Task: Montgomery reduction
C: #include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

typedef unsigned long long ulong;

const int BASE = 2;

struct Montgomery {
    ulong m;
    ulong rrm;
    int n;
};

int bitLength(ulong v) {
    int result = 0;
    while (v > 0) {
        v >>= 1;
        result++;
    }
    return result;
}

ulong modPow(ulong b, ulong e, ulong n) {
    ulong result = 1;

    if (n == 1) {
        return 0;
    }

    b = b % n;
    while (e > 0) {
        if (e % 2 == 1) {
            result = (result * b) % n;
        }
        e >>= 1;
        b = (b * b) % n;
    }

    return result;
}

struct Montgomery makeMontgomery(ulong m) {
    struct Montgomery result;

    if (m == 0 || (m & 1) == 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "m must be greater than zero and odd");
        exit(1);
    }

    result.m = m;
    result.n = bitLength(m);
    result.rrm = (1ULL << (result.n * 2)) % m;

    return result;
}

ulong reduce(struct Montgomery mont, ulong t) {
    ulong a = t;
    int i;

    for (i = 0; i < mont.n; i++) {
        if ((a & 1) == 1) {
            a += mont.m;
        }
        a = a >> 1;
    }

    if (a >= mont.m) {
        a -= mont.m;
    }
    return a;
}

void check(ulong x1, ulong x2, ulong m) {
    struct Montgomery mont = makeMontgomery(m);
    ulong t1 = x1 * mont.rrm;
    ulong t2 = x2 * mont.rrm;

    ulong r1 = reduce(mont, t1);
    ulong r2 = reduce(mont, t2);
    ulong r = 1ULL << mont.n;

    printf("b :  %d\n", BASE);
    printf("n :  %d\n", mont.n);
    printf("r :  %llu\n", r);
    printf("m :  %llu\n", mont.m);
    printf("t1:  %llu\n", t1);
    printf("t2:  %llu\n", t2);
    printf("r1:  %llu\n", r1);
    printf("r2:  %llu\n", r2);
    printf("\n");
    printf("Original x1       : %llu\n", x1);
    printf("Recovered from r1 : %llu\n", reduce(mont, r1));
    printf("Original x2       : %llu\n", x2);
    printf("Recovered from r2 : %llu\n", reduce(mont, r2));

    printf("\nMontgomery computation of x1 ^ x2 mod m :\n");
    ulong prod = reduce(mont, mont.rrm);
    ulong base = reduce(mont, x1 * mont.rrm);
    ulong exp = x2;
    while (bitLength(exp) > 0) {
        if ((exp & 1) == 1) {
            prod = reduce(mont, prod * base);
        }
        exp >>= 1;
        base = reduce(mont, base * base);
    }
    printf("%llu\n", reduce(mont, prod));
    printf("\nAlternate computation of x1 ^ x2 mod m :\n");
    printf("%llu\n", modPow(x1, x2, m));
}

int main() {
    check(41, 11, 1549);

    return 0;
}

VB: Imports System.Numerics
Imports System.Runtime.CompilerServices

Module Module1

    <Extension()>
    Function BitLength(v As BigInteger) As Integer
        If v < 0 Then
            v *= -1
        End If

        Dim result = 0
        While v > 0
            v >>= 1
            result += 1
        End While
        Return result
    End Function

    Structure Montgomery
        Shared ReadOnly BASE = 2
        Dim m As BigInteger
        Dim rrm As BigInteger
        Dim n As Integer

        Sub New(m As BigInteger)
            If m < 0 OrElse m.IsEven Then
                Throw New ArgumentException()
            End If

            Me.m = m
            n = m.BitLength
            rrm = (BigInteger.One << (n * 2)) Mod m
        End Sub

        Function Reduce(t As BigInteger) As BigInteger
            Dim a = t
            For i = 1 To n
                If Not a.IsEven Then
                    a += m
                End If
                a >>= 1
            Next
            If a >= m Then
                a -= m
            End If
            Return a
        End Function
    End Structure

    Sub Main()
        Dim m = BigInteger.Parse("750791094644726559640638407699")
        Dim x1 = BigInteger.Parse("540019781128412936473322405310")
        Dim x2 = BigInteger.Parse("515692107665463680305819378593")

        Dim mont As New Montgomery(m)
        Dim t1 = x1 * mont.rrm
        Dim t2 = x2 * mont.rrm

        Dim r1 = mont.Reduce(t1)
        Dim r2 = mont.Reduce(t2)
        Dim r = BigInteger.One << mont.n

        Console.WriteLine("b :  {0}", Montgomery.BASE)
        Console.WriteLine("n :  {0}", mont.n)
        Console.WriteLine("r :  {0}", r)
        Console.WriteLine("m :  {0}", mont.m)
        Console.WriteLine("t1:  {0}", t1)
        Console.WriteLine("t2:  {0}", t2)
        Console.WriteLine("r1:  {0}", r1)
        Console.WriteLine("r2:  {0}", r2)
        Console.WriteLine()
        Console.WriteLine("Original x1       : {0}", x1)
        Console.WriteLine("Recovered from r1 : {0}", mont.Reduce(r1))
        Console.WriteLine("Original x2       : {0}", x2)
        Console.WriteLine("Recovered from r2 : {0}", mont.Reduce(r2))

        Console.WriteLine()
        Console.WriteLine("Montgomery computation of x1 ^ x2 mod m :")
        Dim prod = mont.Reduce(mont.rrm)
        Dim base = mont.Reduce(x1 * mont.rrm)
        Dim exp = x2
        While exp.BitLength > 0
            If Not exp.IsEven Then
                prod = mont.Reduce(prod * base)
            End If
            exp >>= 1
            base = mont.Reduce(base * base)
        End While
        Console.WriteLine(mont.Reduce(prod))
        Console.WriteLine()
        Console.WriteLine("Alternate computation of x1 ^ x2 mod m :")
        Console.WriteLine(BigInteger.ModPow(x1, x2, m))
    End Sub

End Module