Task: Circles of given radius through two points
Go: package main

import (
    "fmt"
    "math"
)

var (
    Two  = "Two circles."
    R0   = "R==0.0 does not describe circles."
    Co   = "Coincident points describe an infinite number of circles."
    CoR0 = "Coincident points with r==0.0 describe a degenerate circle."
    Diam = "Points form a diameter and describe only a single circle."
    Far  = "Points too far apart to form circles."
)

type point struct{ x, y float64 }

func circles(p1, p2 point, r float64) (c1, c2 point, Case string) {
    if p1 == p2 {
        if r == 0 {
            return p1, p1, CoR0
        }
        Case = Co
        return
    }
    if r == 0 {
        return p1, p2, R0
    }
    dx := p2.x - p1.x
    dy := p2.y - p1.y
    q := math.Hypot(dx, dy)
    if q > 2*r {
        Case = Far
        return
    }
    m := point{(p1.x + p2.x) / 2, (p1.y + p2.y) / 2}
    if q == 2*r {
        return m, m, Diam
    }
    d := math.Sqrt(r*r - q*q/4)
    ox := d * dx / q
    oy := d * dy / q
    return point{m.x - oy, m.y + ox}, point{m.x + oy, m.y - ox}, Two
}

var td = []struct {
    p1, p2 point
    r      float64
}{
    {point{0.1234, 0.9876}, point{0.8765, 0.2345}, 2.0},
    {point{0.0000, 2.0000}, point{0.0000, 0.0000}, 1.0},
    {point{0.1234, 0.9876}, point{0.1234, 0.9876}, 2.0},
    {point{0.1234, 0.9876}, point{0.8765, 0.2345}, 0.5},
    {point{0.1234, 0.9876}, point{0.1234, 0.9876}, 0.0},
}

func main() {
    for _, tc := range td {
        fmt.Println("p1: ", tc.p1)
        fmt.Println("p2: ", tc.p2)
        fmt.Println("r: ", tc.r)
        c1, c2, Case := circles(tc.p1, tc.p2, tc.r)
        fmt.Println("  ", Case)
        switch Case {
        case CoR0, Diam:
            fmt.Println("   Center: ", c1)
        case Two:
            fmt.Println("   Center 1: ", c1)
            fmt.Println("   Center 2: ", c2)
        }
        fmt.Println()
    }
}

Java: import java.util.Objects;

public class Circles {
    private static class Point {
        private final double x, y;

        public Point(Double x, Double y) {
            this.x = x;
            this.y = y;
        }

        public double distanceFrom(Point other) {
            double dx = x - other.x;
            double dy = y - other.y;
            return Math.sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy);
        }

        @Override
        public boolean equals(Object other) {
            if (this == other) return true;
            if (other == null || getClass() != other.getClass()) return false;
            Point point = (Point) other;
            return x == point.x && y == point.y;
        }

        @Override
        public String toString() {
            return String.format("(%.4f, %.4f)", x, y);
        }
    }

    private static Point[] findCircles(Point p1, Point p2, double r) {
        if (r < 0.0) throw new IllegalArgumentException("the radius can't be negative");
        if (r == 0.0 && p1 != p2) throw new IllegalArgumentException("no circles can ever be drawn");
        if (r == 0.0) return new Point[]{p1, p1};
        if (Objects.equals(p1, p2)) throw new IllegalArgumentException("an infinite number of circles can be drawn");
        double distance = p1.distanceFrom(p2);
        double diameter = 2.0 * r;
        if (distance > diameter) throw new IllegalArgumentException("the points are too far apart to draw a circle");
        Point center = new Point((p1.x + p2.x) / 2.0, (p1.y + p2.y) / 2.0);
        if (distance == diameter) return new Point[]{center, center};
        double mirrorDistance = Math.sqrt(r * r - distance * distance / 4.0);
        double dx = (p2.x - p1.x) * mirrorDistance / distance;
        double dy = (p2.y - p1.y) * mirrorDistance / distance;
        return new Point[]{
            new Point(center.x - dy, center.y + dx),
            new Point(center.x + dy, center.y - dx)
        };
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Point[] p = new Point[]{
            new Point(0.1234, 0.9876),
            new Point(0.8765, 0.2345),
            new Point(0.0000, 2.0000),
            new Point(0.0000, 0.0000)
        };
        Point[][] points = new Point[][]{
            {p[0], p[1]},
            {p[2], p[3]},
            {p[0], p[0]},
            {p[0], p[1]},
            {p[0], p[0]},
        };
        double[] radii = new double[]{2.0, 1.0, 2.0, 0.5, 0.0};
        for (int i = 0; i < radii.length; ++i) {
            Point p1 = points[i][0];
            Point p2 = points[i][1];
            double r = radii[i];
            System.out.printf("For points %s and %s with radius %f\n", p1, p2, r);
            try {
                Point[] circles = findCircles(p1, p2, r);
                Point c1 = circles[0];
                Point c2 = circles[1];
                if (Objects.equals(c1, c2)) {
                    System.out.printf("there is just one circle with center at %s\n", c1);
                } else {
                    System.out.printf("there are two circles with centers at %s and %s\n", c1, c2);
                }
            } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
                System.out.println(ex.getMessage());
            }
            System.out.println();
        }
    }
}