returnValue);
            }
            return returnValue;
        }

        public T Decode(List<int> bitString, ref int position)
        {
            HuffmanNode<T> nodeCur = _root;
            while (!nodeCur.IsLeaf)
            {
                if (position > bitString.Count)
                {
                    throw new ArgumentException("Invalid bitstring in Decode");
                }
                nodeCur = bitString[position++] == 0 ? nodeCur.LeftSon : nodeCur.RightSon;
            }
            return nodeCur.Value;
        }

        public List<T> Decode(List<int> bitString)
        {
            int position = 0;
            var returnValue = new List<T>();

            while (position != bitString.Count)
            {
                returnValue.Add(Decode(bitString, ref position));
            }
            return returnValue;
        }
    }

    internal class Program
    {
        private const string Example = "this is an example for huffman encoding";

        private static void Main()
        {
            var huffman = new Huffman<char>(Example);
            List<int> encoding = huffman.Encode(Example);
            List<char> decoding = huffman.Decode(encoding);
            var outString = new string(decoding.ToArray());
            Console.WriteLine(outString == Example ? "Encoding/decoding worked" : "Encoding/Decoding failed");

            var chars = new HashSet<char>(Example);
            foreach (char c in chars)
            {
                encoding = huffman.Encode(c);
                Console.Write("{0}:  ", c);
                foreach (int bit in encoding)
                {
                    Console.Write("{0}", bit);
                }
                Console.WriteLine();
            }
            Console.ReadKey();
        }
    }
}

C++: #include <iostream>
#include <queue>
#include <map>
#include <climits> 
#include <iterator>
#include <algorithm>

const int UniqueSymbols = 1 << CHAR_BIT;
const char* SampleString = "this is an example for huffman encoding";

typedef std::vector<bool> HuffCode;
typedef std::map<char, HuffCode> HuffCodeMap;

class INode
{
public:
    const int f;

    virtual ~INode() {}

protected:
    INode(int f) : f(f) {}
};

class InternalNode : public INode
{
public:
    INode *const left;
    INode *const right;

    InternalNode(INode* c0, INode* c1) : INode(c0->f + c1->f), left(c0), right(c1) {}
    ~InternalNode()
    {
        delete left;
        delete right;
    }
};

class LeafNode : public INode
{
public:
    const char c;

    LeafNode(int f, char c) : INode(f), c(c) {}
};

struct NodeCmp
{
    bool operator()(const INode* lhs, const INode* rhs) const { return lhs->f > rhs->f; }
};

INode* BuildTree(const int (&frequencies)[UniqueSymbols])
{
    std::priority_queue<INode*, std::vector<INode*>, NodeCmp> trees;

    for (int i = 0; i < UniqueSymbols; ++i)
    {
        if(frequencies[i] != 0)
            trees.push(new LeafNode(frequencies[i], (char)i));
    }
    while (trees.size() > 1)
    {
        INode* childR = trees.top();
        trees.pop();

        INode* childL = trees.top();
        trees.pop();

        INode* parent = new InternalNode(childR, childL);
        trees.push(parent);
    }
    return trees.top();
}

void GenerateCodes(const INode* node, const HuffCode& prefix, HuffCodeMap& outCodes)
{
    if (const LeafNode* lf = dynamic_cast<const LeafNode*>(node))
    {
        outCodes[lf->c] = prefix;
    }
    else if (const InternalNode* in = dynamic_cast<const InternalNode*>(node))
    {
        HuffCode leftPrefix = prefix;
        leftPrefix.push_back(false);
        GenerateCodes(in->left, leftPrefix, outCodes);

        HuffCode rightPrefix = prefix;
        rightPrefix.push_back(true);
        GenerateCodes(in->right, rightPrefix, outCodes);
    }
}

int main()
{
    
    int frequencies[UniqueSymbols] = {0};
    const char* ptr = SampleString;
    while (*ptr != '\0')
        ++frequencies[*ptr++];

    INode* root = BuildTree(frequencies);
    
    HuffCodeMap codes;
    GenerateCodes(root, HuffCode(), codes);
    delete root;

    for (HuffCodeMap::const_iterator it = codes.begin(); it != codes.end(); ++it)
    {
        std::cout << it->first << " ";
        std::copy(it->second.begin(), it->second.end(),
                  std::ostream_iterator<bool>(std::cout));
        std::cout << std::endl;
    }
    return 0;
}